fix(docker): openvpn 2.4.12-r0 install

fix(env): OPENVPN_FLAGS functionality
fix(ci): docker metadata image tags
2022-03-31 20:52:31 +00:00 · 2022-03-31 20:45:40 +00:00 · 2022-03-22 08:56:56 +00:00 · 2022-03-21 20:56:33 +00:00
809 changed files with 88416 additions and 274908 deletions
--- a/.devcontainer/Dockerfile
+++ b/.devcontainer/Dockerfile
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 FROM qmcgaw/godevcontainer
-RUN apk add wireguard-tools htop openssl
+RUN apk add wireguard-tools
--- a/.devcontainer/README.md
+++ b/.devcontainer/README.md
@@ -9,21 +9,17 @@ It works on Linux, Windows and OSX.
 - [VS code](https://code.visualstudio.com/download) installed
 - [VS code remote containers extension](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=ms-vscode-remote.remote-containers) installed
 - [Docker](https://www.docker.com/products/docker-desktop) installed and running
+    - If you don't use Linux or WSL 2, share your home directory `~/` and the directory of your project with Docker Desktop
 - [Docker Compose](https://docs.docker.com/compose/install/) installed
+- Ensure your host has the following and that they are accessible by Docker:
+    - `~/.ssh` directory
+    - `~/.gitconfig` file (can be empty)

 ## Setup

-1. Create the following files on your host if you don't have them:
-
-    ```sh
-    touch ~/.gitconfig ~/.zsh_history
-    ```
-
-    Note that the development container will create the empty directories `~/.docker`, `~/.ssh` and `~/.kube` if you don't have them.
-
-1. **For Docker on OSX or Windows without WSL**: ensure your home directory `~` is accessible by Docker.
 1. Open the command palette in Visual Studio Code (CTRL+SHIFT+P).
 1. Select `Remote-Containers: Open Folder in Container...` and choose the project directory.
+1. For Docker running on Windows HyperV, if you want to use SSH keys, bind mount them at `/tmp/.ssh` by changing the `volumes` section in the [docker-compose.yml](docker-compose.yml).

 ## Customization

@@ -33,9 +29,13 @@ You can make changes to the [Dockerfile](Dockerfile) and then rebuild the image.

 ```Dockerfile
 FROM qmcgaw/godevcontainer
+USER root
 RUN apk add curl
+USER vscode
 ```

+Note that you may need to use `USER root` to build as root, and then change back to `USER vscode`.
+
 To rebuild the image, either:

 - With VSCode through the command palette, select `Remote-Containers: Rebuild and reopen in container`
@@ -47,11 +47,11 @@ You can customize **settings** and **extensions** in the [devcontainer.json](dev

 ### Entrypoint script

-You can bind mount a shell script to `/root/.welcome.sh` to replace the [current welcome script](https://github.com/qdm12/godevcontainer/blob/master/shell/.welcome.sh).
+You can bind mount a shell script to `/home/vscode/.welcome.sh` to replace the [current welcome script](shell/.welcome.sh).

 ### Publish a port

-To access a port from your host to your development container, publish a port in [docker-compose.yml](docker-compose.yml). You can also now do it directly with VSCode without restarting the container.
+To access a port from your host to your development container, publish a port in [docker-compose.yml](docker-compose.yml).

 ### Run other services

--- a/.devcontainer/devcontainer.json
+++ b/.devcontainer/devcontainer.json
@@ -10,9 +10,6 @@
    "shutdownAction": "stopCompose",
    "postCreateCommand": "~/.windows.sh && go mod download && go mod tidy",
    "workspaceFolder": "/workspace",
-    // "overrideCommand": "",
-    "customizations": {
-        "vscode": {
    "extensions": [
        "golang.go",
        "eamodio.gitlens", // IDE Git information
@@ -27,41 +24,54 @@
        "redhat.vscode-yaml", // Kubernetes, Drone syntax highlighting
        "bajdzis.vscode-database", // Supports connections to mysql or postgres, over SSL, socked
        "IBM.output-colorizer", // Colorize your output/test logs
-                "github.copilot" // AI code completion
+        "mohsen1.prettify-json", // Prettify JSON data
    ],
    "settings": {
        "files.eol": "\n",
        "remote.extensionKind": {
            "ms-azuretools.vscode-docker": "workspace"
        },
+        "editor.codeActionsOnSaveTimeout": 3000,
        "go.useLanguageServer": true,
        "[go]": {
+            "editor.formatOnSave": true,
            "editor.codeActionsOnSave": {
-                        "source.organizeImports": true
-                    }
+                "source.organizeImports": true,
+            },
+            // Optional: Disable snippets, as they conflict with completion ranking.
+            "editor.snippetSuggestions": "none"
        },
        "[go.mod]": {
+            "editor.formatOnSave": true,
            "editor.codeActionsOnSave": {
-                        "source.organizeImports": true
-                    }
+                "source.organizeImports": true,
+            },
        },
        "gopls": {
            "usePlaceholders": false,
            "staticcheck": true
        },
+        "go.autocompleteUnimportedPackages": true,
+        "go.gotoSymbol.includeImports": true,
+        "go.gotoSymbol.includeGoroot": true,
        "go.lintTool": "golangci-lint",
-                "go.lintOnSave": "package",
+        "go.buildOnSave": "workspace",
+        "go.lintOnSave": "workspace",
+        "go.vetOnSave": "workspace",
        "editor.formatOnSave": true,
-                "go.buildTags": "linux",
        "go.toolsEnvVars": {
-                    "CGO_ENABLED": "0"
+            "GOFLAGS": "-tags=",
+            // "CGO_ENABLED": 1 // for the race detector
+        },
+        "gopls.env": {
+            "GOFLAGS": "-tags="
        },
        "go.testEnvVars": {
-                    "CGO_ENABLED": "1"
+            "": ""
        },
        "go.testFlags": [
            "-v",
-                    "-race"
+            // "-race"
        ],
        "go.testTimeout": "10s",
        "go.coverOnSingleTest": true,
@@ -69,5 +79,3 @@
        "go.coverOnTestPackage": true
    }
 }
-    }
-}
--- a/.devcontainer/docker-compose.yml
+++ b/.devcontainer/docker-compose.yml
@@ -3,26 +3,31 @@ version: "3.7"
 services:
  vscode:
    build: .
+    image: godevcontainer
+    devices:
+      - /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun
    volumes:
      - ../:/workspace
      # Docker socket to access Docker server
      - /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock
+      # Docker configuration
+      - ~/.docker:/root/.docker:z
      # SSH directory for Linux, OSX and WSL
-      # On Linux and OSX, a symlink /mnt/ssh <-> ~/.ssh is
-      # created in the container. On Windows, files are copied
-      # from /mnt/ssh to ~/.ssh to fix permissions.
-      - ~/.ssh:/mnt/ssh
+      - ~/.ssh:/root/.ssh:z
+      # For Windows without WSL, a copy will be made
+      # from /tmp/.ssh to ~/.ssh to fix permissions
+      #- ~/.ssh:/tmp/.ssh:ro
      # Shell history persistence
-      - ~/.zsh_history:/root/.zsh_history
+      - ~/.zsh_history:/root/.zsh_history:z
      # Git config
-      - ~/.gitconfig:/root/.gitconfig
+      - ~/.gitconfig:/root/.gitconfig:z
    environment:
      - TZ=
    cap_add:
      # For debugging with dlv
-      - SYS_PTRACE
+      # - SYS_PTRACE
      - NET_ADMIN
    security_opt:
      # For debugging with dlv
      - seccomp:unconfined
-    entrypoint: [ "zsh", "-c", "while sleep 1000; do :; done" ]
+    entrypoint: zsh -c "while sleep 1000; do :; done"
--- a/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -13,6 +13,6 @@ Contributions are [released](https://help.github.com/articles/github-terms-of-se

 ## Resources

- [Gluetun guide on development](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/contributing/development.md)
+- [Gluetun guide on development](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Development)
 - [Using Pull Requests](https://help.github.com/articles/about-pull-requests/)
 - [How to Contribute to Open Source](https://opensource.guide/how-to-contribute/)
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug.yml
@@ -7,18 +7,13 @@ body:
    attributes:
      value: |
        Thanks for taking the time to fill out this bug report!
-
-        ⚠️ Your issue will be instantly closed as not planned WITHOUT explanation if:
-        - you do not fill out **the title of the issue** ☝️
-        - you do not provide the **Gluetun version** as requested below
-        - you provide **less than 10 lines of logs** as requested below
  - type: dropdown
    id: urgent
    attributes:
      label: Is this urgent?
      description: |
        Is this a critical bug, or do you need this fixed urgently?
-        If this is urgent, note you can use one of the [image tags available](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/docker-image-tags.md) if that can help.
+        If this is urgent, note you can use one of the [image tags available](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Docker-image-tags) if that can help.
      options:
        - "No"
        - "Yes"
@@ -45,7 +40,6 @@ body:
    attributes:
      label: VPN service provider
      options:
-        - AirVPN
        - Custom
        - Cyberghost
        - ExpressVPN
@@ -60,10 +54,8 @@ body:
        - PrivateVPN
        - ProtonVPN
        - PureVPN
-        - SlickVPN
        - Surfshark
        - TorGuard
-        - VPNSecure.me
        - VPNUnlimited
        - VyprVPN
        - WeVPN
@@ -80,7 +72,6 @@ body:
        - Portainer
        - Kubernetes
        - Podman
-        - Unraid
        - Other
    validations:
      required: true
@@ -90,7 +81,7 @@ body:
      label: What is the version of Gluetun
      description: |
        Copy paste the version line at the top of your logs.
-        It MUST be in the form `Running version latest built on 2020-03-13T01:30:06Z (commit d0f678c)`.
+        It should be in the form `Running version latest built on 2020-03-13T01:30:06Z (commit d0f678c)`.
    validations:
      required: true
  - type: textarea
@@ -103,9 +94,9 @@ body:
  - type: textarea
    id: logs
    attributes:
-      label: Share your logs (at least 10 lines)
+      label: Share your logs
      description: No sensitive information is logged out except when running with `LOG_LEVEL=debug`.
-      render: plain text
+      render: log
    validations:
      required: true
  - type: textarea
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml
@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
 contact_links:
-  - name: Report a Wiki issue
-    url: https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/issues/new
-    about: Please create an issue on the gluetun-wiki repository.
  - name: Configuration help?
    url: https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/discussions/new
    about: Please create a Github discussion.
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/provider.md
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/provider.md
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ One of the following is required:

 If the list of servers requires to login **or** is hidden behind an interactive configurator,
 you can only use a custom Openvpn configuration file.
-[The Wiki's OpenVPN configuration file page](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/openvpn-configuration-file.md) describes how to do so.
+[The Wiki](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Openvpn-file) describes how to do so.
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/wiki
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/wiki
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+name: Wiki issue
+description: Report a Wiki issue
+title: "Wiki issue: "
+labels: ["📄 Wiki issue"]
+body:
+  - type: input
+    id: url
+    attributes:
+      label: "URL to the Wiki page"
+      placeholder: "https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/OpenVPN-options"
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: textarea
+    id: description
+    attributes:
+      label: "What's the issue?"
+    validations:
+      required: true
--- a/.github/labels.yml
+++ b/.github/labels.yml
@@ -1,13 +1,18 @@
-# Temporary status
- name: "🗯️ Waiting for feedback"
-  color: "aadefa"
+- name: "Bug :bug:"
+  color: "b60205"
+  description: ""
+- name: "Feature request :bulb:"
+  color: "0e8a16"
+  description: ""
+- name: "Help wanted :pray:"
+  color: "4caf50"
+  description: ""
+- name: "Documentation :memo:"
+  color: "c5def5"
+  description: ""
+- name: "Needs more info :thinking:"
+  color: "795548"
  description: ""
- name: "🔴 Blocked"
-  color: "ff3f14"
-  description: "Blocked by another issue or pull request"
- name: "🔒 After next release"
-  color: "e8f274"
-  description: "Will be done after the next release"

 # Priority
 - name: "🚨 Urgent"
@@ -17,18 +22,7 @@
  color: "4285f4"
  description: ""

-# Complexity
- name: "☣️ Hard to do"
-  color: "7d0008"
-  description: ""
- name: "🟩 Easy to do"
-  color: "34cf43"
-  description: ""
-
 # VPN providers
- name: ":cloud: AirVPN"
-  color: "cfe8d4"
-  description: ""
 - name: ":cloud: Cyberghost"
  color: "cfe8d4"
  description: ""
@@ -70,17 +64,12 @@
 - name: ":cloud: PureVPN"
  color: "cfe8d4"
  description: ""
- name: ":cloud: SlickVPN"
-  color: "cfe8d4"
-  description: ""
 - name: ":cloud: Surfshark"
  color: "cfe8d4"
  description: ""
 - name: ":cloud: Torguard"
  color: "cfe8d4"
  description: ""
- name: ":cloud: VPNSecure.me"
-  color: "cfe8d4"
 - name: ":cloud: VPNUnlimited"
  color: "cfe8d4"
  description: ""
@@ -95,9 +84,6 @@
  description: ""

 # Problem category
- name: "Config problem"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
-  description: ""
 - name: "Openvpn"
  color: "ffc7ea"
  description: ""
@@ -110,15 +96,6 @@
 - name: "Firewall"
  color: "ffc7ea"
  description: ""
- name: "Routing"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
-  description: ""
- name: "IPv6"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
-  description: ""
- name: "Port forwarding"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
-  description: ""
 - name: "HTTP proxy"
  color: "ffc7ea"
  description: ""
--- a/.github/workflows/ci-skip.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci-skip.yml
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-name: No trigger file paths
-on:
-  push:
-    branches:
-      - master
-    paths-ignore:
-      - .github/workflows/ci.yml
-      - cmd/**
-      - internal/**
-      - pkg/**
-      - .dockerignore
-      - .golangci.yml
-      - Dockerfile
-      - go.mod
-      - go.sum
-  pull_request:
-    paths-ignore:
-      - .github/workflows/ci.yml
-      - cmd/**
-      - internal/**
-      - pkg/**
-      - .dockerignore
-      - .golangci.yml
-      - Dockerfile
-      - go.mod
-      - go.sum
-
-jobs:
-  verify:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    permissions:
-      actions: read
-    steps:
-      - name: No trigger path triggered for required verify workflow.
-        run: exit 0
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ on:
      - go.mod
      - go.sum
  pull_request:
+    branches:
+      - master
    paths:
      - .github/workflows/ci.yml
      - cmd/**
@@ -30,28 +32,28 @@ on:

 jobs:
  verify:
+    # Only run if it's a push event or if it's a PR from this repository, and it is not dependabot.
+    if: |
+      github.actor != 'dependabot[bot]' &&
+      (github.event_name == 'push' ||
+      github.event_name == 'release' ||
+      (github.event_name == 'pull_request' && github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name == github.repository))
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    permissions:
-      actions: read
-      contents: read
    env:
      DOCKER_BUILDKIT: "1"
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3

      - uses: reviewdog/action-misspell@v1
        with:
          locale: "US"
          level: error
-          exclude: |
-            ./internal/storage/servers.json
-            *.md

      - name: Linting
        run: docker build --target lint .

-      - name: Mocks check
-        run: docker build --target mocks .
+      - name: Go mod tidy check
+        run: docker build --target tidy .

      - name: Build test image
        run: docker build --target test -t test-container .
@@ -63,79 +65,65 @@ jobs:
          -v "$(pwd)/coverage.txt:/tmp/gobuild/coverage.txt" \
          test-container

+      - name: Code security analysis
+        uses: snyk/actions/golang@master
+        env:
+          SNYK_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.SNYK_TOKEN }}
+
      - name: Build final image
        run: docker build -t final-image .

-  codeql:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    permissions:
-      actions: read
-      contents: read
-      security-events: write
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: github/codeql-action/init@v3
-        with:
-          languages: go
-      - uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@v3
-      - uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@v3
+      # - name: Image security analysis
+      #   uses: snyk/actions/docker@master
+      #   env:
+      #     SNYK_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.SNYK_TOKEN }}
+      #   with:
+      #     image: final-image

  publish:
+    # Only run if it's a push event or if it's a PR from this repository
    if: |
-      github.repository == 'qdm12/gluetun' &&
-      (
      github.event_name == 'push' ||
      github.event_name == 'release' ||
-        (github.event_name == 'pull_request' && github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name == github.repository && github.actor != 'dependabot[bot]')
-      )
-    needs: [verify, codeql]
-    permissions:
-      actions: read
-      contents: read
-      packages: write
+      (github.event_name == 'pull_request' && github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name == github.repository)
+    needs: [verify]
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3

      # extract metadata (tags, labels) for Docker
      # https://github.com/docker/metadata-action
      - name: Extract Docker metadata
        id: meta
-        uses: docker/metadata-action@v5
+        uses: docker/metadata-action@v3
        with:
          flavor: |
            latest=${{ github.ref == format('refs/heads/{0}', github.event.repository.default_branch) }}
          images: |
-            ghcr.io/qdm12/gluetun
            qmcgaw/gluetun
            qmcgaw/private-internet-access
          tags: |
+            type=ref,event=branch,enable=${{ github.ref != format('refs/heads/{0}', github.event.repository.default_branch) }}
            type=ref,event=pr
            type=semver,pattern=v{{major}}.{{minor}}.{{patch}}
            type=semver,pattern=v{{major}}.{{minor}}
            type=semver,pattern=v{{major}},enable=${{ !startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v0.') }}
            type=raw,value=latest,enable=${{ github.ref == format('refs/heads/{0}', github.event.repository.default_branch) }}

-      - uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
-      - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
+      - uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v1
+      - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v1

-      - uses: docker/login-action@v3
+      - uses: docker/login-action@v1
        with:
          username: qmcgaw
          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_PASSWORD }}

-      - uses: docker/login-action@v3
-        with:
-          registry: ghcr.io
-          username: qdm12
-          password: ${{ github.token }}
-
      - name: Short commit
        id: shortcommit
        run: echo "::set-output name=value::$(git rev-parse --short HEAD)"

      - name: Build and push final image
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@v5
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v2.9.0
        with:
          platforms: linux/amd64,linux/386,linux/arm64,linux/arm/v6,linux/arm/v7,linux/ppc64le
          labels: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.labels }}
--- a/.github/workflows/closed-issue.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/closed-issue.yml
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-name: Closed issue
-on:
-  issues:
-    types: [closed]
-
-jobs:
-  comment:
-    permissions:
-      issues: write
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: peter-evans/create-or-update-comment@v4
-        with:
-          token: ${{ github.token }}
-          issue-number: ${{ github.event.issue.number }}
-          body: |
-            Closed issues are **NOT** monitored, so commenting here is likely to be not seen.
-            If you think this is *still unresolved* and have **more information** to bring, please create another issue.
-
-            This is an automated comment setup because @qdm12 is the sole maintainer of this project
-            which became too popular to monitor issues closed.
--- a/.github/workflows/dependabot.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/dependabot.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+name: Dependabot
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    branches:
+      - master
+    paths:
+      - .github/workflows/dependabot.yml
+      - cmd/**
+      - internal/**
+      - pkg/**
+      - .dockerignore
+      - .golangci.yml
+      - Dockerfile
+      - go.mod
+      - go.sum
+
+jobs:
+  verify:
+    if: ${{ github.actor == 'dependabot[bot]' }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    env:
+      DOCKER_BUILDKIT: "1"
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2.4.0
+
+      - name: Build test image
+        run: docker build --target test -t test-container .
+
+      - name: Run tests in test container
+        run: |
+          touch coverage.txt
+          docker run --rm \
+          -v "$(pwd)/coverage.txt:/tmp/gobuild/coverage.txt" \
+          test-container
+
+      - name: Build final image
+        run: docker build -t final-image .
--- a/.github/workflows/dockerhub-description.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/dockerhub-description.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+name: Docker Hub description
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [master]
+    paths:
+      - README.md
+      - .github/workflows/dockerhub-description.yml
+jobs:
+  dockerHubDescription:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v2.4.0
+      - name: Docker Hub Description
+        uses: peter-evans/dockerhub-description@v2
+        with:
+          username: qmcgaw
+          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_PASSWORD }}
+          repository: qmcgaw/gluetun
+          short-description: Lightweight Swiss-knife VPN client to connect to several VPN providers
+          readme-filepath: README.md
--- a/.github/workflows/fork.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/fork.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+name: Fork
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    branches:
+      - master
+    paths:
+      - .github/workflows/fork.yml
+      - cmd/**
+      - internal/**
+      - pkg/**
+      - .dockerignore
+      - .golangci.yml
+      - Dockerfile
+      - go.mod
+      - go.sum
+
+jobs:
+  verify:
+    if: github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name != github.repository && github.actor != 'dependabot[bot]'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    env:
+      DOCKER_BUILDKIT: "1"
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2.4.0
+
+      - name: Linting
+        run: docker build --target lint .
+
+      - name: Build test image
+        run: docker build --target test -t test-container .
+
+      - name: Run tests in test container
+        run: |
+          touch coverage.txt
+          docker run --rm \
+          -v "$(pwd)/coverage.txt:/tmp/gobuild/coverage.txt" \
+          test-container
+
+      - name: Build final image
+        run: docker build -t final-image .
--- a/.github/workflows/labels.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/labels.yml
@@ -7,11 +7,9 @@ on:
      - .github/workflows/labels.yml
 jobs:
  labeler:
-    permissions:
-      issues: write
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: crazy-max/ghaction-github-labeler@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2.4.0
+      - uses: crazy-max/ghaction-github-labeler@v3
        with:
          yaml-file: .github/labels.yml
--- a/.github/workflows/markdown-skip.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/markdown-skip.yml
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-name: Markdown
-on:
-  push:
-    branches:
-      - master
-    paths-ignore:
-      - "**.md"
-      - .github/workflows/markdown.yml
-  pull_request:
-    paths-ignore:
-      - "**.md"
-      - .github/workflows/markdown.yml
-
-jobs:
-  markdown:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    permissions:
-      actions: read
-    steps:
-      - name: No trigger path triggered for required markdown workflow.
-        run: exit 0
--- a/.github/workflows/markdown.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/markdown.yml
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-name: Markdown
-on:
-  push:
-    branches:
-      - master
-    paths:
-      - "**.md"
-      - .github/workflows/markdown.yml
-  pull_request:
-    paths:
-      - "**.md"
-      - .github/workflows/markdown.yml
-
-jobs:
-  markdown:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    permissions:
-      actions: read
-      contents: read
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-
-      - uses: DavidAnson/markdownlint-cli2-action@v14
-        with:
-          globs: "**.md"
-          config: .markdownlint.json
-
-      - uses: reviewdog/action-misspell@v1
-        with:
-          locale: "US"
-          level: error
-          pattern: |
-            *.md
-
-      - uses: gaurav-nelson/github-action-markdown-link-check@v1
-        with:
-          use-quiet-mode: yes
-
-      - uses: peter-evans/dockerhub-description@v3
-        if: github.repository == 'qdm12/gluetun' && github.event_name == 'push'
-        with:
-          username: qmcgaw
-          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_PASSWORD }}
-          repository: qmcgaw/gluetun
-          short-description: Lightweight Swiss-knife VPN client to connect to several VPN providers
-          readme-filepath: README.md
--- a/.github/workflows/misspell.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/misspell.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+name: Misspells
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    branches: [master]
+  push:
+    branches: [master]
+jobs:
+  misspell:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2.4.0
+      - uses: reviewdog/action-misspell@v1
+        with:
+          locale: "US"
+          level: error
--- a/.github/workflows/opened-issue.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/opened-issue.yml
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-name: Opened issue
-on:
-  issues:
-    types: [opened]
-
-jobs:
-  comment:
-    permissions:
-      issues: write
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: peter-evans/create-or-update-comment@v4
-        with:
-          token: ${{ github.token }}
-          issue-number: ${{ github.event.issue.number }}
-          body: |
-            @qdm12 is more or less the only maintainer of this project and works on it in his free time.
-            Please:
-            - **do not** ask for updates, be patient
-            - :+1: the issue to show your support instead of commenting
-            @qdm12 usually checks issues at least once a week, if this is a new urgent bug,
-            [revert to an older tagged container image](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/docker-image-tags.md)
--- a/.golangci.yml
+++ b/.golangci.yml
@@ -7,69 +7,52 @@ issues:
    - path: _test\.go
      linters:
        - dupl
+        - maligned
        - goerr113
-        - containedctx
-        - goconst
-        - maintidx
-    - path: "internal\\/server\\/.+\\.go"
+    - path: internal/server/
      linters:
        - dupl
-    - path: "internal\\/configuration\\/settings\\/.+\\.go"
+    - path: internal/configuration/
      linters:
        - dupl
-    - text: "^mnd: Magic number: 0[0-9]{3}, in <argument> detected$"
-      source: "^.+= os\\.OpenFile\\(.+, .+, 0[0-9]{3}\\)"
+    - path: internal/constants/
+      linters:
+        - dupl
+    - text: "exported: exported var Err*"
+      linters:
+        - revive
+    - text: "mnd: Magic number: 0644*"
      linters:
        - gomnd
-    - text: "^mnd: Magic number: 0[0-9]{3}, in <argument> detected$"
-      source: "^.+= os\\.MkdirAll\\(.+, 0[0-9]{3}\\)"
+    - text: "mnd: Magic number: 0400*"
      linters:
        - gomnd
-    - linters:
-        - lll
-      source: "^//go:generate .+$"
-    - text: "returns interface \\(github\\.com\\/vishvananda\\/netlink\\.Link\\)"
+    - text: "variable 'mssFix' is only used in the if-statement*"
+      path: "openvpnconf.go"
      linters:
-        - ireturn
-    - path: "internal\\/openvpn\\/pkcs8\\/descbc\\.go"
-      text: "newCipherDESCBCBlock returns interface \\(github\\.com\\/youmark\\/pkcs8\\.Cipher\\)"
+        - ifshort
+    - text: "variable 'auth' is only used in the if-statement*"
+      path: "openvpnconf.go"
      linters:
-        - ireturn
-    - path: "internal\\/firewall\\/.*\\.go"
-      text: "string `-i ` has [1-9][0-9]* occurrences, make it a constant"
-      linters:
-        - goconst
-    - path: "internal\\/provider\\/ipvanish\\/updater\\/servers.go"
-      text: "string ` in ` has 3 occurrences, make it a constant"
-      linters:
-        - goconst
-    - path: "internal\\/vpn\\/portforward.go"
-      text: 'directive `//nolint:ireturn` is unused for linter "ireturn"'
-      linters:
-        - nolintlint
-
+        - ifshort
 linters:
  enable:
    # - cyclop
    # - errorlint
-    - asasalint
+    # - ireturn
+    # - varnamelen
+    # - wrapcheck
    - asciicheck
    - bidichk
    - bodyclose
-    - containedctx
-    - decorder
    - dogsled
    - dupl
-    - dupword
    - durationcheck
-    - errchkjson
    - errname
-    - execinquery
    - exhaustive
    - exportloopref
    - forcetypeassert
    - gci
-    - gocheckcompilerdirectives
    - gochecknoglobals
    - gochecknoinits
    - gocognit
@@ -84,42 +67,31 @@ linters:
    - gomoddirectives
    - goprintffuncname
    - gosec
-    - gosmopolitan
-    - grouper
+    - ifshort
    - importas
-    - interfacebloat
-    - ireturn
    - lll
-    - maintidx
    - makezero
-    - mirror
    - misspell
-    - musttag
    - nakedret
    - nestif
    - nilerr
    - nilnil
    - noctx
    - nolintlint
-    - nosprintfhostport
-    - paralleltest
    - prealloc
    - predeclared
+    - predeclared
    - promlinter
-    - reassign
    - revive
    - rowserrcheck
    - sqlclosecheck
-    - tagalign
    - tenv
    - thelper
    - tparallel
    - unconvert
    - unparam
-    - usestdlibvars
    - wastedassign
    - whitespace
-    - zerologlint

 run:
  skip-dirs:
--- a/.markdownlint.json
+++ b/.markdownlint.json
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "MD013": false
-}
--- a/.vscode/extensions.json
+++ b/.vscode/extensions.json
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-{
-  // This list should be kept to the strict minimum
-  // to develop this project.
-  "recommendations": [
-    "golang.go",
-    "davidanson.vscode-markdownlint",
-  ],
-}
--- a/.vscode/launch.json
+++ b/.vscode/launch.json
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "version": "0.2.0",
-    "configurations": [
-        {
-            "name": "Update a VPN provider servers data",
-            "type": "go",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}",
-            "program": "cmd/gluetun/main.go",
-            "args": [
-                "update",
-                "${input:updateMode}",
-                "-providers",
-                "${input:provider}"
-            ],
-        }
-    ],
-    "inputs": [
-        {
-            "id": "provider",
-            "type": "promptString",
-            "description": "Please enter a provider (or comma separated list of providers)",
-        },
-        {
-            "id": "updateMode",
-            "type": "pickString",
-            "description": "Update mode to use",
-            "options": [
-                "-maintainer",
-                "-enduser"
-            ],
-            "default": "-maintainer"
-        },
-    ]
-}
--- a/.vscode/settings.json
+++ b/.vscode/settings.json
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-{
-  // The settings should be kept to the strict minimum
-  // to develop this project.
-  "files.eol": "\n",
-  "editor.formatOnSave": true,
-  "go.buildTags": "linux",
-  "go.toolsEnvVars": {
-    "CGO_ENABLED": "0"
-  },
-  "go.testEnvVars": {
-    "CGO_ENABLED": "1"
-  },
-  "go.testFlags": [
-    "-v",
-    "-race"
-  ],
-  "go.testTimeout": "10s",
-  "go.coverOnSingleTest": true,
-  "go.coverOnSingleTestFile": true,
-  "go.coverOnTestPackage": true,
-  "go.useLanguageServer": true,
-  "[go]": {
-    "editor.codeActionsOnSave": {
-      "source.organizeImports": true
-    }
-  },
-  "go.lintTool": "golangci-lint",
-  "go.lintOnSave": "package"
-}
--- a/113
+++ b/113
@@ -1,22 +1,18 @@
-ARG ALPINE_VERSION=3.18
-ARG GO_ALPINE_VERSION=3.18
-ARG GO_VERSION=1.21
+ARG ALPINE_VERSION=3.15
+ARG GO_ALPINE_VERSION=3.15
+ARG GO_VERSION=1.17
 ARG XCPUTRANSLATE_VERSION=v0.6.0
-ARG GOLANGCI_LINT_VERSION=v1.56.2
-ARG MOCKGEN_VERSION=v1.6.0
+ARG GOLANGCI_LINT_VERSION=v1.43.0
 ARG BUILDPLATFORM=linux/amd64

 FROM --platform=${BUILDPLATFORM} qmcgaw/xcputranslate:${XCPUTRANSLATE_VERSION} AS xcputranslate
 FROM --platform=${BUILDPLATFORM} qmcgaw/binpot:golangci-lint-${GOLANGCI_LINT_VERSION} AS golangci-lint
-FROM --platform=${BUILDPLATFORM} qmcgaw/binpot:mockgen-${MOCKGEN_VERSION} AS mockgen

 FROM --platform=${BUILDPLATFORM} golang:${GO_VERSION}-alpine${GO_ALPINE_VERSION} AS base
 COPY --from=xcputranslate /xcputranslate /usr/local/bin/xcputranslate
-# Note: findutils needed to have xargs support `-d` flag for mocks stage.
-RUN apk --update add git g++ findutils
+RUN apk --update add git g++
 ENV CGO_ENABLED=0
 COPY --from=golangci-lint /bin /go/bin/golangci-lint
-COPY --from=mockgen /bin /go/bin/mockgen
 WORKDIR /tmp/gobuild
 COPY go.mod go.sum ./
 RUN go mod download
@@ -34,17 +30,14 @@ FROM --platform=${BUILDPLATFORM} base AS lint
 COPY .golangci.yml ./
 RUN golangci-lint run --timeout=10m

-FROM --platform=${BUILDPLATFORM} base AS mocks
+FROM --platform=${BUILDPLATFORM} base AS tidy
 RUN git init && \
    git config user.email ci@localhost && \
    git config user.name ci && \
-    git config core.fileMode false && \
-    git add -A && \
-    git commit -m "snapshot" && \
-    grep -lr -E '^// Code generated by MockGen\. DO NOT EDIT\.$' . | xargs -r -d '\n' rm && \
-    go generate -run "mockgen" ./... && \
-    git diff --exit-code && \
-    rm -rf .git/
+    git add -A && git commit -m ci && \
+    sed -i '/\/\/ indirect/d' go.mod && \
+    go mod tidy && \
+    git diff --exit-code -- go.mod

 FROM --platform=${BUILDPLATFORM} base AS build
 ARG TARGETPLATFORM
@@ -73,12 +66,8 @@ LABEL \
    org.opencontainers.image.source="https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun" \
    org.opencontainers.image.title="VPN swiss-knife like client for multiple VPN providers" \
    org.opencontainers.image.description="VPN swiss-knife like client to tunnel to multiple VPN servers using OpenVPN, IPtables, DNS over TLS, Shadowsocks, an HTTP proxy and Alpine Linux"
-ENV VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=pia \
+ENV VPNSP=pia \
    VPN_TYPE=openvpn \
-    # Common VPN options
-    VPN_ENDPOINT_IP= \
-    VPN_ENDPOINT_PORT= \
-    VPN_INTERFACE=tun0 \
    # OpenVPN
    OPENVPN_PROTOCOL=udp \
    OPENVPN_USER= \
@@ -88,59 +77,45 @@ ENV VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=pia \
    OPENVPN_VERSION=2.5 \
    OPENVPN_VERBOSITY=1 \
    OPENVPN_FLAGS= \
-    OPENVPN_CIPHERS= \
+    OPENVPN_CIPHER= \
    OPENVPN_AUTH= \
-    OPENVPN_PROCESS_USER=root \
+    OPENVPN_ROOT=yes \
+    OPENVPN_TARGET_IP= \
+    OPENVPN_IPV6=off \
    OPENVPN_CUSTOM_CONFIG= \
+    OPENVPN_INTERFACE=tun0 \
+    OPENVPN_PORT= \
    # Wireguard
-    WIREGUARD_CONF_SECRETFILE=/run/secrets/wg0.conf \
    WIREGUARD_PRIVATE_KEY= \
-    WIREGUARD_PRIVATE_KEY_SECRETFILE=/run/secrets/wireguard_private_key \
    WIREGUARD_PRESHARED_KEY= \
-    WIREGUARD_PRESHARED_KEY_SECRETFILE=/run/secrets/wireguard_preshared_key \
    WIREGUARD_PUBLIC_KEY= \
-    WIREGUARD_ALLOWED_IPS= \
-    WIREGUARD_ADDRESSES= \
-    WIREGUARD_ADDRESSES_SECRETFILE=/run/secrets/wireguard_addresses \
-    WIREGUARD_MTU=1400 \
-    WIREGUARD_IMPLEMENTATION=auto \
+    WIREGUARD_ADDRESS= \
+    WIREGUARD_ENDPOINT_IP= \
+    WIREGUARD_ENDPOINT_PORT= \
+    WIREGUARD_INTERFACE=wg0 \
    # VPN server filtering
-    SERVER_REGIONS= \
-    SERVER_COUNTRIES= \
-    SERVER_CITIES= \
-    SERVER_HOSTNAMES= \
-    SERVER_CATEGORIES= \
+    REGION= \
+    COUNTRY= \
+    CITY= \
+    SERVER_HOSTNAME= \
    # # Mullvad only:
    ISP= \
-    OWNED_ONLY=no \
+    OWNED=no \
    # # Private Internet Access only:
-    PRIVATE_INTERNET_ACCESS_OPENVPN_ENCRYPTION_PRESET= \
-    VPN_PORT_FORWARDING=off \
-    VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_LISTENING_PORT=0 \
-    VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_PROVIDER= \
-    VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_STATUS_FILE="/tmp/gluetun/forwarded_port" \
+    PIA_ENCRYPTION= \
+    PORT_FORWARDING=off \
+    PORT_FORWARDING_STATUS_FILE="/tmp/gluetun/forwarded_port" \
    # # Cyberghost only:
-    OPENVPN_CERT= \
-    OPENVPN_KEY= \
    OPENVPN_CLIENTCRT_SECRETFILE=/run/secrets/openvpn_clientcrt \
    OPENVPN_CLIENTKEY_SECRETFILE=/run/secrets/openvpn_clientkey \
-    # # VPNSecure only:
-    OPENVPN_ENCRYPTED_KEY= \
-    OPENVPN_ENCRYPTED_KEY_SECRETFILE=/run/secrets/openvpn_encrypted_key \
-    OPENVPN_KEY_PASSPHRASE= \
-    OPENVPN_KEY_PASSPHRASE_SECRETFILE=/run/secrets/openvpn_key_passphrase \
    # # Nordvpn only:
    SERVER_NUMBER= \
-    # # PIA only:
-    SERVER_NAMES= \
+    # # PIA and ProtonVPN only:
+    SERVER_NAME= \
    # # ProtonVPN only:
    FREE_ONLY= \
    # # Surfshark only:
    MULTIHOP_ONLY= \
-    # # VPN Secure only:
-    PREMIUM_ONLY= \
-    # # PIA only:
-    PORT_FORWARD_ONLY= \
    # Firewall
    FIREWALL=on \
    FIREWALL_VPN_INPUT_PORTS= \
@@ -151,8 +126,7 @@ ENV VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=pia \
    LOG_LEVEL=info \
    # Health
    HEALTH_SERVER_ADDRESS=127.0.0.1:9999 \
-    HEALTH_TARGET_ADDRESS=cloudflare.com:443 \
-    HEALTH_SUCCESS_WAIT_DURATION=5s \
+    HEALTH_TARGET_ADDRESS=github.com:443 \
    HEALTH_VPN_DURATION_INITIAL=6s \
    HEALTH_VPN_DURATION_ADDITION=5s \
    # DNS over TLS
@@ -169,13 +143,12 @@ ENV VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=pia \
    BLOCK_ADS=off \
    UNBLOCK= \
    DNS_UPDATE_PERIOD=24h \
-    DNS_ADDRESS=127.0.0.1 \
+    DNS_PLAINTEXT_ADDRESS=127.0.0.1 \
    DNS_KEEP_NAMESERVER=off \
    # HTTP proxy
    HTTPPROXY= \
    HTTPPROXY_LOG=off \
    HTTPPROXY_LISTENING_ADDRESS=":8888" \
-    HTTPPROXY_STEALTH=off \
    HTTPPROXY_USER= \
    HTTPPROXY_PASSWORD= \
    HTTPPROXY_USER_SECRETFILE=/run/secrets/httpproxy_user \
@@ -187,23 +160,11 @@ ENV VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=pia \
    SHADOWSOCKS_PASSWORD= \
    SHADOWSOCKS_PASSWORD_SECRETFILE=/run/secrets/shadowsocks_password \
    SHADOWSOCKS_CIPHER=chacha20-ietf-poly1305 \
-    # Control server
-    HTTP_CONTROL_SERVER_LOG=on \
-    HTTP_CONTROL_SERVER_ADDRESS=":8000" \
    # Server data updater
    UPDATER_PERIOD=0 \
-    UPDATER_MIN_RATIO=0.8 \
-    UPDATER_VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDERS= \
    # Public IP
    PUBLICIP_FILE="/tmp/gluetun/ip" \
    PUBLICIP_PERIOD=12h \
-    PUBLICIP_API=ipinfo \
-    PUBLICIP_API_TOKEN= \
-    # Pprof
-    PPROF_ENABLED=no \
-    PPROF_BLOCK_PROFILE_RATE=0 \
-    PPROF_MUTEX_PROFILE_RATE=0 \
-    PPROF_HTTP_SERVER_ADDRESS=":6060" \
    # Extras
    VERSION_INFORMATION=on \
    TZ= \
@@ -213,12 +174,12 @@ ENTRYPOINT ["/gluetun-entrypoint"]
 EXPOSE 8000/tcp 8888/tcp 8388/tcp 8388/udp
 HEALTHCHECK --interval=5s --timeout=5s --start-period=10s --retries=1 CMD /gluetun-entrypoint healthcheck
 ARG TARGETPLATFORM
-RUN apk add --no-cache --update -l wget && \
-    apk add --no-cache --update -X "https://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/v3.17/main" openvpn\~2.5 && \
-    mv /usr/sbin/openvpn /usr/sbin/openvpn2.5 && \
+RUN apk add --no-cache --update -l apk-tools && \
+    apk add --no-cache --update -X "https://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/v3.12/main" openvpn==2.4.12-r0 && \
+    mv /usr/sbin/openvpn /usr/sbin/openvpn2.4 && \
    apk del openvpn && \
    apk add --no-cache --update openvpn ca-certificates iptables ip6tables unbound tzdata && \
-    mv /usr/sbin/openvpn /usr/sbin/openvpn2.6 && \
+    mv /usr/sbin/openvpn /usr/sbin/openvpn2.5 && \
    # Fix vulnerability issue
    apk add --no-cache --update busybox && \
    rm -rf /var/cache/apk/* /etc/unbound/* /usr/sbin/unbound-* /etc/openvpn/*.sh /usr/lib/openvpn/plugins/openvpn-plugin-down-root.so && \
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 # Gluetun VPN client

-Lightweight swiss-knife-like VPN client to multiple VPN service providers
+*Lightweight swiss-knife-like VPN client to tunnel to Cyberghost, ExpressVPN, FastestVPN,
+HideMyAss, IPVanish, IVPN, Mullvad, NordVPN, Perfect Privacy, Privado, Private Internet Access, PrivateVPN,
+ProtonVPN, PureVPN, Surfshark, TorGuard, VPNUnlimited, VyprVPN, WeVPN and Windscribe VPN servers
+using Go, OpenVPN or Wireguard, iptables, DNS over TLS, ShadowSocks and an HTTP proxy*
+
+**ANNOUNCEMENT**: Large settings refactor merged on 2022-06-01, please file issues if you find any problem!

 ![Title image](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/qdm12/gluetun/master/title.svg)

@@ -35,19 +40,19 @@ Lightweight swiss-knife-like VPN client to multiple VPN service providers

 ## Quick links

- [Setup](#setup)
- [Features](#features)
+- [Setup](#Setup)
+- [Features](#Features)
 - Problem?
-  - Check the Wiki [common errors](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/tree/main/errors) and [faq](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/tree/main/faq)
+  - [Check the Wiki](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki)
  - [Start a discussion](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/discussions)
  - [Fix the Unraid template](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/discussions/550)
 - Suggestion?
  - [Create an issue](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/issues)
+  - [Join the Slack channel](https://join.slack.com/t/qdm12/shared_invite/enQtOTE0NjcxNTM1ODc5LTYyZmVlOTM3MGI4ZWU0YmJkMjUxNmQ4ODQ2OTAwYzMxMTlhY2Q1MWQyOWUyNjc2ODliNjFjMDUxNWNmNzk5MDk)
 - Happy?
  - Sponsor me on [github.com/sponsors/qdm12](https://github.com/sponsors/qdm12)
  - Donate to [paypal.me/qmcgaw](https://www.paypal.me/qmcgaw)
  - Drop me [an email](mailto:quentin.mcgaw@gmail.com)
- **Want to add a VPN provider?** check [the development page](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/contributing/development.md) and [add a provider page](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/contributing/add-a-provider.md)
 - Video:

  [![Video Gif](https://i.imgur.com/CetWunc.gif)](https://youtu.be/0F6I03LQcI4)
@@ -56,13 +61,13 @@ Lightweight swiss-knife-like VPN client to multiple VPN service providers

 ## Features

- Based on Alpine 3.18 for a small Docker image of 35.6MB
- Supports: **AirVPN**, **Cyberghost**, **ExpressVPN**, **FastestVPN**, **HideMyAss**, **IPVanish**, **IVPN**, **Mullvad**, **NordVPN**, **Perfect Privacy**, **Privado**, **Private Internet Access**, **PrivateVPN**, **ProtonVPN**, **PureVPN**,  **SlickVPN**, **Surfshark**, **TorGuard**, **VPNSecure.me**, **VPNUnlimited**, **Vyprvpn**, **WeVPN**, **Windscribe** servers
+- Based on Alpine 3.15 for a small Docker image of 29MB
+- Supports: **Cyberghost**, **ExpressVPN**, **FastestVPN**, **HideMyAss**, **IPVanish**, **IVPN**, **Mullvad**, **NordVPN**, **Perfect Privacy**, **Privado**, **Private Internet Access**, **PrivateVPN**, **ProtonVPN**, **PureVPN**,  **Surfshark**, **TorGuard**, **VPNUnlimited**, **Vyprvpn**, **WeVPN**, **Windscribe** servers
 - Supports OpenVPN for all providers listed
 - Supports Wireguard both kernelspace and userspace
-  - For **AirVPN**, **Ivpn**, **Mullvad**, **NordVPN**, **Surfshark** and **Windscribe**
-  - For **ProtonVPN**, **PureVPN**, **Torguard**, **VPN Unlimited** and **WeVPN** using [the custom provider](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/providers/custom.md)
-  - For custom Wireguard configurations using [the custom provider](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/providers/custom.md)
+  - For **Mullvad**, **Ivpn** and **Windscribe**
+  - For **Torguard**, **VPN Unlimited** and **WeVPN** using [the custom provider](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Custom-provider)
+  - For custom Wireguard configurations using [the custom provider](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Custom-provider)
  - More in progress, see [#134](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/issues/134)
 - DNS over TLS baked in with service provider(s) of your choice
 - DNS fine blocking of malicious/ads/surveillance hostnames and IP addresses, with live update every 24 hours
@@ -70,10 +75,10 @@ Lightweight swiss-knife-like VPN client to multiple VPN service providers
 - Built in firewall kill switch to allow traffic only with needed the VPN servers and LAN devices
 - Built in Shadowsocks proxy (protocol based on SOCKS5 with an encryption layer, tunnels TCP+UDP)
 - Built in HTTP proxy (tunnels HTTP and HTTPS through TCP)
- [Connect other containers to it](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/connect-a-container-to-gluetun.md)
- [Connect LAN devices to it](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/connect-a-lan-device-to-gluetun.md)
+- [Connect other containers to it](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Connect-a-container-to-gluetun)
+- [Connect LAN devices to it](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Connect-a-LAN-device-to-gluetun)
 - Compatible with amd64, i686 (32 bit), **ARM** 64 bit, ARM 32 bit v6 and v7, and even ppc64le 🎆
- [Custom VPN server side port forwarding for Private Internet Access](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/providers/private-internet-access.md#vpn-server-port-forwarding)
+- [Custom VPN server side port forwarding for Private Internet Access](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Private-internet-access#vpn-server-port-forwarding)
 - Possibility of split horizon DNS by selecting multiple DNS over TLS providers
 - Unbound subprogram drops root privileges once launched
 - Can work as a Kubernetes sidecar container, thanks @rorph
@@ -82,9 +87,9 @@ Lightweight swiss-knife-like VPN client to multiple VPN service providers

 🎉 There are now instructions specific to each VPN provider with examples to help you get started as quickly as possible!

-Go to the [Wiki](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki)!
+Go to the [Wiki](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki)!

-[🐛 Found a bug in the Wiki?!](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/issues/new)
+[🐛 Found a bug in the Wiki?!](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/issues/new?assignees=&labels=%F0%9F%93%84+Wiki+issue&template=wiki+issue.yml&title=Wiki+issue%3A+)

 Here's a docker-compose.yml for the laziest:

@@ -94,12 +99,9 @@ services:
  gluetun:
    image: qmcgaw/gluetun
    # container_name: gluetun
-    # line above must be uncommented to allow external containers to connect.
-    # See https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/connect-a-container-to-gluetun.md#external-container-to-gluetun
+    # line above must be uncommented to allow external containers to connect. See https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Connect-a-container-to-gluetun#external-container-to-gluetun
    cap_add:
      - NET_ADMIN
-    devices:
-      - /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun
    ports:
      - 8888:8888/tcp # HTTP proxy
      - 8388:8388/tcp # Shadowsocks
@@ -107,24 +109,19 @@ services:
    volumes:
      - /yourpath:/gluetun
    environment:
-      # See https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/tree/main/setup#setup
-      - VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=ivpn
+      # See https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki
+      - VPNSP=ivpn
      - VPN_TYPE=openvpn
      # OpenVPN:
      - OPENVPN_USER=
      - OPENVPN_PASSWORD=
      # Wireguard:
      # - WIREGUARD_PRIVATE_KEY=wOEI9rqqbDwnN8/Bpp22sVz48T71vJ4fYmFWujulwUU=
-      # - WIREGUARD_ADDRESSES=10.64.222.21/32
+      # - WIREGUARD_ADDRESS=10.64.222.21/32
      # Timezone for accurate log times
      - TZ=
-      # Server list updater
-      # See https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/servers.md#update-the-vpn-servers-list
-      - UPDATER_PERIOD=
 ```

-🆕 Image also available as `ghcr.io/qdm12/gluetun`
-
 ## License

-[![MIT](https://img.shields.io/github/license/qdm12/gluetun)](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/blob/master/LICENSE)
+[![MIT](https://img.shields.io/github/license/qdm12/gluetun)](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/master/LICENSE)
--- a/cmd/gluetun/main.go
+++ b/cmd/gluetun/main.go
@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/qdm12/dns/pkg/unbound"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/alpine"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/cli"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/sources"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/sources/env"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/sources/files"
-	mux "github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/sources/merge"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/sources/mux"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/sources/secrets"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/dns"
@@ -29,28 +29,22 @@ import (
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/netlink"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/openvpn"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/openvpn/extract"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/portforward"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/pprof"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/provider"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/publicip"
-	pubipapi "github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/publicip/api"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/routing"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/server"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/shadowsocks"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/storage"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/tun"
-	updater "github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/updater/loop"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/updater/resolver"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/updater/unzip"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/updater"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/vpn"
 	"github.com/qdm12/golibs/command"
+	"github.com/qdm12/golibs/logging"
 	"github.com/qdm12/goshutdown"
 	"github.com/qdm12/goshutdown/goroutine"
 	"github.com/qdm12/goshutdown/group"
 	"github.com/qdm12/goshutdown/order"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gosplash"
-	"github.com/qdm12/log"
 	"github.com/qdm12/updated/pkg/dnscrypto"
 )

@@ -61,6 +55,11 @@ var (
 	created = "an unknown date"
 )

+var (
+	errSetupRouting = errors.New("cannot setup routing")
+	errCreateUser   = errors.New("cannot create user")
+)
+
 func main() {
 	buildInfo := models.BuildInformation{
 		Version: version,
@@ -69,36 +68,37 @@ func main() {
 	}

 	background := context.Background()
-	signalCh := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
-	signal.Notify(signalCh, os.Interrupt, syscall.SIGTERM)
+	signalCtx, stop := signal.NotifyContext(background, syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM, os.Interrupt)
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(background)

-	logger := log.New(log.SetLevel(log.LevelInfo))
+	logger := logging.New(logging.Settings{
+		Level: logging.LevelInfo,
+	})

 	args := os.Args
 	tun := tun.New()
-	netLinkDebugLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("netlink"))
-	netLinker := netlink.New(netLinkDebugLogger)
+	netLinker := netlink.New()
 	cli := cli.New()
 	cmder := command.NewCmder()

-	secretsReader := secrets.New()
-	filesReader := files.New()
 	envReader := env.New(logger)
-	muxReader := mux.New(secretsReader, filesReader, envReader)
+	filesReader := files.New()
+	secretsReader := secrets.New()
+	muxReader := mux.New(envReader, filesReader, secretsReader)

 	errorCh := make(chan error)
 	go func() {
 		errorCh <- _main(ctx, buildInfo, args, logger, muxReader, tun, netLinker, cmder, cli)
 	}()

-	var err error
 	select {
-	case signal := <-signalCh:
+	case <-signalCtx.Done():
+		stop()
 		fmt.Println("")
-		logger.Warn("Caught OS signal " + signal.String() + ", shutting down")
+		logger.Warn("Caught OS signal, shutting down")
 		cancel()
-	case err = <-errorCh:
+	case err := <-errorCh:
+		stop()
 		close(errorCh)
 		if err == nil { // expected exit such as healthcheck
 			os.Exit(0)
@@ -110,38 +110,27 @@ func main() {
 	const shutdownGracePeriod = 5 * time.Second
 	timer := time.NewTimer(shutdownGracePeriod)
 	select {
-	case shutdownErr := <-errorCh:
+	case <-errorCh:
 		if !timer.Stop() {
 			<-timer.C
 		}
-		if shutdownErr != nil {
-			logger.Warnf("Shutdown not completed gracefully: %s", shutdownErr)
-			os.Exit(1)
-		}
-
 		logger.Info("Shutdown successful")
-		if err != nil {
-			os.Exit(1)
-		}
-		os.Exit(0)
 	case <-timer.C:
 		logger.Warn("Shutdown timed out")
-		os.Exit(1)
-	case signal := <-signalCh:
-		logger.Warn("Caught OS signal " + signal.String() + ", forcing shut down")
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
+
+	os.Exit(1)
 }

 var (
 	errCommandUnknown = errors.New("command is unknown")
 )

-//nolint:gocognit,gocyclo,maintidx
+//nolint:gocognit,gocyclo
 func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
-	args []string, logger log.LoggerInterface, source Source,
-	tun Tun, netLinker netLinker, cmder command.RunStarter,
-	cli clier) error {
+	args []string, logger logging.ParentLogger, source sources.Source,
+	tun tun.Interface, netLinker netlink.NetLinker, cmder command.RunStarter,
+	cli cli.CLIer) error {
 	if len(args) > 1 { // cli operation
 		switch args[1] {
 		case "healthcheck":
@@ -149,7 +138,7 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 		case "clientkey":
 			return cli.ClientKey(args[2:])
 		case "openvpnconfig":
-			return cli.OpenvpnConfig(logger, source, netLinker)
+			return cli.OpenvpnConfig(logger, source)
 		case "update":
 			return cli.Update(ctx, args[2:], logger)
 		case "format-servers":
@@ -159,7 +148,7 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 		}
 	}

-	announcementExp, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, "2023-07-01T00:00:00Z")
+	announcementExp, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, "2021-02-15T00:00:00Z")
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -170,7 +159,7 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 		Version:      buildInfo.Version,
 		Commit:       buildInfo.Commit,
 		BuildDate:    buildInfo.Created,
-		Announcement: "Wiki moved to https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki",
+		Announcement: "Large settings parsing refactoring merged on 2022-01-06, please report any issue!",
 		AnnounceExp:  announcementExp,
 		// Sponsor information
 		PaypalUser:    "qmcgaw",
@@ -185,68 +174,21 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 		return err
 	}

-	// Note: no need to validate minimal settings for the firewall:
-	// - global log level is parsed from source
-	// - firewall Debug and Enabled are booleans parsed from source
-
-	logger.Patch(log.SetLevel(*allSettings.Log.Level))
-	netLinker.PatchLoggerLevel(*allSettings.Log.Level)
-
-	routingLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("routing"))
-	if *allSettings.Firewall.Debug { // To remove in v4
-		routingLogger.Patch(log.SetLevel(log.LevelDebug))
-	}
-	routingConf := routing.New(netLinker, routingLogger)
-
-	defaultRoutes, err := routingConf.DefaultRoutes()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	localNetworks, err := routingConf.LocalNetworks()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	firewallLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("firewall"))
-	if *allSettings.Firewall.Debug { // To remove in v4
-		firewallLogger.Patch(log.SetLevel(log.LevelDebug))
-	}
-	firewallConf, err := firewall.NewConfig(ctx, firewallLogger, cmder,
-		defaultRoutes, localNetworks)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if *allSettings.Firewall.Enabled {
-		err = firewallConf.SetEnabled(ctx, true)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-
 	// TODO run this in a loop or in openvpn to reload from file without restarting
-	storageLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("storage"))
+	storageLogger := logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{Prefix: "storage: "})
 	storage, err := storage.New(storageLogger, constants.ServersData)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	ipv6Supported, err := netLinker.IsIPv6Supported()
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("checking for IPv6 support: %w", err)
-	}
+	allServers := storage.GetServers()

-	err = allSettings.Validate(storage, ipv6Supported)
+	err = allSettings.Validate(allServers)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	allSettings.Pprof.HTTPServer.Logger = logger.New(log.SetComponent("pprof"))
-	pprofServer, err := pprof.New(allSettings.Pprof)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("creating Pprof server: %w", err)
-	}
+	logger.PatchLevel(*allSettings.Log.Level)

 	puid, pgid := int(*allSettings.System.PUID), int(*allSettings.System.PGID)

@@ -255,7 +197,7 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 	// Create configurators
 	alpineConf := alpine.New()
 	ovpnConf := openvpn.New(
-		logger.New(log.SetComponent("openvpn configurator")),
+		logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{Prefix: "openvpn configurator: "}),
 		cmder, puid, pgid)
 	dnsCrypto := dnscrypto.New(httpClient, "", "")
 	const cacertsPath = "/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt"
@@ -264,8 +206,8 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,

 	err = printVersions(ctx, logger, []printVersionElement{
 		{name: "Alpine", getVersion: alpineConf.Version},
+		{name: "OpenVPN 2.4", getVersion: ovpnConf.Version24},
 		{name: "OpenVPN 2.5", getVersion: ovpnConf.Version25},
-		{name: "OpenVPN 2.6", getVersion: ovpnConf.Version26},
 		{name: "Unbound", getVersion: dnsConf.Version},
 		{name: "IPtables", getVersion: func(ctx context.Context) (version string, err error) {
 			return firewall.Version(ctx, cmder)
@@ -277,10 +219,6 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,

 	logger.Info(allSettings.String())

-	for _, warning := range allSettings.Warnings() {
-		logger.Warn(warning)
-	}
-
 	if err := os.MkdirAll("/tmp/gluetun", 0644); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -291,7 +229,7 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 	const defaultUsername = "nonrootuser"
 	nonRootUsername, err := alpineConf.CreateUser(defaultUsername, puid)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("creating user: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", errCreateUser, err)
 	}
 	if nonRootUsername != defaultUsername {
 		logger.Info("using existing username " + nonRootUsername + " corresponding to user id " + fmt.Sprint(puid))
@@ -299,22 +237,54 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 	// set it for Unbound
 	// TODO remove this when migrating to qdm12/dns v2
 	allSettings.DNS.DoT.Unbound.Username = nonRootUsername
-	allSettings.VPN.OpenVPN.ProcessUser = nonRootUsername
+	allSettings.VPN.OpenVPN.ProcUser = nonRootUsername

 	if err := os.Chown("/etc/unbound", puid, pgid); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

+	firewallLogLevel := *allSettings.Log.Level
+	if *allSettings.Firewall.Debug {
+		firewallLogLevel = logging.LevelDebug
+	}
+	routingLogger := logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{
+		Prefix: "routing: ",
+		Level:  firewallLogLevel,
+	})
+	routingConf := routing.New(netLinker, routingLogger)
+
+	defaultInterface, defaultGateway, err := routingConf.DefaultRoute()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	localNetworks, err := routingConf.LocalNetworks()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	defaultIP, err := routingConf.DefaultIP()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	firewallLogger := logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{
+		Prefix: "firewall: ",
+		Level:  firewallLogLevel,
+	})
+	firewallConf := firewall.NewConfig(firewallLogger, cmder,
+		defaultInterface, defaultGateway, localNetworks, defaultIP)
+
 	if err := routingConf.Setup(); err != nil {
 		if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "operation not permitted") {
 			logger.Warn("💡 Tip: Are you passing NET_ADMIN capability to gluetun?")
 		}
-		return fmt.Errorf("setting up routing: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", errSetupRouting, err)
 	}
 	defer func() {
-		routingLogger.Info("routing cleanup...")
+		logger.Info("routing cleanup...")
 		if err := routingConf.TearDown(); err != nil {
-			routingLogger.Error("cannot teardown routing: " + err.Error())
+			logger.Error("cannot teardown routing: " + err.Error())
 		}
 	}()

@@ -325,27 +295,26 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 		return err
 	}

-	err = routingConf.AddLocalRules(localNetworks)
+	if err := tun.Check(constants.TunnelDevice); err != nil {
+		logger.Info(err.Error() + "; creating it...")
+		err = tun.Create(constants.TunnelDevice)
 		if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("adding local rules: %w", err)
+			return err
+		}
 	}

-	const tunDevice = "/dev/net/tun"
-	if err := tun.Check(tunDevice); err != nil {
-		logger.Info(err.Error() + "; creating it...")
-		err = tun.Create(tunDevice)
+	if *allSettings.Firewall.Enabled {
+		err := firewallConf.SetEnabled(ctx, true) // disabled by default
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}

 	for _, port := range allSettings.Firewall.InputPorts {
-		for _, defaultRoute := range defaultRoutes {
-			err = firewallConf.SetAllowedPort(ctx, port, defaultRoute.NetInterface)
+		err = firewallConf.SetAllowedPort(ctx, port, defaultInterface)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		}
 	} // TODO move inside firewall?

 	// Shutdown settings
@@ -365,24 +334,14 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 	tickersGroupHandler := goshutdown.NewGroupHandler("tickers", defaultGroupOptions...)
 	otherGroupHandler := goshutdown.NewGroupHandler("other", defaultGroupOptions...)

-	if *allSettings.Pprof.Enabled {
-		// TODO run in run loop so this can be patched at runtime
-		pprofReady := make(chan struct{})
-		pprofHandler, pprofCtx, pprofDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler("pprof server")
-		go pprofServer.Run(pprofCtx, pprofReady, pprofDone)
-		otherGroupHandler.Add(pprofHandler)
-		<-pprofReady
-	}
-
-	portForwardLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("port forwarding"))
+	portForwardLogger := logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{Prefix: "port forwarding: "})
 	portForwardLooper := portforward.NewLoop(allSettings.VPN.Provider.PortForwarding,
-		routingConf, httpClient, firewallConf, portForwardLogger, puid, pgid)
-	portForwardRunError, err := portForwardLooper.Start(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("starting port forwarding loop: %w", err)
-	}
+		httpClient, firewallConf, portForwardLogger)
+	portForwardHandler, portForwardCtx, portForwardDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
+		"port forwarding", goroutine.OptionTimeout(time.Second))
+	go portForwardLooper.Run(portForwardCtx, portForwardDone)

-	unboundLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("dns"))
+	unboundLogger := logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{Prefix: "dns over tls: "})
 	unboundLooper := dns.NewLoop(dnsConf, allSettings.DNS, httpClient,
 		unboundLogger)
 	dnsHandler, dnsCtx, dnsDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
@@ -396,38 +355,31 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 	go unboundLooper.RunRestartTicker(dnsTickerCtx, dnsTickerDone)
 	controlGroupHandler.Add(dnsTickerHandler)

-	publicipAPI, _ := pubipapi.ParseProvider(allSettings.PublicIP.API)
-	ipFetcher, err := pubipapi.New(publicipAPI, httpClient, *allSettings.PublicIP.APIToken)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("creating public IP API client: %w", err)
-	}
-	publicIPLooper := publicip.NewLoop(ipFetcher,
-		logger.New(log.SetComponent("ip getter")),
+	publicIPLooper := publicip.NewLoop(httpClient,
+		logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{Prefix: "ip getter: "}),
 		allSettings.PublicIP, puid, pgid)
-	publicIPRunError, err := publicIPLooper.Start(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("starting public ip loop: %w", err)
-	}
+	pubIPHandler, pubIPCtx, pubIPDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
+		"public IP", goroutine.OptionTimeout(defaultShutdownTimeout))
+	go publicIPLooper.Run(pubIPCtx, pubIPDone)
+	otherGroupHandler.Add(pubIPHandler)

-	updaterLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("updater"))
+	pubIPTickerHandler, pubIPTickerCtx, pubIPTickerDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
+		"public IP", goroutine.OptionTimeout(defaultShutdownTimeout))
+	go publicIPLooper.RunRestartTicker(pubIPTickerCtx, pubIPTickerDone)
+	tickersGroupHandler.Add(pubIPTickerHandler)

-	unzipper := unzip.New(httpClient)
-	parallelResolver := resolver.NewParallelResolver(allSettings.Updater.DNSAddress)
-	openvpnFileExtractor := extract.New()
-	providers := provider.NewProviders(storage, time.Now, updaterLogger,
-		httpClient, unzipper, parallelResolver, ipFetcher, openvpnFileExtractor)
-
-	vpnLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("vpn"))
-	vpnLooper := vpn.NewLoop(allSettings.VPN, ipv6Supported, allSettings.Firewall.VPNInputPorts,
-		providers, storage, ovpnConf, netLinker, firewallConf, routingConf, portForwardLooper,
+	vpnLogger := logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{Prefix: "vpn: "})
+	vpnLooper := vpn.NewLoop(allSettings.VPN, allSettings.Firewall.VPNInputPorts,
+		allServers, ovpnConf, netLinker, firewallConf, routingConf, portForwardLooper,
 		cmder, publicIPLooper, unboundLooper, vpnLogger, httpClient,
 		buildInfo, *allSettings.Version.Enabled)
 	vpnHandler, vpnCtx, vpnDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
 		"vpn", goroutine.OptionTimeout(time.Second))
 	go vpnLooper.Run(vpnCtx, vpnDone)

-	updaterLooper := updater.NewLoop(allSettings.Updater,
-		providers, storage, httpClient, updaterLogger)
+	updaterLooper := updater.NewLooper(allSettings.Updater,
+		allServers, storage, vpnLooper.SetServers, httpClient,
+		logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{Prefix: "updater: "}))
 	updaterHandler, updaterCtx, updaterDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
 		"updater", goroutine.OptionTimeout(defaultShutdownTimeout))
 	// wait for updaterLooper.Restart() or its ticket launched with RunRestartTicker
@@ -440,37 +392,31 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 	controlGroupHandler.Add(updaterTickerHandler)

 	httpProxyLooper := httpproxy.NewLoop(
-		logger.New(log.SetComponent("http proxy")),
+		logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{Prefix: "http proxy: "}),
 		allSettings.HTTPProxy)
 	httpProxyHandler, httpProxyCtx, httpProxyDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
 		"http proxy", goroutine.OptionTimeout(defaultShutdownTimeout))
 	go httpProxyLooper.Run(httpProxyCtx, httpProxyDone)
 	otherGroupHandler.Add(httpProxyHandler)

-	shadowsocksLooper := shadowsocks.NewLoop(allSettings.Shadowsocks,
-		logger.New(log.SetComponent("shadowsocks")))
+	shadowsocksLooper := shadowsocks.NewLooper(allSettings.Shadowsocks,
+		logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{Prefix: "shadowsocks: "}))
 	shadowsocksHandler, shadowsocksCtx, shadowsocksDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
 		"shadowsocks proxy", goroutine.OptionTimeout(defaultShutdownTimeout))
 	go shadowsocksLooper.Run(shadowsocksCtx, shadowsocksDone)
 	otherGroupHandler.Add(shadowsocksHandler)

-	controlServerAddress := *allSettings.ControlServer.Address
+	controlServerAddress := fmt.Sprintf(":%d", *allSettings.ControlServer.Port)
 	controlServerLogging := *allSettings.ControlServer.Log
 	httpServerHandler, httpServerCtx, httpServerDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
 		"http server", goroutine.OptionTimeout(defaultShutdownTimeout))
-	httpServer, err := server.New(httpServerCtx, controlServerAddress, controlServerLogging,
-		logger.New(log.SetComponent("http server")),
-		buildInfo, vpnLooper, portForwardLooper, unboundLooper, updaterLooper, publicIPLooper,
-		storage, ipv6Supported)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("setting up control server: %w", err)
-	}
-	httpServerReady := make(chan struct{})
-	go httpServer.Run(httpServerCtx, httpServerReady, httpServerDone)
-	<-httpServerReady
+	httpServer := server.New(httpServerCtx, controlServerAddress, controlServerLogging,
+		logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{Prefix: "http server: "}),
+		buildInfo, vpnLooper, portForwardLooper, unboundLooper, updaterLooper, publicIPLooper)
+	go httpServer.Run(httpServerCtx, httpServerDone)
 	controlGroupHandler.Add(httpServerHandler)

-	healthLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("healthcheck"))
+	healthLogger := logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{Prefix: "healthcheck: "})
 	healthcheckServer := healthcheck.NewServer(allSettings.Health, healthLogger, vpnLooper)
 	healthServerHandler, healthServerCtx, healthServerDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
 		"HTTP health server", goroutine.OptionTimeout(defaultShutdownTimeout))
@@ -481,31 +427,13 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 		order.OptionOnSuccess(defaultShutdownOnSuccess),
 		order.OptionOnFailure(defaultShutdownOnFailure))
 	orderHandler.Append(controlGroupHandler, tickersGroupHandler, healthServerHandler,
-		vpnHandler, otherGroupHandler)
+		vpnHandler, portForwardHandler, otherGroupHandler)

 	// Start VPN for the first time in a blocking call
 	// until the VPN is launched
 	_, _ = vpnLooper.ApplyStatus(ctx, constants.Running) // TODO option to disable with variable

-	select {
-	case <-ctx.Done():
-		stoppers := []interface {
-			String() string
-			Stop() error
-		}{
-			portForwardLooper, publicIPLooper,
-		}
-		for _, stopper := range stoppers {
-			err := stopper.Stop()
-			if err != nil {
-				logger.Error(fmt.Sprintf("stopping %s: %s", stopper, err))
-			}
-		}
-	case err := <-portForwardRunError:
-		logger.Errorf("port forwarding loop crashed: %s", err)
-	case err := <-publicIPRunError:
-		logger.Errorf("public IP loop crashed: %s", err)
-	}
+	<-ctx.Done()

 	return orderHandler.Shutdown(context.Background())
 }
@@ -528,68 +456,10 @@ func printVersions(ctx context.Context, logger infoer,
 	for _, element := range elements {
 		version, err := element.getVersion(ctx)
 		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("getting %s version: %w", element.name, err)
+			return err
 		}
 		logger.Info(element.name + " version: " + version)
 	}

 	return nil
 }
-
-type netLinker interface {
-	Addresser
-	Router
-	Ruler
-	Linker
-	IsWireguardSupported() (ok bool, err error)
-	IsIPv6Supported() (ok bool, err error)
-	PatchLoggerLevel(level log.Level)
-}
-
-type Addresser interface {
-	AddrList(link netlink.Link, family int) (
-		addresses []netlink.Addr, err error)
-	AddrReplace(link netlink.Link, addr netlink.Addr) error
-}
-
-type Router interface {
-	RouteList(family int) (routes []netlink.Route, err error)
-	RouteAdd(route netlink.Route) error
-	RouteDel(route netlink.Route) error
-	RouteReplace(route netlink.Route) error
-}
-
-type Ruler interface {
-	RuleList(family int) (rules []netlink.Rule, err error)
-	RuleAdd(rule netlink.Rule) error
-	RuleDel(rule netlink.Rule) error
-}
-
-type Linker interface {
-	LinkList() (links []netlink.Link, err error)
-	LinkByName(name string) (link netlink.Link, err error)
-	LinkByIndex(index int) (link netlink.Link, err error)
-	LinkAdd(link netlink.Link) (linkIndex int, err error)
-	LinkDel(link netlink.Link) (err error)
-	LinkSetUp(link netlink.Link) (linkIndex int, err error)
-	LinkSetDown(link netlink.Link) (err error)
-}
-
-type clier interface {
-	ClientKey(args []string) error
-	FormatServers(args []string) error
-	OpenvpnConfig(logger cli.OpenvpnConfigLogger, source cli.Source, ipv6Checker cli.IPv6Checker) error
-	HealthCheck(ctx context.Context, source cli.Source, warner cli.Warner) error
-	Update(ctx context.Context, args []string, logger cli.UpdaterLogger) error
-}
-
-type Tun interface {
-	Check(tunDevice string) error
-	Create(tunDevice string) error
-}
-
-type Source interface {
-	Read() (settings settings.Settings, err error)
-	ReadHealth() (health settings.Health, err error)
-	String() string
-}
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -1,55 +1,43 @@
 module github.com/qdm12/gluetun

-go 1.21
+go 1.17

 require (
-	github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.2.16
-	github.com/fatih/color v1.16.0
+	github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.2.1
+	github.com/fatih/color v1.13.0
 	github.com/golang/mock v1.6.0
-	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.4
-	github.com/klauspost/pgzip v1.2.6
 	github.com/qdm12/dns v1.11.0
 	github.com/qdm12/golibs v0.0.0-20210822203818-5c568b0777b6
-	github.com/qdm12/gosettings v0.4.0-rc1
 	github.com/qdm12/goshutdown v0.3.0
 	github.com/qdm12/gosplash v0.1.0
 	github.com/qdm12/gotree v0.2.0
-	github.com/qdm12/govalid v0.2.0-rc1
-	github.com/qdm12/log v0.1.0
-	github.com/qdm12/ss-server v0.5.0
+	github.com/qdm12/govalid v0.1.0
+	github.com/qdm12/ss-server v0.4.0
 	github.com/qdm12/updated v0.0.0-20210603204757-205acfe6937e
-	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.4
-	github.com/ulikunitz/xz v0.5.11
-	github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.2.1-beta.2
-	github.com/youmark/pkcs8 v0.0.0-20201027041543-1326539a0a0a
-	golang.org/x/net v0.19.0
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.15.0
-	golang.org/x/text v0.14.0
-	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20230325221338-052af4a8072b
-	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl v0.0.0-20230215201556-9c5414ab4bde
-	gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.67.0
-	inet.af/netaddr v0.0.0-20220811202034-502d2d690317
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.0
+	github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.1.1-0.20211129163951-9ada19101fc5
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210630005230-0f9fa26af87c
+	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20210805125648-3957e9b9dd19
+	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl v0.0.0-20210803171230-4253848d036c
+	inet.af/netaddr v0.0.0-20210718074554-06ca8145d722
 )

 require (
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
-	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.9 // indirect
-	github.com/josharian/native v1.0.0 // indirect
-	github.com/mattn/go-colorable v0.1.13 // indirect
-	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20 // indirect
-	github.com/mdlayher/genetlink v1.2.0 // indirect
-	github.com/mdlayher/netlink v1.6.2 // indirect
-	github.com/mdlayher/socket v0.2.3 // indirect
+	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.5 // indirect
+	github.com/josharian/native v0.0.0-20200817173448-b6b71def0850 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-colorable v0.1.9 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.14 // indirect
+	github.com/mdlayher/genetlink v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/mdlayher/netlink v1.4.0 // indirect
 	github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.40 // indirect
 	github.com/mr-tron/base58 v1.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/riobard/go-bloom v0.0.0-20200614022211-cdc8013cb5b3 // indirect
 	github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.0-20200728191858-db3c7e526aae // indirect
-	go4.org/intern v0.0.0-20211027215823-ae77deb06f29 // indirect
-	go4.org/unsafe/assume-no-moving-gc v0.0.0-20230525183740-e7c30c78aeb2 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.17.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230522175609-2e198f4a06a1 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.1.0 // indirect
-	golang.zx2c4.com/wintun v0.0.0-20230126152724-0fa3db229ce2 // indirect
-	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
+	go4.org/intern v0.0.0-20210108033219-3eb7198706b2 // indirect
+	go4.org/unsafe/assume-no-moving-gc v0.0.0-20201222180813-1025295fd063 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210711020723-a769d52b0f97 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210504132125-bbd867fde50d // indirect
+	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c // indirect
 )
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ github.com/alcortesm/tgz v0.0.0-20161220082320-9c5fe88206d7/go.mod h1:6zEj6s6u/g
 github.com/anmitsu/go-shlex v0.0.0-20161002113705-648efa622239/go.mod h1:2FmKhYUyUczH0OGQWaF5ceTx0UBShxjsH6f8oGKYe2c=
 github.com/armon/go-socks5 v0.0.0-20160902184237-e75332964ef5/go.mod h1:wHh0iHkYZB8zMSxRWpUBQtwG5a7fFgvEO+odwuTv2gs=
 github.com/asaskevich/govalidator v0.0.0-20180720115003-f9ffefc3facf/go.mod h1:lB+ZfQJz7igIIfQNfa7Ml4HSf2uFQQRzpGGRXenZAgY=
-github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.2.16 h1:yN1TGvicfHx8dKz3OQRIrx/5nE/iN3XT1ibqGbd6urc=
-github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.2.16/go.mod h1:S/PKh+4d1HUn4HQovEB8hPJZO6pUZYrIhmXBhsegfXw=
+github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.2.1 h1:GZMVDXOs945764NFck0vtHSjktKYubOFM0kjf5HAuwc=
+github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.2.1/go.mod h1:24FDtzYMpqIeYC7QzaE8VPRQaFZU5TIUDlyk8qwjD88=
 github.com/creack/pty v1.1.7/go.mod h1:lj5s0c3V2DBrqTV7llrYr5NG6My20zk30Fl46Y7DoTY=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.0/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c=
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ github.com/docker/go-units v0.3.3/go.mod h1:fgPhTUdO+D/Jk86RDLlptpiXQzgHJF7gydDD
 github.com/dvyukov/go-fuzz v0.0.0-20210103155950-6a8e9d1f2415/go.mod h1:11Gm+ccJnvAhCNLlf5+cS9KjtbaD5I5zaZpFMsTHWTw=
 github.com/emirpasic/gods v1.12.0/go.mod h1:YfzfFFoVP/catgzJb4IKIqXjX78Ha8FMSDh3ymbK86o=
 github.com/fatih/color v1.12.0/go.mod h1:ELkj/draVOlAH/xkhN6mQ50Qd0MPOk5AAr3maGEBuJM=
-github.com/fatih/color v1.16.0 h1:zmkK9Ngbjj+K0yRhTVONQh1p/HknKYSlNT+vZCzyokM=
-github.com/fatih/color v1.16.0/go.mod h1:fL2Sau1YI5c0pdGEVCbKQbLXB6edEj1ZgiY4NijnWvE=
+github.com/fatih/color v1.13.0 h1:8LOYc1KYPPmyKMuN8QV2DNRWNbLo6LZ0iLs8+mlH53w=
+github.com/fatih/color v1.13.0/go.mod h1:kLAiJbzzSOZDVNGyDpeOxJ47H46qBXwg5ILebYFFOfk=
 github.com/flynn/go-shlex v0.0.0-20150515145356-3f9db97f8568/go.mod h1:xEzjJPgXI435gkrCt3MPfRiAkVrwSbHsst4LCFVfpJc=
 github.com/gliderlabs/ssh v0.2.2/go.mod h1:U7qILu1NlMHj9FlMhZLlkCdDnU1DBEAqr0aevW3Awn0=
 github.com/globalsign/mgo v0.0.0-20180905125535-1ca0a4f7cbcb/go.mod h1:xkRDCp4j0OGD1HRkm4kmhM+pmpv3AKq5SU7GMg4oO/Q=
@@ -36,24 +36,29 @@ github.com/golang/mock v1.5.0/go.mod h1:CWnOUgYIOo4TcNZ0wHX3YZCqsaM1I1Jvs6v3mP3K
 github.com/golang/mock v1.6.0 h1:ErTB+efbowRARo13NNdxyJji2egdxLGQhRaY+DUumQc=
 github.com/golang/mock v1.6.0/go.mod h1:p6yTPP+5HYm5mzsMV8JkE6ZKdX+/wYM6Hr+LicevLPs=
 github.com/gomodule/redigo v2.0.0+incompatible/go.mod h1:B4C85qUVwatsJoIUNIfCRsp7qO0iAmpGFZ4EELWSbC4=
-github.com/google/btree v1.0.1 h1:gK4Kx5IaGY9CD5sPJ36FHiBJ6ZXl0kilRiiCj+jdYp4=
-github.com/google/btree v1.0.1/go.mod h1:xXMiIv4Fb/0kKde4SpL7qlzvu5cMJDRkFDxJfI9uaxA=
+github.com/google/go-cmp v0.2.0/go.mod h1:oXzfMopK8JAjlY9xF4vHSVASa0yLyX7SntLO5aqRK0M=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.3.0/go.mod h1:8QqcDgzrUqlUb/G2PQTWiueGozuR1884gddMywk6iLU=
-github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.6/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/gNBxE=
-github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.7/go.mod h1:n+brtR0CgQNWTVd5ZUFpTBC8YFBDLK/h/bpaJ8/DtOE=
-github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.9 h1:O2Tfq5qg4qc4AmwVlvv0oLiVAGB7enBSJ2x2DqQFi38=
-github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.9/go.mod h1:17dUlkBOakJ0+DkrSSNjCkIjxS6bF9zb3elmeNGIjoY=
+github.com/google/go-cmp v0.3.1/go.mod h1:8QqcDgzrUqlUb/G2PQTWiueGozuR1884gddMywk6iLU=
+github.com/google/go-cmp v0.4.0/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/gNBxE=
+github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.2/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/gNBxE=
+github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.4/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/gNBxE=
+github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.5 h1:Khx7svrCpmxxtHBq5j2mp/xVjsi8hQMfNLvJFAlrGgU=
+github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.5/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/gNBxE=
 github.com/google/uuid v1.0.0/go.mod h1:TIyPZe4MgqvfeYDBFedMoGGpEw/LqOeaOT+nhxU+yHo=
 github.com/gotify/go-api-client/v2 v2.0.4/go.mod h1:VKiah/UK20bXsr0JObE1eBVLW44zbBouzjuri9iwjFU=
 github.com/jbenet/go-context v0.0.0-20150711004518-d14ea06fba99/go.mod h1:1lJo3i6rXxKeerYnT8Nvf0QmHCRC1n8sfWVwXF2Frvo=
 github.com/jessevdk/go-flags v1.4.0/go.mod h1:4FA24M0QyGHXBuZZK/XkWh8h0e1EYbRYJSGM75WSRxI=
-github.com/josharian/native v1.0.0 h1:Ts/E8zCSEsG17dUqv7joXJFybuMLjQfWE04tsBODTxk=
-github.com/josharian/native v1.0.0/go.mod h1:7X/raswPFr05uY3HiLlYeyQntB6OO7E/d2Cu7qoaN2w=
+github.com/josharian/native v0.0.0-20200817173448-b6b71def0850 h1:uhL5Gw7BINiiPAo24A2sxkcDI0Jt/sqp1v5xQCniEFA=
+github.com/josharian/native v0.0.0-20200817173448-b6b71def0850/go.mod h1:7X/raswPFr05uY3HiLlYeyQntB6OO7E/d2Cu7qoaN2w=
+github.com/jsimonetti/rtnetlink v0.0.0-20190606172950-9527aa82566a/go.mod h1:Oz+70psSo5OFh8DBl0Zv2ACw7Esh6pPUphlvZG9x7uw=
+github.com/jsimonetti/rtnetlink v0.0.0-20200117123717-f846d4f6c1f4/go.mod h1:WGuG/smIU4J/54PblvSbh+xvCZmpJnFgr3ds6Z55XMQ=
+github.com/jsimonetti/rtnetlink v0.0.0-20201009170750-9c6f07d100c1/go.mod h1:hqoO/u39cqLeBLebZ8fWdE96O7FxrAsRYhnVOdgHxok=
+github.com/jsimonetti/rtnetlink v0.0.0-20201216134343-bde56ed16391/go.mod h1:cR77jAZG3Y3bsb8hF6fHJbFoyFukLFOkQ98S0pQz3xw=
+github.com/jsimonetti/rtnetlink v0.0.0-20201220180245-69540ac93943/go.mod h1:z4c53zj6Eex712ROyh8WI0ihysb5j2ROyV42iNogmAs=
+github.com/jsimonetti/rtnetlink v0.0.0-20210122163228-8d122574c736/go.mod h1:ZXpIyOK59ZnN7J0BV99cZUPmsqDRZ3eq5X+st7u/oSA=
+github.com/jsimonetti/rtnetlink v0.0.0-20210212075122-66c871082f2b h1:c3NTyLNozICy8B4mlMXemD3z/gXgQzVXZS/HqT+i3do=
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 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.2/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c h1:dUUwHk2QECo/6vqA44rthZ8ie2QXMNeKRTHCNY2nXvo=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
-gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
-gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
-gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20221203005347-703fd9b7fbc0 h1:Wobr37noukisGxpKo5jAsLREcpj61RxrWYzD8uwveOY=
-gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20221203005347-703fd9b7fbc0/go.mod h1:Dn5idtptoW1dIos9U6A2rpebLs/MtTwFacjKb8jLdQA=
 inet.af/netaddr v0.0.0-20210511181906-37180328850c/go.mod h1:z0nx+Dh+7N7CC8V5ayHtHGpZpxLQZZxkIaaz6HN65Ls=
-inet.af/netaddr v0.0.0-20220811202034-502d2d690317 h1:U2fwK6P2EqmopP/hFLTOAjWTki0qgd4GMJn5X8wOleU=
-inet.af/netaddr v0.0.0-20220811202034-502d2d690317/go.mod h1:OIezDfdzOgFhuw4HuWapWq2e9l0H9tK4F1j+ETRtF3k=
+inet.af/netaddr v0.0.0-20210718074554-06ca8145d722 h1:Qws2rZnQudC58cIagVucPQDLmMi3kAXgxscsgD0v6DU=
+inet.af/netaddr v0.0.0-20210718074554-06ca8145d722/go.mod h1:z0nx+Dh+7N7CC8V5ayHtHGpZpxLQZZxkIaaz6HN65Ls=
--- a/internal/alpine/alpine.go
+++ b/internal/alpine/alpine.go
@@ -1,9 +1,17 @@
+// Package alpine defines a configurator to interact with the Alpine operating system.
 package alpine

 import (
 	"os/user"
 )

+var _ Alpiner = (*Alpine)(nil)
+
+type Alpiner interface {
+	UserCreater
+	VersionGetter
+}
+
 type Alpine struct {
 	alpineReleasePath string
 	passwdPath        string
--- a/internal/alpine/users.go
+++ b/internal/alpine/users.go
@@ -12,6 +12,10 @@ var (
 	ErrUserAlreadyExists = errors.New("user already exists")
 )

+type UserCreater interface {
+	CreateUser(username string, uid int) (createdUsername string, err error)
+}
+
 // CreateUser creates a user in Alpine with the given UID.
 func (a *Alpine) CreateUser(username string, uid int) (createdUsername string, err error) {
 	UIDStr := strconv.Itoa(uid)
--- a/internal/alpine/version.go
+++ b/internal/alpine/version.go
@@ -7,7 +7,11 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 )

-func (a *Alpine) Version(context.Context) (version string, err error) {
+type VersionGetter interface {
+	Version(ctx context.Context) (version string, err error)
+}
+
+func (a *Alpine) Version(ctx context.Context) (version string, err error) {
 	file, err := os.OpenFile(a.alpineReleasePath, os.O_RDONLY, 0)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
--- a/internal/cli/ci.go
+++ b/internal/cli/ci.go
@@ -2,6 +2,6 @@ package cli

 import "context"

-func (c *CLI) CI(context.Context) error {
+func (c *CLI) CI(context context.Context) error {
 	return nil
 }
--- a/internal/cli/cli.go
+++ b/internal/cli/cli.go
@@ -1,5 +1,16 @@
+// Package cli defines an interface CLI to run command line operations.
 package cli

+var _ CLIer = (*CLI)(nil)
+
+type CLIer interface {
+	ClientKeyFormatter
+	HealthChecker
+	OpenvpnConfigMaker
+	Updater
+	ServersFormatter
+}
+
 type CLI struct {
 	repoServersPath string
 }
--- a/internal/cli/clientkey.go
+++ b/internal/cli/clientkey.go
@@ -7,12 +7,16 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"strings"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/sources/files"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
 )

+type ClientKeyFormatter interface {
+	ClientKey(args []string) error
+}
+
 func (c *CLI) ClientKey(args []string) error {
 	flagSet := flag.NewFlagSet("clientkey", flag.ExitOnError)
-	filepath := flagSet.String("path", files.OpenVPNClientKeyPath, "file path to the client.key file")
+	filepath := flagSet.String("path", constants.ClientKey, "file path to the client.key file")
 	if err := flagSet.Parse(args); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
--- a/internal/cli/formatservers.go
+++ b/internal/cli/formatservers.go
@@ -6,49 +6,51 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
-	"strings"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/storage"
-	"golang.org/x/text/cases"
-	"golang.org/x/text/language"
 )

+type ServersFormatter interface {
+	FormatServers(args []string) error
+}
+
 var (
 	ErrFormatNotRecognized = errors.New("format is not recognized")
 	ErrProviderUnspecified = errors.New("VPN provider to format was not specified")
-	ErrMultipleProvidersToFormat = errors.New("more than one VPN provider to format were specified")
+	ErrOpenOutputFile      = errors.New("cannot open output file")
+	ErrWriteOutput         = errors.New("cannot write to output file")
+	ErrCloseOutputFile     = errors.New("cannot close output file")
 )

-func addProviderFlag(flagSet *flag.FlagSet, providerToFormat map[string]*bool,
-	provider string, titleCaser cases.Caser) {
-	boolPtr, ok := providerToFormat[provider]
-	if !ok {
-		panic(fmt.Sprintf("unknown provider in format map: %s", provider))
-	}
-	flagSet.BoolVar(boolPtr, provider, false, "Format "+titleCaser.String(provider)+" servers")
-}
-
 func (c *CLI) FormatServers(args []string) error {
 	var format, output string
-	allProviders := providers.All()
-	allProviderFlags := make([]string, len(allProviders))
-	for i, provider := range allProviders {
-		allProviderFlags[i] = strings.ReplaceAll(provider, " ", "-")
-	}
-
-	providersToFormat := make(map[string]*bool, len(allProviders))
-	for _, provider := range allProviderFlags {
-		providersToFormat[provider] = new(bool)
-	}
-	flagSet := flag.NewFlagSet("format-servers", flag.ExitOnError)
+	var cyberghost, expressvpn, fastestvpn, hideMyAss, ipvanish, ivpn, mullvad,
+		nordvpn, perfectPrivacy, pia, privado, privatevpn, protonvpn, purevpn, surfshark,
+		torguard, vpnUnlimited, vyprvpn, wevpn, windscribe bool
+	flagSet := flag.NewFlagSet("markdown", flag.ExitOnError)
 	flagSet.StringVar(&format, "format", "markdown", "Format to use which can be: 'markdown'")
 	flagSet.StringVar(&output, "output", "/dev/stdout", "Output file to write the formatted data to")
-	titleCaser := cases.Title(language.English)
-	for _, provider := range allProviderFlags {
-		addProviderFlag(flagSet, providersToFormat, provider, titleCaser)
-	}
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&cyberghost, "cyberghost", false, "Format Cyberghost servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&expressvpn, "expressvpn", false, "Format ExpressVPN servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&fastestvpn, "fastestvpn", false, "Format FastestVPN servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&hideMyAss, "hidemyass", false, "Format HideMyAss servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&ipvanish, "ipvanish", false, "Format IpVanish servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&ivpn, "ivpn", false, "Format IVPN servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&mullvad, "mullvad", false, "Format Mullvad servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&nordvpn, "nordvpn", false, "Format Nordvpn servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&perfectPrivacy, "perfectprivacy", false, "Format Perfect Privacy servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&pia, "pia", false, "Format Private Internet Access servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&privado, "privado", false, "Format Privado servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&privatevpn, "privatevpn", false, "Format Private VPN servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&protonvpn, "protonvpn", false, "Format Protonvpn servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&purevpn, "purevpn", false, "Format Purevpn servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&surfshark, "surfshark", false, "Format Surfshark servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&torguard, "torguard", false, "Format Torguard servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&vpnUnlimited, "vpnunlimited", false, "Format VPN Unlimited servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&vyprvpn, "vyprvpn", false, "Format Vyprvpn servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&wevpn, "wevpn", false, "Format WeVPN servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&windscribe, "windscribe", false, "Format Windscribe servers")
 	if err := flagSet.Parse(args); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -57,53 +59,74 @@ func (c *CLI) FormatServers(args []string) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrFormatNotRecognized, format)
 	}

-	// Verify only one provider is set to be formatted.
-	var providers []string
-	for provider, formatPtr := range providersToFormat {
-		if *formatPtr {
-			providers = append(providers, provider)
-		}
-	}
-	switch len(providers) {
-	case 0:
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrProviderUnspecified)
-	case 1:
-	default:
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %d specified: %s",
-			ErrMultipleProvidersToFormat, len(providers),
-			strings.Join(providers, ", "))
-	}
-
-	var providerToFormat string
-	for _, providerToFormat = range allProviders {
-		if strings.ReplaceAll(providerToFormat, " ", "-") == providers[0] {
-			break
-		}
-	}
-
 	logger := newNoopLogger()
 	storage, err := storage.New(logger, constants.ServersData)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("creating servers storage: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrNewStorage, err)
 	}
+	currentServers := storage.GetServers()

-	formatted := storage.FormatToMarkdown(providerToFormat)
+	var formatted string
+	switch {
+	case cyberghost:
+		formatted = currentServers.Cyberghost.ToMarkdown()
+	case expressvpn:
+		formatted = currentServers.Expressvpn.ToMarkdown()
+	case fastestvpn:
+		formatted = currentServers.Fastestvpn.ToMarkdown()
+	case hideMyAss:
+		formatted = currentServers.HideMyAss.ToMarkdown()
+	case ipvanish:
+		formatted = currentServers.Ipvanish.ToMarkdown()
+	case ivpn:
+		formatted = currentServers.Ivpn.ToMarkdown()
+	case mullvad:
+		formatted = currentServers.Mullvad.ToMarkdown()
+	case nordvpn:
+		formatted = currentServers.Nordvpn.ToMarkdown()
+	case perfectPrivacy:
+		formatted = currentServers.Perfectprivacy.ToMarkdown()
+	case pia:
+		formatted = currentServers.Pia.ToMarkdown()
+	case privado:
+		formatted = currentServers.Privado.ToMarkdown()
+	case privatevpn:
+		formatted = currentServers.Privatevpn.ToMarkdown()
+	case protonvpn:
+		formatted = currentServers.Protonvpn.ToMarkdown()
+	case purevpn:
+		formatted = currentServers.Purevpn.ToMarkdown()
+	case surfshark:
+		formatted = currentServers.Surfshark.ToMarkdown()
+	case torguard:
+		formatted = currentServers.Torguard.ToMarkdown()
+	case vpnUnlimited:
+		formatted = currentServers.VPNUnlimited.ToMarkdown()
+	case vyprvpn:
+		formatted = currentServers.Vyprvpn.ToMarkdown()
+	case wevpn:
+		formatted = currentServers.Wevpn.ToMarkdown()
+	case windscribe:
+		formatted = currentServers.Windscribe.ToMarkdown()
+	default:
+		return ErrProviderUnspecified
+	}

 	output = filepath.Clean(output)
 	file, err := os.OpenFile(output, os.O_TRUNC|os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE, 0644)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("opening output file: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrOpenOutputFile, err)
 	}

 	_, err = fmt.Fprint(file, formatted)
 	if err != nil {
 		_ = file.Close()
-		return fmt.Errorf("writing to output file: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrWriteOutput, err)
 	}

 	err = file.Close()
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("closing output file: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrCloseOutputFile, err)
 	}

 	return nil
--- a/internal/cli/healthcheck.go
+++ b/internal/cli/healthcheck.go
@@ -6,18 +6,21 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 	"time"

+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/sources"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/healthcheck"
 )

-func (c *CLI) HealthCheck(ctx context.Context, source Source, _ Warner) error {
+type HealthChecker interface {
+	HealthCheck(ctx context.Context, source sources.Source, warner Warner) error
+}
+
+func (c *CLI) HealthCheck(ctx context.Context, source sources.Source, warner Warner) error {
 	// Extract the health server port from the configuration.
 	config, err := source.ReadHealth()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	config.SetDefaults()
-
 	err = config.Validate()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
--- a/internal/cli/nooplogger.go
+++ b/internal/cli/nooplogger.go
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ func newNoopLogger() *noopLogger {
 	return new(noopLogger)
 }

-func (l *noopLogger) Debug(string)             {}
-func (l *noopLogger) Info(string)              {}
-func (l *noopLogger) Warn(string)              {}
-func (l *noopLogger) Error(string)             {}
-func (l *noopLogger) PatchLevel(logging.Level) {}
-func (l *noopLogger) PatchPrefix(string)       {}
+func (l *noopLogger) Debug(s string)                 {}
+func (l *noopLogger) Info(s string)                  {}
+func (l *noopLogger) Warn(s string)                  {}
+func (l *noopLogger) Error(s string)                 {}
+func (l *noopLogger) PatchLevel(level logging.Level) {}
+func (l *noopLogger) PatchPrefix(prefix string)      {}
--- a/internal/cli/openvpnconfig.go
+++ b/internal/cli/openvpnconfig.go
@@ -1,85 +1,51 @@
 package cli

 import (
-	"context"
 	"fmt"
-	"net/http"
-	"net/netip"
 	"strings"
 	"time"

+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/sources"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/openvpn/extract"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/provider"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/storage"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/updater/resolver"
 )

+type OpenvpnConfigMaker interface {
+	OpenvpnConfig(logger OpenvpnConfigLogger, source sources.Source) error
+}
+
 type OpenvpnConfigLogger interface {
 	Info(s string)
 	Warn(s string)
 }

-type Unzipper interface {
-	FetchAndExtract(ctx context.Context, url string) (
-		contents map[string][]byte, err error)
-}
-
-type ParallelResolver interface {
-	Resolve(ctx context.Context, settings resolver.ParallelSettings) (
-		hostToIPs map[string][]netip.Addr, warnings []string, err error)
-}
-
-type IPFetcher interface {
-	FetchInfo(ctx context.Context, ip netip.Addr) (data models.PublicIP, err error)
-}
-
-type IPv6Checker interface {
-	IsIPv6Supported() (supported bool, err error)
-}
-
-func (c *CLI) OpenvpnConfig(logger OpenvpnConfigLogger, source Source,
-	ipv6Checker IPv6Checker) error {
+func (c *CLI) OpenvpnConfig(logger OpenvpnConfigLogger, source sources.Source) error {
 	storage, err := storage.New(logger, constants.ServersData)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	allServers := storage.GetServers()

 	allSettings, err := source.Read()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	ipv6Supported, err := ipv6Checker.IsIPv6Supported()
+	if err = allSettings.Validate(allServers); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	providerConf := provider.New(*allSettings.VPN.Provider.Name, allServers, time.Now)
+	connection, err := providerConf.GetConnection(allSettings.VPN.Provider.ServerSelection)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("checking for IPv6 support: %w", err)
+		return err
 	}
-
-	if err = allSettings.Validate(storage, ipv6Supported); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("validating settings: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	// Unused by this CLI command
-	unzipper := (Unzipper)(nil)
-	client := (*http.Client)(nil)
-	warner := (Warner)(nil)
-	parallelResolver := (ParallelResolver)(nil)
-	ipFetcher := (IPFetcher)(nil)
-	openvpnFileExtractor := extract.New()
-
-	providers := provider.NewProviders(storage, time.Now, warner, client,
-		unzipper, parallelResolver, ipFetcher, openvpnFileExtractor)
-	providerConf := providers.Get(*allSettings.VPN.Provider.Name)
-	connection, err := providerConf.GetConnection(
-		allSettings.VPN.Provider.ServerSelection, ipv6Supported)
+	lines, err := providerConf.BuildConf(connection, allSettings.VPN.OpenVPN)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	lines := providerConf.OpenVPNConfig(connection,
-		allSettings.VPN.OpenVPN, ipv6Supported)
-
 	fmt.Println(strings.Join(lines, "\n"))
 	return nil
 }
--- a/internal/cli/update.go
+++ b/internal/cli/update.go
@@ -2,105 +2,131 @@ package cli

 import (
 	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
+	"net"
 	"net/http"
+	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/openvpn/extract"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/provider"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/publicip/api"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/storage"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/updater"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/updater/resolver"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/updater/unzip"
 )

 var (
 	ErrModeUnspecified         = errors.New("at least one of -enduser or -maintainer must be specified")
+	ErrDNSAddress              = errors.New("DNS address is not valid")
 	ErrNoProviderSpecified     = errors.New("no provider was specified")
+	ErrNewStorage              = errors.New("cannot create storage")
+	ErrUpdateServerInformation = errors.New("cannot update server information")
+	ErrWriteToFile             = errors.New("cannot write updated information to file")
 )

+type Updater interface {
+	Update(ctx context.Context, args []string, logger UpdaterLogger) error
+}
+
 type UpdaterLogger interface {
 	Info(s string)
 	Warn(s string)
 	Error(s string)
 }

+func boolPtr(b bool) *bool { return &b }
+
 func (c *CLI) Update(ctx context.Context, args []string, logger UpdaterLogger) error {
-	options := settings.Updater{}
+	options := settings.Updater{CLI: boolPtr(true)}
 	var endUserMode, maintainerMode, updateAll bool
-	var csvProviders, ipToken string
+	var dnsAddress, csvProviders string
 	flagSet := flag.NewFlagSet("update", flag.ExitOnError)
 	flagSet.BoolVar(&endUserMode, "enduser", false, "Write results to /gluetun/servers.json (for end users)")
 	flagSet.BoolVar(&maintainerMode, "maintainer", false,
 		"Write results to ./internal/storage/servers.json to modify the program (for maintainers)")
-	flagSet.StringVar(&options.DNSAddress, "dns", "8.8.8.8", "DNS resolver address to use")
-	const defaultMinRatio = 0.8
-	flagSet.Float64Var(&options.MinRatio, "minratio", defaultMinRatio,
-		"Minimum ratio of servers to find for the update to succeed")
+	flagSet.StringVar(&dnsAddress, "dns", "8.8.8.8", "DNS resolver address to use")
 	flagSet.BoolVar(&updateAll, "all", false, "Update servers for all VPN providers")
 	flagSet.StringVar(&csvProviders, "providers", "", "CSV string of VPN providers to update server data for")
-	flagSet.StringVar(&ipToken, "ip-token", "", "IP data service token (e.g. ipinfo.io) to use")
 	if err := flagSet.Parse(args); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

 	if !endUserMode && !maintainerMode {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrModeUnspecified)
+		return ErrModeUnspecified
+	}
+
+	options.DNSAddress = net.ParseIP(dnsAddress)
+	if options.DNSAddress == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrDNSAddress, dnsAddress)
 	}

 	if updateAll {
-		options.Providers = providers.All()
+		for _, provider := range constants.AllProviders() {
+			if provider == constants.Custom {
+				continue
+			}
+			options.Providers = append(options.Providers, provider)
+		}
 	} else {
 		if csvProviders == "" {
-			return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrNoProviderSpecified)
+			return ErrNoProviderSpecified
 		}
 		options.Providers = strings.Split(csvProviders, ",")
 	}

-	options.SetDefaults(options.Providers[0])
+	options.SetDefaults()

 	err := options.Validate()
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("options validation failed: %w", err)
 	}

-	storage, err := storage.New(logger, constants.ServersData)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("creating servers storage: %w", err)
-	}
-
 	const clientTimeout = 10 * time.Second
 	httpClient := &http.Client{Timeout: clientTimeout}
-	unzipper := unzip.New(httpClient)
-	parallelResolver := resolver.NewParallelResolver(options.DNSAddress)
-	ipFetcher, err := api.New(api.IPInfo, httpClient, ipToken)
+
+	storage, err := storage.New(logger, constants.ServersData)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("creating public IP API client: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrNewStorage, err)
 	}
-	openvpnFileExtractor := extract.New()
+	currentServers := storage.GetServers()

-	providers := provider.NewProviders(storage, time.Now, logger, httpClient,
-		unzipper, parallelResolver, ipFetcher, openvpnFileExtractor)
-
-	updater := updater.New(httpClient, storage, providers, logger)
-	err = updater.UpdateServers(ctx, options.Providers, options.MinRatio)
+	updater := updater.New(options, httpClient, currentServers, logger)
+	allServers, err := updater.UpdateServers(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("updating server information: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrUpdateServerInformation, err)
+	}
+
+	if endUserMode {
+		if err := storage.FlushToFile(allServers); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrWriteToFile, err)
+		}
 	}

 	if maintainerMode {
-		err := storage.FlushToFile(c.repoServersPath)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("writing servers data to embedded JSON file: %w", err)
+		if err := writeToEmbeddedJSON(c.repoServersPath, allServers); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrWriteToFile, err)
 		}
 	}

 	return nil
 }
+
+func writeToEmbeddedJSON(repoServersPath string,
+	allServers models.AllServers) error {
+	const perms = 0600
+	f, err := os.OpenFile(repoServersPath,
+		os.O_TRUNC|os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE, perms)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	defer f.Close()
+
+	encoder := json.NewEncoder(f)
+	encoder.SetIndent("", "  ")
+	return encoder.Encode(allServers)
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/dns.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/dns.go
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ package settings

 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"net/netip"
+	"net"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -13,17 +13,13 @@ type DNS struct {
 	// ServerAddress is the DNS server to use inside
 	// the Go program and for the system.
 	// It defaults to '127.0.0.1' to be used with the
-	// DoT server. It cannot be the zero value in the internal
+	// DoT server. It cannot be nil in the internal
 	// state.
-	ServerAddress netip.Addr
-	// KeepNameserver is true if the existing DNS server
-	// found in /etc/resolv.conf should be used
-	// Note setting this to true will likely DNS traffic
-	// outside the VPN tunnel since it would go through
-	// the local DNS server of your Docker/Kubernetes
-	// configuration, which is likely not going through the tunnel.
-	// This will also disable the DNS over TLS server and the
-	// `ServerAddress` field will be ignored.
+	ServerAddress net.IP
+	// KeepNameserver is true if the Docker DNS server
+	// found in /etc/resolv.conf should be kept.
+	// Note settings this to true will go around the
+	// DoT server blocking.
 	// It defaults to false and cannot be nil in the
 	// internal state.
 	KeepNameserver *bool
@@ -35,7 +31,7 @@ type DNS struct {
 func (d DNS) validate() (err error) {
 	err = d.DoT.validate()
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("validating DoT settings: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed validating DoT settings: %w", err)
 	}

 	return nil
@@ -43,8 +39,8 @@ func (d DNS) validate() (err error) {

 func (d *DNS) Copy() (copied DNS) {
 	return DNS{
-		ServerAddress:  d.ServerAddress,
-		KeepNameserver: gosettings.CopyPointer(d.KeepNameserver),
+		ServerAddress:  helpers.CopyIP(d.ServerAddress),
+		KeepNameserver: helpers.CopyBoolPtr(d.KeepNameserver),
 		DoT:            d.DoT.copy(),
 	}
 }
@@ -52,8 +48,8 @@ func (d *DNS) Copy() (copied DNS) {
 // mergeWith merges the other settings into any
 // unset field of the receiver settings object.
 func (d *DNS) mergeWith(other DNS) {
-	d.ServerAddress = gosettings.MergeWithValidator(d.ServerAddress, other.ServerAddress)
-	d.KeepNameserver = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(d.KeepNameserver, other.KeepNameserver)
+	d.ServerAddress = helpers.MergeWithIP(d.ServerAddress, other.ServerAddress)
+	d.KeepNameserver = helpers.MergeWithBool(d.KeepNameserver, other.KeepNameserver)
 	d.DoT.mergeWith(other.DoT)
 }

@@ -61,15 +57,15 @@ func (d *DNS) mergeWith(other DNS) {
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (d *DNS) overrideWith(other DNS) {
-	d.ServerAddress = gosettings.OverrideWithValidator(d.ServerAddress, other.ServerAddress)
-	d.KeepNameserver = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(d.KeepNameserver, other.KeepNameserver)
+	d.ServerAddress = helpers.OverrideWithIP(d.ServerAddress, other.ServerAddress)
+	d.KeepNameserver = helpers.OverrideWithBool(d.KeepNameserver, other.KeepNameserver)
 	d.DoT.overrideWith(other.DoT)
 }

 func (d *DNS) setDefaults() {
-	localhost := netip.AddrFrom4([4]byte{127, 0, 0, 1})
-	d.ServerAddress = gosettings.DefaultValidator(d.ServerAddress, localhost)
-	d.KeepNameserver = gosettings.DefaultPointer(d.KeepNameserver, false)
+	localhost := net.IPv4(127, 0, 0, 1) //nolint:gomnd
+	d.ServerAddress = helpers.DefaultIP(d.ServerAddress, localhost)
+	d.KeepNameserver = helpers.DefaultBool(d.KeepNameserver, false)
 	d.DoT.setDefaults()
 }

@@ -79,11 +75,8 @@ func (d DNS) String() string {

 func (d DNS) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("DNS settings:")
-	node.Appendf("Keep existing nameserver(s): %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(d.KeepNameserver))
-	if *d.KeepNameserver {
-		return node
-	}
 	node.Appendf("DNS server address to use: %s", d.ServerAddress)
+	node.Appendf("Keep existing nameserver(s): %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(d.KeepNameserver))
 	node.AppendNode(d.DoT.toLinesNode())
 	return node
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/dnsblacklist.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/dnsblacklist.go
@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@ package settings
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"net/netip"
 	"regexp"

 	"github.com/qdm12/dns/pkg/blacklist"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
+	"inet.af/netaddr"
 )

 // DNSBlacklist is settings for the DNS blacklist building.
@@ -18,14 +18,14 @@ type DNSBlacklist struct {
 	BlockSurveillance    *bool
 	AllowedHosts         []string
 	AddBlockedHosts      []string
-	AddBlockedIPs        []netip.Addr
-	AddBlockedIPPrefixes []netip.Prefix
+	AddBlockedIPs        []netaddr.IP
+	AddBlockedIPPrefixes []netaddr.IPPrefix
 }

 func (b *DNSBlacklist) setDefaults() {
-	b.BlockMalicious = gosettings.DefaultPointer(b.BlockMalicious, true)
-	b.BlockAds = gosettings.DefaultPointer(b.BlockAds, false)
-	b.BlockSurveillance = gosettings.DefaultPointer(b.BlockSurveillance, true)
+	b.BlockMalicious = helpers.DefaultBool(b.BlockMalicious, true)
+	b.BlockAds = helpers.DefaultBool(b.BlockAds, false)
+	b.BlockSurveillance = helpers.DefaultBool(b.BlockSurveillance, true)
 }

 var hostRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`^([a-zA-Z0-9]|[a-zA-Z0-9_][a-zA-Z0-9\-_]{0,61}[a-zA-Z0-9_])(\.([a-zA-Z0-9]|[a-zA-Z0-9_][a-zA-Z0-9\-_]{0,61}[a-zA-Z0-9]))*$`) //nolint:lll
@@ -53,34 +53,34 @@ func (b DNSBlacklist) validate() (err error) {

 func (b DNSBlacklist) copy() (copied DNSBlacklist) {
 	return DNSBlacklist{
-		BlockMalicious:       gosettings.CopyPointer(b.BlockMalicious),
-		BlockAds:             gosettings.CopyPointer(b.BlockAds),
-		BlockSurveillance:    gosettings.CopyPointer(b.BlockSurveillance),
-		AllowedHosts:         gosettings.CopySlice(b.AllowedHosts),
-		AddBlockedHosts:      gosettings.CopySlice(b.AddBlockedHosts),
-		AddBlockedIPs:        gosettings.CopySlice(b.AddBlockedIPs),
-		AddBlockedIPPrefixes: gosettings.CopySlice(b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes),
+		BlockMalicious:       helpers.CopyBoolPtr(b.BlockMalicious),
+		BlockAds:             helpers.CopyBoolPtr(b.BlockAds),
+		BlockSurveillance:    helpers.CopyBoolPtr(b.BlockSurveillance),
+		AllowedHosts:         helpers.CopyStringSlice(b.AllowedHosts),
+		AddBlockedHosts:      helpers.CopyStringSlice(b.AddBlockedHosts),
+		AddBlockedIPs:        helpers.CopyNetaddrIPsSlice(b.AddBlockedIPs),
+		AddBlockedIPPrefixes: helpers.CopyIPPrefixSlice(b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes),
 	}
 }

 func (b *DNSBlacklist) mergeWith(other DNSBlacklist) {
-	b.BlockMalicious = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(b.BlockMalicious, other.BlockMalicious)
-	b.BlockAds = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(b.BlockAds, other.BlockAds)
-	b.BlockSurveillance = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(b.BlockSurveillance, other.BlockSurveillance)
-	b.AllowedHosts = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(b.AllowedHosts, other.AllowedHosts)
-	b.AddBlockedHosts = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(b.AddBlockedHosts, other.AddBlockedHosts)
-	b.AddBlockedIPs = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(b.AddBlockedIPs, other.AddBlockedIPs)
-	b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes, other.AddBlockedIPPrefixes)
+	b.BlockMalicious = helpers.MergeWithBool(b.BlockMalicious, other.BlockMalicious)
+	b.BlockAds = helpers.MergeWithBool(b.BlockAds, other.BlockAds)
+	b.BlockSurveillance = helpers.MergeWithBool(b.BlockSurveillance, other.BlockSurveillance)
+	b.AllowedHosts = helpers.MergeStringSlices(b.AllowedHosts, other.AllowedHosts)
+	b.AddBlockedHosts = helpers.MergeStringSlices(b.AddBlockedHosts, other.AddBlockedHosts)
+	b.AddBlockedIPs = helpers.MergeNetaddrIPsSlices(b.AddBlockedIPs, other.AddBlockedIPs)
+	b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes = helpers.MergeIPPrefixesSlices(b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes, other.AddBlockedIPPrefixes)
 }

 func (b *DNSBlacklist) overrideWith(other DNSBlacklist) {
-	b.BlockMalicious = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(b.BlockMalicious, other.BlockMalicious)
-	b.BlockAds = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(b.BlockAds, other.BlockAds)
-	b.BlockSurveillance = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(b.BlockSurveillance, other.BlockSurveillance)
-	b.AllowedHosts = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(b.AllowedHosts, other.AllowedHosts)
-	b.AddBlockedHosts = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(b.AddBlockedHosts, other.AddBlockedHosts)
-	b.AddBlockedIPs = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(b.AddBlockedIPs, other.AddBlockedIPs)
-	b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes, other.AddBlockedIPPrefixes)
+	b.BlockMalicious = helpers.OverrideWithBool(b.BlockMalicious, other.BlockMalicious)
+	b.BlockAds = helpers.OverrideWithBool(b.BlockAds, other.BlockAds)
+	b.BlockSurveillance = helpers.OverrideWithBool(b.BlockSurveillance, other.BlockSurveillance)
+	b.AllowedHosts = helpers.OverrideWithStringSlice(b.AllowedHosts, other.AllowedHosts)
+	b.AddBlockedHosts = helpers.OverrideWithStringSlice(b.AddBlockedHosts, other.AddBlockedHosts)
+	b.AddBlockedIPs = helpers.OverrideWithNetaddrIPsSlice(b.AddBlockedIPs, other.AddBlockedIPs)
+	b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes = helpers.OverrideWithIPPrefixesSlice(b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes, other.AddBlockedIPPrefixes)
 }

 func (b DNSBlacklist) ToBlacklistFormat() (settings blacklist.BuilderSettings, err error) {
@@ -90,8 +90,8 @@ func (b DNSBlacklist) ToBlacklistFormat() (settings blacklist.BuilderSettings, e
 		BlockSurveillance:    *b.BlockSurveillance,
 		AllowedHosts:         b.AllowedHosts,
 		AddBlockedHosts:      b.AddBlockedHosts,
-		AddBlockedIPs:        netipAddressesToNetaddrIPs(b.AddBlockedIPs),
-		AddBlockedIPPrefixes: netipPrefixesToNetaddrIPPrefixes(b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes),
+		AddBlockedIPs:        b.AddBlockedIPs,
+		AddBlockedIPPrefixes: b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes,
 	}, nil
 }

@@ -102,9 +102,9 @@ func (b DNSBlacklist) String() string {
 func (b DNSBlacklist) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("DNS filtering settings:")

-	node.Appendf("Block malicious: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(b.BlockMalicious))
-	node.Appendf("Block ads: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(b.BlockAds))
-	node.Appendf("Block surveillance: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(b.BlockSurveillance))
+	node.Appendf("Block malicious: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(b.BlockMalicious))
+	node.Appendf("Block ads: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(b.BlockAds))
+	node.Appendf("Block surveillance: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(b.BlockSurveillance))

 	if len(b.AllowedHosts) > 0 {
 		allowedHostsNode := node.Appendf("Allowed hosts:")
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/dot.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/dot.go
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -54,8 +54,8 @@ func (d DoT) validate() (err error) {

 func (d *DoT) copy() (copied DoT) {
 	return DoT{
-		Enabled:      gosettings.CopyPointer(d.Enabled),
-		UpdatePeriod: gosettings.CopyPointer(d.UpdatePeriod),
+		Enabled:      helpers.CopyBoolPtr(d.Enabled),
+		UpdatePeriod: helpers.CopyDurationPtr(d.UpdatePeriod),
 		Unbound:      d.Unbound.copy(),
 		Blacklist:    d.Blacklist.copy(),
 	}
@@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ func (d *DoT) copy() (copied DoT) {
 // mergeWith merges the other settings into any
 // unset field of the receiver settings object.
 func (d *DoT) mergeWith(other DoT) {
-	d.Enabled = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(d.Enabled, other.Enabled)
-	d.UpdatePeriod = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(d.UpdatePeriod, other.UpdatePeriod)
+	d.Enabled = helpers.MergeWithBool(d.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	d.UpdatePeriod = helpers.MergeWithDuration(d.UpdatePeriod, other.UpdatePeriod)
 	d.Unbound.mergeWith(other.Unbound)
 	d.Blacklist.mergeWith(other.Blacklist)
 }
@@ -74,16 +74,16 @@ func (d *DoT) mergeWith(other DoT) {
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (d *DoT) overrideWith(other DoT) {
-	d.Enabled = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(d.Enabled, other.Enabled)
-	d.UpdatePeriod = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(d.UpdatePeriod, other.UpdatePeriod)
+	d.Enabled = helpers.OverrideWithBool(d.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	d.UpdatePeriod = helpers.OverrideWithDuration(d.UpdatePeriod, other.UpdatePeriod)
 	d.Unbound.overrideWith(other.Unbound)
 	d.Blacklist.overrideWith(other.Blacklist)
 }

 func (d *DoT) setDefaults() {
-	d.Enabled = gosettings.DefaultPointer(d.Enabled, true)
+	d.Enabled = helpers.DefaultBool(d.Enabled, true)
 	const defaultUpdatePeriod = 24 * time.Hour
-	d.UpdatePeriod = gosettings.DefaultPointer(d.UpdatePeriod, defaultUpdatePeriod)
+	d.UpdatePeriod = helpers.DefaultDuration(d.UpdatePeriod, defaultUpdatePeriod)
 	d.Unbound.setDefaults()
 	d.Blacklist.setDefaults()
 }
@@ -95,12 +95,12 @@ func (d DoT) String() string {
 func (d DoT) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("DNS over TLS settings:")

-	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(d.Enabled))
+	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(d.Enabled))
 	if !*d.Enabled {
 		return node
 	}

-	update := "disabled" //nolint:goconst
+	update := "disabled"
 	if *d.UpdatePeriod > 0 {
 		update = "every " + d.UpdatePeriod.String()
 	}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/errors.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/errors.go
@@ -5,21 +5,19 @@ import "errors"
 var (
 	ErrCityNotValid                    = errors.New("the city specified is not valid")
 	ErrControlServerPrivilegedPort     = errors.New("cannot use privileged port without running as root")
-	ErrCategoryNotValid                = errors.New("the category specified is not valid")
 	ErrCountryNotValid                 = errors.New("the country specified is not valid")
-	ErrFilepathMissing                 = errors.New("filepath is missing")
-	ErrFirewallZeroPort                = errors.New("cannot have a zero port")
-	ErrFirewallPublicOutboundSubnet    = errors.New("outbound subnet has an unspecified address")
+	ErrFirewallZeroPort                = errors.New("cannot have a zero port to block")
 	ErrHostnameNotValid                = errors.New("the hostname specified is not valid")
 	ErrISPNotValid                     = errors.New("the ISP specified is not valid")
-	ErrMinRatioNotValid                = errors.New("minimum ratio is not valid")
-	ErrMissingValue                    = errors.New("missing value")
 	ErrNameNotValid                    = errors.New("the server name specified is not valid")
+	ErrOpenVPNClientCertMissing        = errors.New("client certificate is missing")
+	ErrOpenVPNClientCertNotValid       = errors.New("client certificate is not valid")
 	ErrOpenVPNClientKeyMissing         = errors.New("client key is missing")
+	ErrOpenVPNClientKeyNotValid        = errors.New("client key is not valid")
+	ErrOpenVPNConfigFile               = errors.New("custom configuration file error")
 	ErrOpenVPNCustomPortNotAllowed     = errors.New("custom endpoint port is not allowed")
 	ErrOpenVPNEncryptionPresetNotValid = errors.New("PIA encryption preset is not valid")
 	ErrOpenVPNInterfaceNotValid        = errors.New("interface name is not valid")
-	ErrOpenVPNKeyPassphraseIsEmpty     = errors.New("key passphrase is empty")
 	ErrOpenVPNMSSFixIsTooHigh          = errors.New("mssfix option value is too high")
 	ErrOpenVPNPasswordIsEmpty          = errors.New("password is empty")
 	ErrOpenVPNTCPNotSupported          = errors.New("TCP protocol is not supported")
@@ -27,27 +25,27 @@ var (
 	ErrOpenVPNVerbosityIsOutOfBounds   = errors.New("verbosity value is out of bounds")
 	ErrOpenVPNVersionIsNotValid        = errors.New("version is not valid")
 	ErrPortForwardingEnabled           = errors.New("port forwarding cannot be enabled")
+	ErrPortForwardingFilepathNotValid  = errors.New("port forwarding filepath given is not valid")
+	ErrPublicIPFilepathNotValid        = errors.New("public IP address file path is not valid")
 	ErrPublicIPPeriodTooShort          = errors.New("public IP address check period is too short")
 	ErrRegionNotValid                  = errors.New("the region specified is not valid")
 	ErrServerAddressNotValid           = errors.New("server listening address is not valid")
 	ErrSystemPGIDNotValid              = errors.New("process group id is not valid")
 	ErrSystemPUIDNotValid              = errors.New("process user id is not valid")
 	ErrSystemTimezoneNotValid          = errors.New("timezone is not valid")
-	ErrUpdaterPeriodTooSmall           = errors.New("VPN server data updater period is too small")
 	ErrVPNProviderNameNotValid         = errors.New("VPN provider name is not valid")
 	ErrVPNTypeNotValid                 = errors.New("VPN type is not valid")
-	ErrWireguardAllowedIPNotSet        = errors.New("allowed IP is not set")
-	ErrWireguardAllowedIPsNotSet       = errors.New("allowed IPs is not set")
 	ErrWireguardEndpointIPNotSet       = errors.New("endpoint IP is not set")
 	ErrWireguardEndpointPortNotAllowed = errors.New("endpoint port is not allowed")
 	ErrWireguardEndpointPortNotSet     = errors.New("endpoint port is not set")
-	ErrWireguardEndpointPortSet        = errors.New("endpoint port is set")
 	ErrWireguardInterfaceAddressNotSet = errors.New("interface address is not set")
-	ErrWireguardInterfaceAddressIPv6   = errors.New("interface address is IPv6 but IPv6 is not supported")
 	ErrWireguardInterfaceNotValid      = errors.New("interface name is not valid")
 	ErrWireguardPreSharedKeyNotSet     = errors.New("pre-shared key is not set")
+	ErrWireguardPreSharedKeyNotValid   = errors.New("pre-shared key is not valid")
 	ErrWireguardPrivateKeyNotSet       = errors.New("private key is not set")
+	ErrWireguardPrivateKeyNotValid     = errors.New("private key is not valid")
 	ErrWireguardPublicKeyNotSet        = errors.New("public key is not set")
 	ErrWireguardPublicKeyNotValid      = errors.New("public key is not valid")
-	ErrWireguardImplementationNotValid = errors.New("implementation is not valid")
+
+	ErrUpdaterPeriodTooSmall = errors.New("VPN server data updater period is too small")
 )
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/firewall.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/firewall.go
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ package settings

 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"net/netip"
+	"net"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import (
 type Firewall struct {
 	VPNInputPorts   []uint16
 	InputPorts      []uint16
-	OutboundSubnets []netip.Prefix
+	OutboundSubnets []net.IPNet
 	Enabled         *bool
 	Debug           *bool
 }
@@ -26,12 +26,6 @@ func (f Firewall) validate() (err error) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("input ports: %w", ErrFirewallZeroPort)
 	}

-	for _, subnet := range f.OutboundSubnets {
-		if subnet.Addr().IsUnspecified() {
-			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrFirewallPublicOutboundSubnet, subnet)
-		}
-	}
-
 	return nil
 }

@@ -46,11 +40,11 @@ func hasZeroPort(ports []uint16) (has bool) {

 func (f *Firewall) copy() (copied Firewall) {
 	return Firewall{
-		VPNInputPorts:   gosettings.CopySlice(f.VPNInputPorts),
-		InputPorts:      gosettings.CopySlice(f.InputPorts),
-		OutboundSubnets: gosettings.CopySlice(f.OutboundSubnets),
-		Enabled:         gosettings.CopyPointer(f.Enabled),
-		Debug:           gosettings.CopyPointer(f.Debug),
+		VPNInputPorts:   helpers.CopyUint16Slice(f.VPNInputPorts),
+		InputPorts:      helpers.CopyUint16Slice(f.InputPorts),
+		OutboundSubnets: helpers.CopyIPNetSlice(f.OutboundSubnets),
+		Enabled:         helpers.CopyBoolPtr(f.Enabled),
+		Debug:           helpers.CopyBoolPtr(f.Debug),
 	}
 }

@@ -59,27 +53,27 @@ func (f *Firewall) copy() (copied Firewall) {
 // It merges values of slices together, even if they
 // are set in the receiver settings.
 func (f *Firewall) mergeWith(other Firewall) {
-	f.VPNInputPorts = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(f.VPNInputPorts, other.VPNInputPorts)
-	f.InputPorts = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(f.InputPorts, other.InputPorts)
-	f.OutboundSubnets = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(f.OutboundSubnets, other.OutboundSubnets)
-	f.Enabled = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(f.Enabled, other.Enabled)
-	f.Debug = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(f.Debug, other.Debug)
+	f.VPNInputPorts = helpers.MergeUint16Slices(f.VPNInputPorts, other.VPNInputPorts)
+	f.InputPorts = helpers.MergeUint16Slices(f.InputPorts, other.InputPorts)
+	f.OutboundSubnets = helpers.MergeIPNetsSlices(f.OutboundSubnets, other.OutboundSubnets)
+	f.Enabled = helpers.MergeWithBool(f.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	f.Debug = helpers.MergeWithBool(f.Debug, other.Debug)
 }

 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (f *Firewall) overrideWith(other Firewall) {
-	f.VPNInputPorts = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(f.VPNInputPorts, other.VPNInputPorts)
-	f.InputPorts = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(f.InputPorts, other.InputPorts)
-	f.OutboundSubnets = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(f.OutboundSubnets, other.OutboundSubnets)
-	f.Enabled = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(f.Enabled, other.Enabled)
-	f.Debug = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(f.Debug, other.Debug)
+	f.VPNInputPorts = helpers.OverrideWithUint16Slice(f.VPNInputPorts, other.VPNInputPorts)
+	f.InputPorts = helpers.OverrideWithUint16Slice(f.InputPorts, other.InputPorts)
+	f.OutboundSubnets = helpers.OverrideWithIPNetsSlice(f.OutboundSubnets, other.OutboundSubnets)
+	f.Enabled = helpers.OverrideWithBool(f.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	f.Debug = helpers.OverrideWithBool(f.Debug, other.Debug)
 }

 func (f *Firewall) setDefaults() {
-	f.Enabled = gosettings.DefaultPointer(f.Enabled, true)
-	f.Debug = gosettings.DefaultPointer(f.Debug, false)
+	f.Enabled = helpers.DefaultBool(f.Enabled, true)
+	f.Debug = helpers.DefaultBool(f.Debug, false)
 }

 func (f Firewall) String() string {
@@ -89,7 +83,7 @@ func (f Firewall) String() string {
 func (f Firewall) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("Firewall settings:")

-	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(f.Enabled))
+	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(f.Enabled))
 	if !*f.Enabled {
 		return node
 	}
@@ -115,8 +109,7 @@ func (f Firewall) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	if len(f.OutboundSubnets) > 0 {
 		outboundSubnets := node.Appendf("Outbound subnets:")
 		for _, subnet := range f.OutboundSubnets {
-			subnet := subnet
-			outboundSubnets.Appendf("%s", &subnet)
+			outboundSubnets.Appendf("%s", subnet)
 		}
 	}

--- a/internal/configuration/settings/firewall_test.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/firewall_test.go
@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-package settings
-
-import (
-	"net/netip"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-)
-
-func Test_Firewall_validate(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	testCases := map[string]struct {
-		firewall   Firewall
-		errWrapped error
-		errMessage string
-	}{
-		"empty": {},
-		"zero_vpn_input_port": {
-			firewall: Firewall{
-				VPNInputPorts: []uint16{0},
-			},
-			errWrapped: ErrFirewallZeroPort,
-			errMessage: "VPN input ports: cannot have a zero port",
-		},
-		"zero_input_port": {
-			firewall: Firewall{
-				InputPorts: []uint16{0},
-			},
-			errWrapped: ErrFirewallZeroPort,
-			errMessage: "input ports: cannot have a zero port",
-		},
-		"unspecified_outbound_subnet": {
-			firewall: Firewall{
-				OutboundSubnets: []netip.Prefix{
-					netip.MustParsePrefix("0.0.0.0/0"),
-				},
-			},
-			errWrapped: ErrFirewallPublicOutboundSubnet,
-			errMessage: "outbound subnet has an unspecified address: 0.0.0.0/0",
-		},
-		"public_outbound_subnet": {
-			firewall: Firewall{
-				OutboundSubnets: []netip.Prefix{
-					netip.MustParsePrefix("1.2.3.4/32"),
-				},
-			},
-		},
-		"valid_settings": {
-			firewall: Firewall{
-				VPNInputPorts: []uint16{100, 101},
-				InputPorts:    []uint16{200, 201},
-				OutboundSubnets: []netip.Prefix{
-					netip.MustParsePrefix("192.168.1.0/24"),
-					netip.MustParsePrefix("10.10.1.1/32"),
-				},
-			},
-		},
-	}
-
-	for name, testCase := range testCases {
-		testCase := testCase
-		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			t.Parallel()
-
-			err := testCase.firewall.validate()
-
-			assert.ErrorIs(t, err, testCase.errWrapped)
-			if testCase.errWrapped != nil {
-				assert.EqualError(t, err, testCase.errMessage)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/health.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/health.go
@@ -3,9 +3,8 @@ package settings
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
-	"time"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 	"github.com/qdm12/govalid/address"
 )
@@ -16,36 +15,25 @@ type Health struct {
 	// for the health check server.
 	// It cannot be the empty string in the internal state.
 	ServerAddress string
-	// ReadHeaderTimeout is the HTTP server header read timeout
-	// duration of the HTTP server. It defaults to 100 milliseconds.
-	ReadHeaderTimeout time.Duration
-	// ReadTimeout is the HTTP read timeout duration of the
-	// HTTP server. It defaults to 500 milliseconds.
-	ReadTimeout time.Duration
 	// TargetAddress is the address (host or host:port)
 	// to TCP dial to periodically for the health check.
 	// It cannot be the empty string in the internal state.
 	TargetAddress string
-	// SuccessWait is the duration to wait to re-run the
-	// healthcheck after a successful healthcheck.
-	// It defaults to 5 seconds and cannot be zero in
-	// the internal state.
-	SuccessWait time.Duration
-	// VPN has health settings specific to the VPN loop.
 	VPN           HealthyWait
 }

 func (h Health) Validate() (err error) {
 	uid := os.Getuid()
-	err = address.Validate(h.ServerAddress,
+	_, err = address.Validate(h.ServerAddress,
 		address.OptionListening(uid))
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("server listening address is not valid: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s",
+			ErrServerAddressNotValid, err)
 	}

 	err = h.VPN.validate()
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("health VPN settings: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("health VPN settings validation failed: %w", err)
 	}

 	return nil
@@ -54,10 +42,7 @@ func (h Health) Validate() (err error) {
 func (h *Health) copy() (copied Health) {
 	return Health{
 		ServerAddress: h.ServerAddress,
-		ReadHeaderTimeout: h.ReadHeaderTimeout,
-		ReadTimeout:       h.ReadTimeout,
 		TargetAddress: h.TargetAddress,
-		SuccessWait:       h.SuccessWait,
 		VPN:           h.VPN.copy(),
 	}
 }
@@ -65,11 +50,8 @@ func (h *Health) copy() (copied Health) {
 // MergeWith merges the other settings into any
 // unset field of the receiver settings object.
 func (h *Health) MergeWith(other Health) {
-	h.ServerAddress = gosettings.MergeWithString(h.ServerAddress, other.ServerAddress)
-	h.ReadHeaderTimeout = gosettings.MergeWithNumber(h.ReadHeaderTimeout, other.ReadHeaderTimeout)
-	h.ReadTimeout = gosettings.MergeWithNumber(h.ReadTimeout, other.ReadTimeout)
-	h.TargetAddress = gosettings.MergeWithString(h.TargetAddress, other.TargetAddress)
-	h.SuccessWait = gosettings.MergeWithNumber(h.SuccessWait, other.SuccessWait)
+	h.ServerAddress = helpers.MergeWithString(h.ServerAddress, other.ServerAddress)
+	h.TargetAddress = helpers.MergeWithString(h.TargetAddress, other.TargetAddress)
 	h.VPN.mergeWith(other.VPN)
 }

@@ -77,23 +59,14 @@ func (h *Health) MergeWith(other Health) {
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (h *Health) OverrideWith(other Health) {
-	h.ServerAddress = gosettings.OverrideWithString(h.ServerAddress, other.ServerAddress)
-	h.ReadHeaderTimeout = gosettings.OverrideWithNumber(h.ReadHeaderTimeout, other.ReadHeaderTimeout)
-	h.ReadTimeout = gosettings.OverrideWithNumber(h.ReadTimeout, other.ReadTimeout)
-	h.TargetAddress = gosettings.OverrideWithString(h.TargetAddress, other.TargetAddress)
-	h.SuccessWait = gosettings.OverrideWithNumber(h.SuccessWait, other.SuccessWait)
+	h.ServerAddress = helpers.OverrideWithString(h.ServerAddress, other.ServerAddress)
+	h.TargetAddress = helpers.OverrideWithString(h.TargetAddress, other.TargetAddress)
 	h.VPN.overrideWith(other.VPN)
 }

 func (h *Health) SetDefaults() {
-	h.ServerAddress = gosettings.DefaultString(h.ServerAddress, "127.0.0.1:9999")
-	const defaultReadHeaderTimeout = 100 * time.Millisecond
-	h.ReadHeaderTimeout = gosettings.DefaultNumber(h.ReadHeaderTimeout, defaultReadHeaderTimeout)
-	const defaultReadTimeout = 500 * time.Millisecond
-	h.ReadTimeout = gosettings.DefaultNumber(h.ReadTimeout, defaultReadTimeout)
-	h.TargetAddress = gosettings.DefaultString(h.TargetAddress, "cloudflare.com:443")
-	const defaultSuccessWait = 5 * time.Second
-	h.SuccessWait = gosettings.DefaultNumber(h.SuccessWait, defaultSuccessWait)
+	h.ServerAddress = helpers.DefaultString(h.ServerAddress, "127.0.0.1:9999")
+	h.TargetAddress = helpers.DefaultString(h.TargetAddress, "github.com:443")
 	h.VPN.setDefaults()
 }

@@ -105,9 +78,6 @@ func (h Health) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("Health settings:")
 	node.Appendf("Server listening address: %s", h.ServerAddress)
 	node.Appendf("Target address: %s", h.TargetAddress)
-	node.Appendf("Duration to wait after success: %s", h.SuccessWait)
-	node.Appendf("Read header timeout: %s", h.ReadHeaderTimeout)
-	node.Appendf("Read timeout: %s", h.ReadTimeout)
 	node.AppendNode(h.VPN.toLinesNode("VPN"))
 	return node
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/healthywait.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/healthywait.go
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package settings
 import (
 	"time"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -27,31 +27,31 @@ func (h HealthyWait) validate() (err error) {
 // unset field of the receiver settings object.
 func (h *HealthyWait) copy() (copied HealthyWait) {
 	return HealthyWait{
-		Initial:  gosettings.CopyPointer(h.Initial),
-		Addition: gosettings.CopyPointer(h.Addition),
+		Initial:  helpers.CopyDurationPtr(h.Initial),
+		Addition: helpers.CopyDurationPtr(h.Addition),
 	}
 }

 // mergeWith merges the other settings into any
 // unset field of the receiver settings object.
 func (h *HealthyWait) mergeWith(other HealthyWait) {
-	h.Initial = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(h.Initial, other.Initial)
-	h.Addition = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(h.Addition, other.Addition)
+	h.Initial = helpers.MergeWithDuration(h.Initial, other.Initial)
+	h.Addition = helpers.MergeWithDuration(h.Addition, other.Addition)
 }

 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (h *HealthyWait) overrideWith(other HealthyWait) {
-	h.Initial = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(h.Initial, other.Initial)
-	h.Addition = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(h.Addition, other.Addition)
+	h.Initial = helpers.OverrideWithDuration(h.Initial, other.Initial)
+	h.Addition = helpers.OverrideWithDuration(h.Addition, other.Addition)
 }

 func (h *HealthyWait) setDefaults() {
 	const initialDurationDefault = 6 * time.Second
 	const additionDurationDefault = 5 * time.Second
-	h.Initial = gosettings.DefaultPointer(h.Initial, initialDurationDefault)
-	h.Addition = gosettings.DefaultPointer(h.Addition, additionDurationDefault)
+	h.Initial = helpers.DefaultDuration(h.Initial, initialDurationDefault)
+	h.Addition = helpers.DefaultDuration(h.Addition, additionDurationDefault)
 }

 func (h HealthyWait) String() string {
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/belong.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/belong.go
@@ -1,6 +1,12 @@
 package helpers

-func IsOneOf[T comparable](value T, choices ...T) (ok bool) {
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+func IsOneOf(value string, choices ...string) (ok bool) {
 	for _, choice := range choices {
 		if value == choice {
 			return true
@@ -8,3 +14,32 @@ func IsOneOf[T comparable](value T, choices ...T) (ok bool) {
 	}
 	return false
 }
+
+var ErrValueNotOneOf = errors.New("value is not one of the possible choices")
+
+func AreAllOneOf(values, choices []string) (err error) {
+	set := make(map[string]struct{}, len(choices))
+	for _, choice := range choices {
+		choice = strings.ToLower(choice)
+		set[choice] = struct{}{}
+	}
+
+	for _, value := range values {
+		_, ok := set[value]
+		if !ok {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: value %q, choices available are %s",
+				ErrValueNotOneOf, value, strings.Join(choices, ", "))
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func Uint16IsOneOf(port uint16, choices []uint16) (ok bool) {
+	for _, choice := range choices {
+		if port == choice {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/copy.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/copy.go
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+package helpers
+
+import (
+	"net"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/qdm12/golibs/logging"
+	"inet.af/netaddr"
+)
+
+func CopyStringPtr(original *string) (copied *string) {
+	if original == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	copied = new(string)
+	*copied = *original
+	return copied
+}
+
+func CopyBoolPtr(original *bool) (copied *bool) {
+	if original == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	copied = new(bool)
+	*copied = *original
+	return copied
+}
+
+func CopyUint8Ptr(original *uint8) (copied *uint8) {
+	if original == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	copied = new(uint8)
+	*copied = *original
+	return copied
+}
+
+func CopyUint16Ptr(original *uint16) (copied *uint16) {
+	if original == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	copied = new(uint16)
+	*copied = *original
+	return copied
+}
+
+func CopyIntPtr(original *int) (copied *int) {
+	if original == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	copied = new(int)
+	*copied = *original
+	return copied
+}
+
+func CopyDurationPtr(original *time.Duration) (copied *time.Duration) {
+	if original == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	copied = new(time.Duration)
+	*copied = *original
+	return copied
+}
+
+func CopyLogLevelPtr(original *logging.Level) (copied *logging.Level) {
+	if original == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	copied = new(logging.Level)
+	*copied = *original
+	return copied
+}
+
+func CopyIP(original net.IP) (copied net.IP) {
+	if original == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	copied = make(net.IP, len(original))
+	copy(copied, original)
+	return copied
+}
+
+func CopyIPNet(original net.IPNet) (copied net.IPNet) {
+	if original.IP != nil {
+		copied.IP = make(net.IP, len(original.IP))
+		copy(copied.IP, original.IP)
+	}
+
+	if original.Mask != nil {
+		copied.Mask = make(net.IPMask, len(original.Mask))
+		copy(copied.Mask, original.Mask)
+	}
+
+	return copied
+}
+
+func CopyIPNetPtr(original *net.IPNet) (copied *net.IPNet) {
+	if original == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	copied = new(net.IPNet)
+	*copied = CopyIPNet(*original)
+	return copied
+}
+
+func CopyNetaddrIP(original netaddr.IP) (copied netaddr.IP) {
+	b, err := original.MarshalBinary()
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	err = copied.UnmarshalBinary(b)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	return copied
+}
+
+func CopyIPPrefix(original netaddr.IPPrefix) (copied netaddr.IPPrefix) {
+	b, err := original.MarshalText()
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	err = copied.UnmarshalText(b)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	return copied
+}
+
+func CopyStringSlice(original []string) (copied []string) {
+	if original == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	copied = make([]string, len(original))
+	copy(copied, original)
+	return copied
+}
+
+func CopyUint16Slice(original []uint16) (copied []uint16) {
+	if original == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	copied = make([]uint16, len(original))
+	copy(copied, original)
+	return copied
+}
+
+func CopyIPNetSlice(original []net.IPNet) (copied []net.IPNet) {
+	if original == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	copied = make([]net.IPNet, len(original))
+	for i := range original {
+		copied[i] = CopyIPNet(original[i])
+	}
+	return copied
+}
+
+func CopyIPPrefixSlice(original []netaddr.IPPrefix) (copied []netaddr.IPPrefix) {
+	if original == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	copied = make([]netaddr.IPPrefix, len(original))
+	for i := range original {
+		copied[i] = CopyIPPrefix(original[i])
+	}
+	return copied
+}
+
+func CopyNetaddrIPsSlice(original []netaddr.IP) (copied []netaddr.IP) {
+	if original == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	copied = make([]netaddr.IP, len(original))
+	for i := range original {
+		copied[i] = CopyNetaddrIP(original[i])
+	}
+
+	return copied
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/default.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/default.go
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+package helpers
+
+import (
+	"net"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/qdm12/golibs/logging"
+)
+
+func DefaultInt(existing *int, defaultValue int) (
+	result *int) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = new(int)
+	*result = defaultValue
+	return result
+}
+
+func DefaultUint8(existing *uint8, defaultValue uint8) (
+	result *uint8) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = new(uint8)
+	*result = defaultValue
+	return result
+}
+
+func DefaultUint16(existing *uint16, defaultValue uint16) (
+	result *uint16) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = new(uint16)
+	*result = defaultValue
+	return result
+}
+
+func DefaultBool(existing *bool, defaultValue bool) (
+	result *bool) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = new(bool)
+	*result = defaultValue
+	return result
+}
+
+func DefaultString(existing string, defaultValue string) (
+	result string) {
+	if existing != "" {
+		return existing
+	}
+	return defaultValue
+}
+
+func DefaultStringPtr(existing *string, defaultValue string) (result *string) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = new(string)
+	*result = defaultValue
+	return result
+}
+
+func DefaultDuration(existing *time.Duration,
+	defaultValue time.Duration) (result *time.Duration) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = new(time.Duration)
+	*result = defaultValue
+	return result
+}
+
+func DefaultLogLevel(existing *logging.Level,
+	defaultValue logging.Level) (result *logging.Level) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = new(logging.Level)
+	*result = defaultValue
+	return result
+}
+
+func DefaultIP(existing net.IP, defaultValue net.IP) (
+	result net.IP) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	return defaultValue
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/files.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/files.go
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+package helpers
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrFileDoesNotExist = errors.New("file does not exist")
+	ErrFileRead         = errors.New("cannot read file")
+	ErrFileClose        = errors.New("cannot close file")
+)
+
+func FileExists(path string) (err error) {
+	path = filepath.Clean(path)
+
+	f, err := os.Open(path)
+	if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrFileDoesNotExist, path)
+	} else if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrFileRead, err)
+	}
+
+	if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrFileClose, err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/merge.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/merge.go
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+package helpers
+
+import (
+	"net"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/qdm12/golibs/logging"
+	"inet.af/netaddr"
+)
+
+func MergeWithBool(existing, other *bool) (result *bool) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	} else if other == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	result = new(bool)
+	*result = *other
+	return result
+}
+
+func MergeWithString(existing, other string) (result string) {
+	if existing != "" {
+		return existing
+	}
+	return other
+}
+
+func MergeWithStringPtr(existing, other *string) (result *string) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	} else if other == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	result = new(string)
+	*result = *other
+	return result
+}
+
+func MergeWithInt(existing, other *int) (result *int) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	} else if other == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	result = new(int)
+	*result = *other
+	return result
+}
+
+func MergeWithUint8(existing, other *uint8) (result *uint8) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	} else if other == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	result = new(uint8)
+	*result = *other
+	return result
+}
+
+func MergeWithUint16(existing, other *uint16) (result *uint16) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	} else if other == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	result = new(uint16)
+	*result = *other
+	return result
+}
+
+func MergeWithIP(existing, other net.IP) (result net.IP) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	} else if other == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	result = make(net.IP, len(other))
+	copy(result, other)
+	return result
+}
+
+func MergeWithDuration(existing, other *time.Duration) (result *time.Duration) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	return other
+}
+
+func MergeWithLogLevel(existing, other *logging.Level) (result *logging.Level) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	} else if other == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	result = new(logging.Level)
+	*result = *other
+	return result
+}
+
+func MergeStringSlices(a, b []string) (result []string) {
+	if a == nil && b == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(a)+len(b))
+	result = make([]string, 0, len(a)+len(b))
+	for _, s := range a {
+		if _, ok := seen[s]; ok {
+			continue // duplicate
+		}
+		result = append(result, s)
+		seen[s] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	for _, s := range b {
+		if _, ok := seen[s]; ok {
+			continue // duplicate
+		}
+		result = append(result, s)
+		seen[s] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+func MergeUint16Slices(a, b []uint16) (result []uint16) {
+	if a == nil && b == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	seen := make(map[uint16]struct{}, len(a)+len(b))
+	result = make([]uint16, 0, len(a)+len(b))
+	for _, n := range a {
+		if _, ok := seen[n]; ok {
+			continue // duplicate
+		}
+		result = append(result, n)
+		seen[n] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	for _, n := range b {
+		if _, ok := seen[n]; ok {
+			continue // duplicate
+		}
+		result = append(result, n)
+		seen[n] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+func MergeIPNetsSlices(a, b []net.IPNet) (result []net.IPNet) {
+	if a == nil && b == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(a)+len(b))
+	result = make([]net.IPNet, 0, len(a)+len(b))
+	for _, ipNet := range a {
+		key := ipNet.String()
+		if _, ok := seen[key]; ok {
+			continue // duplicate
+		}
+		result = append(result, ipNet)
+		seen[key] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	for _, ipNet := range b {
+		key := ipNet.String()
+		if _, ok := seen[key]; ok {
+			continue // duplicate
+		}
+		result = append(result, ipNet)
+		seen[key] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+func MergeNetaddrIPsSlices(a, b []netaddr.IP) (result []netaddr.IP) {
+	if a == nil && b == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(a)+len(b))
+	result = make([]netaddr.IP, 0, len(a)+len(b))
+	for _, ip := range a {
+		key := ip.String()
+		if _, ok := seen[key]; ok {
+			continue // duplicate
+		}
+		result = append(result, ip)
+		seen[key] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	for _, ip := range b {
+		key := ip.String()
+		if _, ok := seen[key]; ok {
+			continue // duplicate
+		}
+		result = append(result, ip)
+		seen[key] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+func MergeIPPrefixesSlices(a, b []netaddr.IPPrefix) (result []netaddr.IPPrefix) {
+	if a == nil && b == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(a)+len(b))
+	result = make([]netaddr.IPPrefix, 0, len(a)+len(b))
+	for _, ipPrefix := range a {
+		key := ipPrefix.String()
+		if _, ok := seen[key]; ok {
+			continue // duplicate
+		}
+		result = append(result, ipPrefix)
+		seen[key] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	for _, ipPrefix := range b {
+		key := ipPrefix.String()
+		if _, ok := seen[key]; ok {
+			continue // duplicate
+		}
+		result = append(result, ipPrefix)
+		seen[key] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	return result
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/messages.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/messages.go
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+package helpers
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+func ChoicesOrString(choices []string) string {
+	return strings.Join(
+		choices[:len(choices)-1], ", ") +
+		" or " + choices[len(choices)-1]
+}
+
+func PortChoicesOrString(ports []uint16) (s string) {
+	switch len(ports) {
+	case 0:
+		return "there is no allowed port"
+	case 1:
+		return "allowed port is " + fmt.Sprint(ports[0])
+	}
+
+	s = "allowed ports are "
+	portStrings := make([]string, len(ports))
+	for i := range ports {
+		portStrings[i] = fmt.Sprint(ports[i])
+	}
+	s += ChoicesOrString(portStrings)
+	return s
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/obfuscate.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/obfuscate.go
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+package helpers
+
+func ObfuscateWireguardKey(fullKey string) (obfuscatedKey string) {
+	const minKeyLength = 10
+	if len(fullKey) < minKeyLength {
+		return "(too short)"
+	}
+
+	lastIndex := len(fullKey) - 1
+	return fullKey[0:2] + "..." + fullKey[lastIndex-2:]
+}
+
+func ObfuscatePassword(password string) (obfuscatedPassword string) {
+	if password != "" {
+		return "[set]"
+	}
+	return "[not set]"
+}
+
+func ObfuscateData(data string) (obfuscated string) {
+	if data != "" {
+		return "[set]"
+	}
+	return "[not set]"
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/override.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/override.go
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+package helpers
+
+import (
+	"net"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/qdm12/golibs/logging"
+	"inet.af/netaddr"
+)
+
+func OverrideWithBool(existing, other *bool) (result *bool) {
+	if other == nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = new(bool)
+	*result = *other
+	return result
+}
+
+func OverrideWithString(existing, other string) (result string) {
+	if other == "" {
+		return existing
+	}
+	return other
+}
+
+func OverrideWithStringPtr(existing, other *string) (result *string) {
+	if other == nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = new(string)
+	*result = *other
+	return result
+}
+
+func OverrideWithInt(existing, other *int) (result *int) {
+	if other == nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = new(int)
+	*result = *other
+	return result
+}
+
+func OverrideWithUint8(existing, other *uint8) (result *uint8) {
+	if other == nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = new(uint8)
+	*result = *other
+	return result
+}
+
+func OverrideWithUint16(existing, other *uint16) (result *uint16) {
+	if other == nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = new(uint16)
+	*result = *other
+	return result
+}
+
+func OverrideWithIP(existing, other net.IP) (result net.IP) {
+	if other == nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = make(net.IP, len(other))
+	copy(result, other)
+	return result
+}
+
+func OverrideWithDuration(existing, other *time.Duration) (result *time.Duration) {
+	if other == nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = new(time.Duration)
+	*result = *other
+	return result
+}
+
+func OverrideWithLogLevel(existing, other *logging.Level) (result *logging.Level) {
+	if other == nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = new(logging.Level)
+	*result = *other
+	return result
+}
+
+func OverrideWithStringSlice(existing, other []string) (result []string) {
+	if other == nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = make([]string, len(other))
+	copy(result, other)
+	return result
+}
+
+func OverrideWithUint16Slice(existing, other []uint16) (result []uint16) {
+	if other == nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = make([]uint16, len(other))
+	copy(result, other)
+	return result
+}
+
+func OverrideWithIPNetsSlice(existing, other []net.IPNet) (result []net.IPNet) {
+	if other == nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = make([]net.IPNet, len(other))
+	copy(result, other)
+	return result
+}
+
+func OverrideWithNetaddrIPsSlice(existing, other []netaddr.IP) (result []netaddr.IP) {
+	if other == nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = make([]netaddr.IP, len(other))
+	copy(result, other)
+	return result
+}
+
+func OverrideWithIPPrefixesSlice(existing, other []netaddr.IPPrefix) (result []netaddr.IPPrefix) {
+	if other == nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = make([]netaddr.IPPrefix, len(other))
+	copy(result, other)
+	return result
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/pointers.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/pointers.go
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+package helpers
+
+import "time"
+
+// StringPtr returns a pointer to the string value
+// passed as argument.
+func StringPtr(s string) *string { return &s }
+
+// DurationPtr returns a pointer to the duration value
+// passed as argument.
+func DurationPtr(d time.Duration) *time.Duration { return &d }
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/string.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/string.go
@@ -1,5 +1,12 @@
 package helpers

+func BoolPtrToYesNo(b *bool) string {
+	if *b {
+		return "yes"
+	}
+	return "no"
+}
+
 func TCPPtrToString(tcp *bool) string {
 	if *tcp {
 		return "TCP"
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/httpproxy.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/httpproxy.go
@@ -3,9 +3,8 @@ package settings
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
-	"time"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 	"github.com/qdm12/govalid/address"
 )
@@ -34,21 +33,16 @@ type HTTPProxy struct {
 	// each request/response. It cannot be nil in the
 	// internal state.
 	Log *bool
-	// ReadHeaderTimeout is the HTTP header read timeout duration
-	// of the HTTP server. It defaults to 1 second if left unset.
-	ReadHeaderTimeout time.Duration
-	// ReadTimeout is the HTTP read timeout duration
-	// of the HTTP server. It defaults to 3 seconds if left unset.
-	ReadTimeout time.Duration
 }

 func (h HTTPProxy) validate() (err error) {
 	// Do not validate user and password

 	uid := os.Getuid()
-	err = address.Validate(h.ListeningAddress, address.OptionListening(uid))
+	_, err = address.Validate(h.ListeningAddress, address.OptionListening(uid))
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrServerAddressNotValid, h.ListeningAddress)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s",
+			ErrServerAddressNotValid, h.ListeningAddress)
 	}

 	return nil
@@ -56,55 +50,45 @@ func (h HTTPProxy) validate() (err error) {

 func (h *HTTPProxy) copy() (copied HTTPProxy) {
 	return HTTPProxy{
-		User:              gosettings.CopyPointer(h.User),
-		Password:          gosettings.CopyPointer(h.Password),
+		User:             helpers.CopyStringPtr(h.User),
+		Password:         helpers.CopyStringPtr(h.Password),
 		ListeningAddress: h.ListeningAddress,
-		Enabled:           gosettings.CopyPointer(h.Enabled),
-		Stealth:           gosettings.CopyPointer(h.Stealth),
-		Log:               gosettings.CopyPointer(h.Log),
-		ReadHeaderTimeout: h.ReadHeaderTimeout,
-		ReadTimeout:       h.ReadTimeout,
+		Enabled:          helpers.CopyBoolPtr(h.Enabled),
+		Stealth:          helpers.CopyBoolPtr(h.Stealth),
+		Log:              helpers.CopyBoolPtr(h.Log),
 	}
 }

 // mergeWith merges the other settings into any
 // unset field of the receiver settings object.
 func (h *HTTPProxy) mergeWith(other HTTPProxy) {
-	h.User = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(h.User, other.User)
-	h.Password = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(h.Password, other.Password)
-	h.ListeningAddress = gosettings.MergeWithString(h.ListeningAddress, other.ListeningAddress)
-	h.Enabled = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(h.Enabled, other.Enabled)
-	h.Stealth = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(h.Stealth, other.Stealth)
-	h.Log = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(h.Log, other.Log)
-	h.ReadHeaderTimeout = gosettings.MergeWithNumber(h.ReadHeaderTimeout, other.ReadHeaderTimeout)
-	h.ReadTimeout = gosettings.MergeWithNumber(h.ReadTimeout, other.ReadTimeout)
+	h.User = helpers.MergeWithStringPtr(h.User, other.User)
+	h.Password = helpers.MergeWithStringPtr(h.Password, other.Password)
+	h.ListeningAddress = helpers.MergeWithString(h.ListeningAddress, other.ListeningAddress)
+	h.Enabled = helpers.MergeWithBool(h.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	h.Stealth = helpers.MergeWithBool(h.Stealth, other.Stealth)
+	h.Log = helpers.MergeWithBool(h.Log, other.Log)
 }

 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (h *HTTPProxy) overrideWith(other HTTPProxy) {
-	h.User = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(h.User, other.User)
-	h.Password = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(h.Password, other.Password)
-	h.ListeningAddress = gosettings.OverrideWithString(h.ListeningAddress, other.ListeningAddress)
-	h.Enabled = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(h.Enabled, other.Enabled)
-	h.Stealth = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(h.Stealth, other.Stealth)
-	h.Log = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(h.Log, other.Log)
-	h.ReadHeaderTimeout = gosettings.OverrideWithNumber(h.ReadHeaderTimeout, other.ReadHeaderTimeout)
-	h.ReadTimeout = gosettings.OverrideWithNumber(h.ReadTimeout, other.ReadTimeout)
+	h.User = helpers.OverrideWithStringPtr(h.User, other.User)
+	h.Password = helpers.OverrideWithStringPtr(h.Password, other.Password)
+	h.ListeningAddress = helpers.OverrideWithString(h.ListeningAddress, other.ListeningAddress)
+	h.Enabled = helpers.OverrideWithBool(h.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	h.Stealth = helpers.OverrideWithBool(h.Stealth, other.Stealth)
+	h.Log = helpers.OverrideWithBool(h.Log, other.Log)
 }

 func (h *HTTPProxy) setDefaults() {
-	h.User = gosettings.DefaultPointer(h.User, "")
-	h.Password = gosettings.DefaultPointer(h.Password, "")
-	h.ListeningAddress = gosettings.DefaultString(h.ListeningAddress, ":8888")
-	h.Enabled = gosettings.DefaultPointer(h.Enabled, false)
-	h.Stealth = gosettings.DefaultPointer(h.Stealth, false)
-	h.Log = gosettings.DefaultPointer(h.Log, false)
-	const defaultReadHeaderTimeout = time.Second
-	h.ReadHeaderTimeout = gosettings.DefaultNumber(h.ReadHeaderTimeout, defaultReadHeaderTimeout)
-	const defaultReadTimeout = 3 * time.Second
-	h.ReadTimeout = gosettings.DefaultNumber(h.ReadTimeout, defaultReadTimeout)
+	h.User = helpers.DefaultStringPtr(h.User, "")
+	h.Password = helpers.DefaultStringPtr(h.Password, "")
+	h.ListeningAddress = helpers.DefaultString(h.ListeningAddress, ":8888")
+	h.Enabled = helpers.DefaultBool(h.Enabled, false)
+	h.Stealth = helpers.DefaultBool(h.Stealth, false)
+	h.Log = helpers.DefaultBool(h.Log, false)
 }

 func (h HTTPProxy) String() string {
@@ -113,18 +97,16 @@ func (h HTTPProxy) String() string {

 func (h HTTPProxy) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("HTTP proxy settings:")
-	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(h.Enabled))
+	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(h.Enabled))
 	if !*h.Enabled {
 		return node
 	}

 	node.Appendf("Listening address: %s", h.ListeningAddress)
 	node.Appendf("User: %s", *h.User)
-	node.Appendf("Password: %s", gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*h.Password))
-	node.Appendf("Stealth mode: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(h.Stealth))
-	node.Appendf("Log: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(h.Log))
-	node.Appendf("Read header timeout: %s", h.ReadHeaderTimeout)
-	node.Appendf("Read timeout: %s", h.ReadTimeout)
+	node.Appendf("Password: %s", helpers.ObfuscatePassword(*h.Password))
+	node.Appendf("Stealth mode: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(h.Stealth))
+	node.Appendf("Log: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(h.Log))

 	return node
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/log.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/log.go
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 package settings

 import (
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
+	"github.com/qdm12/golibs/logging"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
-	"github.com/qdm12/log"
 )

 // Log contains settings to configure the logger.
 type Log struct {
 	// Level is the log level of the logger.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	Level *log.Level
+	Level *logging.Level
 }

 func (l Log) validate() (err error) {
@@ -19,25 +19,25 @@ func (l Log) validate() (err error) {

 func (l *Log) copy() (copied Log) {
 	return Log{
-		Level: gosettings.CopyPointer(l.Level),
+		Level: helpers.CopyLogLevelPtr(l.Level),
 	}
 }

 // mergeWith merges the other settings into any
 // unset field of the receiver settings object.
 func (l *Log) mergeWith(other Log) {
-	l.Level = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(l.Level, other.Level)
+	l.Level = helpers.MergeWithLogLevel(l.Level, other.Level)
 }

 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (l *Log) overrideWith(other Log) {
-	l.Level = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(l.Level, other.Level)
+	l.Level = helpers.OverrideWithLogLevel(l.Level, other.Level)
 }

 func (l *Log) setDefaults() {
-	l.Level = gosettings.DefaultPointer(l.Level, log.LevelInfo)
+	l.Level = helpers.DefaultLogLevel(l.Level, logging.LevelInfo)
 }

 func (l Log) String() string {
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/netaddr.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/netaddr.go
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-package settings
-
-import (
-	"net/netip"
-
-	"inet.af/netaddr"
-)
-
-func netipAddressToNetaddrIP(address netip.Addr) (ip netaddr.IP) {
-	if address.Is4() {
-		return netaddr.IPFrom4(address.As4())
-	}
-	return netaddr.IPFrom16(address.As16())
-}
-
-func netipAddressesToNetaddrIPs(addresses []netip.Addr) (ips []netaddr.IP) {
-	ips = make([]netaddr.IP, len(addresses))
-	for i := range addresses {
-		ips[i] = netipAddressToNetaddrIP(addresses[i])
-	}
-	return ips
-}
-
-func netipPrefixToNetaddrIPPrefix(prefix netip.Prefix) (ipPrefix netaddr.IPPrefix) {
-	netaddrIP := netipAddressToNetaddrIP(prefix.Addr())
-	bits := prefix.Bits()
-	return netaddr.IPPrefixFrom(netaddrIP, uint8(bits))
-}
-
-func netipPrefixesToNetaddrIPPrefixes(prefixes []netip.Prefix) (ipPrefixes []netaddr.IPPrefix) {
-	ipPrefixes = make([]netaddr.IPPrefix, len(prefixes))
-	for i := range ipPrefixes {
-		ipPrefixes[i] = netipPrefixToNetaddrIPPrefix(prefixes[i])
-	}
-	return ipPrefixes
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/nordvpn_retro.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/nordvpn_retro.go
@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-package settings
-
-// Retro-compatibility because SERVER_REGIONS changed to SERVER_COUNTRIES
-// and SERVER_REGIONS is now the continent field for servers.
-// TODO v4 remove.
-func nordvpnRetroRegion(selection ServerSelection, validRegions, validCountries []string) (
-	updatedSelection ServerSelection) {
-	validRegionsMap := stringSliceToMap(validRegions)
-	validCountriesMap := stringSliceToMap(validCountries)
-
-	updatedSelection = selection.copy()
-	updatedSelection.Regions = make([]string, 0, len(selection.Regions))
-	for _, region := range selection.Regions {
-		_, isValid := validRegionsMap[region]
-		if isValid {
-			updatedSelection.Regions = append(updatedSelection.Regions, region)
-			continue
-		}
-
-		_, isValid = validCountriesMap[region]
-		if !isValid {
-			// Region is not valid for the country or region
-			// just leave it to the validation to fail it later
-			continue
-		}
-
-		// Region is not valid for a region, but is a valid country
-		// Handle retro-compatibility and transfer the value to the
-		// country field.
-		updatedSelection.Countries = append(updatedSelection.Countries, region)
-	}
-
-	return updatedSelection
-}
-
-func stringSliceToMap(slice []string) (m map[string]struct{}) {
-	m = make(map[string]struct{}, len(slice))
-	for _, s := range slice {
-		m[s] = struct{}{}
-	}
-	return m
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/openvpn.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/openvpn.go
@@ -1,138 +1,146 @@
 package settings

 import (
-	"encoding/base64"
 	"fmt"
-	"regexp"
+	"strings"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/openvpn"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/openvpn/extract"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/provider/privateinternetaccess/presets"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/validate"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/openvpn/parse"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

 // OpenVPN contains settings to configure the OpenVPN client.
 type OpenVPN struct {
 	// Version is the OpenVPN version to run.
-	// It can only be "2.5" or "2.6".
-	Version string `json:"version"`
+	// It can only be "2.4" or "2.5".
+	Version string
 	// User is the OpenVPN authentication username.
-	// It cannot be nil in the internal state if OpenVPN is used.
-	// It is usually required but in some cases can be the empty string
-	// to indicate no user+password authentication is needed.
-	User *string `json:"user"`
+	// It cannot be an empty string in the internal state
+	// if OpenVPN is used.
+	User string
 	// Password is the OpenVPN authentication password.
-	// It cannot be nil in the internal state if OpenVPN is used.
-	// It is usually required but in some cases can be the empty string
-	// to indicate no user+password authentication is needed.
-	Password *string `json:"password"`
+	// It cannot be an empty string in the internal state
+	// if OpenVPN is used.
+	Password string
 	// ConfFile is a custom OpenVPN configuration file path.
 	// It can be set to the empty string for it to be ignored.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	ConfFile *string `json:"config_file_path"`
+	ConfFile *string
 	// Ciphers is a list of ciphers to use for OpenVPN,
 	// different from the ones specified by the VPN
 	// service provider configuration files.
-	Ciphers []string `json:"ciphers"`
+	Ciphers []string
 	// Auth is an auth algorithm to use in OpenVPN instead
 	// of the one specified by the VPN service provider.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
 	// It is ignored if it is set to the empty string.
-	Auth *string `json:"auth"`
-	// Cert is the base64 encoded DER of an OpenVPN certificate for the <cert> block.
-	// This is notably used by Cyberghost and VPN secure.
+	Auth *string
+	// ClientCrt is the OpenVPN client certificate.
+	// This is notably used by Cyberghost.
 	// It can be set to the empty string to be ignored.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	Cert *string `json:"cert"`
-	// Key is the base64 encoded DER of an OpenVPN key.
+	ClientCrt *string
+	// ClientKey is the OpenVPN client key.
 	// This is used by Cyberghost and VPN Unlimited.
 	// It can be set to the empty string to be ignored.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	Key *string `json:"key"`
-	// EncryptedKey is the base64 encoded DER of an encrypted key for OpenVPN.
-	// It is used by VPN secure.
-	// It defaults to the empty string meaning it is not
-	// to be used. KeyPassphrase must be set if this one is set.
-	EncryptedKey *string `json:"encrypted_key"`
-	// KeyPassphrase is the key passphrase to be used by OpenVPN
-	// to decrypt the EncryptedPrivateKey. It defaults to the
-	// empty string and must be set if EncryptedPrivateKey is set.
-	KeyPassphrase *string `json:"key_passphrase"`
+	ClientKey *string
 	// PIAEncPreset is the encryption preset for
 	// Private Internet Access. It can be set to an
 	// empty string for other providers.
-	PIAEncPreset *string `json:"pia_encryption_preset"`
+	PIAEncPreset *string
+	// IPv6 is set to true if IPv6 routing should be
+	// set to be tunnel in OpenVPN, and false otherwise.
+	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
+	IPv6 *bool // TODO automate like with Wireguard
 	// MSSFix is the value (1 to 10000) to set for the
 	// mssfix option for OpenVPN. It is ignored if set to 0.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	MSSFix *uint16 `json:"mssfix"`
+	MSSFix *uint16
 	// Interface is the OpenVPN device interface name.
 	// It cannot be an empty string in the internal state.
-	Interface string `json:"interface"`
-	// ProcessUser is the OpenVPN process OS username
-	// to use. It cannot be empty in the internal state.
-	// It defaults to 'root'.
-	ProcessUser string `json:"process_user"`
+	Interface string
+	// Root is true if OpenVPN is to be run as root,
+	// and false otherwise. It cannot be nil in the
+	// internal state.
+	Root *bool
+	// ProcUser is the OpenVPN process OS username
+	// to use. It cannot be nil in the internal state.
+	// This is set and injected at runtime.
+	// TODO only use ProcUser and not Root field.
+	ProcUser string
 	// Verbosity is the OpenVPN verbosity level from 0 to 6.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	Verbosity *int `json:"verbosity"`
+	Verbosity *int
 	// Flags is a slice of additional flags to be passed
 	// to the OpenVPN program.
-	Flags []string `json:"flags"`
+	Flags []string
 }

-var ivpnAccountID = regexp.MustCompile(`^(i|ivpn)\-[a-zA-Z0-9]{4}\-[a-zA-Z0-9]{4}\-[a-zA-Z0-9]{4}$`)
-
 func (o OpenVPN) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 	// Validate version
-	validVersions := []string{openvpn.Openvpn25, openvpn.Openvpn26}
-	if err = validate.IsOneOf(o.Version, validVersions...); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrOpenVPNVersionIsNotValid, err)
+	validVersions := []string{constants.Openvpn24, constants.Openvpn25}
+	if !helpers.IsOneOf(o.Version, validVersions...) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %q can only be one of %s",
+			ErrOpenVPNVersionIsNotValid, o.Version, strings.Join(validVersions, ", "))
 	}

-	isCustom := vpnProvider == providers.Custom
-	isUserRequired := !isCustom &&
-		vpnProvider != providers.Airvpn &&
-		vpnProvider != providers.VPNSecure
+	isCustom := vpnProvider == constants.Custom

-	if isUserRequired && *o.User == "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrOpenVPNUserIsEmpty)
+	if !isCustom && o.User == "" {
+		return ErrOpenVPNUserIsEmpty
 	}

-	passwordRequired := isUserRequired &&
-		(vpnProvider != providers.Ivpn || !ivpnAccountID.MatchString(*o.User))
-
-	if passwordRequired && *o.Password == "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrOpenVPNPasswordIsEmpty)
+	if !isCustom && o.Password == "" {
+		return ErrOpenVPNPasswordIsEmpty
 	}

-	err = validateOpenVPNConfigFilepath(isCustom, *o.ConfFile)
+	// Validate ConfFile
+	if isCustom {
+		if *o.ConfFile == "" {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: no file path specified", ErrOpenVPNConfigFile)
+		}
+		err := helpers.FileExists(*o.ConfFile)
 		if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("custom configuration file: %w", err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrOpenVPNConfigFile, err)
+		}
 	}

-	err = validateOpenVPNClientCertificate(vpnProvider, *o.Cert)
+	// Check client certificate
+	switch vpnProvider {
+	case
+		constants.Cyberghost,
+		constants.VPNUnlimited:
+		if *o.ClientCrt == "" {
+			return ErrOpenVPNClientCertMissing
+		}
+	}
+	if *o.ClientCrt != "" {
+		_, err = parse.ExtractCert([]byte(*o.ClientCrt))
 		if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("client certificate: %w", err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrOpenVPNClientCertNotValid, err)
+		}
 	}

-	err = validateOpenVPNClientKey(vpnProvider, *o.Key)
+	// Check client key
+	switch vpnProvider {
+	case
+		constants.Cyberghost,
+		constants.VPNUnlimited,
+		constants.Wevpn:
+		if *o.ClientKey == "" {
+			return ErrOpenVPNClientKeyMissing
+		}
+	}
+	if *o.ClientKey != "" {
+		_, err = parse.ExtractPrivateKey([]byte(*o.ClientKey))
 		if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("client key: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	err = validateOpenVPNEncryptedKey(vpnProvider, *o.EncryptedKey)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("encrypted key: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	if *o.EncryptedKey != "" && *o.KeyPassphrase == "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrOpenVPNKeyPassphraseIsEmpty)
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrOpenVPNClientKeyNotValid, err)
+		}
 	}

+	// Validate MSSFix
 	const maxMSSFix = 10000
 	if *o.MSSFix > maxMSSFix {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %d is over the maximum value of %d",
@@ -144,6 +152,7 @@ func (o OpenVPN) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 			ErrOpenVPNInterfaceNotValid, o.Interface, regexpInterfaceName)
 	}

+	// Validate Verbosity
 	if *o.Verbosity < 0 || *o.Verbosity > 6 {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %d can only be between 0 and 5",
 			ErrOpenVPNVerbosityIsOutOfBounds, o.Verbosity)
@@ -152,183 +161,93 @@ func (o OpenVPN) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 	return nil
 }

-func validateOpenVPNConfigFilepath(isCustom bool,
-	confFile string) (err error) {
-	if !isCustom {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	if confFile == "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrFilepathMissing)
-	}
-
-	err = validate.FileExists(confFile)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	extractor := extract.New()
-	_, _, err = extractor.Data(confFile)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("extracting information from custom configuration file: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func validateOpenVPNClientCertificate(vpnProvider,
-	clientCert string) (err error) {
-	switch vpnProvider {
-	case
-		providers.Airvpn,
-		providers.Cyberghost,
-		providers.VPNSecure,
-		providers.VPNUnlimited:
-		if clientCert == "" {
-			return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrMissingValue)
-		}
-	}
-
-	if clientCert == "" {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	_, err = base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(clientCert)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func validateOpenVPNClientKey(vpnProvider, clientKey string) (err error) {
-	switch vpnProvider {
-	case
-		providers.Airvpn,
-		providers.Cyberghost,
-		providers.VPNUnlimited,
-		providers.Wevpn:
-		if clientKey == "" {
-			return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrMissingValue)
-		}
-	}
-
-	if clientKey == "" {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	_, err = base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(clientKey)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func validateOpenVPNEncryptedKey(vpnProvider,
-	encryptedPrivateKey string) (err error) {
-	if vpnProvider == providers.VPNSecure && encryptedPrivateKey == "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrMissingValue)
-	}
-
-	if encryptedPrivateKey == "" {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	_, err = base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(encryptedPrivateKey)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
 func (o *OpenVPN) copy() (copied OpenVPN) {
 	return OpenVPN{
 		Version:      o.Version,
-		User:          gosettings.CopyPointer(o.User),
-		Password:      gosettings.CopyPointer(o.Password),
-		ConfFile:      gosettings.CopyPointer(o.ConfFile),
-		Ciphers:       gosettings.CopySlice(o.Ciphers),
-		Auth:          gosettings.CopyPointer(o.Auth),
-		Cert:          gosettings.CopyPointer(o.Cert),
-		Key:           gosettings.CopyPointer(o.Key),
-		EncryptedKey:  gosettings.CopyPointer(o.EncryptedKey),
-		KeyPassphrase: gosettings.CopyPointer(o.KeyPassphrase),
-		PIAEncPreset:  gosettings.CopyPointer(o.PIAEncPreset),
-		MSSFix:        gosettings.CopyPointer(o.MSSFix),
+		User:         o.User,
+		Password:     o.Password,
+		ConfFile:     helpers.CopyStringPtr(o.ConfFile),
+		Ciphers:      helpers.CopyStringSlice(o.Ciphers),
+		Auth:         helpers.CopyStringPtr(o.Auth),
+		ClientCrt:    helpers.CopyStringPtr(o.ClientCrt),
+		ClientKey:    helpers.CopyStringPtr(o.ClientKey),
+		PIAEncPreset: helpers.CopyStringPtr(o.PIAEncPreset),
+		IPv6:         helpers.CopyBoolPtr(o.IPv6),
+		MSSFix:       helpers.CopyUint16Ptr(o.MSSFix),
 		Interface:    o.Interface,
-		ProcessUser:   o.ProcessUser,
-		Verbosity:     gosettings.CopyPointer(o.Verbosity),
-		Flags:         gosettings.CopySlice(o.Flags),
+		Root:         helpers.CopyBoolPtr(o.Root),
+		ProcUser:     o.ProcUser,
+		Verbosity:    helpers.CopyIntPtr(o.Verbosity),
+		Flags:        helpers.CopyStringSlice(o.Flags),
 	}
 }

 // mergeWith merges the other settings into any
 // unset field of the receiver settings object.
 func (o *OpenVPN) mergeWith(other OpenVPN) {
-	o.Version = gosettings.MergeWithString(o.Version, other.Version)
-	o.User = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(o.User, other.User)
-	o.Password = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(o.Password, other.Password)
-	o.ConfFile = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(o.ConfFile, other.ConfFile)
-	o.Ciphers = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(o.Ciphers, other.Ciphers)
-	o.Auth = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(o.Auth, other.Auth)
-	o.Cert = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(o.Cert, other.Cert)
-	o.Key = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(o.Key, other.Key)
-	o.EncryptedKey = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(o.EncryptedKey, other.EncryptedKey)
-	o.KeyPassphrase = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(o.KeyPassphrase, other.KeyPassphrase)
-	o.PIAEncPreset = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(o.PIAEncPreset, other.PIAEncPreset)
-	o.MSSFix = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(o.MSSFix, other.MSSFix)
-	o.Interface = gosettings.MergeWithString(o.Interface, other.Interface)
-	o.ProcessUser = gosettings.MergeWithString(o.ProcessUser, other.ProcessUser)
-	o.Verbosity = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(o.Verbosity, other.Verbosity)
-	o.Flags = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(o.Flags, other.Flags)
+	o.Version = helpers.MergeWithString(o.Version, other.Version)
+	o.User = helpers.MergeWithString(o.User, other.User)
+	o.Password = helpers.MergeWithString(o.Password, other.Password)
+	o.ConfFile = helpers.MergeWithStringPtr(o.ConfFile, other.ConfFile)
+	o.Ciphers = helpers.MergeStringSlices(o.Ciphers, other.Ciphers)
+	o.Auth = helpers.MergeWithStringPtr(o.Auth, other.Auth)
+	o.ClientCrt = helpers.MergeWithStringPtr(o.ClientCrt, other.ClientCrt)
+	o.ClientKey = helpers.MergeWithStringPtr(o.ClientKey, other.ClientKey)
+	o.PIAEncPreset = helpers.MergeWithStringPtr(o.PIAEncPreset, other.PIAEncPreset)
+	o.IPv6 = helpers.MergeWithBool(o.IPv6, other.IPv6)
+	o.MSSFix = helpers.MergeWithUint16(o.MSSFix, other.MSSFix)
+	o.Interface = helpers.MergeWithString(o.Interface, other.Interface)
+	o.Root = helpers.MergeWithBool(o.Root, other.Root)
+	o.ProcUser = helpers.MergeWithString(o.ProcUser, other.ProcUser)
+	o.Verbosity = helpers.MergeWithInt(o.Verbosity, other.Verbosity)
+	o.Flags = helpers.MergeStringSlices(o.Flags, other.Flags)
 }

 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (o *OpenVPN) overrideWith(other OpenVPN) {
-	o.Version = gosettings.OverrideWithString(o.Version, other.Version)
-	o.User = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.User, other.User)
-	o.Password = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.Password, other.Password)
-	o.ConfFile = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.ConfFile, other.ConfFile)
-	o.Ciphers = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(o.Ciphers, other.Ciphers)
-	o.Auth = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.Auth, other.Auth)
-	o.Cert = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.Cert, other.Cert)
-	o.Key = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.Key, other.Key)
-	o.EncryptedKey = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.EncryptedKey, other.EncryptedKey)
-	o.KeyPassphrase = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.KeyPassphrase, other.KeyPassphrase)
-	o.PIAEncPreset = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.PIAEncPreset, other.PIAEncPreset)
-	o.MSSFix = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.MSSFix, other.MSSFix)
-	o.Interface = gosettings.OverrideWithString(o.Interface, other.Interface)
-	o.ProcessUser = gosettings.OverrideWithString(o.ProcessUser, other.ProcessUser)
-	o.Verbosity = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.Verbosity, other.Verbosity)
-	o.Flags = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(o.Flags, other.Flags)
+	o.Version = helpers.OverrideWithString(o.Version, other.Version)
+	o.User = helpers.OverrideWithString(o.User, other.User)
+	o.Password = helpers.OverrideWithString(o.Password, other.Password)
+	o.ConfFile = helpers.OverrideWithStringPtr(o.ConfFile, other.ConfFile)
+	o.Ciphers = helpers.OverrideWithStringSlice(o.Ciphers, other.Ciphers)
+	o.Auth = helpers.OverrideWithStringPtr(o.Auth, other.Auth)
+	o.ClientCrt = helpers.OverrideWithStringPtr(o.ClientCrt, other.ClientCrt)
+	o.ClientKey = helpers.OverrideWithStringPtr(o.ClientKey, other.ClientKey)
+	o.PIAEncPreset = helpers.OverrideWithStringPtr(o.PIAEncPreset, other.PIAEncPreset)
+	o.IPv6 = helpers.OverrideWithBool(o.IPv6, other.IPv6)
+	o.MSSFix = helpers.OverrideWithUint16(o.MSSFix, other.MSSFix)
+	o.Interface = helpers.OverrideWithString(o.Interface, other.Interface)
+	o.Root = helpers.OverrideWithBool(o.Root, other.Root)
+	o.ProcUser = helpers.OverrideWithString(o.ProcUser, other.ProcUser)
+	o.Verbosity = helpers.OverrideWithInt(o.Verbosity, other.Verbosity)
+	o.Flags = helpers.OverrideWithStringSlice(o.Flags, other.Flags)
 }

 func (o *OpenVPN) setDefaults(vpnProvider string) {
-	o.Version = gosettings.DefaultString(o.Version, openvpn.Openvpn25)
-	o.User = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.User, "")
-	if vpnProvider == providers.Mullvad {
-		o.Password = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.Password, "m")
-	} else {
-		o.Password = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.Password, "")
+	o.Version = helpers.DefaultString(o.Version, constants.Openvpn25)
+	if vpnProvider == constants.Mullvad {
+		o.Password = "m"
 	}

-	o.ConfFile = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.ConfFile, "")
-	o.Auth = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.Auth, "")
-	o.Cert = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.Cert, "")
-	o.Key = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.Key, "")
-	o.EncryptedKey = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.EncryptedKey, "")
-	o.KeyPassphrase = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.KeyPassphrase, "")
+	o.ConfFile = helpers.DefaultStringPtr(o.ConfFile, "")
+	o.Auth = helpers.DefaultStringPtr(o.Auth, "")
+	o.ClientCrt = helpers.DefaultStringPtr(o.ClientCrt, "")
+	o.ClientKey = helpers.DefaultStringPtr(o.ClientKey, "")

 	var defaultEncPreset string
-	if vpnProvider == providers.PrivateInternetAccess {
-		defaultEncPreset = presets.Strong
+	if vpnProvider == constants.PrivateInternetAccess {
+		defaultEncPreset = constants.PIAEncryptionPresetStrong
 	}
-	o.PIAEncPreset = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.PIAEncPreset, defaultEncPreset)
-	o.MSSFix = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.MSSFix, 0)
-	o.Interface = gosettings.DefaultString(o.Interface, "tun0")
-	o.ProcessUser = gosettings.DefaultString(o.ProcessUser, "root")
-	o.Verbosity = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.Verbosity, 1)
+	o.PIAEncPreset = helpers.DefaultStringPtr(o.PIAEncPreset, defaultEncPreset)
+
+	o.IPv6 = helpers.DefaultBool(o.IPv6, false)
+	o.MSSFix = helpers.DefaultUint16(o.MSSFix, 0)
+	o.Interface = helpers.DefaultString(o.Interface, "tun0")
+	o.Root = helpers.DefaultBool(o.Root, true)
+	o.ProcUser = helpers.DefaultString(o.ProcUser, "root")
+	o.Verbosity = helpers.DefaultInt(o.Verbosity, 1)
 }

 func (o OpenVPN) String() string {
@@ -338,8 +257,8 @@ func (o OpenVPN) String() string {
 func (o OpenVPN) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("OpenVPN settings:")
 	node.Appendf("OpenVPN version: %s", o.Version)
-	node.Appendf("User: %s", gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*o.User))
-	node.Appendf("Password: %s", gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*o.Password))
+	node.Appendf("User: %s", helpers.ObfuscatePassword(o.User))
+	node.Appendf("Password: %s", helpers.ObfuscatePassword(o.Password))

 	if *o.ConfFile != "" {
 		node.Appendf("Custom configuration file: %s", *o.ConfFile)
@@ -353,23 +272,20 @@ func (o OpenVPN) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 		node.Appendf("Auth: %s", *o.Auth)
 	}

-	if *o.Cert != "" {
-		node.Appendf("Client crt: %s", gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*o.Cert))
+	if *o.ClientCrt != "" {
+		node.Appendf("Client crt: %s", helpers.ObfuscateData(*o.ClientCrt))
 	}

-	if *o.Key != "" {
-		node.Appendf("Client key: %s", gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*o.Key))
-	}
-
-	if *o.EncryptedKey != "" {
-		node.Appendf("Encrypted key: %s (key passhrapse %s)",
-			gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*o.EncryptedKey), gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*o.KeyPassphrase))
+	if *o.ClientKey != "" {
+		node.Appendf("Client key: %s", helpers.ObfuscateData(*o.ClientKey))
 	}

 	if *o.PIAEncPreset != "" {
 		node.Appendf("Private Internet Access encryption preset: %s", *o.PIAEncPreset)
 	}

+	node.Appendf("Tunnel IPv6: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(o.IPv6))
+
 	if *o.MSSFix > 0 {
 		node.Appendf("MSS Fix: %d", *o.MSSFix)
 	}
@@ -378,7 +294,14 @@ func (o OpenVPN) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 		node.Appendf("Network interface: %s", o.Interface)
 	}

-	node.Appendf("Run OpenVPN as: %s", o.ProcessUser)
+	processUser := "root"
+	if !*o.Root {
+		processUser = "some non root user" // TODO
+		if o.ProcUser != "" {
+			processUser = o.ProcUser
+		}
+	}
+	node.Appendf("Run OpenVPN as: %s", processUser)

 	node.Appendf("Verbosity level: %d", *o.Verbosity)

--- a/internal/configuration/settings/openvpn_test.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/openvpn_test.go
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-package settings
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-)
-
-func Test_ivpnAccountID(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	testCases := []struct {
-		s     string
-		match bool
-	}{
-		{},
-		{s: "abc"},
-		{s: "i"},
-		{s: "ivpn"},
-		{s: "ivpn-aaaa"},
-		{s: "ivpn-aaaa-aaaa"},
-		{s: "ivpn-aaaa-aaaa-aaa"},
-		{s: "ivpn-aaaa-aaaa-aaaa", match: true},
-		{s: "ivpn-aaaa-aaaa-aaaaa"},
-		{s: "ivpn-a6B7-fP91-Zh6Y", match: true},
-		{s: "i-aaaa"},
-		{s: "i-aaaa-aaaa"},
-		{s: "i-aaaa-aaaa-aaa"},
-		{s: "i-aaaa-aaaa-aaaa", match: true},
-		{s: "i-aaaa-aaaa-aaaaa"},
-		{s: "i-a6B7-fP91-Zh6Y", match: true},
-	}
-
-	for _, testCase := range testCases {
-		testCase := testCase
-		t.Run(testCase.s, func(t *testing.T) {
-			t.Parallel()
-
-			match := ivpnAccountID.MatchString(testCase.s)
-
-			assert.Equal(t, testCase.match, match)
-		})
-	}
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/openvpnselection.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/openvpnselection.go
@@ -4,10 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/provider/privateinternetaccess/presets"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/validate"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -16,37 +13,35 @@ type OpenVPNSelection struct {
 	// It can be set to an empty string to indicate to
 	// NOT use a custom configuration file.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	ConfFile *string `json:"config_file_path"`
+	ConfFile *string
 	// TCP is true if the OpenVPN protocol is TCP,
 	// and false for UDP.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	TCP *bool `json:"tcp"`
+	TCP *bool
 	// CustomPort is the OpenVPN server endpoint port.
 	// It can be set to 0 to indicate no custom port should
 	// be used. It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	CustomPort *uint16 `json:"custom_port"`
+	CustomPort *uint16 // HideMyAss, Mullvad, PIA, ProtonVPN, WeVPN, Windscribe
 	// PIAEncPreset is the encryption preset for
 	// Private Internet Access. It can be set to an
 	// empty string for other providers.
-	PIAEncPreset *string `json:"pia_encryption_preset"`
+	PIAEncPreset *string
 }

 func (o OpenVPNSelection) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 	// Validate ConfFile
 	if confFile := *o.ConfFile; confFile != "" {
-		err := validate.FileExists(confFile)
+		err := helpers.FileExists(confFile)
 		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("configuration file: %w", err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrOpenVPNConfigFile, err)
 		}
 	}

 	// Validate TCP
 	if *o.TCP && helpers.IsOneOf(vpnProvider,
-		providers.Ipvanish,
-		providers.Perfectprivacy,
-		providers.Privado,
-		providers.VPNUnlimited,
-		providers.Vyprvpn,
+		constants.Perfectprivacy,
+		constants.Privado,
+		constants.Vyprvpn,
 	) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s",
 			ErrOpenVPNTCPNotSupported, vpnProvider)
@@ -56,74 +51,60 @@ func (o OpenVPNSelection) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 	if *o.CustomPort != 0 {
 		switch vpnProvider {
 		// no restriction on port
-		case providers.Custom, providers.Cyberghost, providers.HideMyAss,
-			providers.Privatevpn, providers.Torguard:
+		case constants.Cyberghost, constants.HideMyAss,
+			constants.PrivateInternetAccess, constants.Privatevpn,
+			constants.Protonvpn, constants.Torguard:
 		// no custom port allowed
-		case providers.Expressvpn, providers.Fastestvpn,
-			providers.Ipvanish, providers.Nordvpn,
-			providers.Privado, providers.Purevpn,
-			providers.Surfshark, providers.VPNSecure,
-			providers.VPNUnlimited, providers.Vyprvpn:
+		case constants.Expressvpn, constants.Fastestvpn,
+			constants.Ipvanish, constants.Nordvpn,
+			constants.Privado, constants.Purevpn,
+			constants.Surfshark, constants.VPNUnlimited,
+			constants.Vyprvpn:
 			return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s",
 				ErrOpenVPNCustomPortNotAllowed, vpnProvider)
 		default:
 			var allowedTCP, allowedUDP []uint16
 			switch vpnProvider {
-			case providers.Airvpn:
-				allowedTCP = []uint16{
-					53, 80, 443, // IP in 1, 3
-					1194, 2018, 41185, // IP in 1, 2, 3, 4
-				}
-				allowedUDP = []uint16{53, 80, 443, 1194, 2018, 41185}
-			case providers.Ivpn:
+			case constants.Ivpn:
 				allowedTCP = []uint16{80, 443, 1143}
 				allowedUDP = []uint16{53, 1194, 2049, 2050}
-			case providers.Mullvad:
+			case constants.Mullvad:
 				allowedTCP = []uint16{80, 443, 1401}
 				allowedUDP = []uint16{53, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1400}
-			case providers.Perfectprivacy:
+			case constants.Perfectprivacy:
 				allowedTCP = []uint16{44, 443, 4433}
 				allowedUDP = []uint16{44, 443, 4433}
-			case providers.PrivateInternetAccess:
-				allowedTCP = []uint16{80, 110, 443}
-				allowedUDP = []uint16{53, 1194, 1197, 1198, 8080, 9201}
-			case providers.Protonvpn:
-				allowedTCP = []uint16{443, 5995, 8443}
-				allowedUDP = []uint16{80, 443, 1194, 4569, 5060}
-			case providers.SlickVPN:
-				allowedTCP = []uint16{443, 8080, 8888}
-				allowedUDP = []uint16{443, 8080, 8888}
-			case providers.Wevpn:
+			case constants.Wevpn:
 				allowedTCP = []uint16{53, 1195, 1199, 2018}
 				allowedUDP = []uint16{80, 1194, 1198}
-			case providers.Windscribe:
+			case constants.Windscribe:
 				allowedTCP = []uint16{21, 22, 80, 123, 143, 443, 587, 1194, 3306, 8080, 54783}
 				allowedUDP = []uint16{53, 80, 123, 443, 1194, 54783}
-			default:
-				panic(fmt.Sprintf("VPN provider %s has no registered allowed ports", vpnProvider))
 			}

-			allowedPorts := allowedUDP
-			if *o.TCP {
-				allowedPorts = allowedTCP
-			}
-			err = validate.IsOneOf(*o.CustomPort, allowedPorts...)
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s: %w",
-					ErrOpenVPNCustomPortNotAllowed, vpnProvider, err)
+			if *o.TCP && !helpers.Uint16IsOneOf(*o.CustomPort, allowedTCP) {
+				return fmt.Errorf("%w: %d for VPN service provider %s; %s",
+					ErrOpenVPNCustomPortNotAllowed, o.CustomPort, vpnProvider,
+					helpers.PortChoicesOrString(allowedTCP))
+			} else if !*o.TCP && !helpers.Uint16IsOneOf(*o.CustomPort, allowedUDP) {
+				return fmt.Errorf("%w: %d for VPN service provider %s; %s",
+					ErrOpenVPNCustomPortNotAllowed, o.CustomPort, vpnProvider,
+					helpers.PortChoicesOrString(allowedUDP))
 			}
 		}
 	}

 	// Validate EncPreset
-	if vpnProvider == providers.PrivateInternetAccess {
+	if vpnProvider == constants.PrivateInternetAccess {
 		validEncryptionPresets := []string{
-			presets.None,
-			presets.Normal,
-			presets.Strong,
+			constants.PIAEncryptionPresetNone,
+			constants.PIAEncryptionPresetNormal,
+			constants.PIAEncryptionPresetStrong,
 		}
-		if err = validate.IsOneOf(*o.PIAEncPreset, validEncryptionPresets...); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrOpenVPNEncryptionPresetNotValid, err)
+		if !helpers.IsOneOf(*o.PIAEncPreset, validEncryptionPresets...) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s; valid presets are %s",
+				ErrOpenVPNEncryptionPresetNotValid, *o.PIAEncPreset,
+				helpers.ChoicesOrString(validEncryptionPresets))
 		}
 	}

@@ -132,37 +113,37 @@ func (o OpenVPNSelection) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {

 func (o *OpenVPNSelection) copy() (copied OpenVPNSelection) {
 	return OpenVPNSelection{
-		ConfFile:     gosettings.CopyPointer(o.ConfFile),
-		TCP:          gosettings.CopyPointer(o.TCP),
-		CustomPort:   gosettings.CopyPointer(o.CustomPort),
-		PIAEncPreset: gosettings.CopyPointer(o.PIAEncPreset),
+		ConfFile:     helpers.CopyStringPtr(o.ConfFile),
+		TCP:          helpers.CopyBoolPtr(o.TCP),
+		CustomPort:   helpers.CopyUint16Ptr(o.CustomPort),
+		PIAEncPreset: helpers.CopyStringPtr(o.PIAEncPreset),
 	}
 }

 func (o *OpenVPNSelection) mergeWith(other OpenVPNSelection) {
-	o.ConfFile = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(o.ConfFile, other.ConfFile)
-	o.TCP = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(o.TCP, other.TCP)
-	o.CustomPort = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(o.CustomPort, other.CustomPort)
-	o.PIAEncPreset = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(o.PIAEncPreset, other.PIAEncPreset)
+	o.ConfFile = helpers.MergeWithStringPtr(o.ConfFile, other.ConfFile)
+	o.TCP = helpers.MergeWithBool(o.TCP, other.TCP)
+	o.CustomPort = helpers.MergeWithUint16(o.CustomPort, other.CustomPort)
+	o.PIAEncPreset = helpers.MergeWithStringPtr(o.PIAEncPreset, other.PIAEncPreset)
 }

 func (o *OpenVPNSelection) overrideWith(other OpenVPNSelection) {
-	o.ConfFile = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.ConfFile, other.ConfFile)
-	o.TCP = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.TCP, other.TCP)
-	o.CustomPort = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.CustomPort, other.CustomPort)
-	o.PIAEncPreset = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.PIAEncPreset, other.PIAEncPreset)
+	o.ConfFile = helpers.OverrideWithStringPtr(o.ConfFile, other.ConfFile)
+	o.TCP = helpers.OverrideWithBool(o.TCP, other.TCP)
+	o.CustomPort = helpers.OverrideWithUint16(o.CustomPort, other.CustomPort)
+	o.PIAEncPreset = helpers.OverrideWithStringPtr(o.PIAEncPreset, other.PIAEncPreset)
 }

 func (o *OpenVPNSelection) setDefaults(vpnProvider string) {
-	o.ConfFile = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.ConfFile, "")
-	o.TCP = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.TCP, false)
-	o.CustomPort = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.CustomPort, 0)
+	o.ConfFile = helpers.DefaultStringPtr(o.ConfFile, "")
+	o.TCP = helpers.DefaultBool(o.TCP, false)
+	o.CustomPort = helpers.DefaultUint16(o.CustomPort, 0)

 	var defaultEncPreset string
-	if vpnProvider == providers.PrivateInternetAccess {
-		defaultEncPreset = presets.Strong
+	if vpnProvider == constants.PrivateInternetAccess {
+		defaultEncPreset = constants.PIAEncryptionPresetStrong
 	}
-	o.PIAEncPreset = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.PIAEncPreset, defaultEncPreset)
+	o.PIAEncPreset = helpers.DefaultStringPtr(o.PIAEncPreset, defaultEncPreset)
 }

 func (o OpenVPNSelection) String() string {
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/portforward.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/portforward.go
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ package settings
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/validate"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -14,83 +14,57 @@ import (
 type PortForwarding struct {
 	// Enabled is true if port forwarding should be activated.
 	// It cannot be nil for the internal state.
-	Enabled *bool `json:"enabled"`
-	// Provider is set to specify which custom port forwarding code
-	// should be used. This is especially necessary for the custom
-	// provider using Wireguard for a provider where Wireguard is not
-	// natively supported but custom port forwading code is available.
-	// It defaults to the empty string, meaning the current provider
-	// should be the one used for port forwarding.
-	// It cannot be nil for the internal state.
-	Provider *string `json:"provider"`
+	Enabled *bool
 	// Filepath is the port forwarding status file path
 	// to use. It can be the empty string to indicate not
 	// to write to a file. It cannot be nil for the
 	// internal state
-	Filepath *string `json:"status_file_path"`
-	// ListeningPort is the port traffic would be redirected to from the
-	// forwarded port. The redirection is disabled if it is set to 0, which
-	// is its default as well.
-	ListeningPort *uint16 `json:"listening_port"`
+	Filepath *string
 }

-func (p PortForwarding) Validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
+func (p PortForwarding) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 	if !*p.Enabled {
 		return nil
 	}

-	// Validate current provider or custom provider specified
-	providerSelected := vpnProvider
-	if *p.Provider != "" {
-		providerSelected = *p.Provider
-	}
-	validProviders := []string{
-		providers.PrivateInternetAccess,
-		providers.Protonvpn,
-	}
-	if err = validate.IsOneOf(providerSelected, validProviders...); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrPortForwardingEnabled, err)
+	// Validate Enabled
+	validProviders := []string{constants.PrivateInternetAccess}
+	if !helpers.IsOneOf(vpnProvider, validProviders...) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: for provider %s, it is only available for %s",
+			ErrPortForwardingEnabled, vpnProvider, strings.Join(validProviders, ", "))
 	}

 	// Validate Filepath
 	if *p.Filepath != "" { // optional
 		_, err := filepath.Abs(*p.Filepath)
 		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("filepath is not valid: %w", err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrPortForwardingFilepathNotValid, err)
 		}
 	}

 	return nil
 }

-func (p *PortForwarding) Copy() (copied PortForwarding) {
+func (p *PortForwarding) copy() (copied PortForwarding) {
 	return PortForwarding{
-		Enabled:       gosettings.CopyPointer(p.Enabled),
-		Provider:      gosettings.CopyPointer(p.Provider),
-		Filepath:      gosettings.CopyPointer(p.Filepath),
-		ListeningPort: gosettings.CopyPointer(p.ListeningPort),
+		Enabled:  helpers.CopyBoolPtr(p.Enabled),
+		Filepath: helpers.CopyStringPtr(p.Filepath),
 	}
 }

 func (p *PortForwarding) mergeWith(other PortForwarding) {
-	p.Enabled = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(p.Enabled, other.Enabled)
-	p.Provider = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(p.Provider, other.Provider)
-	p.Filepath = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(p.Filepath, other.Filepath)
-	p.ListeningPort = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(p.ListeningPort, other.ListeningPort)
+	p.Enabled = helpers.MergeWithBool(p.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	p.Filepath = helpers.MergeWithStringPtr(p.Filepath, other.Filepath)
 }

-func (p *PortForwarding) OverrideWith(other PortForwarding) {
-	p.Enabled = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(p.Enabled, other.Enabled)
-	p.Provider = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(p.Provider, other.Provider)
-	p.Filepath = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(p.Filepath, other.Filepath)
-	p.ListeningPort = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(p.ListeningPort, other.ListeningPort)
+func (p *PortForwarding) overrideWith(other PortForwarding) {
+	p.Enabled = helpers.OverrideWithBool(p.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	p.Filepath = helpers.OverrideWithStringPtr(p.Filepath, other.Filepath)
 }

 func (p *PortForwarding) setDefaults() {
-	p.Enabled = gosettings.DefaultPointer(p.Enabled, false)
-	p.Provider = gosettings.DefaultPointer(p.Provider, "")
-	p.Filepath = gosettings.DefaultPointer(p.Filepath, "/tmp/gluetun/forwarded_port")
-	p.ListeningPort = gosettings.DefaultPointer(p.ListeningPort, 0)
+	p.Enabled = helpers.DefaultBool(p.Enabled, false)
+	p.Filepath = helpers.DefaultStringPtr(p.Filepath, "/tmp/gluetun/forwarded_port")
 }

 func (p PortForwarding) String() string {
@@ -103,18 +77,7 @@ func (p PortForwarding) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	}

 	node = gotree.New("Automatic port forwarding settings:")
-
-	listeningPort := "disabled"
-	if *p.ListeningPort != 0 {
-		listeningPort = fmt.Sprintf("%d", *p.ListeningPort)
-	}
-	node.Appendf("Redirection listening port: %s", listeningPort)
-
-	if *p.Provider == "" {
-		node.Appendf("Use port forwarding code for current provider")
-	} else {
-		node.Appendf("Use code for provider: %s", *p.Provider)
-	}
+	node.Appendf("Enabled: yes")

 	filepath := *p.Filepath
 	if filepath == "" {
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/provider.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/provider.go
@@ -3,10 +3,9 @@ package settings
 import (
 	"fmt"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/vpn"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/validate"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -14,44 +13,42 @@ import (
 type Provider struct {
 	// Name is the VPN service provider name.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	Name *string `json:"name"`
+	Name *string
 	// ServerSelection is the settings to
 	// select the VPN server.
-	ServerSelection ServerSelection `json:"server_selection"`
+	ServerSelection ServerSelection
 	// PortForwarding is the settings about port forwarding.
-	PortForwarding PortForwarding `json:"port_forwarding"`
+	PortForwarding PortForwarding
 }

 // TODO v4 remove pointer for receiver (because of Surfshark).
-func (p *Provider) validate(vpnType string, storage Storage) (err error) {
+func (p *Provider) validate(vpnType string, allServers models.AllServers) (err error) {
 	// Validate Name
 	var validNames []string
-	if vpnType == vpn.OpenVPN {
-		validNames = providers.AllWithCustom()
+	if vpnType == constants.OpenVPN {
+		validNames = constants.AllProviders()
 		validNames = append(validNames, "pia") // Retro-compatibility
 	} else { // Wireguard
 		validNames = []string{
-			providers.Airvpn,
-			providers.Custom,
-			providers.Ivpn,
-			providers.Mullvad,
-			providers.Nordvpn,
-			providers.Surfshark,
-			providers.Windscribe,
+			constants.Custom,
+			constants.Ivpn,
+			constants.Mullvad,
+			constants.Windscribe,
 		}
 	}
-	if err = validate.IsOneOf(*p.Name, validNames...); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w for Wireguard: %w", ErrVPNProviderNameNotValid, err)
+	if !helpers.IsOneOf(*p.Name, validNames...) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %q can only be one of %s",
+			ErrVPNProviderNameNotValid, *p.Name, helpers.ChoicesOrString(validNames))
 	}

-	err = p.ServerSelection.validate(*p.Name, storage)
+	err = p.ServerSelection.validate(*p.Name, allServers)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("server selection: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("server selection settings validation failed: %w", err)
 	}

-	err = p.PortForwarding.Validate(*p.Name)
+	err = p.PortForwarding.validate(*p.Name)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("port forwarding: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("port forwarding settings validation failed: %w", err)
 	}

 	return nil
@@ -59,26 +56,26 @@ func (p *Provider) validate(vpnType string, storage Storage) (err error) {

 func (p *Provider) copy() (copied Provider) {
 	return Provider{
-		Name:            gosettings.CopyPointer(p.Name),
+		Name:            helpers.CopyStringPtr(p.Name),
 		ServerSelection: p.ServerSelection.copy(),
-		PortForwarding:  p.PortForwarding.Copy(),
+		PortForwarding:  p.PortForwarding.copy(),
 	}
 }

 func (p *Provider) mergeWith(other Provider) {
-	p.Name = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(p.Name, other.Name)
+	p.Name = helpers.MergeWithStringPtr(p.Name, other.Name)
 	p.ServerSelection.mergeWith(other.ServerSelection)
 	p.PortForwarding.mergeWith(other.PortForwarding)
 }

 func (p *Provider) overrideWith(other Provider) {
-	p.Name = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(p.Name, other.Name)
+	p.Name = helpers.OverrideWithStringPtr(p.Name, other.Name)
 	p.ServerSelection.overrideWith(other.ServerSelection)
-	p.PortForwarding.OverrideWith(other.PortForwarding)
+	p.PortForwarding.overrideWith(other.PortForwarding)
 }

 func (p *Provider) setDefaults() {
-	p.Name = gosettings.DefaultPointer(p.Name, providers.PrivateInternetAccess)
+	p.Name = helpers.DefaultStringPtr(p.Name, constants.PrivateInternetAccess)
 	p.ServerSelection.setDefaults(*p.Name)
 	p.PortForwarding.setDefaults()
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/publicip.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/publicip.go
@@ -5,8 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/publicip/api"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -22,28 +21,6 @@ type PublicIP struct {
 	// to write to a file. It cannot be nil for the
 	// internal state
 	IPFilepath *string
-	// API is the API name to use to fetch public IP information.
-	// It can be ipinfo or ip2location. It defaults to ipinfo.
-	API string
-	// APIToken is the token to use for the IP data service
-	// such as ipinfo.io. It can be the empty string to
-	// indicate not to use a token. It cannot be nil for the
-	// internal state.
-	APIToken *string
-}
-
-// UpdateWith deep copies the receiving settings, overrides the copy with
-// fields set in the partialUpdate argument, validates the new settings
-// and returns them if they are valid, or returns an error otherwise.
-// In all cases, the receiving settings are unmodified.
-func (p PublicIP) UpdateWith(partialUpdate PublicIP) (updatedSettings PublicIP, err error) {
-	updatedSettings = p.copy()
-	updatedSettings.overrideWith(partialUpdate)
-	err = updatedSettings.validate()
-	if err != nil {
-		return updatedSettings, fmt.Errorf("validating updated settings: %w", err)
-	}
-	return updatedSettings, nil
 }

 func (p PublicIP) validate() (err error) {
@@ -56,47 +33,34 @@ func (p PublicIP) validate() (err error) {
 	if *p.IPFilepath != "" { // optional
 		_, err := filepath.Abs(*p.IPFilepath)
 		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("filepath is not valid: %w", err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrPublicIPFilepathNotValid, err)
 		}
 	}

-	_, err = api.ParseProvider(p.API)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("API name: %w", err)
-	}
-
 	return nil
 }

 func (p *PublicIP) copy() (copied PublicIP) {
 	return PublicIP{
-		Period:     gosettings.CopyPointer(p.Period),
-		IPFilepath: gosettings.CopyPointer(p.IPFilepath),
-		API:        p.API,
-		APIToken:   gosettings.CopyPointer(p.APIToken),
+		Period:     helpers.CopyDurationPtr(p.Period),
+		IPFilepath: helpers.CopyStringPtr(p.IPFilepath),
 	}
 }

 func (p *PublicIP) mergeWith(other PublicIP) {
-	p.Period = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(p.Period, other.Period)
-	p.IPFilepath = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(p.IPFilepath, other.IPFilepath)
-	p.API = gosettings.MergeWithString(p.API, other.API)
-	p.APIToken = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(p.APIToken, other.APIToken)
+	p.Period = helpers.MergeWithDuration(p.Period, other.Period)
+	p.IPFilepath = helpers.MergeWithStringPtr(p.IPFilepath, other.IPFilepath)
 }

 func (p *PublicIP) overrideWith(other PublicIP) {
-	p.Period = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(p.Period, other.Period)
-	p.IPFilepath = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(p.IPFilepath, other.IPFilepath)
-	p.API = gosettings.OverrideWithString(p.API, other.API)
-	p.APIToken = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(p.APIToken, other.APIToken)
+	p.Period = helpers.OverrideWithDuration(p.Period, other.Period)
+	p.IPFilepath = helpers.OverrideWithStringPtr(p.IPFilepath, other.IPFilepath)
 }

 func (p *PublicIP) setDefaults() {
 	const defaultPeriod = 12 * time.Hour
-	p.Period = gosettings.DefaultPointer(p.Period, defaultPeriod)
-	p.IPFilepath = gosettings.DefaultPointer(p.IPFilepath, "/tmp/gluetun/ip")
-	p.API = gosettings.DefaultString(p.API, "ipinfo")
-	p.APIToken = gosettings.DefaultPointer(p.APIToken, "")
+	p.Period = helpers.DefaultDuration(p.Period, defaultPeriod)
+	p.IPFilepath = helpers.DefaultStringPtr(p.IPFilepath, "/tmp/gluetun/ip")
 }

 func (p PublicIP) String() string {
@@ -121,11 +85,5 @@ func (p PublicIP) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 		node.Appendf("IP file path: %s", *p.IPFilepath)
 	}

-	node.Appendf("Public IP data API: %s", p.API)
-
-	if *p.APIToken != "" {
-		node.Appendf("API token: %s", gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*p.APIToken))
-	}
-
 	return node
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/server.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/server.go
@@ -2,40 +2,30 @@ package settings

 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"net"
 	"os"
-	"strconv"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

 // ControlServer contains settings to customize the control server operation.
 type ControlServer struct {
-	// Address is the listening address to use.
+	// Port is the listening port to use.
+	// It can be set to 0 to bind to a random port.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	Address *string
+	// TODO change to address
+	Port *uint16
 	// Log can be true or false to enable logging on requests.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
 	Log *bool
 }

 func (c ControlServer) validate() (err error) {
-	_, portStr, err := net.SplitHostPort(*c.Address)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("listening address is not valid: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	port, err := strconv.Atoi(portStr)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("listening port it not valid: %w", err)
-	}
-
 	uid := os.Getuid()
-	const maxPrivilegedPort = 1023
-	if uid != 0 && port != 0 && port <= maxPrivilegedPort {
+	const maxPrivilegedPort uint16 = 1023
+	if uid != 0 && *c.Port <= maxPrivilegedPort {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %d when running with user ID %d",
-			ErrControlServerPrivilegedPort, port, uid)
+			ErrControlServerPrivilegedPort, *c.Port, uid)
 	}

 	return nil
@@ -43,29 +33,30 @@ func (c ControlServer) validate() (err error) {

 func (c *ControlServer) copy() (copied ControlServer) {
 	return ControlServer{
-		Address: gosettings.CopyPointer(c.Address),
-		Log:     gosettings.CopyPointer(c.Log),
+		Port: helpers.CopyUint16Ptr(c.Port),
+		Log:  helpers.CopyBoolPtr(c.Log),
 	}
 }

 // mergeWith merges the other settings into any
 // unset field of the receiver settings object.
 func (c *ControlServer) mergeWith(other ControlServer) {
-	c.Address = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(c.Address, other.Address)
-	c.Log = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(c.Log, other.Log)
+	c.Port = helpers.MergeWithUint16(c.Port, other.Port)
+	c.Log = helpers.MergeWithBool(c.Log, other.Log)
 }

 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (c *ControlServer) overrideWith(other ControlServer) {
-	c.Address = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(c.Address, other.Address)
-	c.Log = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(c.Log, other.Log)
+	c.Port = helpers.MergeWithUint16(c.Port, other.Port)
+	c.Log = helpers.MergeWithBool(c.Log, other.Log)
 }

 func (c *ControlServer) setDefaults() {
-	c.Address = gosettings.DefaultPointer(c.Address, ":8000")
-	c.Log = gosettings.DefaultPointer(c.Log, true)
+	const defaultPort = 8000
+	c.Port = helpers.DefaultUint16(c.Port, defaultPort)
+	c.Log = helpers.DefaultBool(c.Log, true)
 }

 func (c ControlServer) String() string {
@@ -74,7 +65,7 @@ func (c ControlServer) String() string {

 func (c ControlServer) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("Control server settings:")
-	node.Appendf("Listening address: %s", *c.Address)
-	node.Appendf("Logging: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(c.Log))
+	node.Appendf("Listening port: %d", *c.Port)
+	node.Appendf("Logging: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(c.Log))
 	return node
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/serverselection.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/serverselection.go
@@ -1,18 +1,13 @@
 package settings

 import (
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"net/netip"
+	"net"
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/validation"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/vpn"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/validate"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -20,215 +15,232 @@ type ServerSelection struct { //nolint:maligned
 	// VPN is the VPN type which can be 'openvpn'
 	// or 'wireguard'. It cannot be the empty string
 	// in the internal state.
-	VPN string `json:"vpn"`
+	VPN string
 	// TargetIP is the server endpoint IP address to use.
 	// It will override any IP address from the picked
-	// built-in server. It cannot be the empty value in the internal
-	// state, and can be set to the unspecified address to indicate
+	// built-in server. It cannot be nil in the internal
+	// state, and can be set to an empty net.IP{} to indicate
 	// there is not target IP address to use.
-	TargetIP netip.Addr `json:"target_ip"`
-	// Countries is the list of countries to filter VPN servers with.
-	Countries []string `json:"countries"`
-	// Categories is the list of categories to filter VPN servers with.
-	Categories []string `json:"categories"`
+	TargetIP net.IP
+	// Counties is the list of countries to filter VPN servers with.
+	Countries []string
 	// Regions is the list of regions to filter VPN servers with.
-	Regions []string `json:"regions"`
+	Regions []string
 	// Cities is the list of cities to filter VPN servers with.
-	Cities []string `json:"cities"`
+	Cities []string
 	// ISPs is the list of ISP names to filter VPN servers with.
-	ISPs []string `json:"isps"`
+	ISPs []string
 	// Names is the list of server names to filter VPN servers with.
-	Names []string `json:"names"`
+	Names []string
 	// Numbers is the list of server numbers to filter VPN servers with.
-	Numbers []uint16 `json:"numbers"`
+	Numbers []uint16
 	// Hostnames is the list of hostnames to filter VPN servers with.
-	Hostnames []string `json:"hostnames"`
-	// OwnedOnly is true if VPN provider servers that are not owned
+	Hostnames []string
+	// OwnedOnly is true if only VPN provider owned servers
 	// should be filtered. This is used with Mullvad.
-	OwnedOnly *bool `json:"owned_only"`
-	// FreeOnly is true if VPN servers that are not free should
-	// be filtered. This is used with ProtonVPN and VPN Unlimited.
-	FreeOnly *bool `json:"free_only"`
-	// PremiumOnly is true if VPN servers that are not premium should
-	// be filtered. This is used with VPN Secure.
-	// TODO extend to providers using FreeOnly.
-	PremiumOnly *bool `json:"premium_only"`
-	// StreamOnly is true if VPN servers not for streaming should
-	// be filtered. This is used with VPNUnlimited.
-	StreamOnly *bool `json:"stream_only"`
-	// MultiHopOnly is true if VPN servers that are not multihop
+	OwnedOnly *bool
+	// FreeOnly is true if only free VPN servers
+	// should be filtered. This is used with ProtonVPN.
+	FreeOnly *bool
+	// FreeOnly is true if only free VPN servers
+	// should be filtered. This is used with ProtonVPN.
+	StreamOnly *bool
+	// MultiHopOnly is true if only multihop VPN servers
 	// should be filtered. This is used with Surfshark.
-	MultiHopOnly *bool `json:"multi_hop_only"`
-	// PortForwardOnly is true if VPN servers that don't support
-	// port forwarding should be filtered. This is used with PIA.
-	PortForwardOnly *bool `json:"port_forward_only"`
+	MultiHopOnly *bool
+
 	// OpenVPN contains settings to select OpenVPN servers
 	// and the final connection.
-	OpenVPN OpenVPNSelection `json:"openvpn"`
+	OpenVPN OpenVPNSelection
 	// Wireguard contains settings to select Wireguard servers
 	// and the final connection.
-	Wireguard WireguardSelection `json:"wireguard"`
+	Wireguard WireguardSelection
 }

-var (
-	ErrOwnedOnlyNotSupported       = errors.New("owned only filter is not supported")
-	ErrFreeOnlyNotSupported        = errors.New("free only filter is not supported")
-	ErrPremiumOnlyNotSupported     = errors.New("premium only filter is not supported")
-	ErrStreamOnlyNotSupported      = errors.New("stream only filter is not supported")
-	ErrMultiHopOnlyNotSupported    = errors.New("multi hop only filter is not supported")
-	ErrPortForwardOnlyNotSupported = errors.New("port forwarding only filter is not supported")
-	ErrFreePremiumBothSet          = errors.New("free only and premium only filters are both set")
-)
-
 func (ss *ServerSelection) validate(vpnServiceProvider string,
-	storage Storage) (err error) {
+	allServers models.AllServers) (err error) {
 	switch ss.VPN {
-	case vpn.OpenVPN, vpn.Wireguard:
+	case constants.OpenVPN, constants.Wireguard:
 	default:
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrVPNTypeNotValid, ss.VPN)
 	}

-	filterChoices, err := getLocationFilterChoices(vpnServiceProvider, ss, storage)
+	var countryChoices, regionChoices, cityChoices,
+		ispChoices, nameChoices, hostnameChoices []string
+	switch vpnServiceProvider {
+	case constants.Custom:
+	case constants.Cyberghost:
+		servers := allServers.GetCyberghost()
+		countryChoices = constants.CyberghostCountryChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = constants.CyberghostHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Expressvpn:
+		servers := allServers.GetExpressvpn()
+		countryChoices = constants.ExpressvpnCountriesChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = constants.ExpressvpnCityChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = constants.ExpressvpnHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Fastestvpn:
+		servers := allServers.GetFastestvpn()
+		countryChoices = constants.FastestvpnCountriesChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = constants.FastestvpnHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.HideMyAss:
+		servers := allServers.GetHideMyAss()
+		countryChoices = constants.HideMyAssCountryChoices(servers)
+		regionChoices = constants.HideMyAssRegionChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = constants.HideMyAssCityChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = constants.HideMyAssHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Ipvanish:
+		servers := allServers.GetIpvanish()
+		countryChoices = constants.IpvanishCountryChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = constants.IpvanishCityChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = constants.IpvanishHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Ivpn:
+		servers := allServers.GetIvpn()
+		countryChoices = constants.IvpnCountryChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = constants.IvpnCityChoices(servers)
+		ispChoices = constants.IvpnISPChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = constants.IvpnHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Mullvad:
+		servers := allServers.GetMullvad()
+		countryChoices = constants.MullvadCountryChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = constants.MullvadCityChoices(servers)
+		ispChoices = constants.MullvadISPChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = constants.MullvadHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Nordvpn:
+		servers := allServers.GetNordvpn()
+		regionChoices = constants.NordvpnRegionChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = constants.NordvpnHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Perfectprivacy:
+		servers := allServers.GetPerfectprivacy()
+		cityChoices = constants.PerfectprivacyCityChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Privado:
+		servers := allServers.GetPrivado()
+		countryChoices = constants.PrivadoCountryChoices(servers)
+		regionChoices = constants.PrivadoRegionChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = constants.PrivadoCityChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = constants.PrivadoHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.PrivateInternetAccess:
+		servers := allServers.GetPia()
+		regionChoices = constants.PIAGeoChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = constants.PIAHostnameChoices(servers)
+		nameChoices = constants.PIANameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Privatevpn:
+		servers := allServers.GetPrivatevpn()
+		countryChoices = constants.PrivatevpnCountryChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = constants.PrivatevpnCityChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = constants.PrivatevpnHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Protonvpn:
+		servers := allServers.GetProtonvpn()
+		countryChoices = constants.ProtonvpnCountryChoices(servers)
+		regionChoices = constants.ProtonvpnRegionChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = constants.ProtonvpnCityChoices(servers)
+		nameChoices = constants.ProtonvpnNameChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = constants.ProtonvpnHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Purevpn:
+		servers := allServers.GetPurevpn()
+		countryChoices = constants.PurevpnCountryChoices(servers)
+		regionChoices = constants.PurevpnRegionChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = constants.PurevpnCityChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = constants.PurevpnHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Surfshark:
+		servers := allServers.GetSurfshark()
+		countryChoices = constants.SurfsharkCountryChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = constants.SurfsharkCityChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = constants.SurfsharkHostnameChoices(servers)
+		regionChoices = constants.SurfsharkRegionChoices(servers)
+		// TODO v4 remove
+		regionChoices = append(regionChoices, constants.SurfsharkRetroLocChoices(servers)...)
+		if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(ss.Regions, regionChoices); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrRegionNotValid, err)
+		}
+		// Retro compatibility
+		// TODO remove in v4
+		*ss = surfsharkRetroRegion(*ss)
+	case constants.Torguard:
+		servers := allServers.GetTorguard()
+		countryChoices = constants.TorguardCountryChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = constants.TorguardCityChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = constants.TorguardHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.VPNUnlimited:
+		servers := allServers.GetVPNUnlimited()
+		countryChoices = constants.VPNUnlimitedCountryChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = constants.VPNUnlimitedCityChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = constants.VPNUnlimitedHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Vyprvpn:
+		servers := allServers.GetVyprvpn()
+		regionChoices = constants.VyprvpnRegionChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Wevpn:
+		servers := allServers.GetWevpn()
+		cityChoices = constants.WevpnCityChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = constants.WevpnHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Windscribe:
+		servers := allServers.GetWindscribe()
+		regionChoices = constants.WindscribeRegionChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = constants.WindscribeCityChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = constants.WindscribeHostnameChoices(servers)
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrVPNProviderNameNotValid, vpnServiceProvider)
+	}
+
+	err = validateServerFilters(*ss, countryChoices, regionChoices, cityChoices,
+		ispChoices, nameChoices, hostnameChoices)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err // already wrapped error
 	}

-	// Retro-compatibility
-	switch vpnServiceProvider {
-	case providers.Nordvpn:
-		*ss = nordvpnRetroRegion(*ss, filterChoices.Regions, filterChoices.Countries)
-	case providers.Surfshark:
-		*ss = surfsharkRetroRegion(*ss)
-	}
-
-	err = validateServerFilters(*ss, filterChoices)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("for VPN service provider %s: %w", vpnServiceProvider, err)
-	}
-
-	if *ss.OwnedOnly &&
-		vpnServiceProvider != providers.Mullvad {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s",
-			ErrOwnedOnlyNotSupported, vpnServiceProvider)
-	}
-
-	if *ss.FreeOnly &&
-		!helpers.IsOneOf(vpnServiceProvider,
-			providers.Protonvpn,
-			providers.VPNUnlimited,
-		) {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s",
-			ErrFreeOnlyNotSupported, vpnServiceProvider)
-	}
-
-	if *ss.PremiumOnly &&
-		!helpers.IsOneOf(vpnServiceProvider,
-			providers.VPNSecure,
-		) {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s",
-			ErrPremiumOnlyNotSupported, vpnServiceProvider)
-	}
-
-	if *ss.FreeOnly && *ss.PremiumOnly {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrFreePremiumBothSet)
-	}
-
-	if *ss.StreamOnly &&
-		!helpers.IsOneOf(vpnServiceProvider,
-			providers.Protonvpn,
-			providers.VPNUnlimited,
-		) {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s",
-			ErrStreamOnlyNotSupported, vpnServiceProvider)
-	}
-
-	if *ss.MultiHopOnly &&
-		vpnServiceProvider != providers.Surfshark {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s",
-			ErrMultiHopOnlyNotSupported, vpnServiceProvider)
-	}
-
-	if *ss.PortForwardOnly &&
-		vpnServiceProvider != providers.PrivateInternetAccess {
-		// ProtonVPN also supports port forwarding, but on all their servers, so these
-		// don't have the port forwarding boolean field. As a consequence, we only allow
-		// the use of PortForwardOnly for Private Internet Access.
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s",
-			ErrPortForwardOnlyNotSupported, vpnServiceProvider)
-	}
-
-	if ss.VPN == vpn.OpenVPN {
+	if ss.VPN == constants.OpenVPN {
 		err = ss.OpenVPN.validate(vpnServiceProvider)
 		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("OpenVPN server selection settings: %w", err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("OpenVPN server selection settings validation failed: %w", err)
 		}
 	} else {
 		err = ss.Wireguard.validate(vpnServiceProvider)
 		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("Wireguard server selection settings: %w", err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("Wireguard server selection settings validation failed: %w", err)
 		}
 	}

 	return nil
 }

-func getLocationFilterChoices(vpnServiceProvider string,
-	ss *ServerSelection, storage Storage) (filterChoices models.FilterChoices,
-	err error) {
-	filterChoices = storage.GetFilterChoices(vpnServiceProvider)
-
-	if vpnServiceProvider == providers.Surfshark {
-		// // Retro compatibility
-		// TODO v4 remove
-		newAndRetroRegions := append(filterChoices.Regions, validation.SurfsharkRetroLocChoices()...) //nolint:gocritic
-		err := validate.AreAllOneOfCaseInsensitive(ss.Regions, newAndRetroRegions)
-		if err != nil {
-			// Only return error comparing with newer regions, we don't want to confuse the user
-			// with the retro regions in the error message.
-			err = validate.AreAllOneOfCaseInsensitive(ss.Regions, filterChoices.Regions)
-			return models.FilterChoices{}, fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrRegionNotValid, err)
-		}
-	}
-
-	return filterChoices, nil
-}
-
 // validateServerFilters validates filters against the choices given as arguments.
 // Set an argument to nil to pass the check for a particular filter.
-func validateServerFilters(settings ServerSelection, filterChoices models.FilterChoices) (err error) {
-	err = validate.AreAllOneOfCaseInsensitive(settings.Countries, filterChoices.Countries)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrCountryNotValid, err)
+func validateServerFilters(settings ServerSelection,
+	countryChoices, regionChoices, cityChoices, ispChoices,
+	nameChoices, hostnameChoices []string) (err error) {
+	if countryChoices != nil {
+		if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(settings.Countries, countryChoices); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrCountryNotValid, err)
+		}
 	}

-	err = validate.AreAllOneOfCaseInsensitive(settings.Regions, filterChoices.Regions)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrRegionNotValid, err)
+	if regionChoices != nil {
+		if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(settings.Regions, regionChoices); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrRegionNotValid, err)
+		}
 	}

-	err = validate.AreAllOneOfCaseInsensitive(settings.Cities, filterChoices.Cities)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrCityNotValid, err)
+	if cityChoices != nil {
+		if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(settings.Cities, cityChoices); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrCityNotValid, err)
+		}
 	}

-	err = validate.AreAllOneOfCaseInsensitive(settings.ISPs, filterChoices.ISPs)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrISPNotValid, err)
+	if ispChoices != nil {
+		if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(settings.ISPs, ispChoices); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrISPNotValid, err)
+		}
 	}

-	err = validate.AreAllOneOfCaseInsensitive(settings.Hostnames, filterChoices.Hostnames)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrHostnameNotValid, err)
+	if hostnameChoices != nil {
+		if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(settings.Hostnames, hostnameChoices); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrHostnameNotValid, err)
+		}
 	}

-	err = validate.AreAllOneOfCaseInsensitive(settings.Names, filterChoices.Names)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrNameNotValid, err)
+	if nameChoices != nil {
+		if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(settings.Names, nameChoices); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrNameNotValid, err)
 		}
-
-	err = validate.AreAllOneOfCaseInsensitive(settings.Categories, filterChoices.Categories)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrCategoryNotValid, err)
 	}

 	return nil
@@ -237,78 +249,67 @@ func validateServerFilters(settings ServerSelection, filterChoices models.Filter
 func (ss *ServerSelection) copy() (copied ServerSelection) {
 	return ServerSelection{
 		VPN:          ss.VPN,
-		TargetIP:        ss.TargetIP,
-		Countries:       gosettings.CopySlice(ss.Countries),
-		Categories:      gosettings.CopySlice(ss.Categories),
-		Regions:         gosettings.CopySlice(ss.Regions),
-		Cities:          gosettings.CopySlice(ss.Cities),
-		ISPs:            gosettings.CopySlice(ss.ISPs),
-		Hostnames:       gosettings.CopySlice(ss.Hostnames),
-		Names:           gosettings.CopySlice(ss.Names),
-		Numbers:         gosettings.CopySlice(ss.Numbers),
-		OwnedOnly:       gosettings.CopyPointer(ss.OwnedOnly),
-		FreeOnly:        gosettings.CopyPointer(ss.FreeOnly),
-		PremiumOnly:     gosettings.CopyPointer(ss.PremiumOnly),
-		StreamOnly:      gosettings.CopyPointer(ss.StreamOnly),
-		PortForwardOnly: gosettings.CopyPointer(ss.PortForwardOnly),
-		MultiHopOnly:    gosettings.CopyPointer(ss.MultiHopOnly),
+		TargetIP:     helpers.CopyIP(ss.TargetIP),
+		Countries:    helpers.CopyStringSlice(ss.Countries),
+		Regions:      helpers.CopyStringSlice(ss.Regions),
+		Cities:       helpers.CopyStringSlice(ss.Cities),
+		ISPs:         helpers.CopyStringSlice(ss.ISPs),
+		Hostnames:    helpers.CopyStringSlice(ss.Hostnames),
+		Names:        helpers.CopyStringSlice(ss.Names),
+		Numbers:      helpers.CopyUint16Slice(ss.Numbers),
+		OwnedOnly:    helpers.CopyBoolPtr(ss.OwnedOnly),
+		FreeOnly:     helpers.CopyBoolPtr(ss.FreeOnly),
+		StreamOnly:   helpers.CopyBoolPtr(ss.StreamOnly),
+		MultiHopOnly: helpers.CopyBoolPtr(ss.MultiHopOnly),
 		OpenVPN:      ss.OpenVPN.copy(),
 		Wireguard:    ss.Wireguard.copy(),
 	}
 }

 func (ss *ServerSelection) mergeWith(other ServerSelection) {
-	ss.VPN = gosettings.MergeWithString(ss.VPN, other.VPN)
-	ss.TargetIP = gosettings.MergeWithValidator(ss.TargetIP, other.TargetIP)
-	ss.Countries = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(ss.Countries, other.Countries)
-	ss.Categories = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(ss.Categories, other.Categories)
-	ss.Regions = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(ss.Regions, other.Regions)
-	ss.Cities = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(ss.Cities, other.Cities)
-	ss.ISPs = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(ss.ISPs, other.ISPs)
-	ss.Hostnames = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(ss.Hostnames, other.Hostnames)
-	ss.Names = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(ss.Names, other.Names)
-	ss.Numbers = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(ss.Numbers, other.Numbers)
-	ss.OwnedOnly = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(ss.OwnedOnly, other.OwnedOnly)
-	ss.FreeOnly = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(ss.FreeOnly, other.FreeOnly)
-	ss.PremiumOnly = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(ss.PremiumOnly, other.PremiumOnly)
-	ss.StreamOnly = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(ss.StreamOnly, other.StreamOnly)
-	ss.MultiHopOnly = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(ss.MultiHopOnly, other.MultiHopOnly)
-	ss.PortForwardOnly = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(ss.PortForwardOnly, other.PortForwardOnly)
+	ss.VPN = helpers.MergeWithString(ss.VPN, other.VPN)
+	ss.TargetIP = helpers.MergeWithIP(ss.TargetIP, other.TargetIP)
+	ss.Countries = helpers.MergeStringSlices(ss.Countries, other.Countries)
+	ss.Regions = helpers.MergeStringSlices(ss.Regions, other.Regions)
+	ss.Cities = helpers.MergeStringSlices(ss.Cities, other.Cities)
+	ss.ISPs = helpers.MergeStringSlices(ss.ISPs, other.ISPs)
+	ss.Hostnames = helpers.MergeStringSlices(ss.Hostnames, other.Hostnames)
+	ss.Names = helpers.MergeStringSlices(ss.Names, other.Names)
+	ss.Numbers = helpers.MergeUint16Slices(ss.Numbers, other.Numbers)
+	ss.OwnedOnly = helpers.MergeWithBool(ss.OwnedOnly, other.OwnedOnly)
+	ss.FreeOnly = helpers.MergeWithBool(ss.FreeOnly, other.FreeOnly)
+	ss.StreamOnly = helpers.MergeWithBool(ss.StreamOnly, other.StreamOnly)
+	ss.MultiHopOnly = helpers.MergeWithBool(ss.MultiHopOnly, other.MultiHopOnly)

 	ss.OpenVPN.mergeWith(other.OpenVPN)
 	ss.Wireguard.mergeWith(other.Wireguard)
 }

 func (ss *ServerSelection) overrideWith(other ServerSelection) {
-	ss.VPN = gosettings.OverrideWithString(ss.VPN, other.VPN)
-	ss.TargetIP = gosettings.OverrideWithValidator(ss.TargetIP, other.TargetIP)
-	ss.Countries = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Countries, other.Countries)
-	ss.Categories = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Categories, other.Categories)
-	ss.Regions = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Regions, other.Regions)
-	ss.Cities = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Cities, other.Cities)
-	ss.ISPs = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(ss.ISPs, other.ISPs)
-	ss.Hostnames = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Hostnames, other.Hostnames)
-	ss.Names = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Names, other.Names)
-	ss.Numbers = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Numbers, other.Numbers)
-	ss.OwnedOnly = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(ss.OwnedOnly, other.OwnedOnly)
-	ss.FreeOnly = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(ss.FreeOnly, other.FreeOnly)
-	ss.PremiumOnly = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(ss.PremiumOnly, other.PremiumOnly)
-	ss.StreamOnly = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(ss.StreamOnly, other.StreamOnly)
-	ss.MultiHopOnly = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(ss.MultiHopOnly, other.MultiHopOnly)
-	ss.PortForwardOnly = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(ss.PortForwardOnly, other.PortForwardOnly)
+	ss.VPN = helpers.OverrideWithString(ss.VPN, other.VPN)
+	ss.TargetIP = helpers.OverrideWithIP(ss.TargetIP, other.TargetIP)
+	ss.Countries = helpers.OverrideWithStringSlice(ss.Countries, other.Countries)
+	ss.Regions = helpers.OverrideWithStringSlice(ss.Regions, other.Regions)
+	ss.Cities = helpers.OverrideWithStringSlice(ss.Cities, other.Cities)
+	ss.ISPs = helpers.OverrideWithStringSlice(ss.ISPs, other.ISPs)
+	ss.Hostnames = helpers.OverrideWithStringSlice(ss.Hostnames, other.Hostnames)
+	ss.Names = helpers.OverrideWithStringSlice(ss.Names, other.Names)
+	ss.Numbers = helpers.OverrideWithUint16Slice(ss.Numbers, other.Numbers)
+	ss.OwnedOnly = helpers.OverrideWithBool(ss.OwnedOnly, other.OwnedOnly)
+	ss.FreeOnly = helpers.OverrideWithBool(ss.FreeOnly, other.FreeOnly)
+	ss.StreamOnly = helpers.OverrideWithBool(ss.StreamOnly, other.StreamOnly)
+	ss.MultiHopOnly = helpers.OverrideWithBool(ss.MultiHopOnly, other.MultiHopOnly)
 	ss.OpenVPN.overrideWith(other.OpenVPN)
 	ss.Wireguard.overrideWith(other.Wireguard)
 }

 func (ss *ServerSelection) setDefaults(vpnProvider string) {
-	ss.VPN = gosettings.DefaultString(ss.VPN, vpn.OpenVPN)
-	ss.TargetIP = gosettings.DefaultValidator(ss.TargetIP, netip.IPv4Unspecified())
-	ss.OwnedOnly = gosettings.DefaultPointer(ss.OwnedOnly, false)
-	ss.FreeOnly = gosettings.DefaultPointer(ss.FreeOnly, false)
-	ss.PremiumOnly = gosettings.DefaultPointer(ss.PremiumOnly, false)
-	ss.StreamOnly = gosettings.DefaultPointer(ss.StreamOnly, false)
-	ss.MultiHopOnly = gosettings.DefaultPointer(ss.MultiHopOnly, false)
-	ss.PortForwardOnly = gosettings.DefaultPointer(ss.PortForwardOnly, false)
+	ss.VPN = helpers.DefaultString(ss.VPN, constants.OpenVPN)
+	ss.TargetIP = helpers.DefaultIP(ss.TargetIP, net.IP{})
+	ss.OwnedOnly = helpers.DefaultBool(ss.OwnedOnly, false)
+	ss.FreeOnly = helpers.DefaultBool(ss.FreeOnly, false)
+	ss.StreamOnly = helpers.DefaultBool(ss.StreamOnly, false)
+	ss.MultiHopOnly = helpers.DefaultBool(ss.MultiHopOnly, false)
 	ss.OpenVPN.setDefaults(vpnProvider)
 	ss.Wireguard.setDefaults()
 }
@@ -320,7 +321,7 @@ func (ss ServerSelection) String() string {
 func (ss ServerSelection) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("Server selection settings:")
 	node.Appendf("VPN type: %s", ss.VPN)
-	if !ss.TargetIP.IsUnspecified() {
+	if len(ss.TargetIP) > 0 {
 		node.Appendf("Target IP address: %s", ss.TargetIP)
 	}

@@ -328,10 +329,6 @@ func (ss ServerSelection) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 		node.Appendf("Countries: %s", strings.Join(ss.Countries, ", "))
 	}

-	if len(ss.Categories) > 0 {
-		node.Appendf("Categories: %s", strings.Join(ss.Categories, ", "))
-	}
-
 	if len(ss.Regions) > 0 {
 		node.Appendf("Regions: %s", strings.Join(ss.Regions, ", "))
 	}
@@ -367,10 +364,6 @@ func (ss ServerSelection) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 		node.Appendf("Free only servers: yes")
 	}

-	if *ss.PremiumOnly {
-		node.Appendf("Premium only servers: yes")
-	}
-
 	if *ss.StreamOnly {
 		node.Appendf("Stream only servers: yes")
 	}
@@ -379,7 +372,7 @@ func (ss ServerSelection) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 		node.Appendf("Multi-hop only servers: yes")
 	}

-	if ss.VPN == vpn.OpenVPN {
+	if ss.VPN == constants.OpenVPN {
 		node.AppendNode(ss.OpenVPN.toLinesNode())
 	} else {
 		node.AppendNode(ss.Wireguard.toLinesNode())
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/settings.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/settings.go
@@ -3,11 +3,7 @@ package settings
 import (
 	"fmt"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/vpn"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/pprof"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -24,17 +20,12 @@ type Settings struct {
 	Updater       Updater
 	Version       Version
 	VPN           VPN
-	Pprof         pprof.Settings
-}
-
-type Storage interface {
-	GetFilterChoices(provider string) models.FilterChoices
 }

 // Validate validates all the settings and returns an error
 // if one of them is not valid.
 // TODO v4 remove pointer for receiver (because of Surfshark).
-func (s *Settings) Validate(storage Storage, ipv6Supported bool) (err error) {
+func (s *Settings) Validate(allServers models.AllServers) (err error) {
 	nameToValidation := map[string]func() error{
 		"control server":  s.ControlServer.validate,
 		"dns":             s.DNS.validate,
@@ -47,16 +38,15 @@ func (s *Settings) Validate(storage Storage, ipv6Supported bool) (err error) {
 		"system":          s.System.validate,
 		"updater":         s.Updater.Validate,
 		"version":         s.Version.validate,
-		// Pprof validation done in pprof constructor
 		"VPN": func() error {
-			return s.VPN.Validate(storage, ipv6Supported)
+			return s.VPN.validate(allServers)
 		},
 	}

 	for name, validation := range nameToValidation {
 		err = validation()
 		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("%s settings: %w", name, err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed validating %s settings: %w", name, err)
 		}
 	}

@@ -76,8 +66,7 @@ func (s *Settings) copy() (copied Settings) {
 		System:        s.System.copy(),
 		Updater:       s.Updater.copy(),
 		Version:       s.Version.copy(),
-		VPN:           s.VPN.Copy(),
-		Pprof:         s.Pprof.Copy(),
+		VPN:           s.VPN.copy(),
 	}
 }

@@ -94,11 +83,10 @@ func (s *Settings) MergeWith(other Settings) {
 	s.Updater.mergeWith(other.Updater)
 	s.Version.mergeWith(other.Version)
 	s.VPN.mergeWith(other.VPN)
-	s.Pprof.MergeWith(other.Pprof)
 }

 func (s *Settings) OverrideWith(other Settings,
-	storage Storage, ipv6Supported bool) (err error) {
+	allServers models.AllServers) (err error) {
 	patchedSettings := s.copy()
 	patchedSettings.ControlServer.overrideWith(other.ControlServer)
 	patchedSettings.DNS.overrideWith(other.DNS)
@@ -111,9 +99,8 @@ func (s *Settings) OverrideWith(other Settings,
 	patchedSettings.System.overrideWith(other.System)
 	patchedSettings.Updater.overrideWith(other.Updater)
 	patchedSettings.Version.overrideWith(other.Version)
-	patchedSettings.VPN.OverrideWith(other.VPN)
-	patchedSettings.Pprof.OverrideWith(other.Pprof)
-	err = patchedSettings.Validate(storage, ipv6Supported)
+	patchedSettings.VPN.overrideWith(other.VPN)
+	err = patchedSettings.Validate(allServers)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -131,10 +118,9 @@ func (s *Settings) SetDefaults() {
 	s.PublicIP.setDefaults()
 	s.Shadowsocks.setDefaults()
 	s.System.setDefaults()
+	s.Updater.SetDefaults()
 	s.Version.setDefaults()
 	s.VPN.setDefaults()
-	s.Updater.SetDefaults(*s.VPN.Provider.Name)
-	s.Pprof.SetDefaults()
 }

 func (s Settings) String() string {
@@ -156,28 +142,6 @@ func (s Settings) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node.AppendNode(s.PublicIP.toLinesNode())
 	node.AppendNode(s.Updater.toLinesNode())
 	node.AppendNode(s.Version.toLinesNode())
-	node.AppendNode(s.Pprof.ToLinesNode())

 	return node
 }
-
-func (s Settings) Warnings() (warnings []string) {
-	if *s.VPN.Provider.Name == providers.HideMyAss {
-		warnings = append(warnings, "HideMyAss dropped support for Linux OpenVPN "+
-			" so this will likely not work anymore. See https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/issues/1498.")
-	}
-
-	if helpers.IsOneOf(*s.VPN.Provider.Name, providers.SlickVPN) &&
-		s.VPN.Type == vpn.OpenVPN {
-		warnings = append(warnings, "OpenVPN 2.5 uses OpenSSL 3 "+
-			"which prohibits the usage of weak security in today's standards. "+
-			*s.VPN.Provider.Name+" uses weak security which is out "+
-			"of Gluetun's control so the only workaround is to allow such weaknesses "+
-			`using the OpenVPN option tls-cipher "DEFAULT:@SECLEVEL=0". `+
-			"You might want to reach to your provider so they upgrade their certificates. "+
-			"Once this is done, you will have to let the Gluetun maintainers know "+
-			"by creating an issue, attaching the new certificate and we will update Gluetun.")
-	}
-
-	return warnings
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/settings_test.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/settings_test.go
@@ -34,12 +34,13 @@ func Test_Settings_String(t *testing.T) {
 |       ├── User: [not set]
 |       ├── Password: [not set]
 |       ├── Private Internet Access encryption preset: strong
+|       ├── Tunnel IPv6: no
 |       ├── Network interface: tun0
 |       ├── Run OpenVPN as: root
 |       └── Verbosity level: 1
 ├── DNS settings:
-|   ├── Keep existing nameserver(s): no
 |   ├── DNS server address to use: 127.0.0.1
+|   ├── Keep existing nameserver(s): no
 |   └── DNS over TLS settings:
 |       ├── Enabled: yes
 |       ├── Update period: every 24h0m0s
@@ -65,10 +66,7 @@ func Test_Settings_String(t *testing.T) {
 |   └── Log level: INFO
 ├── Health settings:
 |   ├── Server listening address: 127.0.0.1:9999
-|   ├── Target address: cloudflare.com:443
-|   ├── Duration to wait after success: 5s
-|   ├── Read header timeout: 100ms
-|   ├── Read timeout: 500ms
+|   ├── Target address: github.com:443
 |   └── VPN wait durations:
 |       ├── Initial duration: 6s
 |       └── Additional duration: 5s
@@ -77,15 +75,14 @@ func Test_Settings_String(t *testing.T) {
 ├── HTTP proxy settings:
 |   └── Enabled: no
 ├── Control server settings:
-|   ├── Listening address: :8000
+|   ├── Listening port: 8000
 |   └── Logging: yes
 ├── OS Alpine settings:
 |   ├── Process UID: 1000
 |   └── Process GID: 1000
 ├── Public IP settings:
 |   ├── Fetching: every 12h0m0s
-|   ├── IP file path: /tmp/gluetun/ip
-|   └── Public IP data API: ipinfo
+|   └── IP file path: /tmp/gluetun/ip
 └── Version settings:
    └── Enabled: yes`,
 		},
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/shadowsocks.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/shadowsocks.go
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 package settings

 import (
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 	"github.com/qdm12/ss-server/pkg/tcpudp"
 )
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ func (s Shadowsocks) validate() (err error) {

 func (s *Shadowsocks) copy() (copied Shadowsocks) {
 	return Shadowsocks{
-		Enabled:  gosettings.CopyPointer(s.Enabled),
+		Enabled:  helpers.CopyBoolPtr(s.Enabled),
 		Settings: s.Settings.Copy(),
 	}
 }
@@ -29,20 +29,20 @@ func (s *Shadowsocks) copy() (copied Shadowsocks) {
 // mergeWith merges the other settings into any
 // unset field of the receiver settings object.
 func (s *Shadowsocks) mergeWith(other Shadowsocks) {
-	s.Enabled = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(s.Enabled, other.Enabled)
-	s.Settings = s.Settings.MergeWith(other.Settings)
+	s.Enabled = helpers.MergeWithBool(s.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	s.Settings.MergeWith(other.Settings)
 }

 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (s *Shadowsocks) overrideWith(other Shadowsocks) {
-	s.Enabled = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(s.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	s.Enabled = helpers.OverrideWithBool(s.Enabled, other.Enabled)
 	s.Settings.OverrideWith(other.Settings)
 }

 func (s *Shadowsocks) setDefaults() {
-	s.Enabled = gosettings.DefaultPointer(s.Enabled, false)
+	s.Enabled = helpers.DefaultBool(s.Enabled, false)
 	s.Settings.SetDefaults()
 }

@@ -53,16 +53,16 @@ func (s Shadowsocks) String() string {
 func (s Shadowsocks) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("Shadowsocks server settings:")

-	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(s.Enabled))
+	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(s.Enabled))
 	if !*s.Enabled {
 		return node
 	}

 	// TODO have ToLinesNode in qdm12/ss-server
-	node.Appendf("Listening address: %s", *s.Address)
+	node.Appendf("Listening address: %s", s.Address)
 	node.Appendf("Cipher: %s", s.CipherName)
-	node.Appendf("Password: %s", gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*s.Password))
-	node.Appendf("Log addresses: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(s.LogAddresses))
+	node.Appendf("Password: %s", helpers.ObfuscatePassword(*s.Password))
+	node.Appendf("Log addresses: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(s.LogAddresses))

 	return node
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/surfshark_retro.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/surfshark_retro.go
@@ -3,14 +3,15 @@ package settings
 import (
 	"strings"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/provider/surfshark/servers"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
 )

 func surfsharkRetroRegion(selection ServerSelection) (
 	updatedSelection ServerSelection) {
-	locationData := servers.LocationData()
+	locationData := constants.SurfsharkLocationData()

-	retroToLocation := make(map[string]servers.ServerLocation, len(locationData))
+	retroToLocation := make(map[string]models.SurfsharkLocationData, len(locationData))
 	for _, data := range locationData {
 		if data.RetroLoc == "" {
 			continue
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/system.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/system.go
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 package settings

 import (
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

 // System contains settings to configure system related elements.
 type System struct {
-	PUID     *uint32
-	PGID     *uint32
+	PUID     *uint16
+	PGID     *uint16
 	Timezone string
 }

@@ -19,28 +19,28 @@ func (s System) validate() (err error) {

 func (s *System) copy() (copied System) {
 	return System{
-		PUID:     gosettings.CopyPointer(s.PUID),
-		PGID:     gosettings.CopyPointer(s.PGID),
+		PUID:     helpers.CopyUint16Ptr(s.PUID),
+		PGID:     helpers.CopyUint16Ptr(s.PGID),
 		Timezone: s.Timezone,
 	}
 }

 func (s *System) mergeWith(other System) {
-	s.PUID = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(s.PUID, other.PUID)
-	s.PGID = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(s.PGID, other.PGID)
-	s.Timezone = gosettings.MergeWithString(s.Timezone, other.Timezone)
+	s.PUID = helpers.MergeWithUint16(s.PUID, other.PUID)
+	s.PGID = helpers.MergeWithUint16(s.PGID, other.PGID)
+	s.Timezone = helpers.MergeWithString(s.Timezone, other.Timezone)
 }

 func (s *System) overrideWith(other System) {
-	s.PUID = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(s.PUID, other.PUID)
-	s.PGID = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(s.PGID, other.PGID)
-	s.Timezone = gosettings.OverrideWithString(s.Timezone, other.Timezone)
+	s.PUID = helpers.OverrideWithUint16(s.PUID, other.PUID)
+	s.PGID = helpers.OverrideWithUint16(s.PGID, other.PGID)
+	s.Timezone = helpers.OverrideWithString(s.Timezone, other.Timezone)
 }

 func (s *System) setDefaults() {
 	const defaultID = 1000
-	s.PUID = gosettings.DefaultPointer(s.PUID, defaultID)
-	s.PGID = gosettings.DefaultPointer(s.PGID, defaultID)
+	s.PUID = helpers.DefaultUint16(s.PUID, defaultID)
+	s.PGID = helpers.DefaultUint16(s.PGID, defaultID)
 }

 func (s System) String() string {
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/unbound.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/unbound.go
@@ -3,24 +3,25 @@ package settings
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"net/netip"
+	"net"

 	"github.com/qdm12/dns/pkg/provider"
 	"github.com/qdm12/dns/pkg/unbound"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
+	"inet.af/netaddr"
 )

 // Unbound is settings for the Unbound program.
 type Unbound struct {
-	Providers             []string       `json:"providers"`
-	Caching               *bool          `json:"caching"`
-	IPv6                  *bool          `json:"ipv6"`
-	VerbosityLevel        *uint8         `json:"verbosity_level"`
-	VerbosityDetailsLevel *uint8         `json:"verbosity_details_level"`
-	ValidationLogLevel    *uint8         `json:"validation_log_level"`
-	Username              string         `json:"username"`
-	Allowed               []netip.Prefix `json:"allowed"`
+	Providers             []string
+	Caching               *bool
+	IPv6                  *bool
+	VerbosityLevel        *uint8
+	VerbosityDetailsLevel *uint8
+	ValidationLogLevel    *uint8
+	Username              string
+	Allowed               []netaddr.IPPrefix
 }

 func (u *Unbound) setDefaults() {
@@ -30,26 +31,26 @@ func (u *Unbound) setDefaults() {
 		}
 	}

-	u.Caching = gosettings.DefaultPointer(u.Caching, true)
-	u.IPv6 = gosettings.DefaultPointer(u.IPv6, false)
+	u.Caching = helpers.DefaultBool(u.Caching, true)
+	u.IPv6 = helpers.DefaultBool(u.IPv6, false)

 	const defaultVerbosityLevel = 1
-	u.VerbosityLevel = gosettings.DefaultPointer(u.VerbosityLevel, defaultVerbosityLevel)
+	u.VerbosityLevel = helpers.DefaultUint8(u.VerbosityLevel, defaultVerbosityLevel)

 	const defaultVerbosityDetailsLevel = 0
-	u.VerbosityDetailsLevel = gosettings.DefaultPointer(u.VerbosityDetailsLevel, defaultVerbosityDetailsLevel)
+	u.VerbosityDetailsLevel = helpers.DefaultUint8(u.VerbosityDetailsLevel, defaultVerbosityDetailsLevel)

 	const defaultValidationLogLevel = 0
-	u.ValidationLogLevel = gosettings.DefaultPointer(u.ValidationLogLevel, defaultValidationLogLevel)
+	u.ValidationLogLevel = helpers.DefaultUint8(u.ValidationLogLevel, defaultValidationLogLevel)

 	if u.Allowed == nil {
-		u.Allowed = []netip.Prefix{
-			netip.PrefixFrom(netip.AddrFrom4([4]byte{}), 0),
-			netip.PrefixFrom(netip.AddrFrom16([16]byte{}), 0),
+		u.Allowed = []netaddr.IPPrefix{
+			netaddr.IPPrefixFrom(netaddr.IPv4(0, 0, 0, 0), 0),
+			netaddr.IPPrefixFrom(netaddr.IPv6Raw([16]byte{}), 0),
 		}
 	}

-	u.Username = gosettings.DefaultString(u.Username, "root")
+	u.Username = helpers.DefaultString(u.Username, "root")
 }

 var (
@@ -94,37 +95,37 @@ func (u Unbound) validate() (err error) {

 func (u Unbound) copy() (copied Unbound) {
 	return Unbound{
-		Providers:             gosettings.CopySlice(u.Providers),
-		Caching:               gosettings.CopyPointer(u.Caching),
-		IPv6:                  gosettings.CopyPointer(u.IPv6),
-		VerbosityLevel:        gosettings.CopyPointer(u.VerbosityLevel),
-		VerbosityDetailsLevel: gosettings.CopyPointer(u.VerbosityDetailsLevel),
-		ValidationLogLevel:    gosettings.CopyPointer(u.ValidationLogLevel),
+		Providers:             helpers.CopyStringSlice(u.Providers),
+		Caching:               helpers.CopyBoolPtr(u.Caching),
+		IPv6:                  helpers.CopyBoolPtr(u.IPv6),
+		VerbosityLevel:        helpers.CopyUint8Ptr(u.VerbosityLevel),
+		VerbosityDetailsLevel: helpers.CopyUint8Ptr(u.VerbosityDetailsLevel),
+		ValidationLogLevel:    helpers.CopyUint8Ptr(u.ValidationLogLevel),
 		Username:              u.Username,
-		Allowed:               gosettings.CopySlice(u.Allowed),
+		Allowed:               helpers.CopyIPPrefixSlice(u.Allowed),
 	}
 }

 func (u *Unbound) mergeWith(other Unbound) {
-	u.Providers = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(u.Providers, other.Providers)
-	u.Caching = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(u.Caching, other.Caching)
-	u.IPv6 = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(u.IPv6, other.IPv6)
-	u.VerbosityLevel = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(u.VerbosityLevel, other.VerbosityLevel)
-	u.VerbosityDetailsLevel = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(u.VerbosityDetailsLevel, other.VerbosityDetailsLevel)
-	u.ValidationLogLevel = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(u.ValidationLogLevel, other.ValidationLogLevel)
-	u.Username = gosettings.MergeWithString(u.Username, other.Username)
-	u.Allowed = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(u.Allowed, other.Allowed)
+	u.Providers = helpers.MergeStringSlices(u.Providers, other.Providers)
+	u.Caching = helpers.MergeWithBool(u.Caching, other.Caching)
+	u.IPv6 = helpers.MergeWithBool(u.IPv6, other.IPv6)
+	u.VerbosityLevel = helpers.MergeWithUint8(u.VerbosityLevel, other.VerbosityLevel)
+	u.VerbosityDetailsLevel = helpers.MergeWithUint8(u.VerbosityDetailsLevel, other.VerbosityDetailsLevel)
+	u.ValidationLogLevel = helpers.MergeWithUint8(u.ValidationLogLevel, other.ValidationLogLevel)
+	u.Username = helpers.MergeWithString(u.Username, other.Username)
+	u.Allowed = helpers.MergeIPPrefixesSlices(u.Allowed, other.Allowed)
 }

 func (u *Unbound) overrideWith(other Unbound) {
-	u.Providers = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(u.Providers, other.Providers)
-	u.Caching = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(u.Caching, other.Caching)
-	u.IPv6 = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(u.IPv6, other.IPv6)
-	u.VerbosityLevel = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(u.VerbosityLevel, other.VerbosityLevel)
-	u.VerbosityDetailsLevel = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(u.VerbosityDetailsLevel, other.VerbosityDetailsLevel)
-	u.ValidationLogLevel = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(u.ValidationLogLevel, other.ValidationLogLevel)
-	u.Username = gosettings.OverrideWithString(u.Username, other.Username)
-	u.Allowed = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(u.Allowed, other.Allowed)
+	u.Providers = helpers.OverrideWithStringSlice(u.Providers, other.Providers)
+	u.Caching = helpers.OverrideWithBool(u.Caching, other.Caching)
+	u.IPv6 = helpers.OverrideWithBool(u.IPv6, other.IPv6)
+	u.VerbosityLevel = helpers.OverrideWithUint8(u.VerbosityLevel, other.VerbosityLevel)
+	u.VerbosityDetailsLevel = helpers.OverrideWithUint8(u.VerbosityDetailsLevel, other.VerbosityDetailsLevel)
+	u.ValidationLogLevel = helpers.OverrideWithUint8(u.ValidationLogLevel, other.ValidationLogLevel)
+	u.Username = helpers.OverrideWithString(u.Username, other.Username)
+	u.Allowed = helpers.OverrideWithIPPrefixesSlice(u.Allowed, other.Allowed)
 }

 func (u Unbound) ToUnboundFormat() (settings unbound.Settings, err error) {
@@ -148,30 +149,20 @@ func (u Unbound) ToUnboundFormat() (settings unbound.Settings, err error) {
 		VerbosityDetailsLevel: *u.VerbosityDetailsLevel,
 		ValidationLogLevel:    *u.ValidationLogLevel,
 		AccessControl: unbound.AccessControlSettings{
-			Allowed: netipPrefixesToNetaddrIPPrefixes(u.Allowed),
+			Allowed: u.Allowed,
 		},
 		Username: u.Username,
 	}, nil
 }

-var (
-	ErrConvertingNetip = errors.New("converting net.IP to netip.Addr failed")
-)
-
-func (u Unbound) GetFirstPlaintextIPv4() (ipv4 netip.Addr, err error) {
+func (u Unbound) GetFirstPlaintextIPv4() (ipv4 net.IP, err error) {
 	s := u.Providers[0]
 	provider, err := provider.Parse(s)
 	if err != nil {
-		return ipv4, err
+		return nil, err
 	}

-	ip := provider.DNS().IPv4[0]
-	ipv4, ok := netip.AddrFromSlice(ip)
-	if !ok {
-		return ipv4, fmt.Errorf("%w: for ip %s (%#v)",
-			ErrConvertingNetip, ip, ip)
-	}
-	return ipv4.Unmap(), nil
+	return provider.DNS().IPv4[0], nil
 }

 func (u Unbound) String() string {
@@ -186,8 +177,8 @@ func (u Unbound) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 		authServers.Appendf(provider)
 	}

-	node.Appendf("Caching: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(u.Caching))
-	node.Appendf("IPv6: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(u.IPv6))
+	node.Appendf("Caching: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(u.Caching))
+	node.Appendf("IPv6: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(u.IPv6))
 	node.Appendf("Verbosity level: %d", *u.VerbosityLevel)
 	node.Appendf("Verbosity details level: %d", *u.VerbosityDetailsLevel)
 	node.Appendf("Validation log level: %d", *u.ValidationLogLevel)
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/unbound_test.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/unbound_test.go
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ package settings

 import (
 	"encoding/json"
-	"net/netip"
 	"testing"

 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"inet.af/netaddr"
 )

 func Test_Unbound_JSON(t *testing.T) {
@@ -20,18 +20,18 @@ func Test_Unbound_JSON(t *testing.T) {
 		VerbosityDetailsLevel: nil,
 		ValidationLogLevel:    uint8Ptr(0),
 		Username:              "user",
-		Allowed: []netip.Prefix{
-			netip.PrefixFrom(netip.AddrFrom4([4]byte{}), 0),
-			netip.PrefixFrom(netip.AddrFrom16([16]byte{}), 0),
+		Allowed: []netaddr.IPPrefix{
+			netaddr.IPPrefixFrom(netaddr.IPv4(0, 0, 0, 0), 0),
+			netaddr.IPPrefixFrom(netaddr.IPv6Raw([16]byte{}), 0),
 		},
 	}

 	b, err := json.Marshal(settings)
 	require.NoError(t, err)

-	const expected = `{"providers":["cloudflare"],"caching":true,"ipv6":false,` +
-		`"verbosity_level":1,"verbosity_details_level":null,"validation_log_level":0,` +
-		`"username":"user","allowed":["0.0.0.0/0","::/0"]}`
+	const expected = `{"Providers":["cloudflare"],"Caching":true,"IPv6":false,` +
+		`"VerbosityLevel":1,"VerbosityDetailsLevel":null,"ValidationLogLevel":0,` +
+		`"Username":"user","Allowed":["0.0.0.0/0","::/0"]}`

 	assert.Equal(t, expected, string(b))

--- a/internal/configuration/settings/updater.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/updater.go
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ package settings

 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"net"
 	"strings"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/validate"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -21,15 +21,16 @@ type Updater struct {
 	Period *time.Duration
 	// DNSAddress is the DNS server address to use
 	// to resolve VPN server hostnames to IP addresses.
-	// It cannot be the empty string in the internal state.
-	DNSAddress string
-	// MinRatio is the minimum ratio of servers to
-	// find per provider, compared to the total current
-	// number of servers. It defaults to 0.8.
-	MinRatio float64
+	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
+	DNSAddress net.IP
 	// Providers is the list of VPN service providers
 	// to update server information for.
 	Providers []string
+	// CLI is to precise the updater is running in CLI
+	// mode. This is set automatically and cannot be set
+	// by settings sources. It cannot be nil in the
+	// internal state.
+	CLI *bool
 }

 func (u Updater) Validate() (err error) {
@@ -39,16 +40,21 @@ func (u Updater) Validate() (err error) {
 			ErrUpdaterPeriodTooSmall, *u.Period, minPeriod)
 	}

-	if u.MinRatio <= 0 || u.MinRatio > 1 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %.2f must be between 0+ and 1",
-			ErrMinRatioNotValid, u.MinRatio)
+	for i, provider := range u.Providers {
+		valid := false
+		for _, validProvider := range constants.AllProviders() {
+			if validProvider == constants.Custom {
+				continue
 			}

-	validProviders := providers.All()
-	for _, provider := range u.Providers {
-		err = validate.IsOneOf(provider, validProviders...)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrVPNProviderNameNotValid, err)
+			if provider == validProvider {
+				valid = true
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		if !valid {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s at index %d",
+				ErrVPNProviderNameNotValid, provider, i)
 		}
 	}

@@ -57,44 +63,36 @@ func (u Updater) Validate() (err error) {

 func (u *Updater) copy() (copied Updater) {
 	return Updater{
-		Period:     gosettings.CopyPointer(u.Period),
-		DNSAddress: u.DNSAddress,
-		MinRatio:   u.MinRatio,
-		Providers:  gosettings.CopySlice(u.Providers),
+		Period:     helpers.CopyDurationPtr(u.Period),
+		DNSAddress: helpers.CopyIP(u.DNSAddress),
+		Providers:  helpers.CopyStringSlice(u.Providers),
+		CLI:        u.CLI,
 	}
 }

 // mergeWith merges the other settings into any
 // unset field of the receiver settings object.
 func (u *Updater) mergeWith(other Updater) {
-	u.Period = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(u.Period, other.Period)
-	u.DNSAddress = gosettings.MergeWithString(u.DNSAddress, other.DNSAddress)
-	u.MinRatio = gosettings.MergeWithNumber(u.MinRatio, other.MinRatio)
-	u.Providers = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(u.Providers, other.Providers)
+	u.Period = helpers.MergeWithDuration(u.Period, other.Period)
+	u.DNSAddress = helpers.MergeWithIP(u.DNSAddress, other.DNSAddress)
+	u.Providers = helpers.MergeStringSlices(u.Providers, other.Providers)
+	u.CLI = helpers.MergeWithBool(u.CLI, other.CLI)
 }

 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (u *Updater) overrideWith(other Updater) {
-	u.Period = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(u.Period, other.Period)
-	u.DNSAddress = gosettings.OverrideWithString(u.DNSAddress, other.DNSAddress)
-	u.MinRatio = gosettings.OverrideWithNumber(u.MinRatio, other.MinRatio)
-	u.Providers = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(u.Providers, other.Providers)
+	u.Period = helpers.OverrideWithDuration(u.Period, other.Period)
+	u.DNSAddress = helpers.OverrideWithIP(u.DNSAddress, other.DNSAddress)
+	u.Providers = helpers.OverrideWithStringSlice(u.Providers, other.Providers)
+	u.CLI = helpers.MergeWithBool(u.CLI, other.CLI)
 }

-func (u *Updater) SetDefaults(vpnProvider string) {
-	u.Period = gosettings.DefaultPointer(u.Period, 0)
-	u.DNSAddress = gosettings.DefaultString(u.DNSAddress, "1.1.1.1:53")
-
-	if u.MinRatio == 0 {
-		const defaultMinRatio = 0.8
-		u.MinRatio = defaultMinRatio
-	}
-
-	if len(u.Providers) == 0 && vpnProvider != providers.Custom {
-		u.Providers = []string{vpnProvider}
-	}
+func (u *Updater) SetDefaults() {
+	u.Period = helpers.DefaultDuration(u.Period, 0)
+	u.DNSAddress = helpers.DefaultIP(u.DNSAddress, net.IPv4(1, 1, 1, 1))
+	u.CLI = helpers.DefaultBool(u.CLI, false)
 }

 func (u Updater) String() string {
@@ -102,15 +100,18 @@ func (u Updater) String() string {
 }

 func (u Updater) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
-	if *u.Period == 0 || len(u.Providers) == 0 {
+	if *u.Period == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}

 	node = gotree.New("Server data updater settings:")
 	node.Appendf("Update period: %s", *u.Period)
 	node.Appendf("DNS address: %s", u.DNSAddress)
-	node.Appendf("Minimum ratio: %.1f", u.MinRatio)
 	node.Appendf("Providers to update: %s", strings.Join(u.Providers, ", "))

+	if *u.CLI {
+		node.Appendf("CLI mode: enabled")
+	}
+
 	return node
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/validation/servers.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/validation/servers.go
@@ -1,151 +0,0 @@
-package validation
-
-import (
-	"sort"
-
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
-)
-
-func sortedInsert(ss []string, s string) []string {
-	i := sort.SearchStrings(ss, s)
-	ss = append(ss, "")
-	copy(ss[i+1:], ss[i:])
-	ss[i] = s
-	return ss
-}
-
-func ExtractCountries(servers []models.Server) (values []string) {
-	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(servers))
-	values = make([]string, 0, len(servers))
-	for _, server := range servers {
-		value := server.Country
-		if value == "" {
-			continue
-		}
-		_, alreadySeen := seen[value]
-		if alreadySeen {
-			continue
-		}
-		seen[value] = struct{}{}
-
-		values = sortedInsert(values, value)
-	}
-	return values
-}
-
-func ExtractCategories(servers []models.Server) (values []string) {
-	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(servers))
-	values = make([]string, 0, len(servers))
-	for _, server := range servers {
-		categories := server.Categories
-		if len(categories) == 0 {
-			continue
-		}
-
-		for _, value := range categories {
-			_, alreadySeen := seen[value]
-			if alreadySeen {
-				continue
-			}
-			seen[value] = struct{}{}
-
-			values = sortedInsert(values, value)
-		}
-	}
-	return values
-}
-
-func ExtractRegions(servers []models.Server) (values []string) {
-	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(servers))
-	values = make([]string, 0, len(servers))
-	for _, server := range servers {
-		value := server.Region
-		if value == "" {
-			continue
-		}
-		_, alreadySeen := seen[value]
-		if alreadySeen {
-			continue
-		}
-		seen[value] = struct{}{}
-
-		values = sortedInsert(values, value)
-	}
-	return values
-}
-
-func ExtractCities(servers []models.Server) (values []string) {
-	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(servers))
-	values = make([]string, 0, len(servers))
-	for _, server := range servers {
-		value := server.City
-		if value == "" {
-			continue
-		}
-		_, alreadySeen := seen[value]
-		if alreadySeen {
-			continue
-		}
-		seen[value] = struct{}{}
-
-		values = sortedInsert(values, value)
-	}
-	return values
-}
-
-func ExtractISPs(servers []models.Server) (values []string) {
-	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(servers))
-	values = make([]string, 0, len(servers))
-	for _, server := range servers {
-		value := server.ISP
-		if value == "" {
-			continue
-		}
-		_, alreadySeen := seen[value]
-		if alreadySeen {
-			continue
-		}
-		seen[value] = struct{}{}
-
-		values = sortedInsert(values, value)
-	}
-	return values
-}
-
-func ExtractServerNames(servers []models.Server) (values []string) {
-	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(servers))
-	values = make([]string, 0, len(servers))
-	for _, server := range servers {
-		value := server.ServerName
-		if value == "" {
-			continue
-		}
-		_, alreadySeen := seen[value]
-		if alreadySeen {
-			continue
-		}
-		seen[value] = struct{}{}
-
-		values = sortedInsert(values, value)
-	}
-	return values
-}
-
-func ExtractHostnames(servers []models.Server) (values []string) {
-	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(servers))
-	values = make([]string, 0, len(servers))
-	for _, server := range servers {
-		value := server.Hostname
-		if value == "" {
-			continue
-		}
-		_, alreadySeen := seen[value]
-		if alreadySeen {
-			continue
-		}
-		seen[value] = struct{}{}
-
-		values = sortedInsert(values, value)
-	}
-	return values
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/validation/surfshark.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/validation/surfshark.go
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-package validation
-
-import (
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/provider/surfshark/servers"
-)
-
-// TODO remove in v4.
-func SurfsharkRetroLocChoices() (choices []string) {
-	locationData := servers.LocationData()
-	choices = make([]string, 0, len(locationData))
-	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(locationData))
-	for _, data := range locationData {
-		if data.RetroLoc == "" {
-			continue
-		}
-		if _, ok := seen[data.RetroLoc]; ok {
-			continue
-		}
-		seen[data.RetroLoc] = struct{}{}
-		choices = sortedInsert(choices, data.RetroLoc)
-	}
-
-	return choices
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/version.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/version.go
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 package settings

 import (
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -19,25 +19,25 @@ func (v Version) validate() (err error) {

 func (v *Version) copy() (copied Version) {
 	return Version{
-		Enabled: gosettings.CopyPointer(v.Enabled),
+		Enabled: helpers.CopyBoolPtr(v.Enabled),
 	}
 }

 // mergeWith merges the other settings into any
 // unset field of the receiver settings object.
 func (v *Version) mergeWith(other Version) {
-	v.Enabled = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(v.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	v.Enabled = helpers.MergeWithBool(v.Enabled, other.Enabled)
 }

 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (v *Version) overrideWith(other Version) {
-	v.Enabled = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(v.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	v.Enabled = helpers.OverrideWithBool(v.Enabled, other.Enabled)
 }

 func (v *Version) setDefaults() {
-	v.Enabled = gosettings.DefaultPointer(v.Enabled, true)
+	v.Enabled = helpers.DefaultBool(v.Enabled, true)
 }

 func (v Version) String() string {
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ func (v Version) String() string {
 func (v Version) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("Version settings:")

-	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(v.Enabled))
+	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(v.Enabled))

 	return node
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/vpn.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/vpn.go
@@ -2,10 +2,11 @@ package settings

 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"strings"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/vpn"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/validate"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -13,41 +14,42 @@ type VPN struct {
 	// Type is the VPN type and can only be
 	// 'openvpn' or 'wireguard'. It cannot be the
 	// empty string in the internal state.
-	Type      string    `json:"type"`
-	Provider  Provider  `json:"provider"`
-	OpenVPN   OpenVPN   `json:"openvpn"`
-	Wireguard Wireguard `json:"wireguard"`
+	Type      string
+	Provider  Provider
+	OpenVPN   OpenVPN
+	Wireguard Wireguard
 }

 // TODO v4 remove pointer for receiver (because of Surfshark).
-func (v *VPN) Validate(storage Storage, ipv6Supported bool) (err error) {
+func (v *VPN) validate(allServers models.AllServers) (err error) {
 	// Validate Type
-	validVPNTypes := []string{vpn.OpenVPN, vpn.Wireguard}
-	if err = validate.IsOneOf(v.Type, validVPNTypes...); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrVPNTypeNotValid, err)
+	validVPNTypes := []string{constants.OpenVPN, constants.Wireguard}
+	if !helpers.IsOneOf(v.Type, validVPNTypes...) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %q and can only be one of %s",
+			ErrVPNTypeNotValid, v.Type, strings.Join(validVPNTypes, ", "))
 	}

-	err = v.Provider.validate(v.Type, storage)
+	err = v.Provider.validate(v.Type, allServers)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("provider settings: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("provider settings validation failed: %w", err)
 	}

-	if v.Type == vpn.OpenVPN {
+	if v.Type == constants.OpenVPN {
 		err := v.OpenVPN.validate(*v.Provider.Name)
 		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("OpenVPN settings: %w", err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("OpenVPN settings validation failed: %w", err)
 		}
 	} else {
-		err := v.Wireguard.validate(*v.Provider.Name, ipv6Supported)
+		err := v.Wireguard.validate(*v.Provider.Name)
 		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("Wireguard settings: %w", err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("Wireguard settings validation failed: %w", err)
 		}
 	}

 	return nil
 }

-func (v *VPN) Copy() (copied VPN) {
+func (v *VPN) copy() (copied VPN) {
 	return VPN{
 		Type:      v.Type,
 		Provider:  v.Provider.copy(),
@@ -57,24 +59,24 @@ func (v *VPN) Copy() (copied VPN) {
 }

 func (v *VPN) mergeWith(other VPN) {
-	v.Type = gosettings.MergeWithString(v.Type, other.Type)
+	v.Type = helpers.MergeWithString(v.Type, other.Type)
 	v.Provider.mergeWith(other.Provider)
 	v.OpenVPN.mergeWith(other.OpenVPN)
 	v.Wireguard.mergeWith(other.Wireguard)
 }

-func (v *VPN) OverrideWith(other VPN) {
-	v.Type = gosettings.OverrideWithString(v.Type, other.Type)
+func (v *VPN) overrideWith(other VPN) {
+	v.Type = helpers.OverrideWithString(v.Type, other.Type)
 	v.Provider.overrideWith(other.Provider)
 	v.OpenVPN.overrideWith(other.OpenVPN)
 	v.Wireguard.overrideWith(other.Wireguard)
 }

 func (v *VPN) setDefaults() {
-	v.Type = gosettings.DefaultString(v.Type, vpn.OpenVPN)
+	v.Type = helpers.DefaultString(v.Type, constants.OpenVPN)
 	v.Provider.setDefaults()
 	v.OpenVPN.setDefaults(*v.Provider.Name)
-	v.Wireguard.setDefaults(*v.Provider.Name)
+	v.Wireguard.setDefaults()
 }

 func (v VPN) String() string {
@@ -86,7 +88,7 @@ func (v VPN) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {

 	node.AppendNode(v.Provider.toLinesNode())

-	if v.Type == vpn.OpenVPN {
+	if v.Type == constants.OpenVPN {
 		node.AppendNode(v.OpenVPN.toLinesNode())
 	} else {
 		node.AppendNode(v.Wireguard.toLinesNode())
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/wireguard.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/wireguard.go
@@ -2,13 +2,11 @@ package settings

 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"net/netip"
+	"net"
 	"regexp"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/validate"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl/wgtypes"
 )
@@ -17,48 +15,30 @@ import (
 type Wireguard struct {
 	// PrivateKey is the Wireguard client peer private key.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	PrivateKey *string `json:"private_key"`
+	PrivateKey *string
 	// PreSharedKey is the Wireguard pre-shared key.
 	// It can be the empty string to indicate there
 	// is no pre-shared key.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	PreSharedKey *string `json:"pre_shared_key"`
+	PreSharedKey *string
 	// Addresses are the Wireguard interface addresses.
-	Addresses []netip.Prefix `json:"addresses"`
-	// AllowedIPs are the Wireguard allowed IPs.
-	// If left unset, they default to "0.0.0.0/0"
-	// and, if IPv6 is supported, "::0".
-	AllowedIPs []netip.Prefix `json:"allowed_ips"`
+	Addresses []net.IPNet
 	// Interface is the name of the Wireguard interface
 	// to create. It cannot be the empty string in the
 	// internal state.
-	Interface string `json:"interface"`
-	// Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) of the Wireguard interface.
-	// It cannot be zero in the internal state, and defaults to
-	// 1400. Note it is not the wireguard-go MTU default of 1420
-	// because this impacts bandwidth a lot on some VPN providers,
-	// see https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/issues/1650.
-	MTU uint16 `json:"mtu"`
-	// Implementation is the Wireguard implementation to use.
-	// It can be "auto", "userspace" or "kernelspace".
-	// It defaults to "auto" and cannot be the empty string
-	// in the internal state.
-	Implementation string `json:"implementation"`
+	Interface string
 }

 var regexpInterfaceName = regexp.MustCompile(`^[a-zA-Z0-9_]+$`)

 // Validate validates Wireguard settings.
 // It should only be ran if the VPN type chosen is Wireguard.
-func (w Wireguard) validate(vpnProvider string, ipv6Supported bool) (err error) {
+func (w Wireguard) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 	if !helpers.IsOneOf(vpnProvider,
-		providers.Airvpn,
-		providers.Custom,
-		providers.Ivpn,
-		providers.Mullvad,
-		providers.Nordvpn,
-		providers.Surfshark,
-		providers.Windscribe,
+		constants.Custom,
+		constants.Ivpn,
+		constants.Mullvad,
+		constants.Windscribe,
 	) {
 		// do not validate for VPN provider not supporting Wireguard
 		return nil
@@ -66,58 +46,29 @@ func (w Wireguard) validate(vpnProvider string, ipv6Supported bool) (err error)

 	// Validate PrivateKey
 	if *w.PrivateKey == "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrWireguardPrivateKeyNotSet)
+		return ErrWireguardPrivateKeyNotSet
 	}
 	_, err = wgtypes.ParseKey(*w.PrivateKey)
 	if err != nil {
-		err = fmt.Errorf("private key is not valid: %w", err)
-		if vpnProvider == providers.Nordvpn &&
-			err.Error() == "wgtypes: incorrect key size: 48" {
-			err = fmt.Errorf("%w - you might be using your access token instead of the Wireguard private key", err)
-		}
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if vpnProvider == providers.Airvpn {
-		if *w.PreSharedKey == "" {
-			return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrWireguardPreSharedKeyNotSet)
-		}
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrWireguardPrivateKeyNotValid, err)
 	}

 	// Validate PreSharedKey
 	if *w.PreSharedKey != "" { // Note: this is optional
 		_, err = wgtypes.ParseKey(*w.PreSharedKey)
 		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("pre-shared key is not valid: %w", err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrWireguardPreSharedKeyNotValid, err)
 		}
 	}

 	// Validate Addresses
 	if len(w.Addresses) == 0 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrWireguardInterfaceAddressNotSet)
+		return ErrWireguardInterfaceAddressNotSet
 	}
 	for i, ipNet := range w.Addresses {
-		if !ipNet.IsValid() {
-			return fmt.Errorf("%w: for address at index %d",
-				ErrWireguardInterfaceAddressNotSet, i)
-		}
-
-		if !ipv6Supported && ipNet.Addr().Is6() {
-			return fmt.Errorf("%w: address %s",
-				ErrWireguardInterfaceAddressIPv6, ipNet.String())
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Validate AllowedIPs
-	// WARNING: do not check for IPv6 networks in the allowed IPs,
-	// the wireguard code will take care to ignore it.
-	if len(w.AllowedIPs) == 0 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrWireguardAllowedIPsNotSet)
-	}
-	for i, allowedIP := range w.AllowedIPs {
-		if !allowedIP.IsValid() {
-			return fmt.Errorf("%w: for allowed ip %d of %d",
-				ErrWireguardAllowedIPNotSet, i+1, len(w.AllowedIPs))
+		if ipNet.IP == nil || ipNet.Mask == nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: for address at index %d: %s",
+				ErrWireguardInterfaceAddressNotSet, i, ipNet.String())
 		}
 	}

@@ -127,63 +78,36 @@ func (w Wireguard) validate(vpnProvider string, ipv6Supported bool) (err error)
 			ErrWireguardInterfaceNotValid, w.Interface, regexpInterfaceName)
 	}

-	validImplementations := []string{"auto", "userspace", "kernelspace"}
-	if err := validate.IsOneOf(w.Implementation, validImplementations...); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrWireguardImplementationNotValid, err)
-	}
-
 	return nil
 }

 func (w *Wireguard) copy() (copied Wireguard) {
 	return Wireguard{
-		PrivateKey:     gosettings.CopyPointer(w.PrivateKey),
-		PreSharedKey:   gosettings.CopyPointer(w.PreSharedKey),
-		Addresses:      gosettings.CopySlice(w.Addresses),
-		AllowedIPs:     gosettings.CopySlice(w.AllowedIPs),
+		PrivateKey:   helpers.CopyStringPtr(w.PrivateKey),
+		PreSharedKey: helpers.CopyStringPtr(w.PreSharedKey),
+		Addresses:    helpers.CopyIPNetSlice(w.Addresses),
 		Interface:    w.Interface,
-		MTU:            w.MTU,
-		Implementation: w.Implementation,
 	}
 }

 func (w *Wireguard) mergeWith(other Wireguard) {
-	w.PrivateKey = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(w.PrivateKey, other.PrivateKey)
-	w.PreSharedKey = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(w.PreSharedKey, other.PreSharedKey)
-	w.Addresses = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(w.Addresses, other.Addresses)
-	w.AllowedIPs = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(w.AllowedIPs, other.AllowedIPs)
-	w.Interface = gosettings.MergeWithString(w.Interface, other.Interface)
-	w.MTU = gosettings.MergeWithNumber(w.MTU, other.MTU)
-	w.Implementation = gosettings.MergeWithString(w.Implementation, other.Implementation)
+	w.PrivateKey = helpers.MergeWithStringPtr(w.PrivateKey, other.PrivateKey)
+	w.PreSharedKey = helpers.MergeWithStringPtr(w.PreSharedKey, other.PreSharedKey)
+	w.Addresses = helpers.MergeIPNetsSlices(w.Addresses, other.Addresses)
+	w.Interface = helpers.MergeWithString(w.Interface, other.Interface)
 }

 func (w *Wireguard) overrideWith(other Wireguard) {
-	w.PrivateKey = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(w.PrivateKey, other.PrivateKey)
-	w.PreSharedKey = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(w.PreSharedKey, other.PreSharedKey)
-	w.Addresses = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(w.Addresses, other.Addresses)
-	w.AllowedIPs = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(w.AllowedIPs, other.AllowedIPs)
-	w.Interface = gosettings.OverrideWithString(w.Interface, other.Interface)
-	w.MTU = gosettings.OverrideWithNumber(w.MTU, other.MTU)
-	w.Implementation = gosettings.OverrideWithString(w.Implementation, other.Implementation)
+	w.PrivateKey = helpers.OverrideWithStringPtr(w.PrivateKey, other.PrivateKey)
+	w.PreSharedKey = helpers.OverrideWithStringPtr(w.PreSharedKey, other.PreSharedKey)
+	w.Addresses = helpers.OverrideWithIPNetsSlice(w.Addresses, other.Addresses)
+	w.Interface = helpers.OverrideWithString(w.Interface, other.Interface)
 }

-func (w *Wireguard) setDefaults(vpnProvider string) {
-	w.PrivateKey = gosettings.DefaultPointer(w.PrivateKey, "")
-	w.PreSharedKey = gosettings.DefaultPointer(w.PreSharedKey, "")
-	if vpnProvider == providers.Nordvpn {
-		defaultNordVPNAddress := netip.AddrFrom4([4]byte{10, 5, 0, 2})
-		defaultNordVPNPrefix := netip.PrefixFrom(defaultNordVPNAddress, defaultNordVPNAddress.BitLen())
-		w.Addresses = gosettings.DefaultSlice(w.Addresses, []netip.Prefix{defaultNordVPNPrefix})
-	}
-	defaultAllowedIPs := []netip.Prefix{
-		netip.PrefixFrom(netip.IPv4Unspecified(), 0),
-		netip.PrefixFrom(netip.IPv6Unspecified(), 0),
-	}
-	w.AllowedIPs = gosettings.DefaultSlice(w.AllowedIPs, defaultAllowedIPs)
-	w.Interface = gosettings.DefaultString(w.Interface, "wg0")
-	const defaultMTU = 1400
-	w.MTU = gosettings.DefaultNumber(w.MTU, defaultMTU)
-	w.Implementation = gosettings.DefaultString(w.Implementation, "auto")
+func (w *Wireguard) setDefaults() {
+	w.PrivateKey = helpers.DefaultStringPtr(w.PrivateKey, "")
+	w.PreSharedKey = helpers.DefaultStringPtr(w.PreSharedKey, "")
+	w.Interface = helpers.DefaultString(w.Interface, "wg0")
 }

 func (w Wireguard) String() string {
@@ -194,12 +118,12 @@ func (w Wireguard) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("Wireguard settings:")

 	if *w.PrivateKey != "" {
-		s := gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*w.PrivateKey)
+		s := helpers.ObfuscateWireguardKey(*w.PrivateKey)
 		node.Appendf("Private key: %s", s)
 	}

 	if *w.PreSharedKey != "" {
-		s := gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*w.PreSharedKey)
+		s := helpers.ObfuscateWireguardKey(*w.PreSharedKey)
 		node.Appendf("Pre-shared key: %s", s)
 	}

@@ -208,17 +132,7 @@ func (w Wireguard) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 		addressesNode.Appendf(address.String())
 	}

-	allowedIPsNode := node.Appendf("Allowed IPs:")
-	for _, allowedIP := range w.AllowedIPs {
-		allowedIPsNode.Appendf(allowedIP.String())
-	}
-
-	interfaceNode := node.Appendf("Network interface: %s", w.Interface)
-	interfaceNode.Appendf("MTU: %d", w.MTU)
-
-	if w.Implementation != "auto" {
-		node.Appendf("Implementation: %s", w.Implementation)
-	}
+	node.Appendf("Network interface: %s", w.Interface)

 	return node
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/wireguardselection.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/wireguardselection.go
@@ -2,11 +2,10 @@ package settings

 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"net/netip"
+	"net"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/validate"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl/wgtypes"
 )
@@ -16,20 +15,20 @@ type WireguardSelection struct {
 	// It is only used with VPN providers generating Wireguard
 	// configurations specific to each server and user.
 	// To indicate it should not be used, it should be set
-	// to netip.IPv4Unspecified(). It can never be the zero value
+	// to the empty net.IP{} slice. It can never be nil
 	// in the internal state.
-	EndpointIP netip.Addr `json:"endpoint_ip"`
+	EndpointIP net.IP
 	// EndpointPort is a the server port to use for the VPN server.
-	// It is optional for VPN providers IVPN, Mullvad, Surfshark
+	// It is optional for VPN providers IVPN, Mullvad
 	// and Windscribe, and compulsory for the others.
 	// When optional, it can be set to 0 to indicate not use
 	// a custom endpoint port. It cannot be nil in the internal
 	// state.
-	EndpointPort *uint16 `json:"endpoint_port"`
+	EndpointPort *uint16
 	// PublicKey is the server public key.
 	// It is only used with VPN providers generating Wireguard
 	// configurations specific to each server and user.
-	PublicKey string `json:"public_key"`
+	PublicKey string
 }

 // Validate validates WireguardSelection settings.
@@ -37,12 +36,10 @@ type WireguardSelection struct {
 func (w WireguardSelection) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 	// Validate EndpointIP
 	switch vpnProvider {
-	case providers.Airvpn, providers.Ivpn, providers.Mullvad,
-		providers.Nordvpn, providers.Surfshark, providers.Windscribe:
-		// endpoint IP addresses are baked in
-	case providers.Custom:
-		if !w.EndpointIP.IsValid() || w.EndpointIP.IsUnspecified() {
-			return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrWireguardEndpointIPNotSet)
+	case constants.Ivpn, constants.Mullvad, constants.Windscribe: // endpoint IP addresses are baked in
+	case constants.Custom:
+		if len(w.EndpointIP) == 0 {
+			return ErrWireguardEndpointIPNotSet
 		}
 	default: // Providers not supporting Wireguard
 	}
@@ -50,50 +47,41 @@ func (w WireguardSelection) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 	// Validate EndpointPort
 	switch vpnProvider {
 	// EndpointPort is required
-	case providers.Custom:
+	case constants.Custom:
 		if *w.EndpointPort == 0 {
-			return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrWireguardEndpointPortNotSet)
+			return ErrWireguardEndpointPortNotSet
 		}
-	// EndpointPort cannot be set
-	case providers.Surfshark, providers.Nordvpn:
-		if *w.EndpointPort != 0 {
-			return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrWireguardEndpointPortSet)
-		}
-	case providers.Airvpn, providers.Ivpn, providers.Mullvad, providers.Windscribe:
+	case constants.Ivpn, constants.Mullvad, constants.Windscribe:
 		// EndpointPort is optional and can be 0
 		if *w.EndpointPort == 0 {
 			break // no custom endpoint port set
 		}
-		if vpnProvider == providers.Mullvad {
+		if vpnProvider == constants.Mullvad {
 			break // no restriction on custom endpoint port value
 		}
 		var allowed []uint16
 		switch vpnProvider {
-		case providers.Airvpn:
-			allowed = []uint16{1637, 47107}
-		case providers.Ivpn:
+		case constants.Ivpn:
 			allowed = []uint16{2049, 2050, 53, 30587, 41893, 48574, 58237}
-		case providers.Windscribe:
+		case constants.Windscribe:
 			allowed = []uint16{53, 80, 123, 443, 1194, 65142}
 		}

-		err = validate.IsOneOf(*w.EndpointPort, allowed...)
-		if err == nil {
+		if helpers.Uint16IsOneOf(*w.EndpointPort, allowed) {
 			break
 		}
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s: %w",
-			ErrWireguardEndpointPortNotAllowed, vpnProvider, err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %d for VPN service provider %s; %s",
+			ErrWireguardEndpointPortNotAllowed, w.EndpointPort, vpnProvider,
+			helpers.PortChoicesOrString(allowed))
 	default: // Providers not supporting Wireguard
 	}

 	// Validate PublicKey
 	switch vpnProvider {
-	case providers.Ivpn, providers.Mullvad,
-		providers.Surfshark, providers.Windscribe:
-		// public keys are baked in
-	case providers.Custom:
+	case constants.Ivpn, constants.Mullvad, constants.Windscribe: // public keys are baked in
+	case constants.Custom:
 		if w.PublicKey == "" {
-			return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrWireguardPublicKeyNotSet)
+			return ErrWireguardPublicKeyNotSet
 		}
 	default: // Providers not supporting Wireguard
 	}
@@ -110,27 +98,27 @@ func (w WireguardSelection) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {

 func (w *WireguardSelection) copy() (copied WireguardSelection) {
 	return WireguardSelection{
-		EndpointIP:   w.EndpointIP,
-		EndpointPort: gosettings.CopyPointer(w.EndpointPort),
+		EndpointIP:   helpers.CopyIP(w.EndpointIP),
+		EndpointPort: helpers.CopyUint16Ptr(w.EndpointPort),
 		PublicKey:    w.PublicKey,
 	}
 }

 func (w *WireguardSelection) mergeWith(other WireguardSelection) {
-	w.EndpointIP = gosettings.MergeWithValidator(w.EndpointIP, other.EndpointIP)
-	w.EndpointPort = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(w.EndpointPort, other.EndpointPort)
-	w.PublicKey = gosettings.MergeWithString(w.PublicKey, other.PublicKey)
+	w.EndpointIP = helpers.MergeWithIP(w.EndpointIP, other.EndpointIP)
+	w.EndpointPort = helpers.MergeWithUint16(w.EndpointPort, other.EndpointPort)
+	w.PublicKey = helpers.MergeWithString(w.PublicKey, other.PublicKey)
 }

 func (w *WireguardSelection) overrideWith(other WireguardSelection) {
-	w.EndpointIP = gosettings.OverrideWithValidator(w.EndpointIP, other.EndpointIP)
-	w.EndpointPort = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(w.EndpointPort, other.EndpointPort)
-	w.PublicKey = gosettings.OverrideWithString(w.PublicKey, other.PublicKey)
+	w.EndpointIP = helpers.OverrideWithIP(w.EndpointIP, other.EndpointIP)
+	w.EndpointPort = helpers.OverrideWithUint16(w.EndpointPort, other.EndpointPort)
+	w.PublicKey = helpers.OverrideWithString(w.PublicKey, other.PublicKey)
 }

 func (w *WireguardSelection) setDefaults() {
-	w.EndpointIP = gosettings.DefaultValidator(w.EndpointIP, netip.IPv4Unspecified())
-	w.EndpointPort = gosettings.DefaultPointer(w.EndpointPort, 0)
+	w.EndpointIP = helpers.DefaultIP(w.EndpointIP, net.IP{})
+	w.EndpointPort = helpers.DefaultUint16(w.EndpointPort, 0)
 }

 func (w WireguardSelection) String() string {
@@ -140,7 +128,7 @@ func (w WireguardSelection) String() string {
 func (w WireguardSelection) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("Wireguard selection settings:")

-	if !w.EndpointIP.IsUnspecified() {
+	if len(w.EndpointIP) > 0 {
 		node.Appendf("Endpoint IP address: %s", w.EndpointIP)
 	}

--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/dns.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/dns.go
@@ -2,51 +2,47 @@ package env

 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"net/netip"
+	"net"
+	"os"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
 )

-func (s *Source) readDNS() (dns settings.DNS, err error) {
-	dns.ServerAddress, err = s.readDNSServerAddress()
+func (r *Reader) readDNS() (dns settings.DNS, err error) {
+	dns.ServerAddress, err = r.readDNSServerAddress()
 	if err != nil {
 		return dns, err
 	}

-	dns.KeepNameserver, err = s.env.BoolPtr("DNS_KEEP_NAMESERVER")
+	dns.KeepNameserver, err = envToBoolPtr("DNS_KEEP_NAMESERVER")
 	if err != nil {
-		return dns, err
+		return dns, fmt.Errorf("environment variable DNS_KEEP_NAMESERVER: %w", err)
 	}

-	dns.DoT, err = s.readDoT()
+	dns.DoT, err = r.readDoT()
 	if err != nil {
-		return dns, fmt.Errorf("DoT settings: %w", err)
+		return dns, fmt.Errorf("cannot read DoT settings: %w", err)
 	}

 	return dns, nil
 }

-func (s *Source) readDNSServerAddress() (address netip.Addr, err error) {
-	const currentKey = "DNS_ADDRESS"
-	key := firstKeySet(s.env, "DNS_PLAINTEXT_ADDRESS", currentKey)
-	switch key {
-	case "":
-		return address, nil
-	case currentKey:
-	default: // Retro-compatibility
-		s.handleDeprecatedKey(key, currentKey)
+func (r *Reader) readDNSServerAddress() (address net.IP, err error) {
+	s := os.Getenv("DNS_PLAINTEXT_ADDRESS")
+	if s == "" {
+		return nil, nil
 	}

-	address, err = s.env.NetipAddr(key)
-	if err != nil {
-		return address, err
+	address = net.ParseIP(s)
+	if address == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable DNS_PLAINTEXT_ADDRESS: %w: %s", ErrIPAddressParse, s)
 	}

 	// TODO remove in v4
-	if address.Unmap().Compare(netip.AddrFrom4([4]byte{127, 0, 0, 1})) != 0 {
-		s.warner.Warn(key + " is set to " + address.String() +
+	if !address.Equal(net.IPv4(127, 0, 0, 1)) { //nolint:gomnd
+		r.warner.Warn("DNS_PLAINTEXT_ADDRESS is set to " + s +
 			" so the DNS over TLS (DoT) server will not be used." +
-			" The default value changed to 127.0.0.1 so it uses the internal DoT serves." +
+			" The default value changed to 127.0.0.1 so it uses the internal DoT server." +
 			" If the DoT server fails to start, the IPv4 address of the first plaintext DNS server" +
 			" corresponding to the first DoT provider chosen is used.")
 	}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/dnsblacklist.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/dnsblacklist.go
@@ -3,62 +3,79 @@ package env
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"net/netip"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/sources/env"
+	"inet.af/netaddr"
 )

-func (s *Source) readDNSBlacklist() (blacklist settings.DNSBlacklist, err error) {
-	blacklist.BlockMalicious, err = s.env.BoolPtr("BLOCK_MALICIOUS")
+func (r *Reader) readDNSBlacklist() (blacklist settings.DNSBlacklist, err error) {
+	blacklist.BlockMalicious, err = envToBoolPtr("BLOCK_MALICIOUS")
 	if err != nil {
-		return blacklist, err
+		return blacklist, fmt.Errorf("environment variable BLOCK_MALICIOUS: %w", err)
 	}

-	blacklist.BlockSurveillance, err = s.env.BoolPtr("BLOCK_SURVEILLANCE",
-		env.RetroKeys("BLOCK_NSA"))
+	blacklist.BlockSurveillance, err = r.readBlockSurveillance()
 	if err != nil {
-		return blacklist, err
+		return blacklist, fmt.Errorf("environment variable BLOCK_MALICIOUS: %w", err)
 	}

-	blacklist.BlockAds, err = s.env.BoolPtr("BLOCK_ADS")
+	blacklist.BlockAds, err = envToBoolPtr("BLOCK_ADS")
 	if err != nil {
-		return blacklist, err
+		return blacklist, fmt.Errorf("environment variable BLOCK_ADS: %w", err)
 	}

 	blacklist.AddBlockedIPs, blacklist.AddBlockedIPPrefixes,
-		err = s.readDoTPrivateAddresses() // TODO v4 split in 2
+		err = readDoTPrivateAddresses() // TODO v4 split in 2
 	if err != nil {
 		return blacklist, err
 	}

-	blacklist.AllowedHosts = s.env.CSV("UNBLOCK") // TODO v4 change name
+	blacklist.AllowedHosts = envToCSV("UNBLOCK") // TODO v4 change name

 	return blacklist, nil
 }

+func (r *Reader) readBlockSurveillance() (blocked *bool, err error) {
+	blocked, err = envToBoolPtr("BLOCK_SURVEILLANCE")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable BLOCK_SURVEILLANCE: %w", err)
+	} else if blocked != nil {
+		return blocked, nil
+	}
+
+	blocked, err = envToBoolPtr("BLOCK_NSA")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable BLOCK_NSA: %w", err)
+	} else if blocked != nil {
+		r.onRetroActive("BLOCK_NSA", "BLOCK_SURVEILLANCE")
+		return blocked, nil
+	}
+
+	return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
+}
+
 var (
 	ErrPrivateAddressNotValid = errors.New("private address is not a valid IP or CIDR range")
 )

-func (s *Source) readDoTPrivateAddresses() (ips []netip.Addr,
-	ipPrefixes []netip.Prefix, err error) {
-	privateAddresses := s.env.CSV("DOT_PRIVATE_ADDRESS")
+func readDoTPrivateAddresses() (ips []netaddr.IP,
+	ipPrefixes []netaddr.IPPrefix, err error) {
+	privateAddresses := envToCSV("DOT_PRIVATE_ADDRESS")
 	if len(privateAddresses) == 0 {
 		return nil, nil, nil
 	}

-	ips = make([]netip.Addr, 0, len(privateAddresses))
-	ipPrefixes = make([]netip.Prefix, 0, len(privateAddresses))
+	ips = make([]netaddr.IP, 0, len(privateAddresses))
+	ipPrefixes = make([]netaddr.IPPrefix, 0, len(privateAddresses))

 	for _, privateAddress := range privateAddresses {
-		ip, err := netip.ParseAddr(privateAddress)
+		ip, err := netaddr.ParseIP(privateAddress)
 		if err == nil {
 			ips = append(ips, ip)
 			continue
 		}

-		ipPrefix, err := netip.ParsePrefix(privateAddress)
+		ipPrefix, err := netaddr.ParseIPPrefix(privateAddress)
 		if err == nil {
 			ipPrefixes = append(ipPrefixes, ipPrefix)
 			continue
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/dot.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/dot.go
@@ -1,26 +1,28 @@
 package env

 import (
+	"fmt"
+
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
 )

-func (s *Source) readDoT() (dot settings.DoT, err error) {
-	dot.Enabled, err = s.env.BoolPtr("DOT")
+func (r *Reader) readDoT() (dot settings.DoT, err error) {
+	dot.Enabled, err = envToBoolPtr("DOT")
+	if err != nil {
+		return dot, fmt.Errorf("environment variable DOT: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	dot.UpdatePeriod, err = envToDurationPtr("DNS_UPDATE_PERIOD")
+	if err != nil {
+		return dot, fmt.Errorf("environment variable DNS_UPDATE_PERIOD: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	dot.Unbound, err = readUnbound()
 	if err != nil {
 		return dot, err
 	}

-	dot.UpdatePeriod, err = s.env.DurationPtr("DNS_UPDATE_PERIOD")
-	if err != nil {
-		return dot, err
-	}
-
-	dot.Unbound, err = s.readUnbound()
-	if err != nil {
-		return dot, err
-	}
-
-	dot.Blacklist, err = s.readDNSBlacklist()
+	dot.Blacklist, err = r.readDNSBlacklist()
 	if err != nil {
 		return dot, err
 	}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/firewall.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/firewall.go
@@ -1,36 +1,96 @@
 package env

 import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"net"
+	"strconv"
+
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/sources/env"
 )

-func (s *Source) readFirewall() (firewall settings.Firewall, err error) {
-	firewall.VPNInputPorts, err = s.env.CSVUint16("FIREWALL_VPN_INPUT_PORTS")
+func (r *Reader) readFirewall() (firewall settings.Firewall, err error) {
+	vpnInputPortStrings := envToCSV("FIREWALL_VPN_INPUT_PORTS")
+	firewall.VPNInputPorts, err = stringsToPorts(vpnInputPortStrings)
 	if err != nil {
-		return firewall, err
+		return firewall, fmt.Errorf("environment variable FIREWALL_VPN_INPUT_PORTS: %w", err)
 	}

-	firewall.InputPorts, err = s.env.CSVUint16("FIREWALL_INPUT_PORTS")
+	inputPortStrings := envToCSV("FIREWALL_INPUT_PORTS")
+	firewall.InputPorts, err = stringsToPorts(inputPortStrings)
 	if err != nil {
-		return firewall, err
+		return firewall, fmt.Errorf("environment variable FIREWALL_INPUT_PORTS: %w", err)
 	}

-	firewall.OutboundSubnets, err = s.env.CSVNetipPrefixes("FIREWALL_OUTBOUND_SUBNETS",
-		env.RetroKeys("EXTRA_SUBNETS"))
+	outboundSubnetsKey := "FIREWALL_OUTBOUND_SUBNETS"
+	outboundSubnetStrings := envToCSV(outboundSubnetsKey)
+	if len(outboundSubnetStrings) == 0 {
+		// Retro-compatibility
+		outboundSubnetStrings = envToCSV("EXTRA_SUBNETS")
+		if len(outboundSubnetStrings) > 0 {
+			outboundSubnetsKey = "EXTRA_SUBNETS"
+			r.onRetroActive("EXTRA_SUBNETS", "FIREWALL_OUTBOUND_SUBNETS")
+		}
+	}
+	firewall.OutboundSubnets, err = stringsToIPNets(outboundSubnetStrings)
 	if err != nil {
-		return firewall, err
+		return firewall, fmt.Errorf("environment variable %s: %w", outboundSubnetsKey, err)
 	}

-	firewall.Enabled, err = s.env.BoolPtr("FIREWALL")
+	firewall.Enabled, err = envToBoolPtr("FIREWALL")
 	if err != nil {
-		return firewall, err
+		return firewall, fmt.Errorf("environment variable FIREWALL: %w", err)
 	}

-	firewall.Debug, err = s.env.BoolPtr("FIREWALL_DEBUG")
+	firewall.Debug, err = envToBoolPtr("FIREWALL_DEBUG")
 	if err != nil {
-		return firewall, err
+		return firewall, fmt.Errorf("environment variable FIREWALL_DEBUG: %w", err)
 	}

 	return firewall, nil
 }
+
+var (
+	ErrPortParsing = errors.New("cannot parse port")
+	ErrPortValue   = errors.New("port value is not valid")
+)
+
+func stringsToPorts(ss []string) (ports []uint16, err error) {
+	if len(ss) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	ports = make([]uint16, len(ss))
+	for i, s := range ss {
+		port, err := strconv.Atoi(s)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: %s: %s",
+				ErrPortParsing, s, err)
+		} else if port < 1 || port > 65535 {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: must be between 1 and 65535: %d",
+				ErrPortValue, port)
+		}
+		ports[i] = uint16(port)
+	}
+	return ports, nil
+}
+
+var (
+	ErrIPNetParsing = errors.New("cannot parse IP network")
+)
+
+func stringsToIPNets(ss []string) (ipNets []net.IPNet, err error) {
+	if len(ss) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	ipNets = make([]net.IPNet, len(ss))
+	for i, s := range ss {
+		ip, ipNet, err := net.ParseCIDR(s)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: %s: %s",
+				ErrIPNetParsing, s, err)
+		}
+		ipNet.IP = ip
+		ipNets[i] = *ipNet
+	}
+	return ipNets, nil
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/health.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/health.go
@@ -1,35 +1,55 @@
 package env

 import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"time"
+
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/sources/env"
 )

-func (s *Source) ReadHealth() (health settings.Health, err error) {
-	health.ServerAddress = s.env.String("HEALTH_SERVER_ADDRESS")
-	health.TargetAddress = s.env.String("HEALTH_TARGET_ADDRESS",
-		env.RetroKeys("HEALTH_ADDRESS_TO_PING"))
-
-	successWaitPtr, err := s.env.DurationPtr("HEALTH_SUCCESS_WAIT_DURATION")
-	if err != nil {
-		return health, err
-	} else if successWaitPtr != nil {
-		health.SuccessWait = *successWaitPtr
+func (r *Reader) ReadHealth() (health settings.Health, err error) {
+	health.ServerAddress = os.Getenv("HEALTH_SERVER_ADDRESS")
+	health.TargetAddress = os.Getenv("HEALTH_ADDRESS_TO_PING")
+	if health.TargetAddress == "" {
+		health.TargetAddress = os.Getenv("HEALTH_TARGET_ADDRESS")
 	}

-	health.VPN.Initial, err = s.env.DurationPtr(
+	health.VPN.Initial, err = r.readDurationWithRetro(
 		"HEALTH_VPN_DURATION_INITIAL",
-		env.RetroKeys("HEALTH_OPENVPN_DURATION_INITIAL"))
+		"HEALTH_OPENVPN_DURATION_INITIAL")
 	if err != nil {
 		return health, err
 	}

-	health.VPN.Addition, err = s.env.DurationPtr(
+	health.VPN.Initial, err = r.readDurationWithRetro(
 		"HEALTH_VPN_DURATION_ADDITION",
-		env.RetroKeys("HEALTH_OPENVPN_DURATION_ADDITION"))
+		"HEALTH_OPENVPN_DURATION_ADDITION")
 	if err != nil {
 		return health, err
 	}

 	return health, nil
 }
+
+func (r *Reader) readDurationWithRetro(envKey, retroEnvKey string) (d *time.Duration, err error) {
+	s := os.Getenv(envKey)
+	if s == "" {
+		s = os.Getenv(retroEnvKey)
+		if s == "" {
+			return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
+		}
+		r.onRetroActive(envKey, retroEnvKey)
+		envKey = retroEnvKey
+	}
+
+	d = new(time.Duration)
+	*d, err = time.ParseDuration(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf(
+			"environment variable %s: %w",
+			envKey, err)
+	}
+
+	return d, nil
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/helpers.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/helpers.go
@@ -1,33 +1,134 @@
 package env

 import (
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"time"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/sources/env"
+	"github.com/qdm12/govalid/binary"
+	"github.com/qdm12/govalid/integer"
 )

+func envToCSV(envKey string) (values []string) {
+	csv := os.Getenv(envKey)
+	if csv == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return lowerAndSplit(csv)
+}
+
+func envToStringPtr(envKey string) (stringPtr *string) {
+	s := os.Getenv(envKey)
+	if s == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return &s
+}
+
+func envToBoolPtr(envKey string) (boolPtr *bool, err error) {
+	s := os.Getenv(envKey)
+	if s == "" {
+		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
+	}
+	value, err := binary.Validate(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &value, nil
+}
+
+func envToIntPtr(envKey string) (intPtr *int, err error) {
+	s := os.Getenv(envKey)
+	if s == "" {
+		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
+	}
+	value, err := strconv.Atoi(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &value, nil
+}
+
+func envToUint8Ptr(envKey string) (uint8Ptr *uint8, err error) {
+	s := os.Getenv(envKey)
+	if s == "" {
+		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
+	}
+
+	const min, max = 0, 255
+	value, err := integer.Validate(s, integer.OptionRange(min, max))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	uint8Ptr = new(uint8)
+	*uint8Ptr = uint8(value)
+	return uint8Ptr, nil
+}
+
+func envToUint16Ptr(envKey string) (uint16Ptr *uint16, err error) {
+	s := os.Getenv(envKey)
+	if s == "" {
+		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
+	}
+
+	const min, max = 0, 65535
+	value, err := integer.Validate(s, integer.OptionRange(min, max))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	uint16Ptr = new(uint16)
+	*uint16Ptr = uint16(value)
+	return uint16Ptr, nil
+}
+
+func envToDurationPtr(envKey string) (durationPtr *time.Duration, err error) {
+	s := os.Getenv(envKey)
+	if s == "" {
+		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
+	}
+
+	durationPtr = new(time.Duration)
+	*durationPtr, err = time.ParseDuration(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return durationPtr, nil
+}
+
+func lowerAndSplit(csv string) (values []string) {
+	csv = strings.ToLower(csv)
+	return strings.Split(csv, ",")
+}
+
+var ErrDecodeBase64 = errors.New("cannot decode base64 string")
+
+func decodeBase64(b64String string) (decoded string, err error) {
+	b, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(b64String)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("%w: %s: %s",
+			ErrDecodeBase64, b64String, err)
+	}
+	return string(b), nil
+}
+
 func unsetEnvKeys(envKeys []string, err error) (newErr error) {
 	newErr = err
 	for _, envKey := range envKeys {
 		unsetErr := os.Unsetenv(envKey)
 		if unsetErr != nil && newErr == nil {
-			newErr = fmt.Errorf("unsetting environment variable %s: %w", envKey, unsetErr)
+			newErr = fmt.Errorf("cannot unset environment variable %s: %w", envKey, unsetErr)
 		}
 	}
 	return newErr
 }

-func ptrTo[T any](value T) *T {
-	return &value
-}
-
-func firstKeySet(e env.Env, keys ...string) (firstKeySet string) {
-	for _, key := range keys {
-		value := e.Get(key)
-		if value != nil {
-			return key
-		}
-	}
-	return ""
-}
+func stringPtr(s string) *string { return &s }
+func uint16Ptr(n uint16) *uint16 { return &n }
+func boolPtr(b bool) *bool       { return &b }
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/helpers_test.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/helpers_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+package env
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+// setTestEnv is used to set environment variables in
+// parallel tests.
+func setTestEnv(t *testing.T, key, value string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	existing := os.Getenv(key)
+	err := os.Setenv(key, value) //nolint:tenv
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		err = os.Setenv(key, existing)
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/httproxy.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/httproxy.go
@@ -2,37 +2,29 @@ package env

 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"strings"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/sources/env"
 	"github.com/qdm12/govalid/binary"
 )

-func (s *Source) readHTTPProxy() (httpProxy settings.HTTPProxy, err error) {
-	httpProxy.User = s.env.Get("HTTPPROXY_USER",
-		env.RetroKeys("PROXY_USER", "TINYPROXY_USER"),
-		env.ForceLowercase(false))
+func (r *Reader) readHTTPProxy() (httpProxy settings.HTTPProxy, err error) {
+	httpProxy.User = r.readHTTProxyUser()
+	httpProxy.Password = r.readHTTProxyPassword()
+	httpProxy.ListeningAddress = r.readHTTProxyListeningAddress()

-	httpProxy.Password = s.env.Get("HTTPPROXY_PASSWORD",
-		env.RetroKeys("PROXY_PASSWORD", "TINYPROXY_PASSWORD"),
-		env.ForceLowercase(false))
-
-	httpProxy.ListeningAddress, err = s.readHTTProxyListeningAddress()
+	httpProxy.Enabled, err = r.readHTTProxyEnabled()
 	if err != nil {
 		return httpProxy, err
 	}

-	httpProxy.Enabled, err = s.env.BoolPtr("HTTPPROXY", env.RetroKeys("PROXY", "TINYPROXY"))
+	httpProxy.Stealth, err = envToBoolPtr("HTTPPROXY_STEALTH")
 	if err != nil {
-		return httpProxy, err
+		return httpProxy, fmt.Errorf("environment variable HTTPPROXY_STEALTH: %w", err)
 	}

-	httpProxy.Stealth, err = s.env.BoolPtr("HTTPPROXY_STEALTH")
-	if err != nil {
-		return httpProxy, err
-	}
-
-	httpProxy.Log, err = s.readHTTProxyLog()
+	httpProxy.Log, err = r.readHTTProxyLog()
 	if err != nil {
 		return httpProxy, err
 	}
@@ -40,45 +32,139 @@ func (s *Source) readHTTPProxy() (httpProxy settings.HTTPProxy, err error) {
 	return httpProxy, nil
 }

-func (s *Source) readHTTProxyListeningAddress() (listeningAddress string, err error) {
-	const currentKey = "HTTPPROXY_LISTENING_ADDRESS"
-	key := firstKeySet(s.env, "HTTPPROXY_PORT", "TINYPROXY_PORT", "PROXY_PORT",
-		currentKey)
-	switch key {
-	case "":
-		return "", nil
-	case currentKey:
-		return s.env.String(key), nil
+func (r *Reader) readHTTProxyUser() (user *string) {
+	s := os.Getenv("HTTPPROXY_USER")
+	if s != "" {
+		return &s
 	}

-	// Retro-compatible keys using a port only
-	s.handleDeprecatedKey(key, currentKey)
-	port, err := s.env.Uint16Ptr(key)
+	// Retro-compatibility
+	s = os.Getenv("TINYPROXY_USER")
+	if s != "" {
+		r.onRetroActive("TINYPROXY_USER", "HTTPPROXY_USER")
+		return &s
+	}
+
+	// Retro-compatibility
+	s = os.Getenv("PROXY_USER")
+	if s != "" {
+		r.onRetroActive("PROXY_USER", "HTTPPROXY_USER")
+		return &s
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (r *Reader) readHTTProxyPassword() (user *string) {
+	s := os.Getenv("HTTPPROXY_PASSWORD")
+	if s != "" {
+		return &s
+	}
+
+	// Retro-compatibility
+	s = os.Getenv("TINYPROXY_PASSWORD")
+	if s != "" {
+		r.onRetroActive("TINYPROXY_PASSWORD", "HTTPPROXY_PASSWORD")
+		return &s
+	}
+
+	// Retro-compatibility
+	s = os.Getenv("PROXY_PASSWORD")
+	if s != "" {
+		r.onRetroActive("PROXY_PASSWORD", "HTTPPROXY_PASSWORD")
+		return &s
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (r *Reader) readHTTProxyListeningAddress() (listeningAddress string) {
+	// Retro-compatibility
+	retroKeys := []string{"PROXY_PORT", "TINYPROXY_PORT", "HTTPPROXY_PORT"}
+	for _, retroKey := range retroKeys {
+		s := os.Getenv(retroKey)
+		if s != "" {
+			r.onRetroActive(retroKey, "HTTPPROXY_LISTENING_ADDRESS")
+			return ":" + s
+		}
+	}
+
+	return os.Getenv("HTTPPROXY_LISTENING_ADDRESS")
+}
+
+func (r *Reader) readHTTProxyEnabled() (enabled *bool, err error) {
+	s := strings.ToLower(os.Getenv("HTTPPROXY"))
+	if s != "" {
+		enabled = new(bool)
+		*enabled, err = binary.Validate(s)
 		if err != nil {
-		return "", err
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable HTTPPROXY: %w", err)
 		}
-	return fmt.Sprintf(":%d", *port), nil
-}
-
-func (s *Source) readHTTProxyLog() (enabled *bool, err error) {
-	const currentKey = "HTTPPROXY_LOG"
-	key := firstKeySet(s.env, "PROXY_LOG", "TINYPROXY_LOG", "HTTPPROXY_LOG")
-	switch key {
-	case "":
-		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
-	case currentKey:
-		return s.env.BoolPtr(key)
-	}
-
-	// Retro-compatible keys using different boolean verbs
-	s.handleDeprecatedKey(key, currentKey)
-	value := s.env.String(key)
-	retroOption := binary.OptionEnabled("on", "info", "connect", "notice")
-
-	enabled, err = binary.Validate(value, retroOption)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable %s: %w", key, err)
-	}
-
 		return enabled, nil
 	}
+
+	// Retro-compatibility
+	s = strings.ToLower(os.Getenv("TINYPROXY"))
+	if s != "" {
+		r.onRetroActive("TINYPROXY", "HTTPPROXY")
+		enabled = new(bool)
+		*enabled, err = binary.Validate(s)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable TINYPROXY: %w", err)
+		}
+		return enabled, nil
+	}
+
+	// Retro-compatibility
+	s = strings.ToLower(os.Getenv("PROXY"))
+	if s != "" {
+		r.onRetroActive("PROXY", "HTTPPROXY")
+		enabled = new(bool)
+		*enabled, err = binary.Validate(s)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable PROXY: %w", err)
+		}
+		return enabled, nil
+	}
+
+	return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
+}
+
+func (r *Reader) readHTTProxyLog() (enabled *bool, err error) {
+	s := strings.ToLower(os.Getenv("HTTPPROXY_LOG"))
+	if s != "" {
+		enabled = new(bool)
+		*enabled, err = binary.Validate(s)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable HTTPPROXY_LOG: %w", err)
+		}
+		return enabled, nil
+	}
+
+	// Retro-compatibility
+	retroOption := binary.OptionEnabled("on", "info", "connect", "notice")
+	s = strings.ToLower(os.Getenv("TINYPROXY_LOG"))
+	if s != "" {
+		r.onRetroActive("TINYPROXY_LOG", "HTTPPROXY_LOG")
+		enabled = new(bool)
+		*enabled, err = binary.Validate(s, retroOption)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable TINYPROXY_LOG: %w", err)
+		}
+		return enabled, nil
+	}
+
+	// Retro-compatibility
+	s = strings.ToLower(os.Getenv("PROXY_LOG_LEVEL"))
+	if s != "" {
+		r.onRetroActive("PROXY_LOG_LEVEL", "HTTPPROXY_LOG")
+		enabled = new(bool)
+		*enabled, err = binary.Validate(s, retroOption)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable PROXY_LOG_LEVEL: %w", err)
+		}
+		return enabled, nil
+	}
+
+	return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/log.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/log.go
@@ -3,14 +3,15 @@ package env
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"os"
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/log"
+	"github.com/qdm12/golibs/logging"
 )

-func (s *Source) readLog() (log settings.Log, err error) {
-	log.Level, err = s.readLogLevel()
+func readLog() (log settings.Log, err error) {
+	log.Level, err = readLogLevel()
 	if err != nil {
 		return log, err
 	}
@@ -18,14 +19,14 @@ func (s *Source) readLog() (log settings.Log, err error) {
 	return log, nil
 }

-func (s *Source) readLogLevel() (level *log.Level, err error) {
-	value := s.env.String("LOG_LEVEL")
-	if value == "" {
+func readLogLevel() (level *logging.Level, err error) {
+	s := os.Getenv("LOG_LEVEL")
+	if s == "" {
 		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
 	}

-	level = new(log.Level)
-	*level, err = parseLogLevel(value)
+	level = new(logging.Level)
+	*level, err = parseLogLevel(s)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable LOG_LEVEL: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -35,19 +36,19 @@ func (s *Source) readLogLevel() (level *log.Level, err error) {

 var ErrLogLevelUnknown = errors.New("log level is unknown")

-func parseLogLevel(s string) (level log.Level, err error) {
+func parseLogLevel(s string) (level logging.Level, err error) {
 	switch strings.ToLower(s) {
 	case "debug":
-		return log.LevelDebug, nil
+		return logging.LevelDebug, nil
 	case "info":
-		return log.LevelInfo, nil
+		return logging.LevelInfo, nil
 	case "warning":
-		return log.LevelWarn, nil
+		return logging.LevelWarn, nil
 	case "error":
-		return log.LevelError, nil
+		return logging.LevelError, nil
 	default:
 		return level, fmt.Errorf(
-			"%w: %q is not valid and can be one of debug, info, warning or error",
+			"%w: %s: can be one of: debug, info, warning or error",
 			ErrLogLevelUnknown, s)
 	}
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/openvpn.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/openvpn.go
@@ -1,77 +1,130 @@
 package env

 import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/sources/env"
 )

-func (s *Source) readOpenVPN() (
+func (r *Reader) readOpenVPN() (
 	openVPN settings.OpenVPN, err error) {
 	defer func() {
-		err = unsetEnvKeys([]string{"OPENVPN_KEY", "OPENVPN_CERT",
-			"OPENVPN_KEY_PASSPHRASE", "OPENVPN_ENCRYPTED_KEY"}, err)
+		err = unsetEnvKeys([]string{"OPENVPN_CLIENTKEY", "OPENVPN_CLIENTCRT"}, err)
 	}()

-	openVPN.Version = s.env.String("OPENVPN_VERSION")
-	openVPN.User = s.env.Get("OPENVPN_USER",
-		env.RetroKeys("USER"), env.ForceLowercase(false))
-	openVPN.Password = s.env.Get("OPENVPN_PASSWORD",
-		env.RetroKeys("PASSWORD"), env.ForceLowercase(false))
-	openVPN.ConfFile = s.env.Get("OPENVPN_CUSTOM_CONFIG", env.ForceLowercase(false))
-	openVPN.Ciphers = s.env.CSV("OPENVPN_CIPHERS", env.RetroKeys("OPENVPN_CIPHER"))
-	openVPN.Auth = s.env.Get("OPENVPN_AUTH")
-	openVPN.Cert = s.env.Get("OPENVPN_CERT", env.ForceLowercase(false))
-	openVPN.Key = s.env.Get("OPENVPN_KEY", env.ForceLowercase(false))
-	openVPN.EncryptedKey = s.env.Get("OPENVPN_ENCRYPTED_KEY", env.ForceLowercase(false))
-	openVPN.KeyPassphrase = s.env.Get("OPENVPN_KEY_PASSPHRASE", env.ForceLowercase(false))
-
-	openVPN.PIAEncPreset = s.readPIAEncryptionPreset()
-
-	openVPN.MSSFix, err = s.env.Uint16Ptr("OPENVPN_MSSFIX")
-	if err != nil {
-		return openVPN, err
+	openVPN.Version = os.Getenv("OPENVPN_VERSION")
+	openVPN.User = r.readOpenVPNUser()
+	openVPN.Password = r.readOpenVPNPassword()
+	confFile := os.Getenv("OPENVPN_CUSTOM_CONFIG")
+	if confFile != "" {
+		openVPN.ConfFile = &confFile
 	}

-	openVPN.Interface = s.env.String("VPN_INTERFACE",
-		env.RetroKeys("OPENVPN_INTERFACE"), env.ForceLowercase(false))
-
-	openVPN.ProcessUser, err = s.readOpenVPNProcessUser()
-	if err != nil {
-		return openVPN, err
+	openVPN.Ciphers = envToCSV("OPENVPN_CIPHER")
+	auth := os.Getenv("OPENVPN_AUTH")
+	if auth != "" {
+		openVPN.Auth = &auth
 	}

-	openVPN.Verbosity, err = s.env.IntPtr("OPENVPN_VERBOSITY")
+	openVPN.ClientCrt, err = readBase64OrNil("OPENVPN_CLIENTCRT")
 	if err != nil {
-		return openVPN, err
+		return openVPN, fmt.Errorf("environment variable OPENVPN_CLIENTCRT: %w", err)
 	}

-	flagsPtr := s.env.Get("OPENVPN_FLAGS", env.ForceLowercase(false))
-	if flagsPtr != nil {
-		openVPN.Flags = strings.Fields(*flagsPtr)
+	openVPN.ClientKey, err = readBase64OrNil("OPENVPN_CLIENTKEY")
+	if err != nil {
+		return openVPN, fmt.Errorf("environment variable OPENVPN_CLIENTKEY: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	openVPN.PIAEncPreset = r.readPIAEncryptionPreset()
+
+	openVPN.IPv6, err = envToBoolPtr("OPENVPN_IPV6")
+	if err != nil {
+		return openVPN, fmt.Errorf("environment variable OPENVPN_IPV6: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	openVPN.MSSFix, err = envToUint16Ptr("OPENVPN_MSSFIX")
+	if err != nil {
+		return openVPN, fmt.Errorf("environment variable OPENVPN_MSSFIX: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	openVPN.Interface = os.Getenv("OPENVPN_INTERFACE")
+
+	openVPN.Root, err = envToBoolPtr("OPENVPN_ROOT")
+	if err != nil {
+		return openVPN, fmt.Errorf("environment variable OPENVPN_ROOT: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// TODO ProcUser once Root is deprecated.
+
+	openVPN.Verbosity, err = envToIntPtr("OPENVPN_VERBOSITY")
+	if err != nil {
+		return openVPN, fmt.Errorf("environment variable OPENVPN_VERBOSITY: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	flagsStr := os.Getenv("OPENVPN_FLAGS")
+	if flagsStr != "" {
+		openVPN.Flags = strings.Fields(flagsStr)
 	}

 	return openVPN, nil
 }

-func (s *Source) readPIAEncryptionPreset() (presetPtr *string) {
-	return s.env.Get(
-		"PRIVATE_INTERNET_ACCESS_OPENVPN_ENCRYPTION_PRESET",
-		env.RetroKeys("ENCRYPTION", "PIA_ENCRYPTION"))
+func (r *Reader) readOpenVPNUser() (user string) {
+	user = os.Getenv("OPENVPN_USER")
+	if user == "" {
+		// Retro-compatibility
+		user = os.Getenv("USER")
+		if user != "" {
+			r.onRetroActive("USER", "OPENVPN_USER")
+		}
+	}
+	// Remove spaces in user ID to simplify user's life, thanks @JeordyR
+	return strings.ReplaceAll(user, " ", "")
 }

-func (s *Source) readOpenVPNProcessUser() (processUser string, err error) {
-	value, err := s.env.BoolPtr("OPENVPN_ROOT") // Retro-compatibility
+func (r *Reader) readOpenVPNPassword() (password string) {
+	password = os.Getenv("OPENVPN_PASSWORD")
+	if password != "" {
+		return password
+	}
+
+	// Retro-compatibility
+	password = os.Getenv("PASSWORD")
+	if password != "" {
+		r.onRetroActive("PASSWORD", "OPENVPN_PASSWORD")
+	}
+	return password
+}
+
+func readBase64OrNil(envKey string) (valueOrNil *string, err error) {
+	value := os.Getenv(envKey)
+	if value == "" {
+		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
+	}
+
+	decoded, err := decodeBase64(value)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	} else if value != nil {
-		if *value {
-			return "root", nil
-		}
-		const defaultNonRootUser = "nonrootuser"
-		return defaultNonRootUser, nil
+		return nil, err
 	}

-	return s.env.String("OPENVPN_PROCESS_USER"), nil
+	return &decoded, nil
+}
+
+func (r *Reader) readPIAEncryptionPreset() (presetPtr *string) {
+	preset := strings.ToLower(os.Getenv("PIA_ENCRYPTION"))
+	if preset != "" {
+		return &preset
+	}
+
+	// Retro-compatibility
+	preset = strings.ToLower(os.Getenv("ENCRYPTION"))
+	if preset != "" {
+		r.onRetroActive("ENCRYPTION", "PIA_ENCRYPTION")
+		return &preset
+	}
+
+	return nil
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/openvpnselection.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/openvpnselection.go
@@ -3,54 +3,81 @@ package env
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"os"
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/sources/env"
+	"github.com/qdm12/govalid/port"
 )

-func (s *Source) readOpenVPNSelection() (
+func (r *Reader) readOpenVPNSelection() (
 	selection settings.OpenVPNSelection, err error) {
-	selection.ConfFile = s.env.Get("OPENVPN_CUSTOM_CONFIG", env.ForceLowercase(false))
+	confFile := os.Getenv("OPENVPN_CUSTOM_CONFIG")
+	if confFile != "" {
+		selection.ConfFile = &confFile
+	}

-	selection.TCP, err = s.readOpenVPNProtocol()
+	selection.TCP, err = r.readOpenVPNProtocol()
 	if err != nil {
 		return selection, err
 	}

-	selection.CustomPort, err = s.env.Uint16Ptr("VPN_ENDPOINT_PORT",
-		env.RetroKeys("PORT", "OPENVPN_PORT"))
+	selection.CustomPort, err = r.readOpenVPNCustomPort()
 	if err != nil {
 		return selection, err
 	}

-	selection.PIAEncPreset = s.readPIAEncryptionPreset()
+	selection.PIAEncPreset = r.readPIAEncryptionPreset()

 	return selection, nil
 }

 var ErrOpenVPNProtocolNotValid = errors.New("OpenVPN protocol is not valid")

-func (s *Source) readOpenVPNProtocol() (tcp *bool, err error) {
-	const currentKey = "OPENVPN_PROTOCOL"
-	envKey := firstKeySet(s.env, "PROTOCOL", currentKey)
-	switch envKey {
-	case "":
-		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
-	case currentKey:
-	default: // Retro compatibility
-		s.handleDeprecatedKey(envKey, currentKey)
+func (r *Reader) readOpenVPNProtocol() (tcp *bool, err error) {
+	envKey := "OPENVPN_PROTOCOL"
+	protocol := strings.ToLower(os.Getenv("OPENVPN_PROTOCOL"))
+	if protocol == "" {
+		// Retro-compatibility
+		protocol = strings.ToLower(os.Getenv("PROTOCOL"))
+		if protocol != "" {
+			envKey = "PROTOCOL"
+			r.onRetroActive("PROTOCOL", "OPENVPN_PROTOCOL")
+		}
 	}

-	protocol := s.env.String(envKey)
-	switch strings.ToLower(protocol) {
+	switch protocol {
+	case "":
+		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
 	case constants.UDP:
-		return ptrTo(false), nil
+		return boolPtr(false), nil
 	case constants.TCP:
-		return ptrTo(true), nil
+		return boolPtr(true), nil
 	default:
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable %s: %w: %s",
 			envKey, ErrOpenVPNProtocolNotValid, protocol)
 	}
 }
+
+func (r *Reader) readOpenVPNCustomPort() (customPort *uint16, err error) {
+	key := "OPENVPN_PORT"
+	s := os.Getenv(key)
+	if s == "" {
+		// Retro-compatibility
+		key = "PORT"
+		s = os.Getenv(key)
+		if s == "" {
+			return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
+		}
+		r.onRetroActive("PORT", "OPENVPN_PORT")
+	}
+
+	customPort = new(uint16)
+	*customPort, err = port.Validate(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable %s: %w", key, err)
+	}
+
+	return customPort, nil
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/portforward.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/portforward.go
@@ -1,34 +1,19 @@
 package env

 import (
+	"fmt"
+
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/sources/env"
 )

-func (s *Source) readPortForward() (
+func readPortForward() (
 	portForwarding settings.PortForwarding, err error) {
-	portForwarding.Enabled, err = s.env.BoolPtr("VPN_PORT_FORWARDING",
-		env.RetroKeys(
-			"PORT_FORWARDING",
-			"PRIVATE_INTERNET_ACCESS_VPN_PORT_FORWARDING",
-		))
+	portForwarding.Enabled, err = envToBoolPtr("PORT_FORWARDING")
 	if err != nil {
-		return portForwarding, err
+		return portForwarding, fmt.Errorf("environment variable PORT_FORWARDING: %w", err)
 	}

-	portForwarding.Provider = s.env.Get("VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_PROVIDER")
-
-	portForwarding.Filepath = s.env.Get("VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_STATUS_FILE",
-		env.ForceLowercase(false),
-		env.RetroKeys(
-			"PORT_FORWARDING_STATUS_FILE",
-			"PRIVATE_INTERNET_ACCESS_VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_STATUS_FILE",
-		))
-
-	portForwarding.ListeningPort, err = s.env.Uint16Ptr("VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_LISTENING_PORT")
-	if err != nil {
-		return portForwarding, err
-	}
+	portForwarding.Filepath = envToStringPtr("PORT_FORWARDING_STATUS_FILE")

 	return portForwarding, nil
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/pprof.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/pprof.go
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-package env
-
-import (
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/pprof"
-)
-
-func (s *Source) readPprof() (settings pprof.Settings, err error) {
-	settings.Enabled, err = s.env.BoolPtr("PPROF_ENABLED")
-	if err != nil {
-		return settings, err
-	}
-
-	settings.BlockProfileRate, err = s.env.IntPtr("PPROF_BLOCK_PROFILE_RATE")
-	if err != nil {
-		return settings, err
-	}
-
-	settings.MutexProfileRate, err = s.env.IntPtr("PPROF_MUTEX_PROFILE_RATE")
-	if err != nil {
-		return settings, err
-	}
-
-	settings.HTTPServer.Address = s.env.String("PPROF_HTTP_SERVER_ADDRESS")
-
-	return settings, nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/provider.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/provider.go
@@ -2,49 +2,43 @@ package env

 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"os"
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/vpn"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/sources/env"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
 )

-func (s *Source) readProvider(vpnType string) (provider settings.Provider, err error) {
-	provider.Name = s.readVPNServiceProvider(vpnType)
+func (r *Reader) readProvider(vpnType string) (provider settings.Provider, err error) {
+	provider.Name = readVPNServiceProvider(vpnType)
 	var providerName string
 	if provider.Name != nil {
 		providerName = *provider.Name
 	}

-	provider.ServerSelection, err = s.readServerSelection(providerName, vpnType)
+	provider.ServerSelection, err = r.readServerSelection(providerName, vpnType)
 	if err != nil {
-		return provider, fmt.Errorf("server selection: %w", err)
+		return provider, fmt.Errorf("cannot read server selection settings: %w", err)
 	}

-	provider.PortForwarding, err = s.readPortForward()
+	provider.PortForwarding, err = readPortForward()
 	if err != nil {
-		return provider, fmt.Errorf("port forwarding: %w", err)
+		return provider, fmt.Errorf("cannot read port forwarding settings: %w", err)
 	}

 	return provider, nil
 }

-func (s *Source) readVPNServiceProvider(vpnType string) (vpnProviderPtr *string) {
-	valuePtr := s.env.Get("VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER", env.RetroKeys("VPNSP"))
-	if valuePtr == nil {
-		if vpnType != vpn.Wireguard && s.env.Get("OPENVPN_CUSTOM_CONFIG") != nil {
-			// retro compatibility
-			return ptrTo(providers.Custom)
-		}
+func readVPNServiceProvider(vpnType string) (vpnProviderPtr *string) {
+	s := strings.ToLower(os.Getenv("VPNSP"))
+	switch {
+	case vpnType != constants.Wireguard &&
+		os.Getenv("OPENVPN_CUSTOM_CONFIG") != "": // retro compatibility
+		return stringPtr(constants.Custom)
+	case s == "":
 		return nil
+	case s == "pia": // retro compatibility
+		return stringPtr(constants.PrivateInternetAccess)
 	}
-
-	value := *valuePtr
-	value = strings.ToLower(value)
-	if value == "pia" { // retro compatibility
-		return ptrTo(providers.PrivateInternetAccess)
-	}
-
-	return ptrTo(value)
+	return stringPtr(s)
 }
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Quentin McGaw	4b86f29f59	fix(docker): openvpn 2.4.12-r0 install	2022-03-31 20:52:31 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	12eafa0f65	fix(env): `OPENVPN_FLAGS` functionality	2022-03-31 20:45:40 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	7acca7bc10	fix(ci): docker metadata image tags - Move metata as top step in publish workflow - Simplify `v0.x.x` check - Dynamically determine base branch	2022-03-22 08:56:56 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	5cc55c92fa	fix(health): use TCP dialing instead of ping - `HEALTH_TARGET_ADDRESS` to replace `HEALTH_ADDRESS_TO_PING` - Remove `github.com/go-ping/ping` dependency - Dial TCP the target address, appending `:443` if port is not set	2022-03-21 20:56:33 +00:00