diff --git a/docs/bibliography/bibliography.bib b/docs/bibliography/bibliography.bib index 925c17d..e76cf26 100644 --- a/docs/bibliography/bibliography.bib +++ b/docs/bibliography/bibliography.bib @@ -70,6 +70,24 @@ @online{ebpf_android, title={eBPF for Windows}, url={https://source.android.com/devices/architecture/kernel/bpf} +}, + + + +@article{bpf_bsd_origin, + title={The BSD Packet Filter: A New Architecture for User-level Packet Capture}, + author={Steven McCanne, Van Jacobson}, + institution={Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory}, + date={1992-12-19}, + url={https://www.tcpdump.org/papers/bpf-usenix93.pdf} +} + +@misc{bpf_bsd_origin_bpf_scheme, + author={Steven McCanne, Van Jacobson}, + institution={Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory}, + date={1992-12-19}, + url={https://www.tcpdump.org/papers/bpf-usenix93.pdf}, + pages={2} } diff --git a/docs/document.aux b/docs/document.aux index 0b8b148..63fcbd0 100644 --- a/docs/document.aux +++ b/docs/document.aux @@ -51,10 +51,14 @@ 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{refsection}{0}\relax }\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {2}State of the art}{5}{chapter.2}\protected@file@percent } \@writefile{lof}{\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax }\@writefile{lof}{\addvspace {10\p@ }} \@writefile{lot}{\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax }\@writefile{lot}{\addvspace {10\p@ }} +\@writefile{toc}{\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax }\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.1}Introduction to eBPF}{5}{section.2.1}\protected@file@percent } +\@writefile{lof}{\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax }\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.1}{\ignorespaces Sketch of the functionality of classic BPF\relax }}{5}{figure.caption.7}\protected@file@percent } \@writefile{toc}{\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax }\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {3}Methods??}{6}{chapter.3}\protected@file@percent } \@writefile{lof}{\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax }\@writefile{lof}{\addvspace {10\p@ }} \@writefile{lot}{\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax }\@writefile{lot}{\addvspace {10\p@ }} @@ -65,7 +69,7 @@ \@writefile{lof}{\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax }\@writefile{lof}{\addvspace {10\p@ }} \@writefile{lot}{\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax }\@writefile{lot}{\addvspace {10\p@ }} \@writefile{toc}{\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax }\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {chapter}{Bibliography}{9}{chapter.5}\protected@file@percent } -\abx@aux@read@bbl@mdfivesum{D747C591A940D097CD0716131C9FB28E} +\abx@aux@read@bbl@mdfivesum{614E9E8BA8F58ECCA430604904639F32} \abx@aux@refcontextdefaultsdone \abx@aux@defaultrefcontext{0}{ransomware_pwc}{none/global//global/global} \abx@aux@defaultrefcontext{0}{rootkit_ptsecurity}{none/global//global/global} @@ -77,5 +81,6 @@ \abx@aux@defaultrefcontext{0}{evil_ebpf}{none/global//global/global} \abx@aux@defaultrefcontext{0}{bad_ebpf}{none/global//global/global} \abx@aux@defaultrefcontext{0}{ebpf_friends}{none/global//global/global} +\abx@aux@defaultrefcontext{0}{bpf_bsd_origin}{none/global//global/global} \ttl@finishall \gdef \@abspage@last{25} diff --git a/docs/document.bbl b/docs/document.bbl index 8d4056d..2fef311 100644 --- a/docs/document.bbl +++ b/docs/document.bbl @@ -222,6 +222,39 @@ \verb https://media.defcon.org/DEF%20CON%2029/DEF%20CON%2029%20presentations/Guillaume%20Fournier%20Sylvain%20Afchain%20Sylvain%20Baubeau%20-%20eBPF%2C%20I%20thought%20we%20were%20friends.pdf \endverb \endentry + \entry{bpf_bsd_origin}{article}{} + \name{author}{1}{}{% + {{hash=b74c2671072cf5a1a1400dc035240dfd}{% + family={Steven\bibnamedelima McCanne}, + familyi={S\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim M\bibinitperiod}, + given={Van\bibnamedelima Jacobson}, + giveni={V\bibinitperiod\bibinitdelim J\bibinitperiod}}}% + } + \list{institution}{1}{% + {Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory}% + } + \strng{namehash}{b74c2671072cf5a1a1400dc035240dfd} + \strng{fullhash}{b74c2671072cf5a1a1400dc035240dfd} + \strng{bibnamehash}{b74c2671072cf5a1a1400dc035240dfd} + \strng{authorbibnamehash}{b74c2671072cf5a1a1400dc035240dfd} + \strng{authornamehash}{b74c2671072cf5a1a1400dc035240dfd} + \strng{authorfullhash}{b74c2671072cf5a1a1400dc035240dfd} + \field{sortinit}{1} + \field{sortinithash}{50c6687d7fc80f50136d75228e3c59ba} + \field{labelnamesource}{author} + \field{labeltitlesource}{title} + \field{day}{19} + \field{month}{12} + \field{title}{The BSD Packet Filter: A New Architecture for User-level Packet Capture} + \field{year}{1992} + \field{dateera}{ce} + \verb{urlraw} + \verb https://www.tcpdump.org/papers/bpf-usenix93.pdf + \endverb + \verb{url} + \verb https://www.tcpdump.org/papers/bpf-usenix93.pdf + \endverb + \endentry \enddatalist \endrefsection \endinput diff --git a/docs/document.bcf b/docs/document.bcf index 343784e..11daaac 100644 --- a/docs/document.bcf +++ b/docs/document.bcf @@ -2358,6 +2358,7 @@ evil_ebpf bad_ebpf ebpf_friends + bpf_bsd_origin diff --git a/docs/document.blg b/docs/document.blg index 10edde7..870f2ca 100644 --- a/docs/document.blg +++ b/docs/document.blg @@ -1,26 +1,27 @@ [0] Config.pm:311> INFO - This is Biber 2.16 -[1] Config.pm:314> INFO - Logfile is 'document.blg' -[148] biber:340> INFO - === Sat May 21, 2022, 16:49:21 -[182] Biber.pm:415> INFO - Reading 'document.bcf' -[353] Biber.pm:952> INFO - Found 10 citekeys in bib section 0 -[393] Biber.pm:4340> INFO - Processing section 0 -[415] Biber.pm:4531> INFO - Looking for bibtex format file 'bibliography/bibliography.bib' for section 0 -[418] bibtex.pm:1689> INFO - LaTeX decoding ... -[433] bibtex.pm:1494> INFO - Found BibTeX data source 'bibliography/bibliography.bib' -[522] Utils.pm:384> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_s9YY/f4d088b3f9f145b5c3058da33afd57d4_96431.utf8, line 9, warning: 1 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[522] Utils.pm:384> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_s9YY/f4d088b3f9f145b5c3058da33afd57d4_96431.utf8, line 15, warning: 1 characters of junk seen at 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at toplevel -[524] Utils.pm:384> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_s9YY/f4d088b3f9f145b5c3058da33afd57d4_96431.utf8, line 65, warning: 1 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[524] Utils.pm:384> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_s9YY/f4d088b3f9f145b5c3058da33afd57d4_96431.utf8, line 70, warning: 1 characters of junk seen at toplevel -[553] UCollate.pm:68> INFO - Overriding locale 'en-US' defaults 'normalization = NFD' with 'normalization = prenormalized' -[553] UCollate.pm:68> INFO - Overriding locale 'en-US' defaults 'variable = shifted' with 'variable = non-ignorable' -[553] Biber.pm:4168> INFO - Sorting list 'none/global//global/global' of type 'entry' with template 'none' and locale 'en-US' -[554] Biber.pm:4174> INFO - No sort tailoring available for locale 'en-US' -[580] bbl.pm:654> INFO - Writing 'document.bbl' with encoding 'UTF-8' -[587] bbl.pm:757> INFO - Output to document.bbl -[588] Biber.pm:128> INFO - WARNINGS: 10 +[0] Config.pm:314> INFO - Logfile is 'document.blg' +[60] biber:340> INFO - === Sun May 22, 2022, 07:41:59 +[75] Biber.pm:415> INFO - Reading 'document.bcf' +[143] Biber.pm:952> INFO - Found 11 citekeys in bib section 0 +[158] Biber.pm:4340> INFO - Processing section 0 +[167] Biber.pm:4531> INFO - Looking for bibtex format file 'bibliography/bibliography.bib' for section 0 +[169] bibtex.pm:1689> INFO - LaTeX decoding ... +[175] bibtex.pm:1494> INFO - Found BibTeX data source 'bibliography/bibliography.bib' +[220] Utils.pm:384> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_tTa9/f4d088b3f9f145b5c3058da33afd57d4_103065.utf8, line 9, warning: 1 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[220] Utils.pm:384> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_tTa9/f4d088b3f9f145b5c3058da33afd57d4_103065.utf8, line 15, warning: 1 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[220] Utils.pm:384> WARN - BibTeX subsystem: /tmp/biber_tmp_tTa9/f4d088b3f9f145b5c3058da33afd57d4_103065.utf8, line 22, warning: 1 characters of junk seen at toplevel +[220] Utils.pm:384> 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[3]pdfTeX warning (ext4): destination with the same identifier (name{page.i}) has been already used, duplicate ignored \relax -l.245 \chapter +l.247 \chapter *{Dedication} [1] [5 ] [6]pdfTeX warning (ext4): destination with the same identifier (name{page.v}) has been already used, duplicate ignored \relax -l.265 \newpage +l.267 \newpage [5 ]pdfTeX warning (ext4): destination with the same identifier (name{page.vi}) ha s been already used, duplicate ignored \relax -l.277 \tableofcontents +l.279 \tableofcontents [6] (./document.toc) \tf@toc=\write6 \openout6 = `document.toc'. [7 -] [8] (./document.lof) +] [8] (./document.lof +LaTeX Font Info: Trying to load font information for OT1+txr on input line 8 +. + +(/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/txfonts/ot1txr.fd +File: ot1txr.fd 2000/12/15 v3.1 +) +LaTeX Font Info: Trying to load font information for U+txsya on input line 8 +. + +(/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/txfonts/utxsya.fd +File: utxsya.fd 2000/12/15 v3.1 +) +LaTeX Font Info: Trying to load font information for U+txsyb on input line 8 +. + +(/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/txfonts/utxsyb.fd +File: utxsyb.fd 2000/12/15 v3.1 +) +LaTeX Font Info: Trying to load font information for U+txmia on input line 8 +. + +(/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/txfonts/utxmia.fd +File: utxmia.fd 2000/12/15 v3.1 +) +LaTeX Font Info: Trying to load font information for U+txsyc on input line 8 +. + +(/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/txfonts/utxsyc.fd +File: utxsyc.fd 2000/12/15 v3.1 +)) \tf@lof=\write7 \openout7 = `document.lof'. [9 -] -[10] (./document.lot) +] [10] +(./document.lot) \tf@lot=\write8 \openout8 = `document.lot'. @@ -1166,23 +1196,28 @@ l.277 \tableofcontents ] [12] Chapter 1. LaTeX Font Info: Trying to load font information for TS1+txr on input line 3 -28. +30. (/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/txfonts/ts1txr.fd File: ts1txr.fd 2000/12/15 v3.1 ) [1 ] [2] -Overfull \hbox (0.50073pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 353--354 +Overfull \hbox (0.50073pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 355--356 []\T1/txr/m/n/12 Subsequent talks on 2021 by Pat Hogan at DE-F-CON 29[[][]9[][] ], and by Guil-laume Fournier [] [3] [4] Chapter 2. + +File: images//classic_bpf.jpg Graphic file (type jpg) + +Package pdftex.def Info: images//classic_bpf.jpg used on input line 413. +(pdftex.def) Requested size: 341.43306pt x 251.12224pt. [5 -] + <./images//classic_bpf.jpg>] Chapter 3. [6 @@ -1196,41 +1231,11 @@ Chapter 5. ] LaTeX Font Info: Trying to load font information for T1+txtt on input line 4 -14. +42. (/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/txfonts/t1txtt.fd File: t1txtt.fd 2000/12/15 v3.1 ) -LaTeX Font Info: Trying to load font information for OT1+txr on input line 4 -14. - -(/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/txfonts/ot1txr.fd -File: ot1txr.fd 2000/12/15 v3.1 -) -LaTeX Font Info: Trying to load font information for U+txsya on input line 4 -14. - -(/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/txfonts/utxsya.fd -File: utxsya.fd 2000/12/15 v3.1 -) -LaTeX Font Info: Trying to load font information for U+txsyb on input line 4 -14. - -(/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/txfonts/utxsyb.fd -File: utxsyb.fd 2000/12/15 v3.1 -) -LaTeX Font Info: Trying to load font information for U+txmia on input line 4 -14. - -(/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/txfonts/utxmia.fd -File: utxmia.fd 2000/12/15 v3.1 -) -LaTeX Font Info: Trying to load font information for U+txsyc on input line 4 -14. - -(/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/txfonts/utxsyc.fd -File: utxsyc.fd 2000/12/15 v3.1 -) -Overfull \hbox (5.34976pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 415--415 +Overfull \hbox (5.34976pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 443--443 \T1/txtt/m/n/12 threat -[] intelligence / cyber -[] year -[] in -[] retrospect / yir -[] cyber -[] threats -[] [] @@ -1246,35 +1251,29 @@ Package caption Warning: Unused \captionsetup[table] on input line 112. See the caption package documentation for explanation. -Package caption Warning: Unused \captionsetup[lstlisting] on input line 162. +Package caption Warning: Unused \captionsetup[lstlisting] on input line 164. See the caption package documentation for explanation. pdfTeX warning (ext4): destination with the same identifier (name{page.}) has b een already used, duplicate ignored \relax -l.431 \end{document} +l.459 \end{document} [2 ] (./document.aux) - -Package rerunfilecheck Warning: File `document.out' has changed. -(rerunfilecheck) Rerun to get outlines right -(rerunfilecheck) or use package `bookmark'. - -Package rerunfilecheck Info: Checksums for `document.out': -(rerunfilecheck) Before: 029B6DE53007DA8B33AC812D93231EF1;656 -(rerunfilecheck) After: D2AB64F5FB48584C9F73C77A3A80F30D;744. +Package rerunfilecheck Info: File `document.out' has not changed. +(rerunfilecheck) Checksum: AA28FA8D72587FC8F4EDD5E616FC72E7;810. 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PDF statistics: - 286 PDF objects out of 1000 (max. 8388607) - 51 named destinations out of 1000 (max. 500000) - 111 words of extra memory for PDF output out of 10000 (max. 10000000) + 304 PDF objects out of 1000 (max. 8388607) + 54 named destinations out of 1000 (max. 500000) + 132 words of extra memory for PDF output out of 10000 (max. 10000000) diff --git a/docs/document.out b/docs/document.out index 01c524c..141e739 100644 --- a/docs/document.out +++ b/docs/document.out @@ -4,9 +4,10 @@ \BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.1.3}{Regulatory\040framework}{chapter.1}% 4 \BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.3.1}{Social\040and\040economic\040environment}{section.1.3}% 5 \BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.3.2}{Budget}{section.1.3}% 6 -\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.3.3}{Structure\040of\040the\040document}{section.1.3}% 7 +\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.1.4}{Structure\040of\040the\040document}{chapter.1}% 7 \BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter.2}{State\040of\040the\040art}{}% 8 -\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter.3}{Methods??}{}% 9 -\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter.4}{Results}{}% 10 -\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter.5}{Conclusion\040and\040future\040work}{}% 11 -\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter.5}{Bibliography}{}% 12 +\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.2.1}{Introduction\040to\040eBPF}{chapter.2}% 9 +\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter.3}{Methods??}{}% 10 +\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter.4}{Results}{}% 11 +\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter.5}{Conclusion\040and\040future\040work}{}% 12 +\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter.5}{Bibliography}{}% 13 diff --git a/docs/document.pdf b/docs/document.pdf index 79d163c..9e90502 100644 Binary files a/docs/document.pdf and b/docs/document.pdf differ diff --git a/docs/document.synctex.gz b/docs/document.synctex.gz index 8dbba97..32d2823 100644 Binary files a/docs/document.synctex.gz and b/docs/document.synctex.gz differ diff --git a/docs/document.tex b/docs/document.tex index ff1b744..ecd5f13 100644 --- a/docs/document.tex +++ b/docs/document.tex @@ -123,7 +123,9 @@ hmargin=3cm singlelinecheck=off, labelsep=period, labelfont=small, - font=small + font=small, + %THE FOLLOWING WAS ADDED BY ME, is this ok? I think it was missed on the template + justification=centering } @@ -359,7 +361,7 @@ Taking the previous research into account, and on the basis of common functional \item Analysing eBPF's possibilities when hooking system calls and kernel functions. \end{itemize} -The knowledge gathered by the previous three pillars will be then used as a basis for building our rootkit. We will present different attack vectors and techniques than the ones presented in previous research, although inevitably we will also tackle common points, which will be clearly indicated and on which we will try to perform further research. In essence, our eBPF-based rootkit aims at: +The knowledge gathered by the previous three pillars will be then used as a basis for building our rootkit. We will present attack vectors and techniques different than the ones presented in previous research, although inevitably we will also tackle common points, which will be clearly indicated and on which we will try to perform further research. In essence, our eBPF-based rootkit aims at: \begin{itemize} \item Hijacking the execution of user programs while they are running, injecting libraries and executing malicious code, without impacting their normal execution. \item Featuring a command-and-control module powered by a network backdoor, which can be operated from a remote client. This backdoor should be controlled with stealth in mind, featuring similar mechanisms to those present in rootkits found in the wild. @@ -398,8 +400,19 @@ The knowledge gathered by the previous three pillars will be then used as a basi \chapter{State of the art} % I WILL NOT INCLUDE A ROOTKIT BACKGROUND, considering that a deep study of that is not fully relevant for us. I explained what it is, its two main types (should we include bootkits, maybe?) and its relation with eBPF in the introduction, since it is needed to introduce the overall context. Should we do otherwise? +This chapter is dedicated to an study of the eBPF technology. Firstly, we will analyse its origins, understanding what it is and how it works, and discuss the reasons why it is a necessary component of the Linux kernel today. Afterwards, we will cover the main features of eBPF in detail. Finally, an study of the existing alternatives for developing eBPF applications will be also included. + +\section{Introduction to eBPF} +Nowadays eBPF is not officially considered to be an acronym anymore, but it remains largely known as "extended Berkeley Packet Filters", given its roots in the Berkeley Packet Filter (BPF) technology, now known as classic BPF. + +BPF was introduced in 1992 in the paper "The BSD Packet Filter: A New Architecture for User-level Packet Capture"\cite{bpf_bsd_origin}, as a new filtering technology for network packets in the BSD platform. +\begin{figure}[h] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=12cm, keepaspectratio=true]{classic_bpf.jpg} + \caption{Sketch of the functionality of classic BPF} +\end{figure} diff --git a/docs/document.toc b/docs/document.toc index d70963e..7e21961 100644 --- a/docs/document.toc +++ b/docs/document.toc @@ -13,10 +13,12 @@ \defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.3.2}Budget}{4}{subsection.1.3.2}% \defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax -\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.3.3}Structure of the document}{4}{subsection.1.3.3}% +\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.4}Structure of the document}{4}{section.1.4}% \defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax \contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {2}State of the art}{5}{chapter.2}% \defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax +\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.1}Introduction to eBPF}{5}{section.2.1}% +\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax \contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {3}Methods??}{6}{chapter.3}% \defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax \contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {4}Results}{7}{chapter.4}% diff --git a/docs/images/classic_bpf.jpg b/docs/images/classic_bpf.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5fee0ba Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/images/classic_bpf.jpg differ diff --git a/docs/pdfa.xmpi b/docs/pdfa.xmpi index b22482a..0a94a72 100644 --- a/docs/pdfa.xmpi +++ b/docs/pdfa.xmpi @@ -73,15 +73,15 @@ LaTeX with hyperref - 2022-05-21T19:59:13-04:00 - 2022-05-21T19:59:13-04:00 - 2022-05-21T19:59:13-04:00 + 2022-05-22T08:18:59-04:00 + 2022-05-22T08:18:59-04:00 + 2022-05-22T08:18:59-04:00 uuid:467B87E0-A1EA-A037-7CB7-0477245DEBC3 - uuid:92690ABF-FD4E-34F6-0677-8E9FB2D8ECBB + uuid:7C5084A7-0928-3FCA-282B-690A2430241A diff --git a/src/.output/kit.o b/src/.output/kit.o index 29dd91b..d774bf7 100644 Binary files a/src/.output/kit.o and b/src/.output/kit.o differ