diff --git a/cmd/gluetun/main.go b/cmd/gluetun/main.go
index e0988c8e..8f43a154 100644
--- a/cmd/gluetun/main.go
+++ b/cmd/gluetun/main.go
@@ -122,9 +122,8 @@ func _main(background context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 	}
 
 	// TODO run this in a loop or in openvpn to reload from file without restarting
-	storage := storage.New(logger, os)
-	const updateServerFile = true
-	allServers, err := storage.SyncServers(constants.GetAllServers(), updateServerFile)
+	storage := storage.New(logger, os, constants.ServersData)
+	allServers, err := storage.SyncServers(constants.GetAllServers())
 	if err != nil {
 		logger.Error(err)
 		return 1
diff --git a/internal/cli/cli.go b/internal/cli/cli.go
index f31d3ce2..6fb90b3a 100644
--- a/internal/cli/cli.go
+++ b/internal/cli/cli.go
@@ -70,7 +70,8 @@ func OpenvpnConfig(os os.OS) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	allServers, err := storage.New(logger, os).SyncServers(constants.GetAllServers(), false)
+	allServers, err := storage.New(logger, os, constants.ServersData).
+		SyncServers(constants.GetAllServers())
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -121,9 +122,8 @@ func Update(args []string, os os.OS) error {
 	ctx := context.Background()
 	const clientTimeout = 10 * time.Second
 	httpClient := &http.Client{Timeout: clientTimeout}
-	storage := storage.New(logger, os)
-	const writeSync = false
-	currentServers, err := storage.SyncServers(constants.GetAllServers(), writeSync)
+	storage := storage.New(logger, os, constants.ServersData)
+	currentServers, err := storage.SyncServers(constants.GetAllServers())
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("cannot update servers: %w", err)
 	}
diff --git a/internal/constants/paths.go b/internal/constants/paths.go
index 135a5b97..9f985906 100644
--- a/internal/constants/paths.go
+++ b/internal/constants/paths.go
@@ -29,4 +29,6 @@ const (
 	ClientKey models.Filepath = "/gluetun/client.key"
 	// Client certificate filepath, used by Cyberghost.
 	ClientCertificate models.Filepath = "/gluetun/client.crt"
+	// Servers information filepath.
+	ServersData = "/gluetun/servers.json"
 )
diff --git a/internal/storage/merge.go b/internal/storage/merge.go
index 928e5770..8d84d2fc 100644
--- a/internal/storage/merge.go
+++ b/internal/storage/merge.go
@@ -14,80 +14,119 @@ func getUnixTimeDifference(unix1, unix2 int64) (difference time.Duration) {
 	return difference.Truncate(time.Second)
 }
 
-func (s *storage) mergeServers(hardcoded, persistent models.AllServers) (merged models.AllServers) {
-	merged.Version = hardcoded.Version
-	merged.Cyberghost = hardcoded.Cyberghost
-	if persistent.Cyberghost.Timestamp > hardcoded.Cyberghost.Timestamp {
-		s.logger.Info("Using Cyberghost servers from file (%s more recent)",
-			getUnixTimeDifference(persistent.Cyberghost.Timestamp, hardcoded.Cyberghost.Timestamp))
-		merged.Cyberghost = persistent.Cyberghost
+func (s *storage) mergeServers(hardcoded, persisted models.AllServers) models.AllServers {
+	return models.AllServers{
+		Version:    hardcoded.Version,
+		Cyberghost: s.mergeCyberghost(hardcoded.Cyberghost, persisted.Cyberghost),
+		Mullvad:    s.mergeMullvad(hardcoded.Mullvad, persisted.Mullvad),
+		Nordvpn:    s.mergeNordVPN(hardcoded.Nordvpn, persisted.Nordvpn),
+		Pia:        s.mergePIA(hardcoded.Pia, persisted.Pia),
+		Privado:    s.mergePrivado(hardcoded.Privado, persisted.Privado),
+		Purevpn:    s.mergePureVPN(hardcoded.Purevpn, persisted.Purevpn),
+		Surfshark:  s.mergeSurfshark(hardcoded.Surfshark, persisted.Surfshark),
+		Vyprvpn:    s.mergeVyprvpn(hardcoded.Vyprvpn, persisted.Vyprvpn),
+		Windscribe: s.mergeWindscribe(hardcoded.Windscribe, persisted.Windscribe),
 	}
-	merged.Mullvad = hardcoded.Mullvad
-	if persistent.Mullvad.Timestamp > hardcoded.Mullvad.Timestamp {
-		s.logger.Info("Using Mullvad servers from file (%s more recent)",
-			getUnixTimeDifference(persistent.Mullvad.Timestamp, hardcoded.Mullvad.Timestamp))
-		merged.Mullvad = persistent.Mullvad
-	}
-	merged.Nordvpn = hardcoded.Nordvpn
-	if persistent.Nordvpn.Timestamp > hardcoded.Nordvpn.Timestamp {
-		s.logger.Info("Using Nordvpn servers from file (%s more recent)",
-			getUnixTimeDifference(persistent.Nordvpn.Timestamp, hardcoded.Nordvpn.Timestamp))
-		merged.Nordvpn = persistent.Nordvpn
-	}
-	merged.Pia = hardcoded.Pia
-	if persistent.Pia.Timestamp > hardcoded.Pia.Timestamp {
-		versionDiff := hardcoded.Pia.Version - persistent.Pia.Version
-		if versionDiff > 0 {
-			s.logger.Info("Private Internet Access servers from file discarded because they are %d versions behind",
-				versionDiff)
-			merged.Pia = hardcoded.Pia
-		} else {
-			s.logger.Info("Using Private Internet Access servers from file (%s more recent)",
-				getUnixTimeDifference(persistent.Pia.Timestamp, hardcoded.Pia.Timestamp))
-			merged.Pia = persistent.Pia
-		}
-	}
-
-	merged.Privado = hardcoded.Privado
-	versionDiff := int(persistent.Privado.Version) - int(hardcoded.Privado.Version)
-	switch {
-	case versionDiff > 0:
-		s.logger.Info("Using Privado servers from file (%d version(s) more recent)", versionDiff)
-		merged.Privado = persistent.Privado
-	case persistent.Privado.Timestamp > hardcoded.Privado.Timestamp:
-		s.logger.Info("Using Privado servers from file (%s more recent)",
-			getUnixTimeDifference(persistent.Privado.Timestamp, hardcoded.Privado.Timestamp))
-		merged.Privado = persistent.Privado
-	}
-
-	merged.Purevpn = hardcoded.Purevpn
-	if persistent.Purevpn.Timestamp > hardcoded.Purevpn.Timestamp {
-		s.logger.Info("Using Purevpn servers from file (%s more recent)",
-			getUnixTimeDifference(persistent.Purevpn.Timestamp, hardcoded.Purevpn.Timestamp))
-		merged.Purevpn = persistent.Purevpn
-	}
-	merged.Surfshark = hardcoded.Surfshark
-	if persistent.Surfshark.Timestamp > hardcoded.Surfshark.Timestamp {
-		s.logger.Info("Using Surfshark servers from file (%s more recent)",
-			getUnixTimeDifference(persistent.Surfshark.Timestamp, hardcoded.Surfshark.Timestamp))
-		merged.Surfshark = persistent.Surfshark
-	}
-	merged.Vyprvpn = hardcoded.Vyprvpn
-	if persistent.Vyprvpn.Timestamp > hardcoded.Vyprvpn.Timestamp {
-		s.logger.Info("Using Vyprvpn servers from file (%s more recent)",
-			getUnixTimeDifference(persistent.Vyprvpn.Timestamp, hardcoded.Vyprvpn.Timestamp))
-		merged.Vyprvpn = persistent.Vyprvpn
-	}
-	merged.Windscribe = hardcoded.Windscribe
-	if persistent.Windscribe.Timestamp > hardcoded.Windscribe.Timestamp {
-		if hardcoded.Windscribe.Version == 2 && persistent.Windscribe.Version == 1 {
-			s.logger.Info("Windscribe servers from file discarded because they are one version behind")
-			merged.Windscribe = hardcoded.Windscribe
-		} else {
-			s.logger.Info("Using Windscribe servers from file (%s more recent)",
-				getUnixTimeDifference(persistent.Windscribe.Timestamp, hardcoded.Windscribe.Timestamp))
-			merged.Windscribe = persistent.Windscribe
-		}
-	}
-	return merged
+}
+
+func (s *storage) mergeCyberghost(hardcoded, persisted models.CyberghostServers) models.CyberghostServers {
+	if persisted.Timestamp <= hardcoded.Timestamp {
+		return hardcoded
+	}
+	s.logger.Info("Using Cyberghost servers from file (%s more recent)",
+		getUnixTimeDifference(persisted.Timestamp, hardcoded.Timestamp))
+	return persisted
+}
+
+func (s *storage) mergeMullvad(hardcoded, persisted models.MullvadServers) models.MullvadServers {
+	if persisted.Timestamp <= hardcoded.Timestamp {
+		return hardcoded
+	}
+	s.logger.Info("Using Mullvad servers from file (%s more recent)",
+		getUnixTimeDifference(persisted.Timestamp, hardcoded.Timestamp))
+	return persisted
+}
+
+func (s *storage) mergeNordVPN(hardcoded, persisted models.NordvpnServers) models.NordvpnServers {
+	if persisted.Timestamp <= hardcoded.Timestamp {
+		return hardcoded
+	}
+	s.logger.Info("Using NordVPN servers from file (%s more recent)",
+		getUnixTimeDifference(persisted.Timestamp, hardcoded.Timestamp))
+	return persisted
+}
+
+func (s *storage) mergePIA(hardcoded, persisted models.PiaServers) models.PiaServers {
+	if persisted.Timestamp <= hardcoded.Timestamp {
+		return hardcoded
+	}
+	versionDiff := hardcoded.Version - persisted.Version
+	if versionDiff > 0 {
+		s.logger.Info(
+			"PIA servers from file discarded because they are %d versions behind",
+			versionDiff)
+		return hardcoded
+	}
+	s.logger.Info("Using PIA servers from file (%s more recent)",
+		getUnixTimeDifference(persisted.Timestamp, hardcoded.Timestamp))
+	return persisted
+}
+
+func (s *storage) mergePrivado(hardcoded, persisted models.PrivadoServers) models.PrivadoServers {
+	if persisted.Timestamp <= hardcoded.Timestamp {
+		return hardcoded
+	}
+	versionDiff := hardcoded.Version - persisted.Version
+	if versionDiff > 0 {
+		s.logger.Info(
+			"Privado servers from file discarded because they are %d versions behind",
+			versionDiff)
+		return hardcoded
+	}
+	s.logger.Info("Using Privado servers from file (%s more recent)",
+		getUnixTimeDifference(persisted.Timestamp, hardcoded.Timestamp))
+	return persisted
+}
+
+func (s *storage) mergePureVPN(hardcoded, persisted models.PurevpnServers) models.PurevpnServers {
+	if persisted.Timestamp <= hardcoded.Timestamp {
+		return hardcoded
+	}
+	s.logger.Info("Using PureVPN servers from file (%s more recent)",
+		getUnixTimeDifference(persisted.Timestamp, hardcoded.Timestamp))
+	return persisted
+}
+
+func (s *storage) mergeSurfshark(hardcoded, persisted models.SurfsharkServers) models.SurfsharkServers {
+	if persisted.Timestamp <= hardcoded.Timestamp {
+		return hardcoded
+	}
+	s.logger.Info("Using Surfshark servers from file (%s more recent)",
+		getUnixTimeDifference(persisted.Timestamp, hardcoded.Timestamp))
+	return persisted
+}
+
+func (s *storage) mergeVyprvpn(hardcoded, persisted models.VyprvpnServers) models.VyprvpnServers {
+	if persisted.Timestamp <= hardcoded.Timestamp {
+		return hardcoded
+	}
+	s.logger.Info("Using VyprVPN servers from file (%s more recent)",
+		getUnixTimeDifference(persisted.Timestamp, hardcoded.Timestamp))
+	return persisted
+}
+
+func (s *storage) mergeWindscribe(hardcoded, persisted models.WindscribeServers) models.WindscribeServers {
+	if persisted.Timestamp <= hardcoded.Timestamp {
+		return hardcoded
+	}
+	versionDiff := hardcoded.Version - persisted.Version
+	if versionDiff > 0 {
+		s.logger.Info(
+			"Windscribe servers from file discarded because they are %d versions behind",
+			versionDiff)
+		return hardcoded
+	}
+	s.logger.Info("Using Windscribe servers from file (%s more recent)",
+		getUnixTimeDifference(persisted.Timestamp, hardcoded.Timestamp))
+	return persisted
 }
diff --git a/internal/storage/storage.go b/internal/storage/storage.go
index 35ac4854..b5e02081 100644
--- a/internal/storage/storage.go
+++ b/internal/storage/storage.go
@@ -7,18 +7,21 @@ import (
 )
 
 type Storage interface {
-	SyncServers(hardcodedServers models.AllServers, write bool) (allServers models.AllServers, err error)
+	// Passing an empty filepath disables writing to a file
+	SyncServers(hardcodedServers models.AllServers) (allServers models.AllServers, err error)
 	FlushToFile(servers models.AllServers) error
 }
 
 type storage struct {
-	os     os.OS
-	logger logging.Logger
+	os       os.OS
+	logger   logging.Logger
+	filepath string
 }
 
-func New(logger logging.Logger, os os.OS) Storage {
+func New(logger logging.Logger, os os.OS, filepath string) Storage {
 	return &storage{
-		os:     os,
-		logger: logger.WithPrefix("storage: "),
+		os:       os,
+		logger:   logger.WithPrefix("storage: "),
+		filepath: filepath,
 	}
 }
diff --git a/internal/storage/sync.go b/internal/storage/sync.go
index 1327a439..c463fd2f 100644
--- a/internal/storage/sync.go
+++ b/internal/storage/sync.go
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package storage
 
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"reflect"
 
@@ -9,8 +10,9 @@ import (
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/os"
 )
 
-const (
-	jsonFilepath = "/gluetun/servers.json"
+var (
+	ErrCannotReadFile  = errors.New("cannot read servers from file")
+	ErrCannotWriteFile = errors.New("cannot write servers to file")
 )
 
 func countServers(allServers models.AllServers) int {
@@ -25,38 +27,54 @@ func countServers(allServers models.AllServers) int {
 		len(allServers.Windscribe.Servers)
 }
 
-func (s *storage) SyncServers(hardcodedServers models.AllServers, write bool) (
+func (s *storage) SyncServers(hardcodedServers models.AllServers) (
 	allServers models.AllServers, err error) {
-	// Eventually read file
-	var serversOnFile models.AllServers
-	file, err := s.os.OpenFile(jsonFilepath, os.O_RDONLY, 0)
-	if err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
-		return allServers, err
-	}
-	if err == nil {
-		var serversOnFile models.AllServers
-		decoder := json.NewDecoder(file)
-		if err := decoder.Decode(&serversOnFile); err != nil {
-			_ = file.Close()
-			return allServers, err
-		}
-		return allServers, file.Close()
+	serversOnFile, err := s.readFromFile(s.filepath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return allServers, fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrCannotReadFile, err)
 	}
 
-	// Merge data from file and hardcoded
-	s.logger.Info("Merging by most recent %d hardcoded servers and %d servers read from %s",
-		countServers(hardcodedServers), countServers(serversOnFile), jsonFilepath)
-	allServers = s.mergeServers(hardcodedServers, serversOnFile)
+	hardcodedCount := countServers(hardcodedServers)
+	countOnFile := countServers(serversOnFile)
+
+	if countOnFile == 0 {
+		s.logger.Info("creating %s with %d hardcoded servers", s.filepath, hardcodedCount)
+		allServers = hardcodedServers
+	} else {
+		s.logger.Info(
+			"merging by most recent %d hardcoded servers and %d servers read from %s",
+			hardcodedCount, countOnFile, s.filepath)
+		allServers = s.mergeServers(hardcodedServers, serversOnFile)
+	}
 
 	// Eventually write file
-	if !write || reflect.DeepEqual(serversOnFile, allServers) {
+	if s.filepath == "" || reflect.DeepEqual(serversOnFile, allServers) {
 		return allServers, nil
 	}
-	return allServers, s.FlushToFile(allServers)
+
+	if err := s.FlushToFile(allServers); err != nil {
+		return allServers, fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrCannotWriteFile, err)
+	}
+	return allServers, nil
+}
+
+func (s *storage) readFromFile(filepath string) (servers models.AllServers, err error) {
+	file, err := s.os.OpenFile(filepath, os.O_RDONLY, 0)
+	if os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		return servers, nil
+	} else if err != nil {
+		return servers, err
+	}
+	decoder := json.NewDecoder(file)
+	if err := decoder.Decode(&servers); err != nil {
+		_ = file.Close()
+		return servers, err
+	}
+	return servers, file.Close()
 }
 
 func (s *storage) FlushToFile(servers models.AllServers) error {
-	file, err := s.os.OpenFile(jsonFilepath, os.O_CREATE|os.O_WRONLY|os.O_TRUNC, 0644)
+	file, err := s.os.OpenFile(s.filepath, os.O_CREATE|os.O_WRONLY|os.O_TRUNC, 0644)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -64,7 +82,7 @@ func (s *storage) FlushToFile(servers models.AllServers) error {
 	encoder.SetIndent("", "  ")
 	if err := encoder.Encode(servers); err != nil {
 		_ = file.Close()
-		return fmt.Errorf("cannot write to file: %w", err)
+		return err
 	}
 	return file.Close()
 }