Merge branch 'master' into remove-keep-nameserver

fix(storage): only log warning if flushing merged servers to file fails
Chore(deps): Bump DavidAnson/markdownlint-cli2-action from 20 to 21 (#2984 )
2025-11-17 19:16:32 +00:00 · 2025-11-17 19:04:19 +00:00 · 2025-11-17 19:57:57 +01:00 · 2025-11-17 17:59:18 +00:00 · 2025-11-17 15:31:40 +00:00 · 2025-11-17 15:23:02 +00:00
72 changed files with 2984 additions and 2507 deletions
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/provider.md
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/provider.md
@@ -6,12 +6,35 @@ labels: ":bulb: New provider"

 ---

-One of the following is required:
+Important notes:

- Publicly accessible URL to a zip file containing the Openvpn configuration files
- Publicly accessible URL to a structured (JSON etc.) list of servers **and attach** an example Openvpn configuration file for both TCP and UDP
+- There is no need to support both OpenVPN and Wireguard for a provider, but it's better to support both if possible
+- We do **not** implement authentication to access servers information behind a login. This is way too time consuming unfortunately
+- If it's not possible to support a provider natively, you can still use the [the custom provider](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/providers/custom.md)
+
+## For Wireguard
+
+Wireguard can be natively supported ONLY if:
+
+- the `PrivateKey` field value is the same across all servers for one user account
+- the `Address` field value is:
+  - can be found in a structured (JSON etc.) list of servers publicly available; OR
+  - the same across all servers for one user account
+- the `PublicKey` field value is:
+  - can be found in a structured (JSON etc.) list of servers publicly available; OR
+  - the same across all servers for one user account
+- the `Endpoint` field value:
+  - can be found in a structured (JSON etc.) list of servers publicly available
+  - can be determined using a pattern, for example using country codes in hostnames
+
+If any of these conditions are not met, Wireguard cannot be natively supported or there is no advantage compared to using a custom Wireguard configuration file.
+
+If **all** of these conditions are met, please provide an answer for each of them.
+
+## For OpenVPN
+
+OpenVPN can be natively supported ONLY if one of the following can be provided, by preference in this order:
+
+- Publicly accessible URL to a structured (JSON etc.) list of servers **and attach** an example Openvpn configuration file for both TCP and UDP; OR
+- Publicly accessible URL to a zip file containing the Openvpn configuration files; OR
 - Publicly accessible URL to the list of servers **and attach** an example Openvpn configuration file for both TCP and UDP
-
-If the list of servers requires to login **or** is hidden behind an interactive configurator,
-you can only use a custom Openvpn configuration file.
-[The Wiki's OpenVPN configuration file page](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/openvpn-configuration-file.md) describes how to do so.
--- a/.github/workflows/configs/mlc-config.json
+++ b/.github/workflows/configs/mlc-config.json
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
  "retryOn429": false,
  "fallbackRetryDelay": "30s",
  "aliveStatusCodes": [
-    200
+    200,
+    429
  ]
 }
--- a/.github/workflows/markdown.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/markdown.yml
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v5

-      - uses: DavidAnson/markdownlint-cli2-action@v20
+      - uses: DavidAnson/markdownlint-cli2-action@v21
        with:
          globs: "**.md"
          config: .markdownlint-cli2.jsonc
--- a/.golangci.yml
+++ b/.golangci.yml
@@ -56,6 +56,9 @@ linters:
          - revive
        path: internal\/provider\/(common|utils)\/.+\.go
        text: "var-naming: avoid (bad|meaningless) package names"
+      - linters:
+          - lll
+        source: "^// https://.+$"
      - linters:
          - err113
          - mnd
--- a/28
+++ b/28
@@ -164,21 +164,22 @@ ENV VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=pia \
    # Health
    HEALTH_SERVER_ADDRESS=127.0.0.1:9999 \
    HEALTH_TARGET_ADDRESS=cloudflare.com:443 \
-    HEALTH_ICMP_TARGET_IP=0.0.0.0 \
+    HEALTH_ICMP_TARGET_IP=1.1.1.1 \
    HEALTH_RESTART_VPN=on \
-    # DNS over TLS
-    DOT=on \
-    DOT_PROVIDERS=cloudflare \
-    DOT_PRIVATE_ADDRESS=127.0.0.1/8,10.0.0.0/8,172.16.0.0/12,192.168.0.0/16,169.254.0.0/16,::1/128,fc00::/7,fe80::/10,::ffff:7f00:1/104,::ffff:a00:0/104,::ffff:a9fe:0/112,::ffff:ac10:0/108,::ffff:c0a8:0/112 \
-    DOT_CACHING=on \
-    DOT_IPV6=off \
+    # DNS
+    DNS_UPSTREAM_RESOLVER_TYPE=DoT \
+    DNS_UPSTREAM_RESOLVERS=cloudflare \
+    DNS_BLOCK_IPS= \
+    DNS_BLOCK_IP_PREFIXES= \
+    DNS_CACHING=on \
+    DNS_UPSTREAM_IPV6=off \
    BLOCK_MALICIOUS=on \
    BLOCK_SURVEILLANCE=off \
    BLOCK_ADS=off \
-    UNBLOCK= \
+    DNS_UNBLOCK_HOSTNAMES= \
+    DNS_REBINDING_PROTECTION_EXEMPT_HOSTNAMES= \
    DNS_UPDATE_PERIOD=24h \
-    DNS_ADDRESS=127.0.0.1 \
-    DNS_KEEP_NAMESERVER=off \
+    DNS_UPSTREAM_PLAIN_ADDRESSES= \
    # HTTP proxy
    HTTPPROXY= \
    HTTPPROXY_LOG=off \
@@ -199,10 +200,13 @@ ENV VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=pia \
    HTTP_CONTROL_SERVER_LOG=on \
    HTTP_CONTROL_SERVER_ADDRESS=":8000" \
    HTTP_CONTROL_SERVER_AUTH_CONFIG_FILEPATH=/gluetun/auth/config.toml \
+    HTTP_CONTROL_SERVER_AUTH_DEFAULT_ROLE="{}" \
    # Server data updater
    UPDATER_PERIOD=0 \
    UPDATER_MIN_RATIO=0.8 \
    UPDATER_VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDERS= \
+    UPDATER_PROTONVPN_USERNAME= \
+    UPDATER_PROTONVPN_PASSWORD= \
    # Public IP
    PUBLICIP_FILE="/tmp/gluetun/ip" \
    PUBLICIP_ENABLED=on \
@@ -218,8 +222,8 @@ ENV VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=pia \
    # Extras
    VERSION_INFORMATION=on \
    TZ= \
-    PUID= \
-    PGID=
+    PUID=1000 \
+    PGID=1000
 ENTRYPOINT ["/gluetun-entrypoint"]
 EXPOSE 8000/tcp 8888/tcp 8388/tcp 8388/udp
 HEALTHCHECK --interval=5s --timeout=5s --start-period=10s --retries=3 CMD /gluetun-entrypoint healthcheck
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 # Gluetun VPN client

+⚠️ This and [gluetun-wiki](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki) are the only websites for Gluetun, other websites claiming to be official are scams ⚠️
+
 Lightweight swiss-army-knife-like VPN client to multiple VPN service providers

 ![Title image](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/qdm12/gluetun/master/title.svg)
--- a/cmd/gluetun/main.go
+++ b/cmd/gluetun/main.go
@@ -427,7 +427,8 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 	parallelResolver := resolver.NewParallelResolver(allSettings.Updater.DNSAddress)
 	openvpnFileExtractor := extract.New()
 	providers := provider.NewProviders(storage, time.Now, updaterLogger,
-		httpClient, unzipper, parallelResolver, publicIPLooper.Fetcher(), openvpnFileExtractor)
+		httpClient, unzipper, parallelResolver, publicIPLooper.Fetcher(),
+		openvpnFileExtractor, allSettings.Updater)

 	vpnLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("vpn"))
 	vpnLooper := vpn.NewLoop(allSettings.VPN, ipv6Supported, allSettings.Firewall.VPNInputPorts,
@@ -466,13 +467,10 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 	go shadowsocksLooper.Run(shadowsocksCtx, shadowsocksDone)
 	otherGroupHandler.Add(shadowsocksHandler)

-	controlServerAddress := *allSettings.ControlServer.Address
-	controlServerLogging := *allSettings.ControlServer.Log
 	httpServerHandler, httpServerCtx, httpServerDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
 		"http server", goroutine.OptionTimeout(defaultShutdownTimeout))
-	httpServer, err := server.New(httpServerCtx, controlServerAddress, controlServerLogging,
+	httpServer, err := server.New(httpServerCtx, allSettings.ControlServer,
 		logger.New(log.SetComponent("http server")),
-		allSettings.ControlServer.AuthFilePath,
 		buildInfo, vpnLooper, portForwardLooper, dnsLooper, updaterLooper, publicIPLooper,
 		storage, ipv6Supported)
 	if err != nil {
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -3,35 +3,40 @@ module github.com/qdm12/gluetun
 go 1.25.0

 require (
-	github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.3.2
+	github.com/ProtonMail/go-srp v0.0.7
+	github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.3.3
 	github.com/fatih/color v1.18.0
 	github.com/golang/mock v1.6.0
-	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.11
+	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.18.1
 	github.com/klauspost/pgzip v1.2.6
-	github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.3
-	github.com/qdm12/dns/v2 v2.0.0-rc8
+	github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.4
+	github.com/qdm12/dns/v2 v2.0.0-rc9.0.20251114155417-248acd28339f
 	github.com/qdm12/gosettings v0.4.4
 	github.com/qdm12/goshutdown v0.3.0
 	github.com/qdm12/gosplash v0.2.0
 	github.com/qdm12/gotree v0.3.0
 	github.com/qdm12/log v0.1.0
 	github.com/qdm12/ss-server v0.6.0
-	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1
 	github.com/ulikunitz/xz v0.5.15
 	github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.3.1
 	github.com/youmark/pkcs8 v0.0.0-20201027041543-1326539a0a0a
 	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20241009180824-f66d83c29e7c
-	golang.org/x/net v0.46.0
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.37.0
-	golang.org/x/text v0.30.0
+	golang.org/x/net v0.47.0
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.38.0
+	golang.org/x/text v0.31.0
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20231211153847-12269c276173
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl v0.0.0-20230429144221-925a1e7659e6
 	gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.67.0
 )

 require (
+	github.com/ProtonMail/bcrypt v0.0.0-20211005172633-e235017c1baf // indirect
+	github.com/ProtonMail/go-crypto v1.3.0-proton // indirect
 	github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/cloudflare/circl v1.6.1 // indirect
+	github.com/cronokirby/saferith v0.33.0 // indirect
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/josharian/native v1.1.0 // indirect
@@ -42,18 +47,20 @@ require (
 	github.com/mdlayher/socket v0.4.1 // indirect
 	github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.62 // indirect
 	github.com/munnerz/goautoneg v0.0.0-20191010083416-a7dc8b61c822 // indirect
+	github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1 // indirect
 	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.20.5 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.1 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/common v0.60.1 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.15.1 // indirect
-	github.com/qdm12/goservices v0.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/qdm12/goservices v0.1.1-0.20251104135713-6bee97bd4978 // indirect
 	github.com/riobard/go-bloom v0.0.0-20200614022211-cdc8013cb5b3 // indirect
 	github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.5 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.43.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/mod v0.28.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.17.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/tools v0.37.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.44.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/mod v0.29.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.18.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/time v0.3.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/tools v0.38.0 // indirect
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wintun v0.0.0-20230126152724-0fa3db229ce2 // indirect
 	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.35.1 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -1,9 +1,23 @@
+github.com/ProtonMail/bcrypt v0.0.0-20210511135022-227b4adcab57/go.mod h1:HecWFHognK8GfRDGnFQbW/LiV7A3MX3gZVs45vk5h8I=
+github.com/ProtonMail/bcrypt v0.0.0-20211005172633-e235017c1baf h1:yc9daCCYUefEs69zUkSzubzjBbL+cmOXgnmt9Fyd9ug=
+github.com/ProtonMail/bcrypt v0.0.0-20211005172633-e235017c1baf/go.mod h1:o0ESU9p83twszAU8LBeJKFAAMX14tISa0yk4Oo5TOqo=
+github.com/ProtonMail/go-crypto v0.0.0-20230321155629-9a39f2531310/go.mod h1:8TI4H3IbrackdNgv+92dI+rhpCaLqM0IfpgCgenFvRE=
+github.com/ProtonMail/go-crypto v1.3.0-proton h1:tAQKQRZX/73VmzK6yHSCaRUOvS/3OYSQzhXQsrR7yUM=
+github.com/ProtonMail/go-crypto v1.3.0-proton/go.mod h1:9whxjD8Rbs29b4XWbB8irEcE8KHMqaR2e7GWU1R+/PE=
+github.com/ProtonMail/go-srp v0.0.7 h1:Sos3Qk+th4tQR64vsxGIxYpN3rdnG9Wf9K4ZloC1JrI=
+github.com/ProtonMail/go-srp v0.0.7/go.mod h1:giCp+7qRnMIcCvI6V6U3S1lDDXDQYx2ewJ6F/9wdlJk=
 github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 h1:VlbKKnNfV8bJzeqoa4cOKqO6bYr3WgKZxO8Z16+hsOM=
 github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1/go.mod h1:G2ZrVWU2WbWT9wwq4/hrbKbnv/1ERSJQ0ibhJ6rlkpw=
-github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.3.2 h1:gm11iClhK8wFn/GDdINoDaqPkiaGXyVvSwoXINZN+z4=
-github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.3.2/go.mod h1:S/PKh+4d1HUn4HQovEB8hPJZO6pUZYrIhmXBhsegfXw=
+github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.3.3 h1://GnaRtQ/9BY2+GtMk2wtWxVdCRysiaPr5/xBwl7NKw=
+github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.3.3/go.mod h1:S/PKh+4d1HUn4HQovEB8hPJZO6pUZYrIhmXBhsegfXw=
+github.com/bwesterb/go-ristretto v1.2.0/go.mod h1:fUIoIZaG73pV5biE2Blr2xEzDoMj7NFEuV9ekS419A0=
 github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0 h1:UL815xU9SqsFlibzuggzjXhog7bL6oX9BbNZnL2UFvs=
 github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0/go.mod h1:VGX0DQ3Q6kWi7AoAeZDth3/j3BFtOZR5XLFGgcrjCOs=
+github.com/cloudflare/circl v1.1.0/go.mod h1:prBCrKB9DV4poKZY1l9zBXg2QJY7mvgRvtMxxK7fi4I=
+github.com/cloudflare/circl v1.6.1 h1:zqIqSPIndyBh1bjLVVDHMPpVKqp8Su/V+6MeDzzQBQ0=
+github.com/cloudflare/circl v1.6.1/go.mod h1:uddAzsPgqdMAYatqJ0lsjX1oECcQLIlRpzZh3pJrofs=
+github.com/cronokirby/saferith v0.33.0 h1:TgoQlfsD4LIwx71+ChfRcIpjkw+RPOapDEVxa+LhwLo=
+github.com/cronokirby/saferith v0.33.0/go.mod h1:QKJhjoqUtBsXCAVEjw38mFqoi7DebT7kthcD7UzbnoA=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/fatih/color v1.18.0 h1:S8gINlzdQ840/4pfAwic/ZE0djQEH3wM94VfqLTZcOM=
@@ -16,8 +30,8 @@ github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0 h1:ofyhxvXcZhMsU5ulbFiLKl/XBFqE1GSq7atu8tAmTRI=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0/go.mod h1:17dUlkBOakJ0+DkrSSNjCkIjxS6bF9zb3elmeNGIjoY=
 github.com/josharian/native v1.1.0 h1:uuaP0hAbW7Y4l0ZRQ6C9zfb7Mg1mbFKry/xzDAfmtLA=
 github.com/josharian/native v1.1.0/go.mod h1:7X/raswPFr05uY3HiLlYeyQntB6OO7E/d2Cu7qoaN2w=
-github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.11 h1:In6xLpyWOi1+C7tXUUWv2ot1QvBjxevKAaI6IXrJmUc=
-github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.11/go.mod h1:pMDklpSncoRMuLFrf1W9Ss9KT+0rH90U12bZKk7uwG0=
+github.com/klauspost/compress v1.18.1 h1:bcSGx7UbpBqMChDtsF28Lw6v/G94LPrrbMbdC3JH2co=
+github.com/klauspost/compress v1.18.1/go.mod h1:ZQFFVG+MdnR0P+l6wpXgIL4NTtwiKIdBnrBd8Nrxr+0=
 github.com/klauspost/pgzip v1.2.6 h1:8RXeL5crjEUFnR2/Sn6GJNWtSQ3Dk8pq4CL3jvdDyjU=
 github.com/klauspost/pgzip v1.2.6/go.mod h1:Ch1tH69qFZu15pkjo5kYi6mth2Zzwzt50oCQKQE9RUs=
 github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.1 h1:flRD4NNwYAUpkphVc1HcthR4KEIFJ65n8Mw5qdRn3LE=
@@ -41,8 +55,10 @@ github.com/mikioh/ipaddr v0.0.0-20190404000644-d465c8ab6721 h1:RlZweED6sbSArvlE9
 github.com/mikioh/ipaddr v0.0.0-20190404000644-d465c8ab6721/go.mod h1:Ickgr2WtCLZ2MDGd4Gr0geeCH5HybhRJbonOgQpvSxc=
 github.com/munnerz/goautoneg v0.0.0-20191010083416-a7dc8b61c822 h1:C3w9PqII01/Oq1c1nUAm88MOHcQC9l5mIlSMApZMrHA=
 github.com/munnerz/goautoneg v0.0.0-20191010083416-a7dc8b61c822/go.mod h1:+n7T8mK8HuQTcFwEeznm/DIxMOiR9yIdICNftLE1DvQ=
-github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.3 h1:YmeHyLY8mFWbdkNWwpr+qIL2bEqT0o95WSdkNHvL12M=
-github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.3/go.mod h1:MfCQTFTvCcUyyvvwm1+G6H/jORL20Xlb6rzQu9GuUkc=
+github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.4 h1:mye9XuhQ6gvn5h28+VilKrrPoQVanw5PMw/TB0t5Ec4=
+github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.4/go.mod h1:2gIqNv+qfxSVS7cM2xJQKtLSTLUE9V8t9Stt+h56mCY=
+github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1 h1:FEBLx1zS214owpjy7qsBeixbURkuhQAwrK5UwLGTwt4=
+github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1/go.mod h1:bwawxfHBFNV+L2hUp1rHADufV3IMtnDRdf1r5NINEl0=
 github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 h1:4DBwDE0NGyQoBHbLQYPwSUPoCMWR5BEzIk/f1lZbAQM=
 github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0/go.mod h1:iKH77koFhYxTK1pcRnkKkqfTogsbg7gZNVY4sRDYZ/4=
 github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.20.5 h1:cxppBPuYhUnsO6yo/aoRol4L7q7UFfdm+bR9r+8l63Y=
@@ -53,10 +69,10 @@ github.com/prometheus/common v0.60.1 h1:FUas6GcOw66yB/73KC+BOZoFJmbo/1pojoILArPA
 github.com/prometheus/common v0.60.1/go.mod h1:h0LYf1R1deLSKtD4Vdg8gy4RuOvENW2J/h19V5NADQw=
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.15.1 h1:YagwOFzUgYfKKHX6Dr+sHT7km/hxC76UB0learggepc=
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.15.1/go.mod h1:fB45yRUv8NstnjriLhBQLuOUt+WW4BsoGhij/e3PBqk=
-github.com/qdm12/dns/v2 v2.0.0-rc8 h1:kbgKPkbT+79nScfuZ0ZcVhksTGo8IUqQ8TTQGnQlZ18=
-github.com/qdm12/dns/v2 v2.0.0-rc8/go.mod h1:VaF02KWEL7xNV4oKfG4N9nEv/kR6bqyIcBReCV5NJhw=
-github.com/qdm12/goservices v0.1.0 h1:9sODefm/yuIGS7ynCkEnNlMTAYn9GzPhtcK4F69JWvc=
-github.com/qdm12/goservices v0.1.0/go.mod h1:/JOFsAnHFiSjyoXxa5FlfX903h20K5u/3rLzCjYVMck=
+github.com/qdm12/dns/v2 v2.0.0-rc9.0.20251114155417-248acd28339f h1:6wN5D9wACfmXDsQ366egVt0jXY4nqL/QnIwg4nWhXco=
+github.com/qdm12/dns/v2 v2.0.0-rc9.0.20251114155417-248acd28339f/go.mod h1:98foWgXJZ+g8gJIuO+fdO+oWpFei5WShMFTeN4Im2lE=
+github.com/qdm12/goservices v0.1.1-0.20251104135713-6bee97bd4978 h1:TRGpCU1l0lNwtogEUSs5U+RFceYxkAJUmrGabno7J5c=
+github.com/qdm12/goservices v0.1.1-0.20251104135713-6bee97bd4978/go.mod h1:D1Po4CRQLYjccnAR2JsVlN1sBMgQrcNLONbvyuzcdTg=
 github.com/qdm12/gosettings v0.4.4 h1:SM6tOZDf6k8qbjWU8KWyBF4mWIixfsKCfh9DGRLHlj4=
 github.com/qdm12/gosettings v0.4.4/go.mod h1:CPrt2YC4UsURTrslmhxocVhMCW03lIrqdH2hzIf5prg=
 github.com/qdm12/goshutdown v0.3.0 h1:pqBpJkdwlZlfTEx4QHtS8u8CXx6pG0fVo6S1N0MpSEM=
@@ -73,8 +89,8 @@ github.com/riobard/go-bloom v0.0.0-20200614022211-cdc8013cb5b3 h1:f/FNXud6gA3MNr
 github.com/riobard/go-bloom v0.0.0-20200614022211-cdc8013cb5b3/go.mod h1:HgjTstvQsPGkxUsCd2KWxErBblirPizecHcpD3ffK+s=
 github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.13.1 h1:KvO1DLK/DRN07sQ1LQKScxyZJuNnedQ5/wKSR38lUII=
 github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.13.1/go.mod h1:uMEvuHeurkdAXX61udpOXGD/AzZDWNMNyH2VO9fmH0o=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0 h1:Xv5erBjTwe/5IxqUQTdXv5kgmIvbHo3QQyRwhJsOfJA=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0/go.mod h1:r2ic/lqez/lEtzL7wO/rwa5dbSLXVDPFyf8C91i36aY=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1 h1:7s2iGBzp5EwR7/aIZr8ao5+dra3wiQyKjjFuvgVKu7U=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1/go.mod h1:wZwfW3scLgRK+23gO65QZefKpKQRnfz6sD981Nm4B6U=
 github.com/ulikunitz/xz v0.5.15 h1:9DNdB5s+SgV3bQ2ApL10xRc35ck0DuIX/isZvIk+ubY=
 github.com/ulikunitz/xz v0.5.15/go.mod h1:nbz6k7qbPmH4IRqmfOplQw/tblSgqTqBwxkY0oWt/14=
 github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.3.1 h1:3AEMt62VKqz90r0tmNhog0r/PpWKmrEShJU0wJW6bV0=
@@ -84,48 +100,72 @@ github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.5/go.mod h1:SpkAiCQRtJ6TvvxPnOSyH3BMl6unz3xZla
 github.com/youmark/pkcs8 v0.0.0-20201027041543-1326539a0a0a h1:fZHgsYlfvtyqToslyjUt3VOPF4J7aK/3MPcK7xp3PDk=
 github.com/youmark/pkcs8 v0.0.0-20201027041543-1326539a0a0a/go.mod h1:ul22v+Nro/R083muKhosV54bj5niojjWZvU8xrevuH4=
 github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.3.5/go.mod h1:mwnBkeHKe2W/ZEtQ+71ViKU8L12m81fl3OWwC1Zlc8k=
+github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.4.13/go.mod h1:6yULJ656Px+3vBD8DxQVa3kxgyrAnzto9xy5taEt/CY=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190308221718-c2843e01d9a2/go.mod h1:djNgcEr1/C05ACkg1iLfiJU5Ep61QUkGW8qpdssI0+w=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20191011191535-87dc89f01550/go.mod h1:yigFU9vqHzYiE8UmvKecakEJjdnWj3jj499lnFckfCI=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20200302210943-78000ba7a073/go.mod h1:LzIPMQfyMNhhGPhUkYOs5KpL4U8rLKemX1yGLhDgUto=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.43.0 h1:dduJYIi3A3KOfdGOHX8AVZ/jGiyPa3IbBozJ5kNuE04=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.43.0/go.mod h1:BFbav4mRNlXJL4wNeejLpWxB7wMbc79PdRGhWKncxR0=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210921155107-089bfa567519/go.mod h1:GvvjBRRGRdwPK5ydBHafDWAxML/pGHZbMvKqRZ5+Abc=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.7.0/go.mod h1:pYwdfH91IfpZVANVyUOhSIPZaFoJGxTFbZhFTx+dXZU=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.44.0 h1:A97SsFvM3AIwEEmTBiaxPPTYpDC47w720rdiiUvgoAU=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.44.0/go.mod h1:013i+Nw79BMiQiMsOPcVCB5ZIJbYkerPrGnOa00tvmc=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20241009180824-f66d83c29e7c h1:7dEasQXItcW1xKJ2+gg5VOiBnqWrJc+rq0DPKyvvdbY=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20241009180824-f66d83c29e7c/go.mod h1:NQtJDoLvd6faHhE7m4T/1IY708gDefGGjR/iUW8yQQ8=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.4.2/go.mod h1:s0Qsj1ACt9ePp/hMypM3fl4fZqREWJwdYDEqhRiZZUA=
-golang.org/x/mod v0.28.0 h1:gQBtGhjxykdjY9YhZpSlZIsbnaE2+PgjfLWUQTnoZ1U=
-golang.org/x/mod v0.28.0/go.mod h1:yfB/L0NOf/kmEbXjzCPOx1iK1fRutOydrCMsqRhEBxI=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.6.0-dev.0.20220419223038-86c51ed26bb4/go.mod h1:jJ57K6gSWd91VN4djpZkiMVwK6gcyfeH4XE8wZrZaV4=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.8.0/go.mod h1:iBbtSCu2XBx23ZKBPSOrRkjjQPZFPuis4dIYUhu/chs=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.29.0 h1:HV8lRxZC4l2cr3Zq1LvtOsi/ThTgWnUk/y64QSs8GwA=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.29.0/go.mod h1:NyhrlYXJ2H4eJiRy/WDBO6HMqZQ6q9nk4JzS3NuCK+w=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190404232315-eb5bcb51f2a3/go.mod h1:t9HGtf8HONx5eT2rtn7q6eTqICYqUVnKs3thJo3Qplg=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190620200207-3b0461eec859/go.mod h1:z5CRVTTTmAJ677TzLLGU+0bjPO0LkuOLi4/5GtJWs/s=
+golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210226172049-e18ecbb05110/go.mod h1:m0MpNAwzfU5UDzcl9v0D8zg8gWTRqZa9RBIspLL5mdg=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210405180319-a5a99cb37ef4/go.mod h1:p54w0d4576C0XHj96bSt6lcn1PtDYWL6XObtHCRCNQM=
-golang.org/x/net v0.46.0 h1:giFlY12I07fugqwPuWJi68oOnpfqFnJIJzaIIm2JVV4=
-golang.org/x/net v0.46.0/go.mod h1:Q9BGdFy1y4nkUwiLvT5qtyhAnEHgnQ/zd8PfU6nc210=
+golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20220722155237-a158d28d115b/go.mod h1:XRhObCWvk6IyKnWLug+ECip1KBveYUHfp+8e9klMJ9c=
+golang.org/x/net v0.6.0/go.mod h1:2Tu9+aMcznHK/AK1HMvgo6xiTLG5rD5rZLDS+rp2Bjs=
+golang.org/x/net v0.8.0/go.mod h1:QVkue5JL9kW//ek3r6jTKnTFis1tRmNAW2P1shuFdJc=
+golang.org/x/net v0.47.0 h1:Mx+4dIFzqraBXUugkia1OOvlD6LemFo1ALMHjrXDOhY=
+golang.org/x/net v0.47.0/go.mod h1:/jNxtkgq5yWUGYkaZGqo27cfGZ1c5Nen03aYrrKpVRU=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20190423024810-112230192c58/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20210220032951-036812b2e83c/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.17.0 h1:l60nONMj9l5drqw6jlhIELNv9I0A4OFgRsG9k2oT9Ug=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.17.0/go.mod h1:9KTHXmSnoGruLpwFjVSX0lNNA75CykiMECbovNTZqGI=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20220722155255-886fb9371eb4/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.1.0/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.18.0 h1:kr88TuHDroi+UVf+0hZnirlk8o8T+4MrK6mr60WkH/I=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.18.0/go.mod h1:9KTHXmSnoGruLpwFjVSX0lNNA75CykiMECbovNTZqGI=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190215142949-d0b11bdaac8a/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190412213103-97732733099d/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20201119102817-f84b799fce68/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210330210617-4fbd30eecc44/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210510120138-977fb7262007/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210615035016-665e8c7367d1/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20211007075335-d3039528d8ac/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220520151302-bc2c85ada10a/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220722155257-8c9f86f7a55f/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220811171246-fbc7d0a398ab/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.2.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.5.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.6.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.10.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.37.0 h1:fdNQudmxPjkdUTPnLn5mdQv7Zwvbvpaxqs831goi9kQ=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.37.0/go.mod h1:OgkHotnGiDImocRcuBABYBEXf8A9a87e/uXjp9XT3ks=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.38.0 h1:3yZWxaJjBmCWXqhN1qh02AkOnCQ1poK6oF+a7xWL6Gc=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.38.0/go.mod h1:OgkHotnGiDImocRcuBABYBEXf8A9a87e/uXjp9XT3ks=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1/go.mod h1:bj7SfCRtBDWHUb9snDiAeCFNEtKQo2Wmx5Cou7ajbmo=
+golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20210927222741-03fcf44c2211/go.mod h1:jbD1KX2456YbFQfuXm/mYQcufACuNUgVhRMnK/tPxf8=
+golang.org/x/term v0.5.0/go.mod h1:jMB1sMXY+tzblOD4FWmEbocvup2/aLOaQEp7JmGp78k=
+golang.org/x/term v0.6.0/go.mod h1:m6U89DPEgQRMq3DNkDClhWw02AUbt2daBVO4cn4Hv9U=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.3/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
-golang.org/x/text v0.30.0 h1:yznKA/E9zq54KzlzBEAWn1NXSQ8DIp/NYMy88xJjl4k=
-golang.org/x/text v0.30.0/go.mod h1:yDdHFIX9t+tORqspjENWgzaCVXgk0yYnYuSZ8UzzBVM=
-golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20220210224613-90d013bbcef8 h1:vVKdlvoWBphwdxWKrFZEuM0kGgGLxUOYcY4U/2Vjg44=
-golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20220210224613-90d013bbcef8/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
+golang.org/x/text v0.3.7/go.mod h1:u+2+/6zg+i71rQMx5EYifcz6MCKuco9NR6JIITiCfzQ=
+golang.org/x/text v0.7.0/go.mod h1:mrYo+phRRbMaCq/xk9113O4dZlRixOauAjOtrjsXDZ8=
+golang.org/x/text v0.8.0/go.mod h1:e1OnstbJyHTd6l/uOt8jFFHp6TRDWZR/bV3emEE/zU8=
+golang.org/x/text v0.31.0 h1:aC8ghyu4JhP8VojJ2lEHBnochRno1sgL6nEi9WGFGMM=
+golang.org/x/text v0.31.0/go.mod h1:tKRAlv61yKIjGGHX/4tP1LTbc13YSec1pxVEWXzfoeM=
+golang.org/x/time v0.3.0 h1:rg5rLMjNzMS1RkNLzCG38eapWhnYLFYXDXj2gOlr8j4=
+golang.org/x/time v0.3.0/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20180917221912-90fa682c2a6e/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20191119224855-298f0cb1881e/go.mod h1:b+2E5dAYhXwXZwtnZ6UAqBI28+e2cm9otk0dWdXHAEo=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.1.1/go.mod h1:o0xws9oXOQQZyjljx8fwUC0k7L1pTE6eaCbjGeHmOkk=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.37.0 h1:DVSRzp7FwePZW356yEAChSdNcQo6Nsp+fex1SUW09lE=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.37.0/go.mod h1:MBN5QPQtLMHVdvsbtarmTNukZDdgwdwlO5qGacAzF0w=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.1.12/go.mod h1:hNGJHUnrk76NpqgfD5Aqm5Crs+Hm0VOH/i9J2+nxYbc=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.6.0/go.mod h1:Xwgl3UAJ/d3gWutnCtw505GrjyAbvKui8lOU390QaIU=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.38.0 h1:Hx2Xv8hISq8Lm16jvBZ2VQf+RLmbd7wVUsALibYI/IQ=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.38.0/go.mod h1:yEsQ/d/YK8cjh0L6rZlY8tgtlKiBNTL14pGDJPJpYQs=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20190717185122-a985d3407aa7/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191011141410-1b5146add898/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20200804184101-5ec99f83aff1/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
--- a/internal/cli/nooplogger.go
+++ b/internal/cli/nooplogger.go
@@ -7,3 +7,4 @@ func newNoopLogger() *noopLogger {
 }

 func (l *noopLogger) Info(string) {}
+func (l *noopLogger) Warn(string) {}
--- a/internal/cli/openvpnconfig.go
+++ b/internal/cli/openvpnconfig.go
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ func (c *CLI) OpenvpnConfig(logger OpenvpnConfigLogger, reader *reader.Reader,
 	openvpnFileExtractor := extract.New()

 	providers := provider.NewProviders(storage, time.Now, warner, client,
-		unzipper, parallelResolver, ipFetcher, openvpnFileExtractor)
+		unzipper, parallelResolver, ipFetcher, openvpnFileExtractor, allSettings.Updater)
 	providerConf := providers.Get(allSettings.VPN.Provider.Name)
 	connection, err := providerConf.GetConnection(
 		allSettings.VPN.Provider.ServerSelection, ipv6Supported)
--- a/internal/cli/update.go
+++ b/internal/cli/update.go
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
+	"slices"
 	"strings"
 	"time"

@@ -24,6 +25,8 @@ import (
 var (
 	ErrModeUnspecified     = errors.New("at least one of -enduser or -maintainer must be specified")
 	ErrNoProviderSpecified = errors.New("no provider was specified")
+	ErrUsernameMissing     = errors.New("username is required for this provider")
+	ErrPasswordMissing     = errors.New("password is required for this provider")
 )

 type UpdaterLogger interface {
@@ -35,7 +38,7 @@ type UpdaterLogger interface {
 func (c *CLI) Update(ctx context.Context, args []string, logger UpdaterLogger) error {
 	options := settings.Updater{}
 	var endUserMode, maintainerMode, updateAll bool
-	var csvProviders, ipToken string
+	var csvProviders, ipToken, protonUsername, protonPassword string
 	flagSet := flag.NewFlagSet("update", flag.ExitOnError)
 	flagSet.BoolVar(&endUserMode, "enduser", false, "Write results to /gluetun/servers.json (for end users)")
 	flagSet.BoolVar(&maintainerMode, "maintainer", false,
@@ -47,6 +50,8 @@ func (c *CLI) Update(ctx context.Context, args []string, logger UpdaterLogger) e
 	flagSet.BoolVar(&updateAll, "all", false, "Update servers for all VPN providers")
 	flagSet.StringVar(&csvProviders, "providers", "", "CSV string of VPN providers to update server data for")
 	flagSet.StringVar(&ipToken, "ip-token", "", "IP data service token (e.g. ipinfo.io) to use")
+	flagSet.StringVar(&protonUsername, "proton-username", "", "Username to use to authenticate with Proton")
+	flagSet.StringVar(&protonPassword, "proton-password", "", "Password to use to authenticate with Proton")
 	if err := flagSet.Parse(args); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -64,6 +69,11 @@ func (c *CLI) Update(ctx context.Context, args []string, logger UpdaterLogger) e
 		options.Providers = strings.Split(csvProviders, ",")
 	}

+	if slices.Contains(options.Providers, providers.Protonvpn) {
+		options.ProtonUsername = &protonUsername
+		options.ProtonPassword = &protonPassword
+	}
+
 	options.SetDefaults(options.Providers[0])

 	err := options.Validate()
@@ -71,7 +81,11 @@ func (c *CLI) Update(ctx context.Context, args []string, logger UpdaterLogger) e
 		return fmt.Errorf("options validation failed: %w", err)
 	}

-	storage, err := storage.New(logger, constants.ServersData)
+	serversDataPath := constants.ServersData
+	if maintainerMode {
+		serversDataPath = ""
+	}
+	storage, err := storage.New(logger, serversDataPath)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("creating servers storage: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -94,7 +108,7 @@ func (c *CLI) Update(ctx context.Context, args []string, logger UpdaterLogger) e
 	openvpnFileExtractor := extract.New()

 	providers := provider.NewProviders(storage, time.Now, logger, httpClient,
-		unzipper, parallelResolver, ipFetcher, openvpnFileExtractor)
+		unzipper, parallelResolver, ipFetcher, openvpnFileExtractor, options)

 	updater := updater.New(httpClient, storage, providers, logger)
 	err = updater.UpdateServers(ctx, options.Providers, options.MinRatio)
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/deprecated.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/deprecated.go
@@ -14,6 +14,10 @@ func readObsolete(r *reader.Reader) (warnings []string) {
 		"DOT_VALIDATION_LOGLEVEL":      "DOT_VALIDATION_LOGLEVEL is obsolete because DNSSEC validation is not implemented.",
 		"HEALTH_VPN_DURATION_INITIAL":  "HEALTH_VPN_DURATION_INITIAL is obsolete",
 		"HEALTH_VPN_DURATION_ADDITION": "HEALTH_VPN_DURATION_ADDITION is obsolete",
+		"DNS_SERVER":                   "DNS_SERVER is obsolete because the forwarding server is always enabled.",
+		"DOT":                          "DOT is obsolete because the forwarding server is always enabled.",
+		"DNS_KEEP_NAMESERVER": "DNS_KEEP_NAMESERVER is obsolete because the forwarding server is always used and " +
+			"forwards local names to private DNS resolvers found in /etc/resolv.conf",
 	}
 	sortedKeys := maps.Keys(keyToMessage)
 	slices.Sort(sortedKeys)
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/dns.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/dns.go
@@ -1,42 +1,96 @@
 package settings

 import (
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/netip"
+	"slices"
+	"time"

+	"github.com/qdm12/dns/v2/pkg/provider"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

+const (
+	DNSUpstreamTypeDot   = "dot"
+	DNSUpstreamTypeDoh   = "doh"
+	DNSUpstreamTypePlain = "plain"
+)
+
 // DNS contains settings to configure DNS.
 type DNS struct {
-	// ServerAddress is the DNS server to use inside
-	// the Go program and for the system.
-	// It defaults to '127.0.0.1' to be used with the
-	// DoT server. It cannot be the zero value in the internal
-	// state.
-	ServerAddress netip.Addr
-	// KeepNameserver is true if the existing DNS server
-	// found in /etc/resolv.conf should be used
-	// Note setting this to true will likely DNS traffic
-	// outside the VPN tunnel since it would go through
-	// the local DNS server of your Docker/Kubernetes
-	// configuration, which is likely not going through the tunnel.
-	// This will also disable the DNS over TLS server and the
-	// `ServerAddress` field will be ignored.
-	// It defaults to false and cannot be nil in the
-	// internal state.
-	KeepNameserver *bool
-	// DOT contains settings to configure the DoT
-	// server.
-	DoT DoT
+	// UpstreamType can be [dnsUpstreamTypeDot], [dnsUpstreamTypeDoh]
+	// or [dnsUpstreamTypePlain]. It defaults to [dnsUpstreamTypeDot].
+	UpstreamType string `json:"upstream_type"`
+	// UpdatePeriod is the period to update DNS block lists.
+	// It can be set to 0 to disable the update.
+	// It defaults to 24h and cannot be nil in
+	// the internal state.
+	UpdatePeriod *time.Duration
+	// Providers is a list of DNS providers.
+	// It defaults to either ["cloudflare"] or [] if the
+	// UpstreamPlainAddresses field is set.
+	Providers []string `json:"providers"`
+	// Caching is true if the server should cache
+	// DNS responses.
+	Caching *bool `json:"caching"`
+	// IPv6 is true if the server should connect over IPv6.
+	IPv6 *bool `json:"ipv6"`
+	// Blacklist contains settings to configure the filter
+	// block lists.
+	Blacklist DNSBlacklist
+	// UpstreamPlainAddresses are the upstream plaintext DNS resolver
+	// addresses to use by the built-in DNS server forwarder.
+	// Note, if the upstream type is [dnsUpstreamTypePlain] these are merged
+	// together with provider names set in the Providers field.
+	// If this field is set, the Providers field will default to the empty slice.
+	UpstreamPlainAddresses []netip.AddrPort
 }

+var (
+	ErrDNSUpstreamTypeNotValid = errors.New("DNS upstream type is not valid")
+	ErrDNSUpdatePeriodTooShort = errors.New("update period is too short")
+	ErrDNSUpstreamPlainNoIPv6  = errors.New("upstream plain addresses do not contain any IPv6 address")
+	ErrDNSUpstreamPlainNoIPv4  = errors.New("upstream plain addresses do not contain any IPv4 address")
+)
+
 func (d DNS) validate() (err error) {
-	err = d.DoT.validate()
+	if !helpers.IsOneOf(d.UpstreamType, DNSUpstreamTypeDot, DNSUpstreamTypeDoh, DNSUpstreamTypePlain) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrDNSUpstreamTypeNotValid, d.UpstreamType)
+	}
+
+	const minUpdatePeriod = 30 * time.Second
+	if *d.UpdatePeriod != 0 && *d.UpdatePeriod < minUpdatePeriod {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s must be bigger than %s",
+			ErrDNSUpdatePeriodTooShort, *d.UpdatePeriod, minUpdatePeriod)
+	}
+
+	providers := provider.NewProviders()
+	for _, providerName := range d.Providers {
+		_, err := providers.Get(providerName)
 		if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("validating DoT settings: %w", err)
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	if d.UpstreamType == DNSUpstreamTypePlain {
+		if *d.IPv6 && !slices.ContainsFunc(d.UpstreamPlainAddresses, func(addrPort netip.AddrPort) bool {
+			return addrPort.Addr().Is6()
+		}) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: in %d addresses", ErrDNSUpstreamPlainNoIPv6, len(d.UpstreamPlainAddresses))
+		} else if !slices.ContainsFunc(d.UpstreamPlainAddresses, func(addrPort netip.AddrPort) bool {
+			return addrPort.Addr().Is4()
+		}) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: in %d addresses", ErrDNSUpstreamPlainNoIPv4, len(d.UpstreamPlainAddresses))
+		}
+	}
+
+	err = d.Blacklist.validate()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}

 	return nil
@@ -44,9 +98,13 @@ func (d DNS) validate() (err error) {

 func (d *DNS) Copy() (copied DNS) {
 	return DNS{
-		ServerAddress:  d.ServerAddress,
-		KeepNameserver: gosettings.CopyPointer(d.KeepNameserver),
-		DoT:            d.DoT.copy(),
+		UpstreamType:           d.UpstreamType,
+		UpdatePeriod:           gosettings.CopyPointer(d.UpdatePeriod),
+		Providers:              gosettings.CopySlice(d.Providers),
+		Caching:                gosettings.CopyPointer(d.Caching),
+		IPv6:                   gosettings.CopyPointer(d.IPv6),
+		Blacklist:              d.Blacklist.copy(),
+		UpstreamPlainAddresses: d.UpstreamPlainAddresses,
 	}
 }

@@ -54,16 +112,72 @@ func (d *DNS) Copy() (copied DNS) {
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (d *DNS) overrideWith(other DNS) {
-	d.ServerAddress = gosettings.OverrideWithValidator(d.ServerAddress, other.ServerAddress)
-	d.KeepNameserver = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(d.KeepNameserver, other.KeepNameserver)
-	d.DoT.overrideWith(other.DoT)
+	d.UpstreamType = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(d.UpstreamType, other.UpstreamType)
+	d.UpdatePeriod = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(d.UpdatePeriod, other.UpdatePeriod)
+	d.Providers = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(d.Providers, other.Providers)
+	d.Caching = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(d.Caching, other.Caching)
+	d.IPv6 = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(d.IPv6, other.IPv6)
+	d.Blacklist.overrideWith(other.Blacklist)
+	d.UpstreamPlainAddresses = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(d.UpstreamPlainAddresses, other.UpstreamPlainAddresses)
 }

 func (d *DNS) setDefaults() {
-	localhost := netip.AddrFrom4([4]byte{127, 0, 0, 1})
-	d.ServerAddress = gosettings.DefaultValidator(d.ServerAddress, localhost)
-	d.KeepNameserver = gosettings.DefaultPointer(d.KeepNameserver, false)
-	d.DoT.setDefaults()
+	d.UpstreamType = gosettings.DefaultComparable(d.UpstreamType, DNSUpstreamTypeDot)
+	const defaultUpdatePeriod = 24 * time.Hour
+	d.UpdatePeriod = gosettings.DefaultPointer(d.UpdatePeriod, defaultUpdatePeriod)
+	d.Providers = gosettings.DefaultSlice(d.Providers, []string{
+		provider.Cloudflare().Name,
+	})
+	d.Caching = gosettings.DefaultPointer(d.Caching, true)
+	d.IPv6 = gosettings.DefaultPointer(d.IPv6, false)
+	d.Blacklist.setDefaults()
+	d.UpstreamPlainAddresses = gosettings.DefaultSlice(d.UpstreamPlainAddresses, []netip.AddrPort{})
+}
+
+func defaultDNSProviders() []string {
+	return []string{
+		provider.Cloudflare().Name,
+	}
+}
+
+func (d DNS) GetFirstPlaintextIPv4() (ipv4 netip.Addr) {
+	if d.UpstreamType == DNSUpstreamTypePlain {
+		for _, addrPort := range d.UpstreamPlainAddresses {
+			if addrPort.Addr().Is4() {
+				return addrPort.Addr()
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	ipv4 = findPlainIPv4InProviders(d.Providers)
+	if ipv4.IsValid() {
+		return ipv4
+	}
+
+	// Either:
+	// - all upstream plain addresses are IPv6 and no provider is set
+	// - all providers set do not have a plaintext IPv4 address
+	ipv4 = findPlainIPv4InProviders(defaultDNSProviders())
+	if !ipv4.IsValid() {
+		panic("no plaintext IPv4 address found in default DNS providers")
+	}
+	return ipv4
+}
+
+func findPlainIPv4InProviders(providerNames []string) netip.Addr {
+	providers := provider.NewProviders()
+	for _, name := range providerNames {
+		provider, err := providers.Get(name)
+		if err != nil {
+			// Settings should be validated before calling this function,
+			// so an error happening here is a programming error.
+			panic(err)
+		}
+		if len(provider.Plain.IPv4) > 0 {
+			return provider.Plain.IPv4[0].Addr()
+		}
+	}
+	return netip.Addr{}
 }

 func (d DNS) String() string {
@@ -72,30 +186,100 @@ func (d DNS) String() string {

 func (d DNS) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("DNS settings:")
-	node.Appendf("Keep existing nameserver(s): %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(d.KeepNameserver))
-	if *d.KeepNameserver {
-		return node
+
+	node.Appendf("Upstream resolver type: %s", d.UpstreamType)
+
+	upstreamResolvers := node.Append("Upstream resolvers:")
+	if len(d.UpstreamPlainAddresses) > 0 {
+		if d.UpstreamType == DNSUpstreamTypePlain {
+			for _, addr := range d.UpstreamPlainAddresses {
+				upstreamResolvers.Append(addr.String())
 			}
-	node.Appendf("DNS server address to use: %s", d.ServerAddress)
-	node.AppendNode(d.DoT.toLinesNode())
+		} else {
+			node.Appendf("Upstream plain addresses: ignored because upstream type is not plain")
+		}
+	} else {
+		for _, provider := range d.Providers {
+			upstreamResolvers.Append(provider)
+		}
+	}
+
+	node.Appendf("Caching: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(d.Caching))
+	node.Appendf("IPv6: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(d.IPv6))
+
+	update := "disabled"
+	if *d.UpdatePeriod > 0 {
+		update = "every " + d.UpdatePeriod.String()
+	}
+	node.Appendf("Update period: %s", update)
+
+	node.AppendNode(d.Blacklist.toLinesNode())
+
 	return node
 }

 func (d *DNS) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	d.ServerAddress, err = r.NetipAddr("DNS_ADDRESS", reader.RetroKeys("DNS_PLAINTEXT_ADDRESS"))
+	d.UpstreamType = r.String("DNS_UPSTREAM_RESOLVER_TYPE")
+
+	d.UpdatePeriod, err = r.DurationPtr("DNS_UPDATE_PERIOD")
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	d.KeepNameserver, err = r.BoolPtr("DNS_KEEP_NAMESERVER")
+	d.Providers = r.CSV("DNS_UPSTREAM_RESOLVERS", reader.RetroKeys("DOT_PROVIDERS"))
+
+	d.Caching, err = r.BoolPtr("DNS_CACHING", reader.RetroKeys("DOT_CACHING"))
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	err = d.DoT.read(r)
+	d.IPv6, err = r.BoolPtr("DNS_UPSTREAM_IPV6", reader.RetroKeys("DOT_IPV6"))
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("DNS over TLS settings: %w", err)
+		return err
+	}
+
+	err = d.Blacklist.read(r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	err = d.readUpstreamPlainAddresses(r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}

 	return nil
 }
+
+func (d *DNS) readUpstreamPlainAddresses(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
+	// If DNS_UPSTREAM_PLAIN_ADDRESSES is set, the user must also set DNS_UPSTREAM_TYPE=plain
+	// for these to be used. This is an added safety measure to reduce misunderstandings, and
+	// reduce odd settings overrides.
+	d.UpstreamPlainAddresses, err = r.CSVNetipAddrPorts("DNS_UPSTREAM_PLAIN_ADDRESSES")
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Retro-compatibility - remove in v4
+	// If DNS_ADDRESS is set to a non-localhost address, append it to the other
+	// upstream plain addresses, assuming port 53, and force the upstream type to plain AND
+	// clear any user picked providers, to maintain retro-compatibility behavior.
+	serverAddress, err := r.NetipAddr("DNS_ADDRESS",
+		reader.RetroKeys("DNS_PLAINTEXT_ADDRESS"),
+		reader.IsRetro("DNS_UPSTREAM_PLAIN_ADDRESSES"))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	} else if !serverAddress.IsValid() {
+		return nil
+	}
+	isLocalhost := serverAddress.Compare(netip.AddrFrom4([4]byte{127, 0, 0, 1})) == 0
+	if isLocalhost {
+		return nil
+	}
+	const defaultPlainPort = 53
+	addrPort := netip.AddrPortFrom(serverAddress, defaultPlainPort)
+	d.UpstreamPlainAddresses = append(d.UpstreamPlainAddresses, addrPort)
+	d.UpstreamType = DNSUpstreamTypePlain
+	d.Providers = []string{}
+	return nil
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/dns_test.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/dns_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+package settings
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/qdm12/dns/v2/pkg/provider"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func Test_defaultDNSProviders(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	names := defaultDNSProviders()
+
+	found := false
+	providers := provider.NewProviders()
+	for _, name := range names {
+		provider, err := providers.Get(name)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		if len(provider.Plain.IPv4) > 0 {
+			found = true
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	require.True(t, found, "no default DNS provider has a plaintext IPv4 address")
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/dnsblacklist.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/dnsblacklist.go
@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@ type DNSBlacklist struct {
 	AddBlockedHosts      []string
 	AddBlockedIPs        []netip.Addr
 	AddBlockedIPPrefixes []netip.Prefix
+	// RebindingProtectionExemptHostnames is a list of hostnames
+	// exempt from DNS rebinding protection.
+	RebindingProtectionExemptHostnames []string
 }

 func (b *DNSBlacklist) setDefaults() {
@@ -35,6 +38,7 @@ var hostRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`^([a-zA-Z0-9]|[a-zA-Z0-9_][a-zA-Z0-9\-_]{0,6
 var (
 	ErrAllowedHostNotValid                   = errors.New("allowed host is not valid")
 	ErrBlockedHostNotValid                   = errors.New("blocked host is not valid")
+	ErrRebindingProtectionExemptHostNotValid = errors.New("rebinding protection exempt host is not valid")
 )

 func (b DNSBlacklist) validate() (err error) {
@@ -50,6 +54,12 @@ func (b DNSBlacklist) validate() (err error) {
 		}
 	}

+	for _, host := range b.RebindingProtectionExemptHostnames {
+		if !hostRegex.MatchString(host) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrRebindingProtectionExemptHostNotValid, host)
+		}
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }

@@ -62,6 +72,7 @@ func (b DNSBlacklist) copy() (copied DNSBlacklist) {
 		AddBlockedHosts:                    gosettings.CopySlice(b.AddBlockedHosts),
 		AddBlockedIPs:                      gosettings.CopySlice(b.AddBlockedIPs),
 		AddBlockedIPPrefixes:               gosettings.CopySlice(b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes),
+		RebindingProtectionExemptHostnames: gosettings.CopySlice(b.RebindingProtectionExemptHostnames),
 	}
 }

@@ -73,6 +84,8 @@ func (b *DNSBlacklist) overrideWith(other DNSBlacklist) {
 	b.AddBlockedHosts = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(b.AddBlockedHosts, other.AddBlockedHosts)
 	b.AddBlockedIPs = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(b.AddBlockedIPs, other.AddBlockedIPs)
 	b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes, other.AddBlockedIPPrefixes)
+	b.RebindingProtectionExemptHostnames = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(b.RebindingProtectionExemptHostnames,
+		other.RebindingProtectionExemptHostnames)
 }

 func (b DNSBlacklist) ToBlockBuilderSettings(client *http.Client) (
@@ -129,6 +142,13 @@ func (b DNSBlacklist) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 		}
 	}

+	if len(b.RebindingProtectionExemptHostnames) > 0 {
+		exemptHostsNode := node.Append("Rebinding protection exempt hostnames:")
+		for _, host := range b.RebindingProtectionExemptHostnames {
+			exemptHostsNode.Append(host)
+		}
+	}
+
 	return node
 }

@@ -149,23 +169,47 @@ func (b *DNSBlacklist) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
 		return err
 	}

-	b.AddBlockedIPs, b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes,
-		err = readDoTPrivateAddresses(r) // TODO v4 split in 2
+	b.AddBlockedIPs, b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes, err = readDNSBlockedIPs(r)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	b.AllowedHosts = r.CSV("UNBLOCK") // TODO v4 change name
+	b.AllowedHosts = r.CSV("DNS_UNBLOCK_HOSTNAMES", reader.RetroKeys("UNBLOCK"))
+
+	b.RebindingProtectionExemptHostnames = r.CSV("DNS_REBINDING_PROTECTION_EXEMPT_HOSTNAMES")

 	return nil
 }

-var ErrPrivateAddressNotValid = errors.New("private address is not a valid IP or CIDR range")
-
-func readDoTPrivateAddresses(reader *reader.Reader) (ips []netip.Addr,
+func readDNSBlockedIPs(r *reader.Reader) (ips []netip.Addr,
 	ipPrefixes []netip.Prefix, err error,
 ) {
-	privateAddresses := reader.CSV("DOT_PRIVATE_ADDRESS")
+	ips, err = r.CSVNetipAddresses("DNS_BLOCK_IPS")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	ipPrefixes, err = r.CSVNetipPrefixes("DNS_BLOCK_IP_PREFIXES")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	// TODO v4 remove this block below
+	privateIPs, privateIPPrefixes, err := readDNSPrivateAddresses(r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	ips = append(ips, privateIPs...)
+	ipPrefixes = append(ipPrefixes, privateIPPrefixes...)
+
+	return ips, ipPrefixes, nil
+}
+
+var ErrPrivateAddressNotValid = errors.New("private address is not a valid IP or CIDR range")
+
+func readDNSPrivateAddresses(r *reader.Reader) (ips []netip.Addr,
+	ipPrefixes []netip.Prefix, err error,
+) {
+	privateAddresses := r.CSV("DOT_PRIVATE_ADDRESS", reader.IsRetro("DNS_BLOCK_IP_PREFIXES"))
 	if len(privateAddresses) == 0 {
 		return nil, nil, nil
 	}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/dot.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/dot.go
@@ -1,170 +0,0 @@
-package settings
-
-import (
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"net/netip"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/qdm12/dns/v2/pkg/provider"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
-)
-
-// DoT contains settings to configure the DoT server.
-type DoT struct {
-	// Enabled is true if the DoT server should be running
-	// and used. It defaults to true, and cannot be nil
-	// in the internal state.
-	Enabled *bool
-	// UpdatePeriod is the period to update DNS block lists.
-	// It can be set to 0 to disable the update.
-	// It defaults to 24h and cannot be nil in
-	// the internal state.
-	UpdatePeriod *time.Duration
-	// Providers is a list of DNS over TLS providers
-	Providers []string `json:"providers"`
-	// Caching is true if the DoT server should cache
-	// DNS responses.
-	Caching *bool `json:"caching"`
-	// IPv6 is true if the DoT server should connect over IPv6.
-	IPv6 *bool `json:"ipv6"`
-	// Blacklist contains settings to configure the filter
-	// block lists.
-	Blacklist DNSBlacklist
-}
-
-var ErrDoTUpdatePeriodTooShort = errors.New("update period is too short")
-
-func (d DoT) validate() (err error) {
-	const minUpdatePeriod = 30 * time.Second
-	if *d.UpdatePeriod != 0 && *d.UpdatePeriod < minUpdatePeriod {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s must be bigger than %s",
-			ErrDoTUpdatePeriodTooShort, *d.UpdatePeriod, minUpdatePeriod)
-	}
-
-	providers := provider.NewProviders()
-	for _, providerName := range d.Providers {
-		_, err := providers.Get(providerName)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-
-	err = d.Blacklist.validate()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (d *DoT) copy() (copied DoT) {
-	return DoT{
-		Enabled:      gosettings.CopyPointer(d.Enabled),
-		UpdatePeriod: gosettings.CopyPointer(d.UpdatePeriod),
-		Providers:    gosettings.CopySlice(d.Providers),
-		Caching:      gosettings.CopyPointer(d.Caching),
-		IPv6:         gosettings.CopyPointer(d.IPv6),
-		Blacklist:    d.Blacklist.copy(),
-	}
-}
-
-// overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
-// settings object with any field set in the other
-// settings.
-func (d *DoT) overrideWith(other DoT) {
-	d.Enabled = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(d.Enabled, other.Enabled)
-	d.UpdatePeriod = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(d.UpdatePeriod, other.UpdatePeriod)
-	d.Providers = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(d.Providers, other.Providers)
-	d.Caching = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(d.Caching, other.Caching)
-	d.IPv6 = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(d.IPv6, other.IPv6)
-	d.Blacklist.overrideWith(other.Blacklist)
-}
-
-func (d *DoT) setDefaults() {
-	d.Enabled = gosettings.DefaultPointer(d.Enabled, true)
-	const defaultUpdatePeriod = 24 * time.Hour
-	d.UpdatePeriod = gosettings.DefaultPointer(d.UpdatePeriod, defaultUpdatePeriod)
-	d.Providers = gosettings.DefaultSlice(d.Providers, []string{
-		provider.Cloudflare().Name,
-	})
-	d.Caching = gosettings.DefaultPointer(d.Caching, true)
-	d.IPv6 = gosettings.DefaultPointer(d.IPv6, false)
-	d.Blacklist.setDefaults()
-}
-
-func (d DoT) GetFirstPlaintextIPv4() (ipv4 netip.Addr) {
-	providers := provider.NewProviders()
-	provider, err := providers.Get(d.Providers[0])
-	if err != nil {
-		// Settings should be validated before calling this function,
-		// so an error happening here is a programming error.
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	return provider.DoT.IPv4[0].Addr()
-}
-
-func (d DoT) String() string {
-	return d.toLinesNode().String()
-}
-
-func (d DoT) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
-	node = gotree.New("DNS over TLS settings:")
-
-	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(d.Enabled))
-	if !*d.Enabled {
-		return node
-	}
-
-	update := "disabled"
-	if *d.UpdatePeriod > 0 {
-		update = "every " + d.UpdatePeriod.String()
-	}
-	node.Appendf("Update period: %s", update)
-
-	upstreamResolvers := node.Append("Upstream resolvers:")
-	for _, provider := range d.Providers {
-		upstreamResolvers.Append(provider)
-	}
-
-	node.Appendf("Caching: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(d.Caching))
-	node.Appendf("IPv6: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(d.IPv6))
-
-	node.AppendNode(d.Blacklist.toLinesNode())
-
-	return node
-}
-
-func (d *DoT) read(reader *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	d.Enabled, err = reader.BoolPtr("DOT")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	d.UpdatePeriod, err = reader.DurationPtr("DNS_UPDATE_PERIOD")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	d.Providers = reader.CSV("DOT_PROVIDERS")
-
-	d.Caching, err = reader.BoolPtr("DOT_CACHING")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	d.IPv6, err = reader.BoolPtr("DOT_IPV6")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	err = d.Blacklist.read(reader)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/errors.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/errors.go
@@ -36,6 +36,8 @@ var (
 	ErrSystemPUIDNotValid              = errors.New("process user id is not valid")
 	ErrSystemTimezoneNotValid          = errors.New("timezone is not valid")
 	ErrUpdaterPeriodTooSmall           = errors.New("VPN server data updater period is too small")
+	ErrUpdaterProtonPasswordMissing    = errors.New("proton password is missing")
+	ErrUpdaterProtonUsernameMissing    = errors.New("proton username is missing")
 	ErrVPNProviderNameNotValid         = errors.New("VPN provider name is not valid")
 	ErrVPNTypeNotValid                 = errors.New("VPN type is not valid")
 	ErrWireguardAllowedIPNotSet        = errors.New("allowed IP is not set")
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/health.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/health.go
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net/netip"
 	"os"
-	"time"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
@@ -18,18 +17,12 @@ type Health struct {
 	// for the health check server.
 	// It cannot be the empty string in the internal state.
 	ServerAddress string
-	// ReadHeaderTimeout is the HTTP server header read timeout
-	// duration of the HTTP server. It defaults to 100 milliseconds.
-	ReadHeaderTimeout time.Duration
-	// ReadTimeout is the HTTP read timeout duration of the
-	// HTTP server. It defaults to 500 milliseconds.
-	ReadTimeout time.Duration
 	// TargetAddress is the address (host or host:port)
 	// to TCP TLS dial to periodically for the health check.
 	// It cannot be the empty string in the internal state.
 	TargetAddress string
 	// ICMPTargetIP is the IP address to use for ICMP echo requests
-	// in the health checker. It can be set to an unspecified address
+	// in the health checker. It can be set to an unspecified address (0.0.0.0)
 	// such that the VPN server IP is used, which is also the default behavior.
 	ICMPTargetIP netip.Addr
 	// RestartVPN indicates whether to restart the VPN connection
@@ -49,8 +42,6 @@ func (h Health) Validate() (err error) {
 func (h *Health) copy() (copied Health) {
 	return Health{
 		ServerAddress: h.ServerAddress,
-		ReadHeaderTimeout: h.ReadHeaderTimeout,
-		ReadTimeout:       h.ReadTimeout,
 		TargetAddress: h.TargetAddress,
 		ICMPTargetIP:  h.ICMPTargetIP,
 		RestartVPN:    gosettings.CopyPointer(h.RestartVPN),
@@ -62,8 +53,6 @@ func (h *Health) copy() (copied Health) {
 // settings.
 func (h *Health) OverrideWith(other Health) {
 	h.ServerAddress = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(h.ServerAddress, other.ServerAddress)
-	h.ReadHeaderTimeout = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(h.ReadHeaderTimeout, other.ReadHeaderTimeout)
-	h.ReadTimeout = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(h.ReadTimeout, other.ReadTimeout)
 	h.TargetAddress = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(h.TargetAddress, other.TargetAddress)
 	h.ICMPTargetIP = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(h.ICMPTargetIP, other.ICMPTargetIP)
 	h.RestartVPN = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(h.RestartVPN, other.RestartVPN)
@@ -71,10 +60,6 @@ func (h *Health) OverrideWith(other Health) {

 func (h *Health) SetDefaults() {
 	h.ServerAddress = gosettings.DefaultComparable(h.ServerAddress, "127.0.0.1:9999")
-	const defaultReadHeaderTimeout = 100 * time.Millisecond
-	h.ReadHeaderTimeout = gosettings.DefaultComparable(h.ReadHeaderTimeout, defaultReadHeaderTimeout)
-	const defaultReadTimeout = 500 * time.Millisecond
-	h.ReadTimeout = gosettings.DefaultComparable(h.ReadTimeout, defaultReadTimeout)
 	h.TargetAddress = gosettings.DefaultComparable(h.TargetAddress, "cloudflare.com:443")
 	h.ICMPTargetIP = gosettings.DefaultComparable(h.ICMPTargetIP, netip.IPv4Unspecified()) // use the VPN server IP
 	h.RestartVPN = gosettings.DefaultPointer(h.RestartVPN, true)
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/server.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/server.go
@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 package settings

 import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"net"
 	"os"
 	"strconv"

+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/server/middlewares/auth"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
@@ -24,6 +27,9 @@ type ControlServer struct {
 	// It cannot be empty in the internal state and defaults to
 	// /gluetun/auth/config.toml.
 	AuthFilePath string
+	// AuthDefaultRole is a JSON encoded object defining the default role
+	// that applies to all routes without a previously user-defined role assigned to.
+	AuthDefaultRole string
 }

 func (c ControlServer) validate() (err error) {
@@ -44,6 +50,21 @@ func (c ControlServer) validate() (err error) {
 			ErrControlServerPrivilegedPort, port, uid)
 	}

+	jsonDecoder := json.NewDecoder(bytes.NewBufferString(c.AuthDefaultRole))
+	jsonDecoder.DisallowUnknownFields()
+	var role auth.Role
+	err = jsonDecoder.Decode(&role)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("default authentication role is not valid JSON: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if role.Auth != "" {
+		err = role.Validate()
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("default authentication role is not valid: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }

@@ -52,6 +73,7 @@ func (c *ControlServer) copy() (copied ControlServer) {
 		Address:         gosettings.CopyPointer(c.Address),
 		Log:             gosettings.CopyPointer(c.Log),
 		AuthFilePath:    c.AuthFilePath,
+		AuthDefaultRole: c.AuthDefaultRole,
 	}
 }

@@ -62,12 +84,21 @@ func (c *ControlServer) overrideWith(other ControlServer) {
 	c.Address = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(c.Address, other.Address)
 	c.Log = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(c.Log, other.Log)
 	c.AuthFilePath = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(c.AuthFilePath, other.AuthFilePath)
+	c.AuthDefaultRole = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(c.AuthDefaultRole, other.AuthDefaultRole)
 }

 func (c *ControlServer) setDefaults() {
 	c.Address = gosettings.DefaultPointer(c.Address, ":8000")
 	c.Log = gosettings.DefaultPointer(c.Log, true)
 	c.AuthFilePath = gosettings.DefaultComparable(c.AuthFilePath, "/gluetun/auth/config.toml")
+	c.AuthDefaultRole = gosettings.DefaultComparable(c.AuthDefaultRole, "{}")
+	if c.AuthDefaultRole != "{}" {
+		var role auth.Role
+		_ = json.Unmarshal([]byte(c.AuthDefaultRole), &role)
+		role.Name = "default"
+		roleBytes, _ := json.Marshal(role) //nolint:errchkjson
+		c.AuthDefaultRole = string(roleBytes)
+	}
 }

 func (c ControlServer) String() string {
@@ -79,6 +110,11 @@ func (c ControlServer) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node.Appendf("Listening address: %s", *c.Address)
 	node.Appendf("Logging: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(c.Log))
 	node.Appendf("Authentication file path: %s", c.AuthFilePath)
+	if c.AuthDefaultRole != "{}" {
+		var role auth.Role
+		_ = json.Unmarshal([]byte(c.AuthDefaultRole), &role)
+		node.AppendNode(role.ToLinesNode())
+	}
 	return node
 }

@@ -91,6 +127,7 @@ func (c *ControlServer) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
 	c.Address = r.Get("HTTP_CONTROL_SERVER_ADDRESS")

 	c.AuthFilePath = r.String("HTTP_CONTROL_SERVER_AUTH_CONFIG_FILEPATH")
+	c.AuthDefaultRole = r.String("HTTP_CONTROL_SERVER_AUTH_DEFAULT_ROLE")

 	return nil
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/settings.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/settings.go
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package settings

 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"net/netip"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
@@ -174,13 +173,11 @@ func (s Settings) Warnings() (warnings []string) {
 			"by creating an issue, attaching the new certificate and we will update Gluetun.")
 	}

-	// TODO remove in v4
-	if s.DNS.ServerAddress.Unmap().Compare(netip.AddrFrom4([4]byte{127, 0, 0, 1})) != 0 {
-		warnings = append(warnings, "DNS address is set to "+s.DNS.ServerAddress.String()+
-			" so the DNS over TLS (DoT) server will not be used."+
-			" The default value changed to 127.0.0.1 so it uses the internal DoT serves."+
-			" If the DoT server fails to start, the IPv4 address of the first plaintext DNS server"+
-			" corresponding to the first DoT provider chosen is used.")
+	for _, upstreamAddress := range s.DNS.UpstreamPlainAddresses {
+		if upstreamAddress.Addr().IsPrivate() {
+			warnings = append(warnings, "DNS upstream address "+upstreamAddress.String()+" is private: "+
+				"DNS traffic might leak out of the VPN tunnel to that address.")
+		}
 	}

 	return warnings
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/settings_test.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/settings_test.go
@@ -38,15 +38,12 @@ func Test_Settings_String(t *testing.T) {
 |       ├── Run OpenVPN as: root
 |       └── Verbosity level: 1
 ├── DNS settings:
-|   ├── Keep existing nameserver(s): no
-|   ├── DNS server address to use: 127.0.0.1
-|   └── DNS over TLS settings:
-|       ├── Enabled: yes
-|       ├── Update period: every 24h0m0s
+|   ├── Upstream resolver type: dot
 |   ├── Upstream resolvers:
 |   |   └── Cloudflare
 |   ├── Caching: yes
 |   ├── IPv6: no
+|   ├── Update period: every 24h0m0s
 |   └── DNS filtering settings:
 |       ├── Block malicious: yes
 |       ├── Block ads: no
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/updater.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/updater.go
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package settings

 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"slices"
 	"strings"
 	"time"

@@ -31,6 +32,10 @@ type Updater struct {
 	// Providers is the list of VPN service providers
 	// to update server information for.
 	Providers []string
+	// ProtonUsername is the username to authenticate with the Proton API.
+	ProtonUsername *string
+	// ProtonPassword is the password to authenticate with the Proton API.
+	ProtonPassword *string
 }

 func (u Updater) Validate() (err error) {
@@ -51,6 +56,18 @@ func (u Updater) Validate() (err error) {
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrVPNProviderNameNotValid, err)
 		}
+
+		if provider == providers.Protonvpn {
+			authenticatedAPI := *u.ProtonUsername != "" || *u.ProtonPassword != ""
+			if authenticatedAPI {
+				switch {
+				case *u.ProtonUsername == "":
+					return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrUpdaterProtonUsernameMissing)
+				case *u.ProtonPassword == "":
+					return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrUpdaterProtonPasswordMissing)
+				}
+			}
+		}
 	}

 	return nil
@@ -62,6 +79,8 @@ func (u *Updater) copy() (copied Updater) {
 		DNSAddress:     u.DNSAddress,
 		MinRatio:       u.MinRatio,
 		Providers:      gosettings.CopySlice(u.Providers),
+		ProtonUsername: gosettings.CopyPointer(u.ProtonUsername),
+		ProtonPassword: gosettings.CopyPointer(u.ProtonPassword),
 	}
 }

@@ -73,6 +92,8 @@ func (u *Updater) overrideWith(other Updater) {
 	u.DNSAddress = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(u.DNSAddress, other.DNSAddress)
 	u.MinRatio = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(u.MinRatio, other.MinRatio)
 	u.Providers = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(u.Providers, other.Providers)
+	u.ProtonUsername = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(u.ProtonUsername, other.ProtonUsername)
+	u.ProtonPassword = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(u.ProtonPassword, other.ProtonPassword)
 }

 func (u *Updater) SetDefaults(vpnProvider string) {
@@ -87,6 +108,10 @@ func (u *Updater) SetDefaults(vpnProvider string) {
 	if len(u.Providers) == 0 && vpnProvider != providers.Custom {
 		u.Providers = []string{vpnProvider}
 	}
+
+	// Set these to empty strings to avoid nil pointer panics
+	u.ProtonUsername = gosettings.DefaultPointer(u.ProtonUsername, "")
+	u.ProtonPassword = gosettings.DefaultPointer(u.ProtonPassword, "")
 }

 func (u Updater) String() string {
@@ -103,6 +128,10 @@ func (u Updater) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node.Appendf("DNS address: %s", u.DNSAddress)
 	node.Appendf("Minimum ratio: %.1f", u.MinRatio)
 	node.Appendf("Providers to update: %s", strings.Join(u.Providers, ", "))
+	if slices.Contains(u.Providers, providers.Protonvpn) {
+		node.Appendf("Proton API username: %s", *u.ProtonUsername)
+		node.Appendf("Proton API password: %s", gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*u.ProtonPassword))
+	}

 	return node
 }
@@ -125,6 +154,14 @@ func (u *Updater) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {

 	u.Providers = r.CSV("UPDATER_VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDERS")

+	u.ProtonUsername = r.Get("UPDATER_PROTONVPN_USERNAME")
+	if u.ProtonUsername != nil {
+		// Enforce to use the username not the email address
+		*u.ProtonUsername = strings.TrimSuffix(*u.ProtonUsername, "@protonmail.com")
+		*u.ProtonUsername = strings.TrimSuffix(*u.ProtonUsername, "@proton.me")
+	}
+	u.ProtonPassword = r.Get("UPDATER_PROTONVPN_PASSWORD")
+
 	return nil
 }

--- a/internal/configuration/settings/wireguardselection.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/wireguardselection.go
@@ -155,7 +155,8 @@ func (w WireguardSelection) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 func (w *WireguardSelection) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
 	w.EndpointIP, err = r.NetipAddr("WIREGUARD_ENDPOINT_IP", reader.RetroKeys("VPN_ENDPOINT_IP"))
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w - note this MUST be an IP address, "+
+			"see https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/issues/788", err)
 	}

 	w.EndpointPort, err = r.Uint16Ptr("WIREGUARD_ENDPOINT_PORT", reader.RetroKeys("VPN_ENDPOINT_PORT"))
--- a/internal/dns/loop.go
+++ b/internal/dns/loop.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
+	"net/netip"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/qdm12/dns/v2/pkg/middlewares/filter/mapfilter"
@@ -20,6 +21,7 @@ type Loop struct {
 	state          *state.State
 	server         *server.Server
 	filter         *mapfilter.Filter
+	localResolvers []netip.Addr
 	resolvConf     string
 	client         *http.Client
 	logger         Logger
@@ -48,7 +50,9 @@ func NewLoop(settings settings.DNS,
 	statusManager := loopstate.New(constants.Stopped, start, running, stop, stopped)
 	state := state.New(statusManager, settings, updateTicker)

-	filter, err := mapfilter.New(mapfilter.Settings{})
+	filter, err := mapfilter.New(mapfilter.Settings{
+		Logger: buildFilterLogger(logger),
+	})
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("creating map filter: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -100,3 +104,15 @@ func (l *Loop) signalOrSetStatus(status models.LoopStatus) {
 		l.statusManager.SetStatus(status)
 	}
 }
+
+type filterLogger struct {
+	logger Logger
+}
+
+func (l *filterLogger) Log(msg string) {
+	l.logger.Info(msg)
+}
+
+func buildFilterLogger(logger Logger) *filterLogger {
+	return &filterLogger{logger: logger}
+}
--- a/internal/dns/plaintext.go
+++ b/internal/dns/plaintext.go
@@ -10,15 +10,7 @@ import (
 func (l *Loop) useUnencryptedDNS(fallback bool) {
 	settings := l.GetSettings()

-	// Try with user provided plaintext ip address
-	// if it's not 127.0.0.1 (default for DoT), otherwise
-	// use the first DoT provider ipv4 address found.
-	var targetIP netip.Addr
-	if settings.ServerAddress.Compare(netip.AddrFrom4([4]byte{127, 0, 0, 1})) != 0 {
-		targetIP = settings.ServerAddress
-	} else {
-		targetIP = settings.DoT.GetFirstPlaintextIPv4()
-	}
+	targetIP := settings.GetFirstPlaintextIPv4()

 	if fallback {
 		l.logger.Info("falling back on plaintext DNS at address " + targetIP.String())
@@ -27,14 +19,15 @@ func (l *Loop) useUnencryptedDNS(fallback bool) {
 	}

 	const dialTimeout = 3 * time.Second
+	const defaultDNSPort = 53
 	settingsInternalDNS := nameserver.SettingsInternalDNS{
-		IP:      targetIP,
+		AddrPort: netip.AddrPortFrom(targetIP, defaultDNSPort),
 		Timeout:  dialTimeout,
 	}
 	nameserver.UseDNSInternally(settingsInternalDNS)

 	settingsSystemWide := nameserver.SettingsSystemDNS{
-		IP:         targetIP,
+		IPs:        []netip.Addr{targetIP},
 		ResolvPath: l.resolvConf,
 	}
 	err := nameserver.UseDNSSystemWide(settingsSystemWide)
--- a/internal/dns/run.go
+++ b/internal/dns/run.go
@@ -4,20 +4,22 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"

+	"github.com/qdm12/dns/v2/pkg/nameserver"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
 )

 func (l *Loop) Run(ctx context.Context, done chan<- struct{}) {
 	defer close(done)

-	if *l.GetSettings().KeepNameserver {
-		l.logger.Warn("⚠️⚠️⚠️  keeping the default container nameservers, " +
-			"this will likely leak DNS traffic outside the VPN " +
-			"and go through your container network DNS outside the VPN tunnel!")
-	} else {
+	var err error
+	l.localResolvers, err = nameserver.GetPrivateDNSServers()
+	if err != nil {
+		l.logger.Error("getting private DNS servers: " + err.Error())
+		return
+	}
+
 	const fallback = false
 	l.useUnencryptedDNS(fallback)
-	}

 	select {
 	case <-l.start:
@@ -26,18 +28,16 @@ func (l *Loop) Run(ctx context.Context, done chan<- struct{}) {
 	}

 	for ctx.Err() == nil {
-		// Upper scope variables for the DNS over TLS server only
+		// Upper scope variables for the DNS forwarder server only
 		// Their values are to be used if DOT=off
 		var runError <-chan error

-		settings := l.GetSettings()
-		for !*settings.KeepNameserver && *settings.DoT.Enabled {
+		for {
 			var err error
 			runError, err = l.setupServer(ctx)
 			if err == nil {
 				l.backoffTime = defaultBackoffTime
 				l.logger.Info("ready")
-				l.signalOrSetStatus(constants.Running)
 				break
 			}

@@ -52,14 +52,11 @@ func (l *Loop) Run(ctx context.Context, done chan<- struct{}) {
 				l.useUnencryptedDNS(fallback)
 			}
 			l.logAndWait(ctx, err)
-			settings = l.GetSettings()
 		}
+		l.signalOrSetStatus(constants.Running)

-		settings = l.GetSettings()
-		if !*settings.KeepNameserver && !*settings.DoT.Enabled {
 		const fallback = false
 		l.useUnencryptedDNS(fallback)
-		}

 		l.userTrigger = false

@@ -101,6 +98,6 @@ func (l *Loop) runWait(ctx context.Context, runError <-chan error) (exitLoop boo
 func (l *Loop) stopServer() {
 	stopErr := l.server.Stop()
 	if stopErr != nil {
-		l.logger.Error("stopping DoT server: " + stopErr.Error())
+		l.logger.Error("stopping server: " + stopErr.Error())
 	}
 }
--- a/internal/dns/settings.go
+++ b/internal/dns/settings.go
@@ -3,12 +3,16 @@ package dns
 import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
+	"net/netip"

+	"github.com/qdm12/dns/v2/pkg/doh"
 	"github.com/qdm12/dns/v2/pkg/dot"
 	cachemiddleware "github.com/qdm12/dns/v2/pkg/middlewares/cache"
 	"github.com/qdm12/dns/v2/pkg/middlewares/cache/lru"
 	filtermiddleware "github.com/qdm12/dns/v2/pkg/middlewares/filter"
 	"github.com/qdm12/dns/v2/pkg/middlewares/filter/mapfilter"
+	"github.com/qdm12/dns/v2/pkg/middlewares/localdns"
+	"github.com/qdm12/dns/v2/pkg/plain"
 	"github.com/qdm12/dns/v2/pkg/provider"
 	"github.com/qdm12/dns/v2/pkg/server"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
@@ -22,33 +26,55 @@ func (l *Loop) SetSettings(ctx context.Context, settings settings.DNS) (
 	return l.state.SetSettings(ctx, settings)
 }

-func buildDoTSettings(settings settings.DNS,
-	filter *mapfilter.Filter, logger Logger) (
+func buildServerSettings(userSettings settings.DNS,
+	filter *mapfilter.Filter, localResolvers []netip.Addr,
+	logger Logger) (
 	serverSettings server.Settings, err error,
 ) {
 	serverSettings.Logger = logger

-	var dotSettings dot.Settings
-	providersData := provider.NewProviders()
-	dotSettings.UpstreamResolvers = make([]provider.Provider, len(settings.DoT.Providers))
-	for i := range settings.DoT.Providers {
-		var err error
-		dotSettings.UpstreamResolvers[i], err = providersData.Get(settings.DoT.Providers[i])
-		if err != nil {
-			panic(err) // this should already had been checked
-		}
-	}
-	dotSettings.IPVersion = "ipv4"
-	if *settings.DoT.IPv6 {
-		dotSettings.IPVersion = "ipv6"
+	upstreamResolvers := buildProviders(userSettings)
+
+	ipVersion := "ipv4"
+	if *userSettings.IPv6 {
+		ipVersion = "ipv6"
 	}

-	serverSettings.Dialer, err = dot.New(dotSettings)
+	var dialer server.Dialer
+	switch userSettings.UpstreamType {
+	case settings.DNSUpstreamTypeDot:
+		dialerSettings := dot.Settings{
+			UpstreamResolvers: upstreamResolvers,
+			IPVersion:         ipVersion,
+		}
+		dialer, err = dot.New(dialerSettings)
 		if err != nil {
 			return server.Settings{}, fmt.Errorf("creating DNS over TLS dialer: %w", err)
 		}
+	case settings.DNSUpstreamTypeDoh:
+		dialerSettings := doh.Settings{
+			UpstreamResolvers: upstreamResolvers,
+			IPVersion:         ipVersion,
+		}
+		dialer, err = doh.New(dialerSettings)
+		if err != nil {
+			return server.Settings{}, fmt.Errorf("creating DNS over HTTPS dialer: %w", err)
+		}
+	case settings.DNSUpstreamTypePlain:
+		dialerSettings := plain.Settings{
+			UpstreamResolvers: upstreamResolvers,
+			IPVersion:         ipVersion,
+		}
+		dialer, err = plain.New(dialerSettings)
+		if err != nil {
+			return server.Settings{}, fmt.Errorf("creating plain DNS dialer: %w", err)
+		}
+	default:
+		panic("unknown upstream type: " + userSettings.UpstreamType)
+	}
+	serverSettings.Dialer = dialer

-	if *settings.DoT.Caching {
+	if *userSettings.Caching {
 		lruCache, err := lru.New(lru.Settings{})
 		if err != nil {
 			return server.Settings{}, fmt.Errorf("creating LRU cache: %w", err)
@@ -70,5 +96,67 @@ func buildDoTSettings(settings settings.DNS,
 	}
 	serverSettings.Middlewares = append(serverSettings.Middlewares, filterMiddleware)

+	localResolversAddrPorts := make([]netip.AddrPort, len(localResolvers))
+	const defaultDNSPort = 53
+	for i, addr := range localResolvers {
+		localResolversAddrPorts[i] = netip.AddrPortFrom(addr, defaultDNSPort)
+	}
+	localDNSMiddleware, err := localdns.New(localdns.Settings{
+		Resolvers: localResolversAddrPorts, // auto-detected at container start only
+		Logger:    logger,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return server.Settings{}, fmt.Errorf("creating local DNS middleware: %w", err)
+	}
+	// Place after cache middleware, since we want to avoid caching for local
+	// hostnames that may change regularly.
+	// Place after filter middleware to avoid conflicts with the rebinding protection.
+	serverSettings.Middlewares = append(serverSettings.Middlewares, localDNSMiddleware)
+
 	return serverSettings, nil
 }
+
+func buildProviders(userSettings settings.DNS) []provider.Provider {
+	if userSettings.UpstreamType == settings.DNSUpstreamTypePlain &&
+		len(userSettings.UpstreamPlainAddresses) > 0 {
+		providers := make([]provider.Provider, len(userSettings.UpstreamPlainAddresses))
+		for i, addrPort := range userSettings.UpstreamPlainAddresses {
+			providers[i] = provider.Provider{
+				Name: addrPort.String(),
+			}
+			if addrPort.Addr().Is4() {
+				providers[i].Plain.IPv4 = []netip.AddrPort{addrPort}
+			} else {
+				providers[i].Plain.IPv6 = []netip.AddrPort{addrPort}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	providersData := provider.NewProviders()
+	providers := make([]provider.Provider, 0, len(userSettings.Providers)+len(userSettings.UpstreamPlainAddresses))
+	for _, providerName := range userSettings.Providers {
+		provider, err := providersData.Get(providerName)
+		if err != nil {
+			panic(err) // this should already had been checked
+		}
+		providers = append(providers, provider)
+	}
+
+	if userSettings.UpstreamType != settings.DNSUpstreamTypePlain {
+		return providers
+	}
+
+	for _, addrPort := range userSettings.UpstreamPlainAddresses {
+		newProvider := provider.Provider{
+			Name: addrPort.String(),
+		}
+		if addrPort.Addr().Is4() {
+			newProvider.Plain.IPv4 = []netip.AddrPort{addrPort}
+		} else {
+			newProvider.Plain.IPv6 = []netip.AddrPort{addrPort}
+		}
+		providers = append(providers, newProvider)
+	}
+
+	return providers
+}
--- a/internal/dns/setup.go
+++ b/internal/dns/setup.go
@@ -20,14 +20,14 @@ func (l *Loop) setupServer(ctx context.Context) (runError <-chan error, err erro

 	settings := l.GetSettings()

-	dotSettings, err := buildDoTSettings(settings, l.filter, l.logger)
+	serverSettings, err := buildServerSettings(settings, l.filter, l.localResolvers, l.logger)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("building DoT settings: %w", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("building server settings: %w", err)
 	}

-	server, err := server.New(dotSettings)
+	server, err := server.New(serverSettings)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("creating DoT server: %w", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("creating server: %w", err)
 	}

 	runError, err = server.Start(ctx)
@@ -37,11 +37,8 @@ func (l *Loop) setupServer(ctx context.Context) (runError <-chan error, err erro
 	l.server = server

 	// use internal DNS server
-	nameserver.UseDNSInternally(nameserver.SettingsInternalDNS{
-		IP: settings.ServerAddress,
-	})
+	nameserver.UseDNSInternally(nameserver.SettingsInternalDNS{})
 	err = nameserver.UseDNSSystemWide(nameserver.SettingsSystemDNS{
-		IP:         settings.ServerAddress,
 		ResolvPath: l.resolvConf,
 	})
 	if err != nil {
--- a/internal/dns/state/settings.go
+++ b/internal/dns/state/settings.go
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ func (s *State) SetSettings(ctx context.Context, settings settings.DNS) (

 	// Check for only update period change
 	tempSettings := s.settings.Copy()
-	*tempSettings.DoT.UpdatePeriod = *settings.DoT.UpdatePeriod
+	*tempSettings.UpdatePeriod = *settings.UpdatePeriod
 	onlyUpdatePeriodChanged := reflect.DeepEqual(tempSettings, settings)

 	s.settings = settings
@@ -40,8 +40,6 @@ func (s *State) SetSettings(ctx context.Context, settings settings.DNS) (

 	// Restart
 	_, _ = s.statusApplier.ApplyStatus(ctx, constants.Stopped)
-	if *settings.DoT.Enabled {
 	outcome, _ = s.statusApplier.ApplyStatus(ctx, constants.Running)
-	}
 	return outcome
 }
--- a/internal/dns/ticker.go
+++ b/internal/dns/ticker.go
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ func (l *Loop) RunRestartTicker(ctx context.Context, done chan<- struct{}) {
 	timer.Stop()
 	timerIsStopped := true
 	settings := l.GetSettings()
-	if period := *settings.DoT.UpdatePeriod; period > 0 {
+	if period := *settings.UpdatePeriod; period > 0 {
 		timer.Reset(period)
 		timerIsStopped = false
 	}
@@ -43,14 +43,14 @@ func (l *Loop) RunRestartTicker(ctx context.Context, done chan<- struct{}) {
 			_, _ = l.statusManager.ApplyStatus(ctx, constants.Running)

 			settings := l.GetSettings()
-			timer.Reset(*settings.DoT.UpdatePeriod)
+			timer.Reset(*settings.UpdatePeriod)
 		case <-l.updateTicker:
 			if !timer.Stop() {
 				<-timer.C
 			}
 			timerIsStopped = true
 			settings := l.GetSettings()
-			newUpdatePeriod := *settings.DoT.UpdatePeriod
+			newUpdatePeriod := *settings.UpdatePeriod
 			if newUpdatePeriod == 0 {
 				continue
 			}
--- a/internal/dns/update.go
+++ b/internal/dns/update.go
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ func (l *Loop) updateFiles(ctx context.Context) (err error) {
 	settings := l.GetSettings()

 	l.logger.Info("downloading hostnames and IP block lists")
-	blacklistSettings := settings.DoT.Blacklist.ToBlockBuilderSettings(l.client)
+	blacklistSettings := settings.Blacklist.ToBlockBuilderSettings(l.client)

 	blockBuilder, err := blockbuilder.New(blacklistSettings)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ func (l *Loop) updateFiles(ctx context.Context) (err error) {
 		IPPrefixes: result.BlockedIPPrefixes,
 	}
 	updateSettings.BlockHostnames(result.BlockedHostnames)
+	updateSettings.SetRebindingProtectionExempt(settings.Blacklist.RebindingProtectionExemptHostnames)
 	err = l.filter.Update(updateSettings)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("updating filter: %w", err)
--- a/internal/firewall/list.go
+++ b/internal/firewall/list.go
@@ -323,12 +323,12 @@ var ErrProtocolUnknown = errors.New("unknown protocol")

 func parseProtocol(s string) (protocol string, err error) {
 	switch s {
-	case "0":
-	case "1":
+	case "0", "all":
+	case "1", "icmp":
 		protocol = "icmp"
-	case "6":
+	case "6", "tcp":
 		protocol = "tcp"
-	case "17":
+	case "17", "udp":
 		protocol = "udp"
 	default:
 		return "", fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrProtocolUnknown, s)
--- a/internal/firewall/list_test.go
+++ b/internal/firewall/list_test.go
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ num pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destinati
 2   0     0 ACCEPT     6    --  tun0   *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0            tcp dpt:55405
 3   0     0 ACCEPT     1    --  tun0   *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0
 4   0     0 DROP       0    --  tun0   *       1.2.3.4              0.0.0.0/0
+5   0     0 ACCEPT     all  --  tun0   *       1.2.3.4              0.0.0.0/0
 `,
 			table: chain{
 				name:    "INPUT",
@@ -111,6 +112,17 @@ num pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destinati
 						source:          netip.MustParsePrefix("1.2.3.4/32"),
 						destination:     netip.MustParsePrefix("0.0.0.0/0"),
 					},
+					{
+						lineNumber:      5,
+						packets:         0,
+						bytes:           0,
+						target:          "ACCEPT",
+						protocol:        "",
+						inputInterface:  "tun0",
+						outputInterface: "*",
+						source:          netip.MustParsePrefix("1.2.3.4/32"),
+						destination:     netip.MustParsePrefix("0.0.0.0/0"),
+					},
 				},
 			},
 		},
--- a/internal/healthcheck/checker.go
+++ b/internal/healthcheck/checker.go
@@ -131,9 +131,18 @@ func (c *Checker) smallPeriodicCheck(ctx context.Context) error {
 	c.configMutex.Lock()
 	ip := c.icmpTarget
 	c.configMutex.Unlock()
-	const maxTries = 3
-	const timeout = 10 * time.Second
-	const extraTryTime = 10 * time.Second // 10s added for each subsequent retry
+	tryTimeouts := []time.Duration{
+		5 * time.Second,
+		5 * time.Second,
+		5 * time.Second,
+		10 * time.Second,
+		10 * time.Second,
+		10 * time.Second,
+		15 * time.Second,
+		15 * time.Second,
+		15 * time.Second,
+		30 * time.Second,
+	}
 	check := func(ctx context.Context) error {
 		if c.icmpNotPermitted {
 			return c.dnsClient.Check(ctx)
@@ -147,19 +156,17 @@ func (c *Checker) smallPeriodicCheck(ctx context.Context) error {
 		}
 		return err
 	}
-	return withRetries(ctx, maxTries, timeout, extraTryTime, c.logger, c.smallCheckName, check)
+	return withRetries(ctx, tryTimeouts, c.logger, c.smallCheckName, check)
 }

 func (c *Checker) fullPeriodicCheck(ctx context.Context) error {
-	const maxTries = 2
 	// 20s timeout in case the connection is under stress
 	// See https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/issues/2270
-	const timeout = 20 * time.Second
-	const extraTryTime = 10 * time.Second // 10s added for each subsequent retry
+	tryTimeouts := []time.Duration{10 * time.Second, 15 * time.Second, 30 * time.Second}
 	check := func(ctx context.Context) error {
 		return tcpTLSCheck(ctx, c.dialer, c.tlsDialAddr)
 	}
-	return withRetries(ctx, maxTries, timeout, extraTryTime, c.logger, "TCP+TLS dial", check)
+	return withRetries(ctx, tryTimeouts, c.logger, "TCP+TLS dial", check)
 }

 func tcpTLSCheck(ctx context.Context, dialer *net.Dialer, targetAddress string) error {
@@ -218,13 +225,17 @@ func makeAddressToDial(address string) (addressToDial string, err error) {

 var ErrAllCheckTriesFailed = errors.New("all check tries failed")

-func withRetries(ctx context.Context, maxTries uint, tryTimeout, extraTryTime time.Duration,
+func withRetries(ctx context.Context, tryTimeouts []time.Duration,
 	logger Logger, checkName string, check func(ctx context.Context) error,
 ) error {
-	try := uint(0)
-	var errs []error
-	for {
-		timeout := tryTimeout + time.Duration(try)*extraTryTime //nolint:gosec
+	maxTries := len(tryTimeouts)
+	type errData struct {
+		err      error
+		duration time.Duration
+	}
+	errs := make([]errData, maxTries)
+	for i, timeout := range tryTimeouts {
+		start := time.Now()
 		checkCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, timeout)
 		err := check(checkCtx)
 		cancel()
@@ -234,17 +245,14 @@ func withRetries(ctx context.Context, maxTries uint, tryTimeout, extraTryTime ti
 		case ctx.Err() != nil:
 			return fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", checkName, ctx.Err())
 		}
-		logger.Debugf("%s attempt %d/%d failed: %s", checkName, try+1, maxTries, err)
-		errs = append(errs, err)
-		try++
-		if try < maxTries {
-			continue
+		logger.Debugf("%s attempt %d/%d failed: %s", checkName, i+1, maxTries, err)
+		errs[i].err = err
+		errs[i].duration = time.Since(start)
 	}
+
 	errStrings := make([]string, len(errs))
 	for i, err := range errs {
-			errStrings[i] = fmt.Sprintf("attempt %d: %s", i+1, err.Error())
-		}
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: after %d %s attempts (%s)",
-			ErrAllCheckTriesFailed, maxTries, checkName, strings.Join(errStrings, "; "))
+		errStrings[i] = fmt.Sprintf("attempt %d (%s): %s", i+1, err.duration, err.err)
 	}
+	return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrAllCheckTriesFailed, strings.Join(errStrings, ", "))
 }
--- a/internal/healthcheck/dns/dns.go
+++ b/internal/healthcheck/dns/dns.go
@@ -5,33 +5,60 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net"
+	"net/netip"
+
+	"github.com/qdm12/dns/v2/pkg/provider"
 )

 // Client is a simple plaintext UDP DNS client, to be used for healthchecks.
 // Note the client connects to a DNS server only over UDP on port 53,
 // because we don't want to use DoT or DoH and impact the TCP connections
 // when running a healthcheck.
-type Client struct{}
+type Client struct {
+	serverAddrs []netip.AddrPort
+	dnsIPIndex  int
+}

 func New() *Client {
-	return &Client{}
+	return &Client{
+		serverAddrs: concatAddrPorts([][]netip.AddrPort{
+			provider.Cloudflare().Plain.IPv4,
+			provider.Google().Plain.IPv4,
+			provider.Quad9().Plain.IPv4,
+			provider.OpenDNS().Plain.IPv4,
+			provider.LibreDNS().Plain.IPv4,
+			provider.Quadrant().Plain.IPv4,
+			provider.CiraProtected().Plain.IPv4,
+		}),
+	}
+}
+
+func concatAddrPorts(addrs [][]netip.AddrPort) []netip.AddrPort {
+	var result []netip.AddrPort
+	for _, addrList := range addrs {
+		result = append(result, addrList...)
+	}
+	return result
 }

 var ErrLookupNoIPs = errors.New("no IPs found from DNS lookup")

 func (c *Client) Check(ctx context.Context) error {
+	dnsAddr := c.serverAddrs[c.dnsIPIndex].String()
 	resolver := &net.Resolver{
 		PreferGo: true,
 		Dial: func(ctx context.Context, _, _ string) (net.Conn, error) {
 			dialer := net.Dialer{}
-			return dialer.DialContext(ctx, "udp", "1.1.1.1:53")
+			return dialer.DialContext(ctx, "udp", dnsAddr)
 		},
 	}
 	ips, err := resolver.LookupIP(ctx, "ip", "github.com")
 	switch {
 	case err != nil:
+		c.dnsIPIndex = (c.dnsIPIndex + 1) % len(c.serverAddrs)
 		return err
 	case len(ips) == 0:
+		c.dnsIPIndex = (c.dnsIPIndex + 1) % len(c.serverAddrs)
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrLookupNoIPs)
 	default:
 		return nil
--- a/internal/healthcheck/run.go
+++ b/internal/healthcheck/run.go
@@ -10,11 +10,13 @@ import (
 func (s *Server) Run(ctx context.Context, done chan<- struct{}) {
 	defer close(done)

+	const readHeaderTimeout = 100 * time.Millisecond
+	const readTimeout = 500 * time.Millisecond
 	server := http.Server{
 		Addr:              s.config.ServerAddress,
 		Handler:           s.handler,
-		ReadHeaderTimeout: s.config.ReadHeaderTimeout,
-		ReadTimeout:       s.config.ReadTimeout,
+		ReadHeaderTimeout: readHeaderTimeout,
+		ReadTimeout:       readTimeout,
 	}
 	serverDone := make(chan struct{})
 	go func() {
--- a/internal/portforward/service/command.go
+++ b/internal/portforward/service/command.go
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ func runCommand(ctx context.Context, cmder Cmder, logger Logger,
 	}
 	portsString := strings.Join(portStrings, ",")
 	commandString := strings.ReplaceAll(commandTemplate, "{{PORTS}}", portsString)
+	commandString = strings.ReplaceAll(commandString, "{{PORT}}", portStrings[0])
 	args, err := command.Split(commandString)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("parsing command: %w", err)
--- a/internal/portforward/service/fs.go
+++ b/internal/portforward/service/fs.go
@@ -14,7 +14,11 @@ func (s *Service) writePortForwardedFile(ports []uint16) (err error) {
 	fileData := []byte(strings.Join(portStrings, "\n"))

 	filepath := s.settings.Filepath
+	if len(ports) == 0 {
+		s.logger.Info("clearing port file " + filepath)
+	} else {
 		s.logger.Info("writing port file " + filepath)
+	}
 	const perms = os.FileMode(0o644)
 	err = os.WriteFile(filepath, fileData, perms)
 	if err != nil {
--- a/internal/portforward/service/stop.go
+++ b/internal/portforward/service/stop.go
@@ -59,8 +59,6 @@ func (s *Service) cleanup() (err error) {

 	s.ports = nil

-	filepath := s.settings.Filepath
-	s.logger.Info("clearing port file " + filepath)
 	err = s.writePortForwardedFile(nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("clearing port file: %w", err)
--- a/internal/provider/common/updater.go
+++ b/internal/provider/common/updater.go
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ var (
 	ErrNotEnoughServers     = errors.New("not enough servers found")
 	ErrHTTPStatusCodeNotOK  = errors.New("HTTP status code not OK")
 	ErrIPFetcherUnsupported = errors.New("IP fetcher not supported")
+	ErrCredentialsMissing   = errors.New("credentials missing")
 )

 type Fetcher interface {
--- a/internal/provider/cyberghost/provider.go
+++ b/internal/provider/cyberghost/provider.go
@@ -15,12 +15,12 @@ type Provider struct {
 }

 func New(storage common.Storage, randSource rand.Source,
-	parallelResolver common.ParallelResolver,
+	updaterWarner common.Warner, parallelResolver common.ParallelResolver,
 ) *Provider {
 	return &Provider{
 		storage:    storage,
 		randSource: randSource,
-		Fetcher:    updater.New(parallelResolver),
+		Fetcher:    updater.New(parallelResolver, updaterWarner),
 	}
 }

--- a/internal/provider/cyberghost/updater/servers.go
+++ b/internal/provider/cyberghost/updater/servers.go
@@ -16,7 +16,10 @@ func (u *Updater) FetchServers(ctx context.Context, minServers int) (

 	possibleHosts := possibleServers.hostsSlice()
 	resolveSettings := parallelResolverSettings(possibleHosts)
-	hostToIPs, _, err := u.parallelResolver.Resolve(ctx, resolveSettings)
+	hostToIPs, warnings, err := u.parallelResolver.Resolve(ctx, resolveSettings)
+	for _, warning := range warnings {
+		u.warner.Warn(warning)
+	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
--- a/internal/provider/cyberghost/updater/updater.go
+++ b/internal/provider/cyberghost/updater/updater.go
@@ -6,10 +6,12 @@ import (

 type Updater struct {
 	parallelResolver common.ParallelResolver
+	warner           common.Warner
 }

-func New(parallelResolver common.ParallelResolver) *Updater {
+func New(parallelResolver common.ParallelResolver, warner common.Warner) *Updater {
 	return &Updater{
 		parallelResolver: parallelResolver,
+		warner:           warner,
 	}
 }
--- a/internal/provider/protonvpn/provider.go
+++ b/internal/provider/protonvpn/provider.go
@@ -18,11 +18,12 @@ type Provider struct {

 func New(storage common.Storage, randSource rand.Source,
 	client *http.Client, updaterWarner common.Warner,
+	username, password string,
 ) *Provider {
 	return &Provider{
 		storage:    storage,
 		randSource: randSource,
-		Fetcher:    updater.New(client, updaterWarner),
+		Fetcher:    updater.New(client, updaterWarner, username, password),
 	}
 }

--- a/internal/provider/protonvpn/updater/api.go
+++ b/internal/provider/protonvpn/updater/api.go
@@ -1,15 +1,567 @@
 package updater

 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
+	crand "crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/base64"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"math/rand/v2"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/netip"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+
+	srp "github.com/ProtonMail/go-srp"
 )

-var ErrHTTPStatusCodeNotOK = errors.New("HTTP status code not OK")
+// apiClient is a minimal Proton v4 API client which can handle all the
+// oddities of Proton's authentication flow they want to keep hidden
+// from the public.
+type apiClient struct {
+	apiURLBase string
+	httpClient *http.Client
+	appVersion string
+	userAgent  string
+	generator  *rand.ChaCha8
+}
+
+// newAPIClient returns an [apiClient] with sane defaults matching Proton's
+// insane expectations.
+func newAPIClient(ctx context.Context, httpClient *http.Client) (client *apiClient, err error) {
+	var seed [32]byte
+	_, _ = crand.Read(seed[:])
+	generator := rand.NewChaCha8(seed)
+
+	// Pick a random user agent from this list. Because I'm not going to tell
+	// Proton shit on where all these funny requests are coming from, given their
+	// unhelpfulness in figuring out their authentication flow.
+	userAgents := [...]string{
+		"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:143.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/143.0",
+		"Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.15; rv:143.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/143.0",
+		"Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:143.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/143.0",
+	}
+	userAgent := userAgents[generator.Uint64()%uint64(len(userAgents))]
+
+	appVersion, err := getMostRecentStableTag(ctx, httpClient)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("getting most recent version for proton app: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return &apiClient{
+		apiURLBase: "https://account.proton.me/api",
+		httpClient: httpClient,
+		appVersion: appVersion,
+		userAgent:  userAgent,
+		generator:  generator,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+var ErrCodeNotSuccess = errors.New("response code is not success")
+
+// setHeaders sets the minimal necessary headers for Proton API requests
+// to succeed without being blocked by their "security" measures.
+// See for example [getMostRecentStableTag] on how the app version must
+// be set to a recent version or they block your request. "SeCuRiTy"...
+func (c *apiClient) setHeaders(request *http.Request, cookie cookie) {
+	request.Header.Set("Cookie", cookie.String())
+	request.Header.Set("User-Agent", c.userAgent)
+	request.Header.Set("x-pm-appversion", c.appVersion)
+	request.Header.Set("x-pm-locale", "en_US")
+	request.Header.Set("x-pm-uid", cookie.uid)
+}
+
+// authenticate performs the full Proton authentication flow
+// to obtain an authenticated cookie (uid, token and session ID).
+func (c *apiClient) authenticate(ctx context.Context, username, password string,
+) (authCookie cookie, err error) {
+	sessionID, err := c.getSessionID(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return cookie{}, fmt.Errorf("getting session ID: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	tokenType, accessToken, refreshToken, uid, err := c.getUnauthSession(ctx, sessionID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return cookie{}, fmt.Errorf("getting unauthenticated session data: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	cookieToken, err := c.cookieToken(ctx, sessionID, tokenType, accessToken, refreshToken, uid)
+	if err != nil {
+		return cookie{}, fmt.Errorf("getting cookie token: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	unauthCookie := cookie{
+		uid:       uid,
+		token:     cookieToken,
+		sessionID: sessionID,
+	}
+	modulusPGPClearSigned, serverEphemeralBase64, saltBase64,
+		srpSessionHex, version, err := c.authInfo(ctx, username, unauthCookie)
+	if err != nil {
+		return cookie{}, fmt.Errorf("getting auth information: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Prepare SRP proof generator using Proton's official SRP parameters and hashing.
+	srpAuth, err := srp.NewAuth(version, username, []byte(password),
+		saltBase64, modulusPGPClearSigned, serverEphemeralBase64)
+	if err != nil {
+		return cookie{}, fmt.Errorf("initializing SRP auth: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Generate SRP proofs (A, M1) with the usual 2048-bit modulus.
+	const modulusBits = 2048
+	proofs, err := srpAuth.GenerateProofs(modulusBits)
+	if err != nil {
+		return cookie{}, fmt.Errorf("generating SRP proofs: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	authCookie, err = c.auth(ctx, unauthCookie, username, srpSessionHex, proofs)
+	if err != nil {
+		return cookie{}, fmt.Errorf("authentifying: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return authCookie, nil
+}
+
+var ErrSessionIDNotFound = errors.New("session ID not found in cookies")
+
+func (c *apiClient) getSessionID(ctx context.Context) (sessionID string, err error) {
+	const url = "https://account.proton.me/vpn"
+	request, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodGet, url, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("creating request: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	response, err := c.httpClient.Do(request)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	err = response.Body.Close()
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("closing response body: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	for _, cookie := range response.Cookies() {
+		if cookie.Name == "Session-Id" {
+			return cookie.Value, nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	return "", fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrSessionIDNotFound)
+}
+
+var ErrDataFieldMissing = errors.New("data field missing in response")
+
+func (c *apiClient) getUnauthSession(ctx context.Context, sessionID string) (
+	tokenType, accessToken, refreshToken, uid string, err error,
+) {
+	request, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, c.apiURLBase+"/auth/v4/sessions", nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", "", "", fmt.Errorf("creating request: %w", err)
+	}
+	unauthCookie := cookie{
+		sessionID: sessionID,
+	}
+	c.setHeaders(request, unauthCookie)
+
+	response, err := c.httpClient.Do(request)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", "", "", err
+	}
+	defer response.Body.Close()
+
+	responseBody, err := io.ReadAll(response.Body)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", "", "", fmt.Errorf("reading response body: %w", err)
+	} else if response.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		return "", "", "", "", buildError(response.StatusCode, responseBody)
+	}
+
+	var data struct {
+		Code         uint     `json:"Code"`         // 1000 on success
+		AccessToken  string   `json:"AccessToken"`  // 32-chars lowercase and digits
+		RefreshToken string   `json:"RefreshToken"` // 32-chars lowercase and digits
+		TokenType    string   `json:"TokenType"`    // "Bearer"
+		Scopes       []string `json:"Scopes"`       // should be [] for our usage
+		UID          string   `json:"UID"`          // 32-chars lowercase and digits
+		LocalID      uint     `json:"LocalID"`      // 0 in my case
+	}
+
+	err = json.Unmarshal(responseBody, &data)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", "", "", fmt.Errorf("decoding response body: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	const successCode = 1000
+	switch {
+	case data.Code != successCode:
+		return "", "", "", "", fmt.Errorf("%w: expected %d got %d",
+			ErrCodeNotSuccess, successCode, data.Code)
+	case data.AccessToken == "":
+		return "", "", "", "", fmt.Errorf("%w: access token is empty", ErrDataFieldMissing)
+	case data.RefreshToken == "":
+		return "", "", "", "", fmt.Errorf("%w: refresh token is empty", ErrDataFieldMissing)
+	case data.TokenType == "":
+		return "", "", "", "", fmt.Errorf("%w: token type is empty", ErrDataFieldMissing)
+	case data.UID == "":
+		return "", "", "", "", fmt.Errorf("%w: UID is empty", ErrDataFieldMissing)
+	}
+	// Ignore Scopes and LocalID fields, we don't use them.
+
+	return data.TokenType, data.AccessToken, data.RefreshToken, data.UID, nil
+}
+
+var ErrUIDMismatch = errors.New("UID in response does not match request UID")
+
+func (c *apiClient) cookieToken(ctx context.Context, sessionID, tokenType, accessToken,
+	refreshToken, uid string,
+) (cookieToken string, err error) {
+	type requestBodySchema struct {
+		GrantType    string `json:"GrantType"`    // "refresh_token"
+		Persistent   uint   `json:"Persistent"`   // 0
+		RedirectURI  string `json:"RedirectURI"`  // "https://protonmail.com"
+		RefreshToken string `json:"RefreshToken"` // 32-chars lowercase and digits
+		ResponseType string `json:"ResponseType"` // "token"
+		State        string `json:"State"`        // 24-chars letters and digits
+		UID          string `json:"UID"`          // 32-chars lowercase and digits
+	}
+	requestBody := requestBodySchema{
+		GrantType:    "refresh_token",
+		Persistent:   0,
+		RedirectURI:  "https://protonmail.com",
+		RefreshToken: refreshToken,
+		ResponseType: "token",
+		State:        generateLettersDigits(c.generator, 24), //nolint:mnd
+		UID:          uid,
+	}
+
+	buffer := bytes.NewBuffer(nil)
+	encoder := json.NewEncoder(buffer)
+	if err := encoder.Encode(requestBody); err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("encoding request body: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	request, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, c.apiURLBase+"/core/v4/auth/cookies", buffer)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("creating request: %w", err)
+	}
+	unauthCookie := cookie{
+		uid:       uid,
+		sessionID: sessionID,
+	}
+	c.setHeaders(request, unauthCookie)
+	request.Header.Set("Authorization", tokenType+" "+accessToken)
+
+	response, err := c.httpClient.Do(request)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	defer response.Body.Close()
+
+	responseBody, err := io.ReadAll(response.Body)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("reading response body: %w", err)
+	} else if response.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		return "", buildError(response.StatusCode, responseBody)
+	}
+
+	var cookies struct {
+		Code           uint   `json:"Code"`           // 1000 on success
+		UID            string `json:"UID"`            // should match request UID
+		LocalID        uint   `json:"LocalID"`        // 0
+		RefreshCounter uint   `json:"RefreshCounter"` // 1
+	}
+	err = json.Unmarshal(responseBody, &cookies)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("decoding response body: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	const successCode = 1000
+	switch {
+	case cookies.Code != successCode:
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("%w: expected %d got %d",
+			ErrCodeNotSuccess, successCode, cookies.Code)
+	case cookies.UID != requestBody.UID:
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("%w: expected %s got %s",
+			ErrUIDMismatch, requestBody.UID, cookies.UID)
+	}
+	// Ignore LocalID and RefreshCounter fields, we don't use them.
+
+	for _, cookie := range response.Cookies() {
+		if cookie.Name == "AUTH-"+uid {
+			return cookie.Value, nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	return "", fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrAuthCookieNotFound)
+}
+
+var (
+	ErrUsernameDoesNotExist = errors.New("username does not exist")
+	ErrUsernameMismatch     = errors.New("username in response does not match request username")
+)
+
+// authInfo fetches SRP parameters for the account.
+func (c *apiClient) authInfo(ctx context.Context, username string, unauthCookie cookie) (
+	modulusPGPClearSigned, serverEphemeralBase64, saltBase64, srpSessionHex string,
+	version int, err error,
+) {
+	type requestBodySchema struct {
+		Intent   string `json:"Intent"`   // "Proton"
+		Username string `json:"Username"` // username without @domain.com
+	}
+	requestBody := requestBodySchema{
+		Intent:   "Proton",
+		Username: username,
+	}
+
+	buffer := bytes.NewBuffer(nil)
+	encoder := json.NewEncoder(buffer)
+	if err := encoder.Encode(requestBody); err != nil {
+		return "", "", "", "", 0, fmt.Errorf("encoding request body: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	request, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, c.apiURLBase+"/core/v4/auth/info", buffer)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", "", "", 0, fmt.Errorf("creating request: %w", err)
+	}
+	c.setHeaders(request, unauthCookie)
+
+	response, err := c.httpClient.Do(request)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", "", "", 0, err
+	}
+	defer response.Body.Close()
+
+	responseBody, err := io.ReadAll(response.Body)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", "", "", 0, fmt.Errorf("reading response body: %w", err)
+	} else if response.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		return "", "", "", "", 0, buildError(response.StatusCode, responseBody)
+	}
+
+	var info struct {
+		Code            uint   `json:"Code"`              // 1000 on success
+		Modulus         string `json:"Modulus"`           // PGP clearsigned modulus string
+		ServerEphemeral string `json:"ServerEphemeral"`   // base64
+		Version         *uint  `json:"Version,omitempty"` // 4 as of 2025-10-26
+		Salt            string `json:"Salt"`              // base64
+		SRPSession      string `json:"SRPSession"`        // hexadecimal
+		Username        string `json:"Username"`          // user without @domain.com. Mine has its first letter capitalized.
+	}
+	err = json.Unmarshal(responseBody, &info)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", "", "", 0, fmt.Errorf("decoding response body: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	const successCode = 1000
+	switch {
+	case info.Code != successCode:
+		return "", "", "", "", 0, fmt.Errorf("%w: expected %d got %d",
+			ErrCodeNotSuccess, successCode, info.Code)
+	case info.Modulus == "":
+		return "", "", "", "", 0, fmt.Errorf("%w: modulus is empty", ErrDataFieldMissing)
+	case info.ServerEphemeral == "":
+		return "", "", "", "", 0, fmt.Errorf("%w: server ephemeral is empty", ErrDataFieldMissing)
+	case info.Salt == "":
+		return "", "", "", "", 0, fmt.Errorf("%w (salt data field is empty)", ErrUsernameDoesNotExist)
+	case info.SRPSession == "":
+		return "", "", "", "", 0, fmt.Errorf("%w: SRP session is empty", ErrDataFieldMissing)
+
+	case !strings.EqualFold(info.Username, username):
+		return "", "", "", "", 0, fmt.Errorf("%w: expected %s got %s",
+			ErrUsernameMismatch, username, info.Username)
+	case info.Version == nil:
+		return "", "", "", "", 0, fmt.Errorf("%w: version is missing", ErrDataFieldMissing)
+	}
+
+	version = int(*info.Version) //nolint:gosec
+	return info.Modulus, info.ServerEphemeral, info.Salt,
+		info.SRPSession, version, nil
+}
+
+type cookie struct {
+	uid       string
+	token     string
+	sessionID string
+}
+
+func (c *cookie) String() string {
+	s := ""
+	if c.token != "" {
+		s += fmt.Sprintf("AUTH-%s=%s; ", c.uid, c.token)
+	}
+	if c.sessionID != "" {
+		s += fmt.Sprintf("Session-Id=%s; ", c.sessionID)
+	}
+	if c.token != "" {
+		s += "Tag=default; iaas=W10; Domain=proton.me; Feature=VPNDashboard:A"
+	}
+	return s
+}
+
+var (
+	// ErrServerProofNotValid indicates the M2 from the server didn't match the expected proof.
+	ErrServerProofNotValid = errors.New("server proof from server is not valid")
+	ErrVPNScopeNotFound    = errors.New("VPN scope not found in scopes")
+	ErrTwoFANotSupported   = errors.New("two factor authentication not supported in this client")
+	ErrAuthCookieNotFound  = errors.New("auth cookie not found")
+)
+
+// auth performs the SRP proof submission (and optionally TOTP) to obtain tokens.
+func (c *apiClient) auth(ctx context.Context, unauthCookie cookie,
+	username, srpSession string, proofs *srp.Proofs,
+) (authCookie cookie, err error) {
+	clientEphemeral := base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(proofs.ClientEphemeral)
+	clientProof := base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(proofs.ClientProof)
+
+	type requestBodySchema struct {
+		ClientEphemeral string            `json:"ClientEphemeral"`   // base64(A)
+		ClientProof     string            `json:"ClientProof"`       // base64(M1)
+		Payload         map[string]string `json:"Payload,omitempty"` // not sure
+		SRPSession      string            `json:"SRPSession"`        // hexadecimal
+		Username        string            `json:"Username"`          // user@protonmail.com
+	}
+	requestBody := requestBodySchema{
+		ClientEphemeral: clientEphemeral,
+		ClientProof:     clientProof,
+		SRPSession:      srpSession,
+		Username:        username,
+	}
+
+	buffer := bytes.NewBuffer(nil)
+	encoder := json.NewEncoder(buffer)
+	if err := encoder.Encode(requestBody); err != nil {
+		return cookie{}, fmt.Errorf("encoding request body: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	request, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, c.apiURLBase+"/core/v4/auth", buffer)
+	if err != nil {
+		return cookie{}, fmt.Errorf("creating request: %w", err)
+	}
+	c.setHeaders(request, unauthCookie)
+
+	response, err := c.httpClient.Do(request)
+	if err != nil {
+		return cookie{}, err
+	}
+	defer response.Body.Close()
+
+	responseBody, err := io.ReadAll(response.Body)
+	if err != nil {
+		return cookie{}, fmt.Errorf("reading response body: %w", err)
+	} else if response.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		return cookie{}, buildError(response.StatusCode, responseBody)
+	}
+
+	type twoFAStatus uint
+	//nolint:unused
+	const (
+		twoFADisabled twoFAStatus = iota
+		twoFAHasTOTP
+		twoFAHasFIDO2
+		twoFAHasFIDO2AndTOTP
+	)
+	type twoFAInfo struct {
+		Enabled twoFAStatus `json:"Enabled"`
+		FIDO2   struct {
+			AuthenticationOptions any   `json:"AuthenticationOptions"`
+			RegisteredKeys        []any `json:"RegisteredKeys"`
+		} `json:"FIDO2"`
+		TOTP uint `json:"TOTP"`
+	}
+
+	var auth struct {
+		Code              uint      `json:"Code"`         // 1000 on success
+		LocalID           uint      `json:"LocalID"`      // 7 in my case
+		Scopes            []string  `json:"Scopes"`       // this should contain "vpn". Same as `Scope` field value.
+		UID               string    `json:"UID"`          // same as `Uid` field value
+		UserID            string    `json:"UserID"`       // base64
+		EventID           string    `json:"EventID"`      // base64
+		PasswordMode      uint      `json:"PasswordMode"` // 1 in my case
+		ServerProof       string    `json:"ServerProof"`  // base64(M2)
+		TwoFactor         uint      `json:"TwoFactor"`    // 0 if 2FA not required
+		TwoFA             twoFAInfo `json:"2FA"`
+		TemporaryPassword uint      `json:"TemporaryPassword"` // 0 in my case
+	}
+
+	err = json.Unmarshal(responseBody, &auth)
+	if err != nil {
+		return cookie{}, fmt.Errorf("decoding response body: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	m2, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(auth.ServerProof)
+	if err != nil {
+		return cookie{}, fmt.Errorf("decoding server proof: %w", err)
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(m2, proofs.ExpectedServerProof) {
+		return cookie{}, fmt.Errorf("%w: expected %x got %x",
+			ErrServerProofNotValid, proofs.ExpectedServerProof, m2)
+	}
+
+	const successCode = 1000
+	switch {
+	case auth.Code != successCode:
+		return cookie{}, fmt.Errorf("%w: expected %d got %d",
+			ErrCodeNotSuccess, successCode, auth.Code)
+	case auth.UID != unauthCookie.uid:
+		return cookie{}, fmt.Errorf("%w: expected %s got %s",
+			ErrUIDMismatch, unauthCookie.uid, auth.UID)
+	case auth.TwoFactor != 0:
+		return cookie{}, fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrTwoFANotSupported)
+	case !slices.Contains(auth.Scopes, "vpn"):
+		return cookie{}, fmt.Errorf("%w: in %v", ErrVPNScopeNotFound, auth.Scopes)
+	}
+
+	for _, setCookieHeader := range response.Header.Values("Set-Cookie") {
+		parts := strings.Split(setCookieHeader, ";")
+		for _, part := range parts {
+			if strings.HasPrefix(part, "AUTH-"+unauthCookie.uid+"=") {
+				authCookie = unauthCookie
+				authCookie.token = strings.TrimPrefix(part, "AUTH-"+unauthCookie.uid+"=")
+				return authCookie, nil
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return cookie{}, fmt.Errorf("%w: in HTTP headers %s",
+		ErrAuthCookieNotFound, httpHeadersToString(response.Header))
+}
+
+// generateLettersDigits mimicing Proton's own random string generator:
+// https://github.com/ProtonMail/WebClients/blob/e4d7e4ab9babe15b79a131960185f9f8275512cd/packages/utils/generateLettersDigits.ts
+func generateLettersDigits(rng *rand.ChaCha8, length uint) string {
+	const charset = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789"
+	return generateFromCharset(rng, length, charset)
+}
+
+func generateFromCharset(rng *rand.ChaCha8, length uint, charset string) string {
+	result := make([]byte, length)
+	randomBytes := make([]byte, length)
+	_, _ = rng.Read(randomBytes)
+	for i := range length {
+		result[i] = charset[int(randomBytes[i])%len(charset)]
+	}
+	return string(result)
+}
+
+func httpHeadersToString(headers http.Header) string {
+	var builder strings.Builder
+	first := true
+	for key, values := range headers {
+		for _, value := range values {
+			if !first {
+				builder.WriteString(", ")
+			}
+			builder.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("%s: %s", key, value))
+			first = false
+		}
+	}
+	return builder.String()
+}

 type apiData struct {
 	LogicalServers []logicalServer `json:"LogicalServers"`
@@ -33,25 +585,25 @@ type physicalServer struct {
 	X25519PublicKey string     `json:"X25519PublicKey"`
 }

-func fetchAPI(ctx context.Context, client *http.Client) (
+func (c *apiClient) fetchServers(ctx context.Context, cookie cookie) (
 	data apiData, err error,
 ) {
-	const url = "https://api.protonmail.ch/vpn/logicals"
-
+	const url = "https://account.proton.me/api/vpn/logicals"
 	request, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodGet, url, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return data, err
 	}
+	c.setHeaders(request, cookie)

-	response, err := client.Do(request)
+	response, err := c.httpClient.Do(request)
 	if err != nil {
 		return data, err
 	}
 	defer response.Body.Close()

 	if response.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
-		return data, fmt.Errorf("%w: %d %s", ErrHTTPStatusCodeNotOK,
-			response.StatusCode, response.Status)
+		b, _ := io.ReadAll(response.Body)
+		return data, buildError(response.StatusCode, b)
 	}

 	decoder := json.NewDecoder(response.Body)
@@ -59,9 +611,31 @@ func fetchAPI(ctx context.Context, client *http.Client) (
 		return data, fmt.Errorf("decoding response body: %w", err)
 	}

-	if err := response.Body.Close(); err != nil {
-		return data, err
-	}
-
 	return data, nil
 }
+
+var ErrHTTPStatusCodeNotOK = errors.New("HTTP status code not OK")
+
+func buildError(httpCode int, body []byte) error {
+	prettyCode := http.StatusText(httpCode)
+	var protonError struct {
+		Code    *int              `json:"Code,omitempty"`
+		Error   *string           `json:"Error,omitempty"`
+		Details map[string]string `json:"Details"`
+	}
+	decoder := json.NewDecoder(bytes.NewReader(body))
+	decoder.DisallowUnknownFields()
+	err := decoder.Decode(&protonError)
+	if err != nil || protonError.Error == nil || protonError.Code == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s: %s",
+			ErrHTTPStatusCodeNotOK, prettyCode, body)
+	}
+
+	details := make([]string, 0, len(protonError.Details))
+	for key, value := range protonError.Details {
+		details = append(details, fmt.Sprintf("%s: %s", key, value))
+	}
+
+	return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s: %s (code %d with details: %s)",
+		ErrHTTPStatusCodeNotOK, prettyCode, *protonError.Error, *protonError.Code, strings.Join(details, ", "))
+}
--- a/internal/provider/protonvpn/updater/servers.go
+++ b/internal/provider/protonvpn/updater/servers.go
@@ -13,9 +13,26 @@ import (
 func (u *Updater) FetchServers(ctx context.Context, minServers int) (
 	servers []models.Server, err error,
 ) {
-	data, err := fetchAPI(ctx, u.client)
+	switch {
+	case u.username == "":
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: username is empty", common.ErrCredentialsMissing)
+	case u.password == "":
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: password is empty", common.ErrCredentialsMissing)
+	}
+
+	apiClient, err := newAPIClient(ctx, u.client)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("creating API client: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	cookie, err := apiClient.authenticate(ctx, u.username, u.password)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("authentifying with Proton: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	data, err := apiClient.fetchServers(ctx, cookie)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("fetching logical servers: %w", err)
 	}

 	countryCodes := constants.CountryCodes()
--- a/internal/provider/protonvpn/updater/updater.go
+++ b/internal/provider/protonvpn/updater/updater.go
@@ -8,12 +8,16 @@ import (

 type Updater struct {
 	client   *http.Client
+	username string
+	password string
 	warner   common.Warner
 }

-func New(client *http.Client, warner common.Warner) *Updater {
+func New(client *http.Client, warner common.Warner, username, password string) *Updater {
 	return &Updater{
 		client:   client,
+		username: username,
+		password: password,
 		warner:   warner,
 	}
 }
--- a/internal/provider/protonvpn/updater/version.go
+++ b/internal/provider/protonvpn/updater/version.go
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+package updater
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// getMostRecentStableTag finds the most recent proton-account stable tag version,
+// in order to use it in the x-pm-appversion http request header. Because if we do
+// fall behind on versioning, Proton doesn't like it because they like to create
+// complications where there is no need for it. Hence this function.
+func getMostRecentStableTag(ctx context.Context, client *http.Client) (version string, err error) {
+	page := 1
+	regexVersion := regexp.MustCompile(`^proton-account@(\d+\.\d+\.\d+\.\d+)$`)
+	for ctx.Err() == nil {
+		url := "https://api.github.com/repos/ProtonMail/WebClients/tags?per_page=30&page=" + fmt.Sprint(page)
+
+		request, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodGet, url, nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", fmt.Errorf("creating request: %w", err)
+		}
+		request.Header.Set("Accept", "application/vnd.github.v3+json")
+
+		response, err := client.Do(request)
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", err
+		}
+		defer response.Body.Close()
+
+		data, err := io.ReadAll(response.Body)
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", fmt.Errorf("reading response body: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		if response.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+			return "", fmt.Errorf("%w: %s: %s", ErrHTTPStatusCodeNotOK, response.Status, data)
+		}
+
+		var tags []struct {
+			Name string `json:"name"`
+		}
+		err = json.Unmarshal(data, &tags)
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", fmt.Errorf("decoding JSON response: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		for _, tag := range tags {
+			if !regexVersion.MatchString(tag.Name) {
+				continue
+			}
+			version := "web-account@" + strings.TrimPrefix(tag.Name, "proton-account@")
+			return version, nil
+		}
+
+		page++
+	}
+
+	return "", fmt.Errorf("%w (queried %d pages)", context.Canceled, page)
+}
--- a/internal/provider/providers.go
+++ b/internal/provider/providers.go
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ type Extractor interface {
 func NewProviders(storage Storage, timeNow func() time.Time,
 	updaterWarner common.Warner, client *http.Client, unzipper common.Unzipper,
 	parallelResolver common.ParallelResolver, ipFetcher common.IPFetcher,
-	extractor custom.Extractor,
+	extractor custom.Extractor, credentials settings.Updater,
 ) *Providers {
 	randSource := rand.NewSource(timeNow().UnixNano())

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ func NewProviders(storage Storage, timeNow func() time.Time,
 	providerNameToProvider := map[string]Provider{
 		providers.Airvpn:                airvpn.New(storage, randSource, client),
 		providers.Custom:                custom.New(extractor),
-		providers.Cyberghost:            cyberghost.New(storage, randSource, parallelResolver),
+		providers.Cyberghost:            cyberghost.New(storage, randSource, updaterWarner, parallelResolver),
 		providers.Expressvpn:            expressvpn.New(storage, randSource, unzipper, updaterWarner, parallelResolver),
 		providers.Fastestvpn:            fastestvpn.New(storage, randSource, client, updaterWarner, parallelResolver),
 		providers.Giganews:              giganews.New(storage, randSource, unzipper, updaterWarner, parallelResolver),
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ func NewProviders(storage Storage, timeNow func() time.Time,
 		providers.Privado:               privado.New(storage, randSource, ipFetcher, unzipper, updaterWarner, parallelResolver),
 		providers.PrivateInternetAccess: privateinternetaccess.New(storage, randSource, timeNow, client),
 		providers.Privatevpn:            privatevpn.New(storage, randSource, unzipper, updaterWarner, parallelResolver),
-		providers.Protonvpn:             protonvpn.New(storage, randSource, client, updaterWarner),
+		providers.Protonvpn:             protonvpn.New(storage, randSource, client, updaterWarner, *credentials.ProtonUsername, *credentials.ProtonPassword),
 		providers.Purevpn:               purevpn.New(storage, randSource, ipFetcher, unzipper, updaterWarner, parallelResolver),
 		providers.SlickVPN:              slickvpn.New(storage, randSource, client, updaterWarner, parallelResolver),
 		providers.Surfshark:             surfshark.New(storage, randSource, client, unzipper, updaterWarner, parallelResolver),
--- a/internal/server/handler.go
+++ b/internal/server/handler.go
@@ -25,13 +25,14 @@ func newHandler(ctx context.Context, logger Logger, logging bool,
 	handler := &handler{}

 	vpn := newVPNHandler(ctx, vpnLooper, storage, ipv6Supported, logger)
-	openvpn := newOpenvpnHandler(ctx, vpnLooper, pfGetter, logger)
+	openvpn := newOpenvpnHandler(ctx, vpnLooper, logger)
 	dns := newDNSHandler(ctx, dnsLooper, logger)
 	updater := newUpdaterHandler(ctx, updaterLooper, logger)
 	publicip := newPublicIPHandler(publicIPLooper, logger)
+	portForward := newPortForwardHandler(ctx, pfGetter, logger)

 	handler.v0 = newHandlerV0(ctx, logger, vpnLooper, dnsLooper, updaterLooper)
-	handler.v1 = newHandlerV1(logger, buildInfo, vpn, openvpn, dns, updater, publicip)
+	handler.v1 = newHandlerV1(logger, buildInfo, vpn, openvpn, dns, updater, publicip, portForward)

 	authMiddleware, err := auth.New(authSettings, logger)
 	if err != nil {
--- a/internal/server/handlerv0.go
+++ b/internal/server/handlerv0.go
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ func (h *handlerV0) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 			h.logger.Warn(err.Error())
 		}
 	case "/openvpn/portforwarded":
-		http.Redirect(w, r, "/v1/openvpn/portforwarded", http.StatusPermanentRedirect)
+		http.Redirect(w, r, "/v1/portforward", http.StatusPermanentRedirect)
 	case "/openvpn/settings":
 		http.Redirect(w, r, "/v1/openvpn/settings", http.StatusPermanentRedirect)
 	case "/updater/restart":
--- a/internal/server/handlerv1.go
+++ b/internal/server/handlerv1.go
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import (
 )

 func newHandlerV1(w warner, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
-	vpn, openvpn, dns, updater, publicip http.Handler,
+	vpn, openvpn, dns, updater, publicip, portForward http.Handler,
 ) http.Handler {
 	return &handlerV1{
 		warner:      w,
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ func newHandlerV1(w warner, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 		dns:         dns,
 		updater:     updater,
 		publicip:    publicip,
+		portForward: portForward,
 	}
 }

@@ -31,6 +32,7 @@ type handlerV1 struct {
 	dns         http.Handler
 	updater     http.Handler
 	publicip    http.Handler
+	portForward http.Handler
 }

 func (h *handlerV1) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
@@ -47,6 +49,8 @@ func (h *handlerV1) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		h.updater.ServeHTTP(w, r)
 	case strings.HasPrefix(r.RequestURI, "/publicip"):
 		h.publicip.ServeHTTP(w, r)
+	case strings.HasPrefix(r.RequestURI, "/portforward"):
+		h.portForward.ServeHTTP(w, r)
 	default:
 		errString := fmt.Sprintf("%s %s not found", r.Method, r.RequestURI)
 		http.Error(w, errString, http.StatusBadRequest)
--- a/internal/server/logger.go
+++ b/internal/server/logger.go
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ type infoWarner interface {

 type infoer interface {
 	Info(s string)
+	Infof(format string, args ...any)
 }

 type warner interface {
--- a/internal/server/middlewares/auth/configfile.go
+++ b/internal/server/middlewares/auth/configfile.go
@@ -13,9 +13,6 @@ import (
 func Read(filepath string) (settings Settings, err error) {
 	file, err := os.Open(filepath)
 	if err != nil {
-		if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
-			return Settings{}, nil
-		}
 		return settings, fmt.Errorf("opening file: %w", err)
 	}
 	decoder := toml.NewDecoder(file)
--- a/internal/server/middlewares/auth/middleware.go
+++ b/internal/server/middlewares/auth/middleware.go
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ func New(settings Settings, debugLogger DebugLogger) (
 			routeToRoles: routeToRoles,
 			unprotectedRoutes: map[string]struct{}{
 				http.MethodGet + " /openvpn/actions/restart": {},
+				http.MethodGet + " /openvpn/portforwarded":   {},
 				http.MethodGet + " /unbound/actions/restart": {},
 				http.MethodGet + " /updater/restart":         {},
 				http.MethodGet + " /v1/version":              {},
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@ func New(settings Settings, debugLogger DebugLogger) (
 				http.MethodGet + " /v1/updater/status": {},
 				http.MethodPut + " /v1/updater/status": {},
 				http.MethodGet + " /v1/publicip/ip":    {},
+				http.MethodGet + " /v1/portforward":    {},
 			},
 			logger: debugLogger,
 		}
--- a/internal/server/middlewares/auth/settings.go
+++ b/internal/server/middlewares/auth/settings.go
@@ -1,12 +1,16 @@
 package auth

 import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
+	"slices"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/validate"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

 type Settings struct {
@@ -15,6 +19,50 @@ type Settings struct {
 	Roles []Role
 }

+// SetDefaultRole sets a default role to apply to all routes without a
+// previously user-defined role assigned to. Note the role argument
+// routes are ignored. This should be called BEFORE calling [Settings.SetDefaults].
+func (s *Settings) SetDefaultRole(jsonRole string) error {
+	var role Role
+	decoder := json.NewDecoder(bytes.NewBufferString(jsonRole))
+	decoder.DisallowUnknownFields()
+	err := decoder.Decode(&role)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("decoding default role: %w", err)
+	}
+	if role.Auth == "" {
+		return nil // no default role to set
+	}
+	err = role.Validate()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("validating default role: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	authenticatedRoutes := make(map[string]struct{}, len(validRoutes))
+	for _, role := range s.Roles {
+		for _, route := range role.Routes {
+			authenticatedRoutes[route] = struct{}{}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(authenticatedRoutes) == len(validRoutes) {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	unauthenticatedRoutes := make([]string, 0, len(validRoutes))
+	for route := range validRoutes {
+		_, authenticated := authenticatedRoutes[route]
+		if !authenticated {
+			unauthenticatedRoutes = append(unauthenticatedRoutes, route)
+		}
+	}
+
+	slices.Sort(unauthenticatedRoutes)
+	role.Routes = unauthenticatedRoutes
+	s.Roles = append(s.Roles, role)
+	return nil
+}
+
 func (s *Settings) SetDefaults() {
 	s.Roles = gosettings.DefaultSlice(s.Roles, []Role{{ // TODO v3.41.0 leave empty
 		Name: "public",
@@ -22,6 +70,7 @@ func (s *Settings) SetDefaults() {
 		Routes: []string{
 			http.MethodGet + " /openvpn/actions/restart",
 			http.MethodGet + " /unbound/actions/restart",
+			http.MethodGet + " /openvpn/portforwarded",
 			http.MethodGet + " /updater/restart",
 			http.MethodGet + " /v1/version",
 			http.MethodGet + " /v1/vpn/status",
@@ -34,13 +83,14 @@ func (s *Settings) SetDefaults() {
 			http.MethodGet + " /v1/updater/status",
 			http.MethodPut + " /v1/updater/status",
 			http.MethodGet + " /v1/publicip/ip",
+			http.MethodGet + " /v1/portforward",
 		},
 	}})
 }

 func (s Settings) Validate() (err error) {
 	for i, role := range s.Roles {
-		err = role.validate()
+		err = role.Validate()
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("role %s (%d of %d): %w",
 				role.Name, i+1, len(s.Roles), err)
@@ -61,18 +111,18 @@ const (
 type Role struct {
 	// Name is the role name and is only used for documentation
 	// and in the authentication middleware debug logs.
-	Name string
-	// Auth is the authentication method to use, which can be 'none' or 'apikey'.
-	Auth string
+	Name string `json:"name"`
+	// Auth is the authentication method to use, which can be 'none', 'basic' or 'apikey'.
+	Auth string `json:"auth"`
 	// APIKey is the API key to use when using the 'apikey' authentication.
-	APIKey string
+	APIKey string `json:"apikey"`
 	// Username for HTTP Basic authentication method.
-	Username string
+	Username string `json:"username"`
 	// Password for HTTP Basic authentication method.
-	Password string
+	Password string `json:"password"`
 	// Routes is a list of routes that the role can access in the format
 	// "HTTP_METHOD PATH", for example "GET /v1/vpn/status"
-	Routes []string
+	Routes []string `json:"-"`
 }

 var (
@@ -83,7 +133,7 @@ var (
 	ErrRouteNotSupported  = errors.New("route not supported by the control server")
 )

-func (r Role) validate() (err error) {
+func (r Role) Validate() (err error) {
 	err = validate.IsOneOf(r.Auth, AuthNone, AuthAPIKey, AuthBasic)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrMethodNotSupported, r.Auth)
@@ -112,6 +162,8 @@ func (r Role) validate() (err error) {
 // WARNING: do not mutate programmatically.
 var validRoutes = map[string]struct{}{ //nolint:gochecknoglobals
 	http.MethodGet + " /openvpn/actions/restart":  {},
+	http.MethodGet + " /openvpn/portforwarded":    {},
+	http.MethodGet + " /openvpn/settings":         {},
 	http.MethodGet + " /unbound/actions/restart":  {},
 	http.MethodGet + " /updater/restart":          {},
 	http.MethodGet + " /v1/version":               {},
@@ -128,4 +180,22 @@ var validRoutes = map[string]struct{}{ //nolint:gochecknoglobals
 	http.MethodGet + " /v1/updater/status":        {},
 	http.MethodPut + " /v1/updater/status":        {},
 	http.MethodGet + " /v1/publicip/ip":           {},
+	http.MethodGet + " /v1/portforward":           {},
+}
+
+func (r Role) ToLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
+	node = gotree.New("Role " + r.Name)
+	node.Appendf("Authentication method: %s", r.Auth)
+	switch r.Auth {
+	case AuthNone:
+	case AuthBasic:
+		node.Appendf("Username: %s", r.Username)
+		node.Appendf("Password: %s", gosettings.ObfuscateKey(r.Password))
+	case AuthAPIKey:
+		node.Appendf("API key: %s", gosettings.ObfuscateKey(r.APIKey))
+	default:
+		panic("missing code for authentication method: " + r.Auth)
+	}
+	node.Appendf("Number of routes covered: %d", len(r.Routes))
+	return node
 }
--- a/internal/server/middlewares/log/middleware.go
+++ b/internal/server/middlewares/log/middleware.go
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ func (m *logMiddleware) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	m.childHandler.ServeHTTP(statefulWriter, r)
 	duration := m.timeNow().Sub(tStart)
 	m.logger.Info(strconv.Itoa(statefulWriter.statusCode) + " " +
-		r.Method + " " + r.RequestURI +
+		r.Method + " " + r.URL.String() +
 		" wrote " + strconv.Itoa(statefulWriter.length) + "B to " +
 		r.RemoteAddr + " in " + duration.String())
 }
--- a/internal/server/openvpn.go
+++ b/internal/server/openvpn.go
@@ -10,13 +10,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/vpn"
 )

-func newOpenvpnHandler(ctx context.Context, looper VPNLooper,
-	pfGetter PortForwardedGetter, w warner,
-) http.Handler {
+func newOpenvpnHandler(ctx context.Context, looper VPNLooper, w warner) http.Handler {
 	return &openvpnHandler{
 		ctx:    ctx,
 		looper: looper,
-		pf:     pfGetter,
 		warner: w,
 	}
 }
@@ -24,7 +21,6 @@ func newOpenvpnHandler(ctx context.Context, looper VPNLooper,
 type openvpnHandler struct {
 	ctx    context.Context //nolint:containedctx
 	looper VPNLooper
-	pf     PortForwardedGetter
 	warner warner
 }

@@ -47,10 +43,10 @@ func (h *openvpnHandler) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		default:
 			errMethodNotSupported(w, r.Method)
 		}
-	case "/portforwarded":
+	case "/portforwarded": // TODO v4 remove
 		switch r.Method {
 		case http.MethodGet:
-			h.getPortForwarded(w)
+			http.Redirect(w, r, "/v1/portforward", http.StatusMovedPermanently)
 		default:
 			errMethodNotSupported(w, r.Method)
 		}
@@ -122,23 +118,3 @@ func (h *openvpnHandler) getSettings(w http.ResponseWriter) {
 		return
 	}
 }
-
-func (h *openvpnHandler) getPortForwarded(w http.ResponseWriter) {
-	ports := h.pf.GetPortsForwarded()
-	encoder := json.NewEncoder(w)
-	var data any
-	switch len(ports) {
-	case 0:
-		data = portWrapper{Port: 0} // TODO v4 change to portsWrapper
-	case 1:
-		data = portWrapper{Port: ports[0]} // TODO v4 change to portsWrapper
-	default:
-		data = portsWrapper{Ports: ports}
-	}
-
-	err := encoder.Encode(data)
-	if err != nil {
-		h.warner.Warn(err.Error())
-		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
-	}
-}
--- a/internal/server/portforward.go
+++ b/internal/server/portforward.go
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+package server
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"net/http"
+)
+
+func newPortForwardHandler(ctx context.Context,
+	portForward PortForwardedGetter, warner warner,
+) http.Handler {
+	return &portForwardHandler{
+		ctx:         ctx,
+		portForward: portForward,
+		warner:      warner,
+	}
+}
+
+type portForwardHandler struct {
+	ctx         context.Context //nolint:containedctx
+	portForward PortForwardedGetter
+	warner      warner
+}
+
+func (h *portForwardHandler) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	switch r.Method {
+	case http.MethodGet:
+		h.getPortForwarded(w)
+	default:
+		errMethodNotSupported(w, r.Method)
+	}
+}
+
+func (h *portForwardHandler) getPortForwarded(w http.ResponseWriter) {
+	ports := h.portForward.GetPortsForwarded()
+	encoder := json.NewEncoder(w)
+	var data any
+	switch len(ports) {
+	case 0:
+		data = portWrapper{Port: 0} // TODO v4 change to portsWrapper
+	case 1:
+		data = portWrapper{Port: ports[0]} // TODO v4 change to portsWrapper
+	default:
+		data = portsWrapper{Ports: ports}
+	}
+
+	err := encoder.Encode(data)
+	if err != nil {
+		h.warner.Warn(err.Error())
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
+	}
+}
--- a/internal/server/server.go
+++ b/internal/server/server.go
@@ -2,31 +2,29 @@ package server

 import (
 	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"os"

+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/httpserver"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/server/middlewares/auth"
 )

-func New(ctx context.Context, address string, logEnabled bool, logger Logger,
-	authConfigPath string, buildInfo models.BuildInformation, openvpnLooper VPNLooper,
+func New(ctx context.Context, settings settings.ControlServer, logger Logger,
+	buildInfo models.BuildInformation, openvpnLooper VPNLooper,
 	pfGetter PortForwardedGetter, dnsLooper DNSLoop,
 	updaterLooper UpdaterLooper, publicIPLooper PublicIPLoop, storage Storage,
 	ipv6Supported bool) (
 	server *httpserver.Server, err error,
 ) {
-	authSettings, err := auth.Read(authConfigPath)
+	authSettings, err := setupAuthMiddleware(settings.AuthFilePath, settings.AuthDefaultRole, logger)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("reading auth settings: %w", err)
-	}
-	authSettings.SetDefaults()
-	err = authSettings.Validate()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("validating auth settings: %w", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("building authentication middleware settings: %w", err)
 	}

-	handler, err := newHandler(ctx, logger, logEnabled, authSettings, buildInfo,
+	handler, err := newHandler(ctx, logger, *settings.Log, authSettings, buildInfo,
 		openvpnLooper, pfGetter, dnsLooper, updaterLooper, publicIPLooper,
 		storage, ipv6Supported)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -34,7 +32,7 @@ func New(ctx context.Context, address string, logEnabled bool, logger Logger,
 	}

 	httpServerSettings := httpserver.Settings{
-		Address: address,
+		Address: *settings.Address,
 		Handler: handler,
 		Logger:  logger,
 	}
@@ -46,3 +44,26 @@ func New(ctx context.Context, address string, logEnabled bool, logger Logger,

 	return server, nil
 }
+
+func setupAuthMiddleware(authPath, jsonDefaultRole string, logger Logger) (
+	authSettings auth.Settings, err error,
+) {
+	authSettings, err = auth.Read(authPath)
+	switch {
+	case errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist): // no auth file present
+	case err != nil:
+		return auth.Settings{}, fmt.Errorf("reading auth settings: %w", err)
+	default:
+		logger.Infof("read %d roles from authentication file", len(authSettings.Roles))
+	}
+	err = authSettings.SetDefaultRole(jsonDefaultRole)
+	if err != nil {
+		return auth.Settings{}, fmt.Errorf("setting default role: %w", err)
+	}
+	authSettings.SetDefaults()
+	err = authSettings.Validate()
+	if err != nil {
+		return auth.Settings{}, fmt.Errorf("validating auth settings: %w", err)
+	}
+	return authSettings, nil
+}
--- a/internal/storage/mocks_generate_test.go
+++ b/internal/storage/mocks_generate_test.go
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 package storage

-//go:generate mockgen -destination=mocks_test.go -package $GOPACKAGE . Infoer
+//go:generate mockgen -destination=mocks_test.go -package $GOPACKAGE . Logger
--- a/internal/storage/mocks_test.go
+++ b/internal/storage/mocks_test.go
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // Code generated by MockGen. DO NOT EDIT.
-// Source: github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/storage (interfaces: Infoer)
+// Source: github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/storage (interfaces: Logger)

 // Package storage is a generated GoMock package.
 package storage
@@ -10,37 +10,49 @@ import (
 	gomock "github.com/golang/mock/gomock"
 )

-// MockInfoer is a mock of Infoer interface.
-type MockInfoer struct {
+// MockLogger is a mock of Logger interface.
+type MockLogger struct {
 	ctrl     *gomock.Controller
-	recorder *MockInfoerMockRecorder
+	recorder *MockLoggerMockRecorder
 }

-// MockInfoerMockRecorder is the mock recorder for MockInfoer.
-type MockInfoerMockRecorder struct {
-	mock *MockInfoer
+// MockLoggerMockRecorder is the mock recorder for MockLogger.
+type MockLoggerMockRecorder struct {
+	mock *MockLogger
 }

-// NewMockInfoer creates a new mock instance.
-func NewMockInfoer(ctrl *gomock.Controller) *MockInfoer {
-	mock := &MockInfoer{ctrl: ctrl}
-	mock.recorder = &MockInfoerMockRecorder{mock}
+// NewMockLogger creates a new mock instance.
+func NewMockLogger(ctrl *gomock.Controller) *MockLogger {
+	mock := &MockLogger{ctrl: ctrl}
+	mock.recorder = &MockLoggerMockRecorder{mock}
 	return mock
 }

 // EXPECT returns an object that allows the caller to indicate expected use.
-func (m *MockInfoer) EXPECT() *MockInfoerMockRecorder {
+func (m *MockLogger) EXPECT() *MockLoggerMockRecorder {
 	return m.recorder
 }

 // Info mocks base method.
-func (m *MockInfoer) Info(arg0 string) {
+func (m *MockLogger) Info(arg0 string) {
 	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
 	m.ctrl.Call(m, "Info", arg0)
 }

 // Info indicates an expected call of Info.
-func (mr *MockInfoerMockRecorder) Info(arg0 interface{}) *gomock.Call {
+func (mr *MockLoggerMockRecorder) Info(arg0 interface{}) *gomock.Call {
 	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Info", reflect.TypeOf((*MockInfoer)(nil).Info), arg0)
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Info", reflect.TypeOf((*MockLogger)(nil).Info), arg0)
+}
+
+// Warn mocks base method.
+func (m *MockLogger) Warn(arg0 string) {
+	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	m.ctrl.Call(m, "Warn", arg0)
+}
+
+// Warn indicates an expected call of Warn.
+func (mr *MockLoggerMockRecorder) Warn(arg0 interface{}) *gomock.Call {
+	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
+	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Warn", reflect.TypeOf((*MockLogger)(nil).Warn), arg0)
 }
--- a/internal/storage/read_test.go
+++ b/internal/storage/read_test.go
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ func Test_extractServersFromBytes(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Parallel()
 			ctrl := gomock.NewController(t)

-			logger := NewMockInfoer(ctrl)
+			logger := NewMockLogger(ctrl)
 			var previousLogCall *gomock.Call
 			for _, logged := range testCase.logged {
 				call := logger.EXPECT().Info(logged)
--- a/internal/storage/servers.json
+++ b/internal/storage/servers.json
--- a/internal/storage/storage.go
+++ b/internal/storage/storage.go
@@ -13,31 +13,36 @@ type Storage struct {
 	// the embedded JSON file on every call to the
 	// SyncServers method.
 	hardcodedServers models.AllServers
-	logger           Infoer
+	logger           Logger
 	filepath         string
 }

-type Infoer interface {
+type Logger interface {
 	Info(s string)
+	Warn(s string)
 }

 // New creates a new storage and reads the servers from the
 // embedded servers file and the file on disk.
-// Passing an empty filepath disables writing servers to a file.
-func New(logger Infoer, filepath string) (storage *Storage, err error) {
+// Passing an empty filepath disables the reading and writing of
+// servers.
+func New(logger Logger, filepath string) (storage *Storage, err error) {
 	// A unit test prevents any error from being returned
 	// and ensures all providers are part of the servers returned.
 	hardcodedServers, _ := parseHardcodedServers()

 	storage = &Storage{
 		hardcodedServers: hardcodedServers,
+		mergedServers:    hardcodedServers,
 		logger:           logger,
 		filepath:         filepath,
 	}

+	if filepath != "" {
 		if err := storage.syncServers(); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
+	}

 	return storage, nil
 }
--- a/internal/storage/sync.go
+++ b/internal/storage/sync.go
@@ -46,13 +46,13 @@ func (s *Storage) syncServers() (err error) {
 	}

 	// Eventually write file
-	if s.filepath == "" || reflect.DeepEqual(serversOnFile, s.mergedServers) {
+	if reflect.DeepEqual(serversOnFile, s.mergedServers) {
 		return nil
 	}

 	err = s.flushToFile(s.filepath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("writing servers to file: %w", err)
+		s.logger.Warn("failed writing servers to file: " + err.Error())
 	}
 	return nil
 }
--- a/internal/updater/providers.go
+++ b/internal/updater/providers.go
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ func (u *Updater) updateProvider(ctx context.Context, provider Provider,
 			u.logger.Warn("note: if running the update manually, you can use the flag " +
 				"-minratio to allow the update to succeed with less servers found")
 		}
-		return fmt.Errorf("getting servers: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("getting %s servers: %w", providerName, err)
 	}

 	for _, server := range servers {
--- a/internal/updater/updater.go
+++ b/internal/updater/updater.go
@@ -2,9 +2,11 @@ package updater

 import (
 	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"net/http"
 	"time"

+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/provider/common"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/updater/unzip"
 	"golang.org/x/text/cases"
 	"golang.org/x/text/language"
@@ -48,23 +50,23 @@ func (u *Updater) UpdateServers(ctx context.Context, providers []string,
 		// TODO support servers offering only TCP or only UDP
 		// for NordVPN and PureVPN
 		err := u.updateProvider(ctx, fetcher, minRatio)
-		if err == nil {
+		switch {
+		case err == nil:
 			continue
-		}
-
+		case errors.Is(err, common.ErrCredentialsMissing):
+			u.logger.Warn(err.Error() + " - skipping update for " + providerName)
+			continue
+		case len(providers) == 1:
 			// return the only error for the single provider.
-		if len(providers) == 1 {
 			return err
-		}
-
-		// stop updating the next providers if context is canceled.
-		if ctxErr := ctx.Err(); ctxErr != nil {
-			return ctxErr
-		}
-
+		case ctx.Err() != nil:
+			// stop updating other providers if context is done
+			return ctx.Err()
+		default: // error encountered updating one of multiple providers
 			// Log the error and continue updating the next provider.
 			u.logger.Error(err.Error())
 		}
+	}

 	return nil
 }
--- a/internal/vpn/run.go
+++ b/internal/vpn/run.go
@@ -56,14 +56,14 @@ func (l *Loop) Run(ctx context.Context, done chan<- struct{}) {
 			password:       settings.Provider.PortForwarding.Password,
 		}

-		openvpnCtx, openvpnCancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+		vpnCtx, vpnCancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
 		waitError := make(chan error)
 		tunnelReady := make(chan struct{})

-		go vpnRunner.Run(openvpnCtx, waitError, tunnelReady)
+		go vpnRunner.Run(vpnCtx, waitError, tunnelReady)

 		if err := l.waitForError(ctx, waitError); err != nil {
-			openvpnCancel()
+			vpnCancel()
 			l.crashed(ctx, err)
 			continue
 		}
@@ -75,10 +75,10 @@ func (l *Loop) Run(ctx context.Context, done chan<- struct{}) {
 		for stayHere {
 			select {
 			case <-tunnelReady:
-				go l.onTunnelUp(openvpnCtx, ctx, tunnelUpData)
+				go l.onTunnelUp(vpnCtx, ctx, tunnelUpData)
 			case <-ctx.Done():
 				l.cleanup()
-				openvpnCancel()
+				vpnCancel()
 				<-waitError
 				close(waitError)
 				return
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ func (l *Loop) Run(ctx context.Context, done chan<- struct{}) {
 				l.userTrigger = true
 				l.logger.Info("stopping")
 				l.cleanup()
-				openvpnCancel()
+				vpnCancel()
 				<-waitError
 				// do not close waitError or the waitError
 				// select case will trigger
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ func (l *Loop) Run(ctx context.Context, done chan<- struct{}) {
 				l.statusManager.Lock() // prevent SetStatus from running in parallel

 				l.cleanup()
-				openvpnCancel()
+				vpnCancel()
 				l.statusManager.SetStatus(constants.Crashed)
 				l.logAndWait(ctx, err)
 				stayHere = false
@@ -107,6 +107,6 @@ func (l *Loop) Run(ctx context.Context, done chan<- struct{}) {
 				l.statusManager.Unlock()
 			}
 		}
-		openvpnCancel()
+		vpnCancel()
 	}
 }
--- a/internal/vpn/tunnelup.go
+++ b/internal/vpn/tunnelup.go
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"net/netip"

-	"github.com/qdm12/dns/v2/pkg/check"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/version"
 )
@@ -46,14 +45,7 @@ func (l *Loop) onTunnelUp(ctx, loopCtx context.Context, data tunnelUpData) {
 		return
 	}

-	if *l.dnsLooper.GetSettings().DoT.Enabled {
 	_, _ = l.dnsLooper.ApplyStatus(ctx, constants.Running)
-	} else {
-		err := check.WaitForDNS(ctx, check.Settings{})
-		if err != nil {
-			l.logger.Error("waiting for DNS to be ready: " + err.Error())
-		}
-	}

 	err = l.publicip.RunOnce(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
--- a/maintenance.md
+++ b/maintenance.md
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 # Maintenance

- Rename `UNBLOCK` to `DNS_HOSTNAMES_UNBLOCKED`
 - Change `Run` methods to `Start`+`Stop`, returning channels rather than injecting them
 - Go 1.18
  - gofumpt
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Quentin McGaw	4f0b8f7292	Merge branch 'master' into remove-keep-nameserver	2025-11-17 19:16:32 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	41cd8fb30d	fix(storage): only log warning if flushing merged servers to file fails	2025-11-17 19:04:19 +00:00
dependabot[bot]	9ed6cd978d	Chore(deps): Bump DavidAnson/markdownlint-cli2-action from 20 to 21 (#2984 )	2025-11-17 19:57:57 +01:00
Quentin McGaw	c4b9d459ed	fix(dns): fix panic when using DNS_KEEP_NAMESERVER	2025-11-17 17:59:18 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	6e99ca573e	chore(storage): do not read/write to user file when updating in maintainer mode	2025-11-17 15:31:40 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	2cf4d6b469	fix(protonvpn/updater): ignore casing when comparing received username	2025-11-17 15:23:02 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	25b381e138	fix linting errors	2025-11-17 15:17:57 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	35b6b709b2	`DNS_UPSTREAM_PLAIN_ADDRESSES` option - New CSV format with port, for example `ip1:port1,ip2:port2` - retrocompatibility with `DNS_ADDRESS`. If set, force upstream type to plain and empty user-picked providers. 127.0.0.1 is now ignored since it's always set to this value internally. - requires `DNS_UPSTREAM_TYPE=plain` must be set to use `DNS_UPSTREAM_PLAIN_ADDRESSES` (unless using retro `DNS_ADDRESS`) - Warning log on using private upstream resolvers updated	2025-11-17 15:04:06 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	40ea51a3ae	Remove `DNS_KEEP_NAMESERVER` (always off)	2025-11-17 13:05:33 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	1a93a41a55	Remove DNS_SERVER option (always on)	2025-11-17 13:00:01 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	a17776673b	docs(readme): warning on "official" websites	2025-11-17 12:46:45 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	fcdba0a3cc	feat(portforward): support `{{PORT}}` template variable	2025-11-16 00:18:01 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	4712d0cf79	change(healthcheck): bump tries and timeouts - small periodic check from 10s+20s+30s to 5s+5s+5s+10s+10s+10s+15s+15s+15s+30s - full periodic check from 10s+20s to 10s+15s+30s	2025-11-15 16:47:38 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	113c113615	feat(healthcheck): log duration for each failed attempt	2025-11-15 16:45:03 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	6023eb1878	hotfix(dns): compilation error due to dns package upgrade on master	2025-11-14 21:24:40 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	a1ece20617	feat(dns): resolve network-local names (#2970 )	2025-11-14 17:30:05 +01:00
Quentin McGaw	0bc67b73a8	feat(dns): info log all requests filtered out	2025-11-14 16:19:07 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	c7ab5bd34c	feat(dns): `DNS_REBINDING_PROTECTION_EXEMPT_HOSTNAMES` option	2025-11-14 16:14:46 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	843bf08aa1	chore(deps): bump dns to `248acd2833`	2025-11-14 16:14:46 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	5b25cc95a9	chore(docker): clear `DNS_BLOCK_IP_PREFIXES` values since DNS rebinding protection is built-in the filter middleware	2025-11-14 16:14:46 +00:00
dependabot[bot]	0fddbc54a2	Chore(deps): Bump github.com/cloudflare/circl from 1.6.0 to 1.6.1 (#2977 )	2025-11-13 23:27:51 +01:00
dependabot[bot]	11fcfb7d19	Chore(deps): Bump golang.org/x/net from 0.46.0 to 0.47.0 (#2976 )	2025-11-13 23:27:10 +01:00
dependabot[bot]	3cd7d7edcb	Chore(deps): Bump golang.org/x/text from 0.30.0 to 0.31.0 (#2975 )	2025-11-13 23:26:55 +01:00
Quentin McGaw	30609b6fe9	hotfix(configuration/settings): fix requirement for proton username and password	2025-11-13 21:58:46 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	8a0921748b	fix(protonvpn): authenticated servers data updating (#2878 ) - `-proton-username` flag for cli update - `-proton-password` flag for cli update - `UPDATER_PROTONVPN_USERNAME` option for periodic updates - `UPDATER_PROTONVPN_PASSWORD` option for periodic updates	2025-11-13 20:05:26 +01:00
Quentin McGaw	3fac02a82a	feat(server/auth): `HTTP_CONTROL_SERVER_AUTH_DEFAULT_ROLE` option (JSON encoded) - For example: `{"auth":"basic","username":"me","password":"pass"}` - For example`{"auth":"apiKey","apikey":"xyz"}` - For example`{"auth":"none"}` (I don't recommend)	2025-11-13 18:24:41 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	f11f142bee	feat(settings/wireguard): precise WIREGUARD_ENDPOINT_IP must be an IP address for now	2025-11-13 18:24:41 +00:00
dependabot[bot]	596faef8f2	Chore(deps): Bump golang.org/x/sys from 0.37.0 to 0.38.0 (#2973 )	2025-11-13 16:47:26 +01:00
Quentin McGaw	3d1b6bc861	feat(server/portforward): change route from `/v1/openvpn/portforwarded` to `/v1/portforward` - This route has nothing to do with openvpn specifically - Remove the `ed` in `portforwarded` to accomodate future routes such as changing the state of port forwarding - maintaining retrocompatibility with `/v1/openvpn/portforwarded` - maintaining retrocompatibility with `/openvpn/portforwarded` - Moved to its own handler `/v1/portforward` instead of `/v1/vpn/portforward` to reduce the complexity of the vpn handler	2025-11-13 14:50:36 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	46ad576233	fix(server/log): log out full URL path not just bottom request URI	2025-11-13 14:29:58 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	46beaac34b	hotfix(server/auth): add old route `/openvpn/portforwarded` as valid	2025-11-13 14:21:50 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	3025476e8b	chore(portforward): remove double log when clearing port forward file	2025-11-13 14:10:13 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	cd6f9493a4	docs(Dockerfile): specify default PUID and PGID to avoid confusion - Both of these already defaulted to 1000 in the Go code	2025-11-13 13:06:21 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	9984ad22d7	chore(settings/health): remove unneeded health fields	2025-11-13 12:27:33 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	3565ba67c4	hotfix(healthcheck/dns): use dns address tring with port	2025-11-12 01:45:10 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	ffb0bec4da	chore(vpn): rename openvpn* to vpn* variables	2025-11-07 15:26:24 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	4d2b8787e0	chore(dns): replace UNBLOCK with DNS_UNBLOCK_HOSTNAMES	2025-11-07 14:36:10 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	d4831ad4a6	chore(dns): replace DOT_PRIVATE_ADDRESS with DNS_BLOCK_IPS and DNS_BLOCK_IP_PREFIXES	2025-11-07 14:31:09 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	9e1b53a732	feat(server): log number of roles read from auth file	2025-11-05 23:05:10 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	d0113849d6	feat(dns): support doh upstream type	2025-11-05 21:21:16 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	7b25fdfee8	chore(deps): bump dns to v2.0.0-rc9	2025-11-05 20:56:37 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	5ed6e82922	feat(dns): `DNS_UPSTREAM_RESOLVER_TYPE` option which can be `plain` or `DoT` - Migrate `DOT` to `DNS_SERVER` - Migrate `DOT_PROVIDERS` to `DNS_UPSTREAM_RESOLVERS` - Migrate `DOT_PRIVATE_ADDRESS` to `DNS_PRIVATE_ADDRESSES` - Migrate `DOT_CACHING` to `DNS_CACHING` - Migrate `DOT_IPV6` to `DNS_UPSTREAM_IPV6`	2025-11-05 20:47:21 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	7dbd14df27	chore(dns): merge DoT settings with DNS settings	2025-11-05 20:47:21 +00:00
dependabot[bot]	96d8b53338	Chore(deps): Bump github.com/breml/rootcerts from 0.3.2 to 0.3.3 (#2964 )	2025-11-04 20:34:22 -05:00
Quentin McGaw	2bd19640d9	feat(health/dns): try another DNS server if one fails	2025-11-04 15:51:04 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	1047508bd7	docs(github): update provider issue template	2025-11-04 15:07:16 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	eb49306b80	hotfix(health): change default icmp target to 1.1.1.1 - Cloudflare's 1.1.1.1 seems more reliable than the VPN server public IP address you connect to - This can still be changed back to 0.0.0.0 to use the VPN server IP address if needed	2025-11-04 14:47:24 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	43da9ddbb3	fix(cyberghost): log warnings from updater resolver	2025-11-04 14:43:02 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	7fbc5c3c07	feat(cyberghost): update servers data	2025-11-04 14:43:02 +00:00
dependabot[bot]	e03f545e07	Chore(deps): Bump github.com/stretchr/testify from 1.10.0 to 1.11.1 (#2959 )	2025-11-04 15:33:12 +01:00
dependabot[bot]	942f1f2c0f	Chore(deps): Bump github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 from 2.2.3 to 2.2.4 (#2958 )	2025-11-04 15:33:00 +01:00
dependabot[bot]	baf566d7a5	Chore(deps): Bump github.com/klauspost/compress from 1.17.11 to 1.18.1 (#2957 )	2025-11-04 15:32:46 +01:00
Quentin McGaw	6712adfe6b	hotfix(firewall): handle textual values for protocols - Alpine / iptables-legacy bug introduced in Alpine 3.22 - Alpine: what the hell? Stop introducing breaking changes in iptables on every god damn release!	2025-11-04 14:16:11 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	2e2e5f9df5	fix(firewall): parse "all" protocol from iptables chains	2025-11-03 16:09:24 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	35e9b2365d	fix(ci): consider 429 as valid status code for markdown links	2025-11-03 16:00:42 +00:00