diff --git a/internal/build/build.go b/internal/build/build.go
index fabb54e1..073ac45a 100644
--- a/internal/build/build.go
+++ b/internal/build/build.go
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ package build
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
-	"debug/macho"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"go/ast"
@@ -315,24 +314,51 @@ func Do(args []string, conf *Config) ([]Package, error) {
 
 	for _, pkg := range initial {
 		if needLink(pkg, mode) {
-			app, err := linkMainPkg(ctx, pkg, allPkgs, global, conf, mode, verbose)
+			name := path.Base(pkg.PkgPath)
+			binFmt := ctx.crossCompile.BinaryFormat
+
+			outputCfg, err := genOutputs(conf, name, len(ctx.initial) > 1, ctx.crossCompile.Emulator, binFmt)
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			}
 
-			if slices.Contains([]Mode{ModeRun, ModeCmpTest, ModeTest, ModeInstall}, mode) {
-				// Flash to device if needed (for embedded targets)
-				if !conf.Emulator && conf.Target != "" {
-					err = flash(ctx, app, verbose)
-					if err != nil {
-						return nil, err
-					}
-				} else if mode != ModeInstall {
-					err = run(ctx, app, pkg.PkgPath, pkg.Dir, conf, mode, verbose)
+			err = linkMainPkg(ctx, pkg, allPkgs, global, outputCfg.IntPath, verbose)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+
+			finalApp := outputCfg.IntPath
+			if outputCfg.NeedFwGen || outputCfg.FileFmt != "" {
+				finalApp, err = convertFormat(ctx, finalApp, &outputCfg)
+				if err != nil {
+					return nil, err
+				}
+			}
+
+			switch mode {
+			case ModeBuild:
+				// Do nothing
+
+			case ModeInstall:
+				// Native already installed in linkMainPkg
+				if conf.Target != "" {
+					err = flash(ctx, finalApp, verbose)
 					if err != nil {
 						return nil, err
 					}
 				}
+
+			case ModeRun, ModeTest, ModeCmpTest:
+				if conf.Target == "" {
+					err = runNative(ctx, finalApp, pkg.Dir, pkg.PkgPath, conf, mode)
+				} else if conf.Emulator {
+					err = runInEmulator(ctx.crossCompile.Emulator, finalApp, pkg.Dir, pkg.PkgPath, conf, mode, verbose)
+				} else {
+					err = flash(ctx, finalApp, verbose)
+				}
+				if err != nil {
+					return nil, err
+				}
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -648,19 +674,7 @@ func compileExtraFiles(ctx *context, verbose bool) ([]string, error) {
 	return objFiles, nil
 }
 
-func linkMainPkg(ctx *context, pkg *packages.Package, pkgs []*aPackage, global llssa.Package, conf *Config, mode Mode, verbose bool) (string, error) {
-	pkgPath := pkg.PkgPath
-	name := path.Base(pkgPath)
-	binFmt := ctx.crossCompile.BinaryFormat
-
-	// Generate output configuration using the centralized function
-	outputCfg, err := GenOutputs(conf, name, len(ctx.initial) > 1, ctx.crossCompile.Emulator, binFmt)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-
-	app := outputCfg.OutPath
-	orgApp := outputCfg.IntPath
+func linkMainPkg(ctx *context, pkg *packages.Package, pkgs []*aPackage, global llssa.Package, outputPath string, verbose bool) error {
 
 	needRuntime := false
 	needPyInit := false
@@ -689,7 +703,7 @@ func linkMainPkg(ctx *context, pkg *packages.Package, pkgs []*aPackage, global l
 	})
 	entryObjFile, err := genMainModuleFile(ctx, llssa.PkgRuntime, pkg, needRuntime, needPyInit)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
+		return err
 	}
 	// defer os.Remove(entryLLFile)
 	objFiles = append(objFiles, entryObjFile)
@@ -697,14 +711,14 @@ func linkMainPkg(ctx *context, pkg *packages.Package, pkgs []*aPackage, global l
 	// Compile extra files from target configuration
 	extraObjFiles, err := compileExtraFiles(ctx, verbose)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
+		return err
 	}
 	objFiles = append(objFiles, extraObjFiles...)
 
 	if global != nil {
 		export, err := exportObject(ctx, pkg.PkgPath+".global", pkg.ExportFile+"-global", []byte(global.String()))
 		if err != nil {
-			return "", err
+			return err
 		}
 		objFiles = append(objFiles, export)
 	}
@@ -726,28 +740,24 @@ func linkMainPkg(ctx *context, pkg *packages.Package, pkgs []*aPackage, global l
 		}
 	}
 
-	err = linkObjFiles(ctx, orgApp, objFiles, linkArgs, verbose)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
+	return linkObjFiles(ctx, outputPath, objFiles, linkArgs, verbose)
+}
+
+func convertFormat(ctx *context, inputFile string, outputCfg *OutputCfg) (string, error) {
+	app := outputCfg.OutPath
+	currentApp := inputFile
+	if ctx.buildConf.Verbose {
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Converting output format: %s -> %s\n", currentApp, app)
 	}
 
-	// Handle firmware conversion and file format conversion
-	currentApp := orgApp
-
-	// Step 1: Firmware conversion if needed
 	if outputCfg.NeedFwGen {
 		if outputCfg.DirectGen {
-			// Direct conversion to final output (including .img case)
-			if verbose {
-				fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Converting to firmware format: %s (%s -> %s)\n", outputCfg.BinFmt, currentApp, app)
-			}
-			err = firmware.MakeFirmwareImage(currentApp, app, outputCfg.BinFmt, ctx.crossCompile.FormatDetail)
+			err := firmware.MakeFirmwareImage(currentApp, app, outputCfg.BinFmt, ctx.crossCompile.FormatDetail)
 			if err != nil {
 				return "", err
 			}
 			currentApp = app
 		} else {
-			// Convert to intermediate file first
 			binExt := firmware.BinaryExt(ctx.crossCompile.BinaryFormat)
 			tmpFile, err := os.CreateTemp("", "llgo-*"+binExt)
 			if err != nil {
@@ -756,16 +766,12 @@ func linkMainPkg(ctx *context, pkg *packages.Package, pkgs []*aPackage, global l
 			tmpFile.Close()
 			intermediateApp := tmpFile.Name()
 
-			if verbose {
-				fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Converting to firmware format: %s (%s -> %s)\n", ctx.crossCompile.BinaryFormat, currentApp, intermediateApp)
-			}
 			err = firmware.MakeFirmwareImage(currentApp, intermediateApp, ctx.crossCompile.BinaryFormat, ctx.crossCompile.FormatDetail)
 			if err != nil {
 				return "", err
 			}
 			currentApp = intermediateApp
 			defer func() {
-				// Only remove if the intermediate file still exists (wasn't moved)
 				if _, err := os.Stat(intermediateApp); err == nil {
 					os.Remove(intermediateApp)
 				}
@@ -773,23 +779,15 @@ func linkMainPkg(ctx *context, pkg *packages.Package, pkgs []*aPackage, global l
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Step 2: File format conversion if needed
 	if currentApp != app {
 		if outputCfg.FileFmt != "" {
-			// File format conversion
-			if verbose {
-				fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Converting to file format: %s (%s -> %s)\n", outputCfg.FileFmt, currentApp, app)
-			}
-			err = firmware.ConvertOutput(currentApp, app, binFmt, outputCfg.FileFmt)
+			binFmt := ctx.crossCompile.BinaryFormat
+			err := firmware.ConvertOutput(currentApp, app, binFmt, outputCfg.FileFmt)
 			if err != nil {
 				return "", err
 			}
 		} else {
-			// Just move/copy the file
-			if verbose {
-				fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Moving file: %s -> %s\n", currentApp, app)
-			}
-			err = os.Rename(currentApp, app)
+			err := os.Rename(currentApp, app)
 			if err != nil {
 				return "", err
 			}
@@ -799,87 +797,6 @@ func linkMainPkg(ctx *context, pkg *packages.Package, pkgs []*aPackage, global l
 	return app, nil
 }
 
-func run(ctx *context, app string, pkgPath, pkgDir string, conf *Config, mode Mode, verbose bool) error {
-	useEmulator := false
-	if mode == ModeRun && conf.Emulator {
-		if ctx.crossCompile.Emulator == "" {
-			return fmt.Errorf("target %s does not have emulator configured", conf.Target)
-		}
-		useEmulator = true
-	}
-
-	switch mode {
-	case ModeTest:
-		cmd := exec.Command(app, conf.RunArgs...)
-		cmd.Dir = pkgDir
-		cmd.Stdout = os.Stdout
-		cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr
-		if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
-			if exitErr, ok := err.(*exec.ExitError); ok {
-				// The command ran and exited with a non-zero status.
-				fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "%s: exit code %d\n", app, exitErr.ExitCode())
-				if !ctx.testFail {
-					ctx.testFail = true
-				}
-			} else {
-				// The command failed to start or other error.
-				fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "failed to run test %s: %v\n", app, err)
-				if !ctx.testFail {
-					ctx.testFail = true
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	case ModeRun:
-		if useEmulator {
-			if verbose {
-				fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Using emulator: %s\n", ctx.crossCompile.Emulator)
-			}
-			err := runInEmulator(app, ctx.crossCompile.Emulator, conf.RunArgs, verbose)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-		} else {
-			args := make([]string, 0, len(conf.RunArgs)+1)
-			copy(args, conf.RunArgs)
-			if isWasmTarget(conf.Goos) {
-				wasmer := os.ExpandEnv(WasmRuntime())
-				wasmerArgs := strings.Split(wasmer, " ")
-				wasmerCmd := wasmerArgs[0]
-				wasmerArgs = wasmerArgs[1:]
-				switch wasmer {
-				case "wasmtime":
-					args = append(args, "--wasm", "multi-memory=true", app)
-					args = append(args, conf.RunArgs...)
-				case "iwasm":
-					args = append(args, "--stack-size=819200000", "--heap-size=800000000", app)
-					args = append(args, conf.RunArgs...)
-				default:
-					args = append(args, wasmerArgs...)
-					args = append(args, app)
-					args = append(args, conf.RunArgs...)
-				}
-				app = wasmerCmd
-			} else {
-				args = conf.RunArgs
-			}
-			cmd := exec.Command(app, args...)
-			cmd.Stdin = os.Stdin
-			cmd.Stdout = os.Stdout
-			cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr
-			err := cmd.Run()
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-			if s := cmd.ProcessState; s != nil {
-				mockable.Exit(s.ExitCode())
-			}
-		}
-	case ModeCmpTest:
-		cmpTest(pkgDir, pkgPath, app, conf.GenExpect, conf.RunArgs)
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
 func flash(ctx *context, app string, verbose bool) error {
 	// TODO: Implement device flashing logic
 	if verbose {
@@ -1359,76 +1276,8 @@ func pkgExists(initial []*packages.Package, pkg *packages.Package) bool {
 	return false
 }
 
-// findDylibDep finds the dylib dependency in the executable. It returns empty
-// string if not found.
-func findDylibDep(exe, lib string) string {
-	file, err := macho.Open(exe)
-	check(err)
-	defer file.Close()
-	for _, load := range file.Loads {
-		if dylib, ok := load.(*macho.Dylib); ok {
-			if strings.HasPrefix(filepath.Base(dylib.Name), fmt.Sprintf("lib%s.", lib)) {
-				return dylib.Name
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	return ""
-}
-
 type none struct{}
 
-// runInEmulator runs the application in emulator by formatting the emulator command template
-func runInEmulator(appPath, emulatorTemplate string, runArgs []string, verbose bool) error {
-	// Build environment map for template variable expansion
-	envs := map[string]string{
-		"":    appPath, // {} expands to app path
-		"bin": appPath,
-		"hex": appPath,
-		"zip": appPath,
-		"img": appPath,
-		"uf2": appPath,
-	}
-
-	// Expand the emulator command template
-	emulatorCmd := emulatorTemplate
-	for placeholder, path := range envs {
-		var target string
-		if placeholder == "" {
-			target = "{}"
-		} else {
-			target = "{" + placeholder + "}"
-		}
-		emulatorCmd = strings.ReplaceAll(emulatorCmd, target, path)
-	}
-
-	if verbose {
-		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Running in emulator: %s\n", emulatorCmd)
-	}
-
-	// Parse command and arguments
-	cmdParts := strings.Fields(emulatorCmd)
-	if len(cmdParts) == 0 {
-		panic(fmt.Errorf("empty emulator command"))
-	}
-
-	// Add run arguments to the end
-	cmdParts = append(cmdParts, runArgs...)
-
-	// Execute the emulator command
-	cmd := exec.Command(cmdParts[0], cmdParts[1:]...)
-	cmd.Stdin = os.Stdin
-	cmd.Stdout = os.Stdout
-	cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr
-	err := cmd.Run()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	if s := cmd.ProcessState; s != nil {
-		mockable.Exit(s.ExitCode())
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
 func check(err error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
diff --git a/internal/build/outputs.go b/internal/build/outputs.go
index 0fae21b0..3716ac8b 100644
--- a/internal/build/outputs.go
+++ b/internal/build/outputs.go
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ type OutputCfg struct {
 	DirectGen bool   // True if can generate firmware directly without intermediate file
 }
 
-// GenOutputs generates appropriate output paths based on the configuration
-func GenOutputs(conf *Config, pkgName string, multiPkg bool, emulator, binFmt string) (OutputCfg, error) {
+// genOutputs generates appropriate output paths based on the configuration
+func genOutputs(conf *Config, pkgName string, multiPkg bool, emulator, binFmt string) (OutputCfg, error) {
 	var cfg OutputCfg
 
 	// Calculate binary extension and set up format info
diff --git a/internal/build/outputs_test.go b/internal/build/outputs_test.go
index c677c8ee..725c19a5 100644
--- a/internal/build/outputs_test.go
+++ b/internal/build/outputs_test.go
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 package build
 
 import (
-	"strings"
 	"testing"
 )
 
@@ -246,12 +245,7 @@ func TestGenOutputs(t *testing.T) {
 
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			// Determine input binFmt - remove -img suffix if present as it will be added by the code
-			inputBinFmt := tt.wantBinFmt
-			if strings.HasSuffix(inputBinFmt, "-img") && tt.wantFileFmt == "img" {
-				inputBinFmt = strings.TrimSuffix(inputBinFmt, "-img")
-			}
-			result, err := GenOutputs(tt.conf, tt.pkgName, tt.multiPkg, tt.emulator, inputBinFmt)
+			result, err := genOutputs(tt.conf, tt.pkgName, tt.multiPkg, tt.crossCompile)
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("GenOutputs() error = %v", err)
 			}
diff --git a/internal/build/run.go b/internal/build/run.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fc7d392d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/build/run.go
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2024 The GoPlus Authors (goplus.org). All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package build
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/goplus/llgo/internal/mockable"
+)
+
+func runNative(ctx *context, app, pkgDir, pkgName string, conf *Config, mode Mode) error {
+	switch mode {
+	case ModeRun:
+		args := make([]string, 0, len(conf.RunArgs)+1)
+		if isWasmTarget(conf.Goos) {
+			wasmer := os.ExpandEnv(WasmRuntime())
+			wasmerArgs := strings.Split(wasmer, " ")
+			wasmerCmd := wasmerArgs[0]
+			wasmerArgs = wasmerArgs[1:]
+			switch wasmer {
+			case "wasmtime":
+				args = append(args, "--wasm", "multi-memory=true", app)
+				args = append(args, conf.RunArgs...)
+			case "iwasm":
+				args = append(args, "--stack-size=819200000", "--heap-size=800000000", app)
+				args = append(args, conf.RunArgs...)
+			default:
+				args = append(args, wasmerArgs...)
+				args = append(args, app)
+				args = append(args, conf.RunArgs...)
+			}
+			app = wasmerCmd
+		} else {
+			args = conf.RunArgs
+		}
+		cmd := exec.Command(app, args...)
+		cmd.Stdin = os.Stdin
+		cmd.Stdout = os.Stdout
+		cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr
+		err := cmd.Run()
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if s := cmd.ProcessState; s != nil {
+			mockable.Exit(s.ExitCode())
+		}
+	case ModeTest:
+		cmd := exec.Command(app, conf.RunArgs...)
+		cmd.Dir = pkgDir
+		cmd.Stdout = os.Stdout
+		cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr
+		if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+			if exitErr, ok := err.(*exec.ExitError); ok {
+				fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "%s: exit code %d\n", app, exitErr.ExitCode())
+				if !ctx.testFail {
+					ctx.testFail = true
+				}
+			} else {
+				fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "failed to run test %s: %v\n", app, err)
+				if !ctx.testFail {
+					ctx.testFail = true
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	case ModeCmpTest:
+		cmpTest(pkgDir, pkgName, app, conf.GenExpect, conf.RunArgs)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func runInEmulator(emulator, app, pkgDir, pkgName string, conf *Config, mode Mode, verbose bool) error {
+	if emulator == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("target %s does not have emulator configured", conf.Target)
+	}
+	if verbose {
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Using emulator: %s\n", emulator)
+	}
+
+	switch mode {
+	case ModeRun:
+		return runEmuCmd(app, emulator, conf.RunArgs, verbose)
+	case ModeTest:
+		return runEmuCmd(app, emulator, conf.RunArgs, verbose)
+	case ModeCmpTest:
+		cmpTest(pkgDir, pkgName, app, conf.GenExpect, conf.RunArgs)
+		return nil
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// runEmuCmd runs the application in emulator by formatting the emulator command template
+func runEmuCmd(appPath, emulatorTemplate string, runArgs []string, verbose bool) error {
+	// Build environment map for template variable expansion
+	envs := map[string]string{
+		"":    appPath, // {} expands to app path
+		"bin": appPath,
+		"hex": appPath,
+		"zip": appPath,
+		"img": appPath,
+		"uf2": appPath,
+	}
+
+	// Expand the emulator command template
+	emulatorCmd := emulatorTemplate
+	for placeholder, path := range envs {
+		var target string
+		if placeholder == "" {
+			target = "{}"
+		} else {
+			target = "{" + placeholder + "}"
+		}
+		emulatorCmd = strings.ReplaceAll(emulatorCmd, target, path)
+	}
+
+	if verbose {
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Running in emulator: %s\n", emulatorCmd)
+	}
+
+	// Parse command and arguments
+	cmdParts := strings.Fields(emulatorCmd)
+	if len(cmdParts) == 0 {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("empty emulator command"))
+	}
+
+	// Add run arguments to the end
+	cmdParts = append(cmdParts, runArgs...)
+
+	// Execute the emulator command
+	cmd := exec.Command(cmdParts[0], cmdParts[1:]...)
+	cmd.Stdin = os.Stdin
+	cmd.Stdout = os.Stdout
+	cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr
+	err := cmd.Run()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if s := cmd.ProcessState; s != nil {
+		mockable.Exit(s.ExitCode())
+	}
+	return nil
+}