Merge branch 'master' into pmtu

- Migrate `DOT` to `DNS_SERVER`
- Migrate `DOT_PROVIDERS` to `DNS_UPSTREAM_RESOLVERS`
- Migrate `DOT_PRIVATE_ADDRESS` to `DNS_PRIVATE_ADDRESSES`
- Migrate `DOT_CACHING` to `DNS_CACHING`
- Migrate `DOT_IPV6` to `DNS_UPSTREAM_IPV6`

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/provider.md

@@ -6,12 +6,35 @@ labels: ":bulb: New provider"
 
 ---
 
-One of the following is required:
+Important notes:
 
-- Publicly accessible URL to a zip file containing the Openvpn configuration files
-- Publicly accessible URL to a structured (JSON etc.) list of servers **and attach** an example Openvpn configuration file for both TCP and UDP
+- There is no need to support both OpenVPN and Wireguard for a provider, but it's better to support both if possible
+- We do **not** implement authentication to access servers information behind a login. This is way too time consuming unfortunately
+- If it's not possible to support a provider natively, you can still use the [the custom provider](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/providers/custom.md)
+
+## For Wireguard
+
+Wireguard can be natively supported ONLY if:
+
+- the `PrivateKey` field value is the same across all servers for one user account
+- the `Address` field value is:
+  - can be found in a structured (JSON etc.) list of servers publicly available; OR
+  - the same across all servers for one user account
+- the `PublicKey` field value is:
+  - can be found in a structured (JSON etc.) list of servers publicly available; OR
+  - the same across all servers for one user account
+- the `Endpoint` field value:
+  - can be found in a structured (JSON etc.) list of servers publicly available
+  - can be determined using a pattern, for example using country codes in hostnames
+
+If any of these conditions are not met, Wireguard cannot be natively supported or there is no advantage compared to using a custom Wireguard configuration file.
+
+If **all** of these conditions are met, please provide an answer for each of them.
+
+## For OpenVPN
+
+OpenVPN can be natively supported ONLY if one of the following can be provided, by preference in this order:
+
+- Publicly accessible URL to a structured (JSON etc.) list of servers **and attach** an example Openvpn configuration file for both TCP and UDP; OR
+- Publicly accessible URL to a zip file containing the Openvpn configuration files; OR
 - Publicly accessible URL to the list of servers **and attach** an example Openvpn configuration file for both TCP and UDP
-
-If the list of servers requires to login **or** is hidden behind an interactive configurator,
-you can only use a custom Openvpn configuration file.
-[The Wiki's OpenVPN configuration file page](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/openvpn-configuration-file.md) describes how to do so.

.github/workflows/configs/mlc-config.json

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
   "retryOn429": false,
   "fallbackRetryDelay": "30s",
   "aliveStatusCodes": [
-    200
+    200,
+    429
   ]
 }

.github/workflows/markdown.yml

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ jobs:
           use-quiet-mode: yes
           config-file: .github/workflows/configs/mlc-config.json
 
-      - uses: peter-evans/dockerhub-description@v5
+      - uses: peter-evans/dockerhub-description@v4
         if: github.repository == 'qdm12/gluetun' && github.event_name == 'push'
         with:
           username: qmcgaw

Dockerfile

@@ -164,18 +164,20 @@ ENV VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=pia \
     # Health
     HEALTH_SERVER_ADDRESS=127.0.0.1:9999 \
     HEALTH_TARGET_ADDRESS=cloudflare.com:443 \
-    HEALTH_ICMP_TARGET_IP=0.0.0.0 \
+    HEALTH_ICMP_TARGET_IP=1.1.1.1 \
     HEALTH_RESTART_VPN=on \
-    # DNS over TLS
-    DOT=on \
-    DOT_PROVIDERS=cloudflare \
-    DOT_PRIVATE_ADDRESS=127.0.0.1/8,10.0.0.0/8,172.16.0.0/12,192.168.0.0/16,169.254.0.0/16,::1/128,fc00::/7,fe80::/10,::ffff:7f00:1/104,::ffff:a00:0/104,::ffff:a9fe:0/112,::ffff:ac10:0/108,::ffff:c0a8:0/112 \
-    DOT_CACHING=on \
-    DOT_IPV6=off \
+    # DNS
+    DNS_SERVER=on \
+    DNS_UPSTREAM_RESOLVER_TYPE=DoT \
+    DNS_UPSTREAM_RESOLVERS=cloudflare \
+    DNS_BLOCK_IPS= \
+    DNS_BLOCK_IP_PREFIXES=127.0.0.1/8,10.0.0.0/8,172.16.0.0/12,192.168.0.0/16,169.254.0.0/16,::1/128,fc00::/7,fe80::/10,::ffff:7f00:1/104,::ffff:a00:0/104,::ffff:a9fe:0/112,::ffff:ac10:0/108,::ffff:c0a8:0/112 \
+    DNS_CACHING=on \
+    DNS_UPSTREAM_IPV6=off \
     BLOCK_MALICIOUS=on \
     BLOCK_SURVEILLANCE=off \
     BLOCK_ADS=off \
-    UNBLOCK= \
+    DNS_UNBLOCK_HOSTNAMES= \
     DNS_UPDATE_PERIOD=24h \
     DNS_ADDRESS=127.0.0.1 \
     DNS_KEEP_NAMESERVER=off \

cmd/gluetun/main.go

@@ -581,6 +581,7 @@ type Linker interface {
 	LinkDel(link netlink.Link) (err error)
 	LinkSetUp(link netlink.Link) (linkIndex int, err error)
 	LinkSetDown(link netlink.Link) (err error)
+	LinkSetMTU(link netlink.Link, mtu int) error
 }
 
 type clier interface {

go.mod

@@ -3,20 +3,20 @@ module github.com/qdm12/gluetun
 go 1.25.0
 
 require (
-	github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.3.2
+	github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.3.3
 	github.com/fatih/color v1.18.0
 	github.com/golang/mock v1.6.0
-	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.11
+	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.18.1
 	github.com/klauspost/pgzip v1.2.6
-	github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.3
-	github.com/qdm12/dns/v2 v2.0.0-rc8
+	github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.4
+	github.com/qdm12/dns/v2 v2.0.0-rc9
 	github.com/qdm12/gosettings v0.4.4
 	github.com/qdm12/goshutdown v0.3.0
 	github.com/qdm12/gosplash v0.2.0
 	github.com/qdm12/gotree v0.3.0
 	github.com/qdm12/log v0.1.0
 	github.com/qdm12/ss-server v0.6.0
-	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1
 	github.com/ulikunitz/xz v0.5.15
 	github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.3.1
 	github.com/youmark/pkcs8 v0.0.0-20201027041543-1326539a0a0a
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.1 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/common v0.60.1 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.15.1 // indirect
-	github.com/qdm12/goservices v0.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/qdm12/goservices v0.1.1-0.20251104135713-6bee97bd4978 // indirect
 	github.com/riobard/go-bloom v0.0.0-20200614022211-cdc8013cb5b3 // indirect
 	github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.5 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/crypto v0.43.0 // indirect

go.sum

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 h1:VlbKKnNfV8bJzeqoa4cOKqO6bYr3WgKZxO8Z16+hsOM=
 github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1/go.mod h1:G2ZrVWU2WbWT9wwq4/hrbKbnv/1ERSJQ0ibhJ6rlkpw=
-github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.3.2 h1:gm11iClhK8wFn/GDdINoDaqPkiaGXyVvSwoXINZN+z4=
-github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.3.2/go.mod h1:S/PKh+4d1HUn4HQovEB8hPJZO6pUZYrIhmXBhsegfXw=
+github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.3.3 h1://GnaRtQ/9BY2+GtMk2wtWxVdCRysiaPr5/xBwl7NKw=
+github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.3.3/go.mod h1:S/PKh+4d1HUn4HQovEB8hPJZO6pUZYrIhmXBhsegfXw=
 github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0 h1:UL815xU9SqsFlibzuggzjXhog7bL6oX9BbNZnL2UFvs=
 github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0/go.mod h1:VGX0DQ3Q6kWi7AoAeZDth3/j3BFtOZR5XLFGgcrjCOs=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c=
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0 h1:ofyhxvXcZhMsU5ulbFiLKl/XBFqE1GSq7atu8tAmTRI=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0/go.mod h1:17dUlkBOakJ0+DkrSSNjCkIjxS6bF9zb3elmeNGIjoY=
 github.com/josharian/native v1.1.0 h1:uuaP0hAbW7Y4l0ZRQ6C9zfb7Mg1mbFKry/xzDAfmtLA=
 github.com/josharian/native v1.1.0/go.mod h1:7X/raswPFr05uY3HiLlYeyQntB6OO7E/d2Cu7qoaN2w=
-github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.11 h1:In6xLpyWOi1+C7tXUUWv2ot1QvBjxevKAaI6IXrJmUc=
-github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.11/go.mod h1:pMDklpSncoRMuLFrf1W9Ss9KT+0rH90U12bZKk7uwG0=
+github.com/klauspost/compress v1.18.1 h1:bcSGx7UbpBqMChDtsF28Lw6v/G94LPrrbMbdC3JH2co=
+github.com/klauspost/compress v1.18.1/go.mod h1:ZQFFVG+MdnR0P+l6wpXgIL4NTtwiKIdBnrBd8Nrxr+0=
 github.com/klauspost/pgzip v1.2.6 h1:8RXeL5crjEUFnR2/Sn6GJNWtSQ3Dk8pq4CL3jvdDyjU=
 github.com/klauspost/pgzip v1.2.6/go.mod h1:Ch1tH69qFZu15pkjo5kYi6mth2Zzwzt50oCQKQE9RUs=
 github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.1 h1:flRD4NNwYAUpkphVc1HcthR4KEIFJ65n8Mw5qdRn3LE=
@@ -41,8 +41,8 @@ github.com/mikioh/ipaddr v0.0.0-20190404000644-d465c8ab6721 h1:RlZweED6sbSArvlE9
 github.com/mikioh/ipaddr v0.0.0-20190404000644-d465c8ab6721/go.mod h1:Ickgr2WtCLZ2MDGd4Gr0geeCH5HybhRJbonOgQpvSxc=
 github.com/munnerz/goautoneg v0.0.0-20191010083416-a7dc8b61c822 h1:C3w9PqII01/Oq1c1nUAm88MOHcQC9l5mIlSMApZMrHA=
 github.com/munnerz/goautoneg v0.0.0-20191010083416-a7dc8b61c822/go.mod h1:+n7T8mK8HuQTcFwEeznm/DIxMOiR9yIdICNftLE1DvQ=
-github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.3 h1:YmeHyLY8mFWbdkNWwpr+qIL2bEqT0o95WSdkNHvL12M=
-github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.3/go.mod h1:MfCQTFTvCcUyyvvwm1+G6H/jORL20Xlb6rzQu9GuUkc=
+github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.4 h1:mye9XuhQ6gvn5h28+VilKrrPoQVanw5PMw/TB0t5Ec4=
+github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.4/go.mod h1:2gIqNv+qfxSVS7cM2xJQKtLSTLUE9V8t9Stt+h56mCY=
 github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 h1:4DBwDE0NGyQoBHbLQYPwSUPoCMWR5BEzIk/f1lZbAQM=
 github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0/go.mod h1:iKH77koFhYxTK1pcRnkKkqfTogsbg7gZNVY4sRDYZ/4=
 github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.20.5 h1:cxppBPuYhUnsO6yo/aoRol4L7q7UFfdm+bR9r+8l63Y=
@@ -53,10 +53,10 @@ github.com/prometheus/common v0.60.1 h1:FUas6GcOw66yB/73KC+BOZoFJmbo/1pojoILArPA
 github.com/prometheus/common v0.60.1/go.mod h1:h0LYf1R1deLSKtD4Vdg8gy4RuOvENW2J/h19V5NADQw=
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.15.1 h1:YagwOFzUgYfKKHX6Dr+sHT7km/hxC76UB0learggepc=
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.15.1/go.mod h1:fB45yRUv8NstnjriLhBQLuOUt+WW4BsoGhij/e3PBqk=
-github.com/qdm12/dns/v2 v2.0.0-rc8 h1:kbgKPkbT+79nScfuZ0ZcVhksTGo8IUqQ8TTQGnQlZ18=
-github.com/qdm12/dns/v2 v2.0.0-rc8/go.mod h1:VaF02KWEL7xNV4oKfG4N9nEv/kR6bqyIcBReCV5NJhw=
-github.com/qdm12/goservices v0.1.0 h1:9sODefm/yuIGS7ynCkEnNlMTAYn9GzPhtcK4F69JWvc=
-github.com/qdm12/goservices v0.1.0/go.mod h1:/JOFsAnHFiSjyoXxa5FlfX903h20K5u/3rLzCjYVMck=
+github.com/qdm12/dns/v2 v2.0.0-rc9 h1:qDzRkHr6993jknNB/ZOCnZOyIG6bsZcl2MIfdeUd0kI=
+github.com/qdm12/dns/v2 v2.0.0-rc9/go.mod h1:98foWgXJZ+g8gJIuO+fdO+oWpFei5WShMFTeN4Im2lE=
+github.com/qdm12/goservices v0.1.1-0.20251104135713-6bee97bd4978 h1:TRGpCU1l0lNwtogEUSs5U+RFceYxkAJUmrGabno7J5c=
+github.com/qdm12/goservices v0.1.1-0.20251104135713-6bee97bd4978/go.mod h1:D1Po4CRQLYjccnAR2JsVlN1sBMgQrcNLONbvyuzcdTg=
 github.com/qdm12/gosettings v0.4.4 h1:SM6tOZDf6k8qbjWU8KWyBF4mWIixfsKCfh9DGRLHlj4=
 github.com/qdm12/gosettings v0.4.4/go.mod h1:CPrt2YC4UsURTrslmhxocVhMCW03lIrqdH2hzIf5prg=
 github.com/qdm12/goshutdown v0.3.0 h1:pqBpJkdwlZlfTEx4QHtS8u8CXx6pG0fVo6S1N0MpSEM=
@@ -73,8 +73,8 @@ github.com/riobard/go-bloom v0.0.0-20200614022211-cdc8013cb5b3 h1:f/FNXud6gA3MNr
 github.com/riobard/go-bloom v0.0.0-20200614022211-cdc8013cb5b3/go.mod h1:HgjTstvQsPGkxUsCd2KWxErBblirPizecHcpD3ffK+s=
 github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.13.1 h1:KvO1DLK/DRN07sQ1LQKScxyZJuNnedQ5/wKSR38lUII=
 github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.13.1/go.mod h1:uMEvuHeurkdAXX61udpOXGD/AzZDWNMNyH2VO9fmH0o=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0 h1:Xv5erBjTwe/5IxqUQTdXv5kgmIvbHo3QQyRwhJsOfJA=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0/go.mod h1:r2ic/lqez/lEtzL7wO/rwa5dbSLXVDPFyf8C91i36aY=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1 h1:7s2iGBzp5EwR7/aIZr8ao5+dra3wiQyKjjFuvgVKu7U=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1/go.mod h1:wZwfW3scLgRK+23gO65QZefKpKQRnfz6sD981Nm4B6U=
 github.com/ulikunitz/xz v0.5.15 h1:9DNdB5s+SgV3bQ2ApL10xRc35ck0DuIX/isZvIk+ubY=
 github.com/ulikunitz/xz v0.5.15/go.mod h1:nbz6k7qbPmH4IRqmfOplQw/tblSgqTqBwxkY0oWt/14=
 github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.3.1 h1:3AEMt62VKqz90r0tmNhog0r/PpWKmrEShJU0wJW6bV0=

internal/configuration/settings/dns.go

@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 package settings
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/netip"
+	"time"
 
+	"github.com/qdm12/dns/v2/pkg/provider"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
@@ -11,10 +15,31 @@ import (
 
 // DNS contains settings to configure DNS.
 type DNS struct {
+	// ServerEnabled is true if the server should be running
+	// and used. It defaults to true, and cannot be nil
+	// in the internal state.
+	ServerEnabled *bool
+	// UpstreamType can be dot or plain, and defaults to dot.
+	UpstreamType string `json:"upstream_type"`
+	// UpdatePeriod is the period to update DNS block lists.
+	// It can be set to 0 to disable the update.
+	// It defaults to 24h and cannot be nil in
+	// the internal state.
+	UpdatePeriod *time.Duration
+	// Providers is a list of DNS providers
+	Providers []string `json:"providers"`
+	// Caching is true if the server should cache
+	// DNS responses.
+	Caching *bool `json:"caching"`
+	// IPv6 is true if the server should connect over IPv6.
+	IPv6 *bool `json:"ipv6"`
+	// Blacklist contains settings to configure the filter
+	// block lists.
+	Blacklist DNSBlacklist
 	// ServerAddress is the DNS server to use inside
 	// the Go program and for the system.
 	// It defaults to '127.0.0.1' to be used with the
-	// DoT server. It cannot be the zero value in the internal
+	// local server. It cannot be the zero value in the internal
 	// state.
 	ServerAddress netip.Addr
 	// KeepNameserver is true if the existing DNS server
@@ -23,20 +48,40 @@ type DNS struct {
 	// outside the VPN tunnel since it would go through
 	// the local DNS server of your Docker/Kubernetes
 	// configuration, which is likely not going through the tunnel.
-	// This will also disable the DNS over TLS server and the
+	// This will also disable the DNS forwarder server and the
 	// `ServerAddress` field will be ignored.
 	// It defaults to false and cannot be nil in the
 	// internal state.
 	KeepNameserver *bool
-	// DOT contains settings to configure the DoT
-	// server.
-	DoT DoT
 }
 
+var (
+	ErrDNSUpstreamTypeNotValid = errors.New("DNS upstream type is not valid")
+	ErrDNSUpdatePeriodTooShort = errors.New("update period is too short")
+)
+
 func (d DNS) validate() (err error) {
-	err = d.DoT.validate()
+	if !helpers.IsOneOf(d.UpstreamType, "dot", "doh", "plain") {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrDNSUpstreamTypeNotValid, d.UpstreamType)
+	}
+
+	const minUpdatePeriod = 30 * time.Second
+	if *d.UpdatePeriod != 0 && *d.UpdatePeriod < minUpdatePeriod {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s must be bigger than %s",
+			ErrDNSUpdatePeriodTooShort, *d.UpdatePeriod, minUpdatePeriod)
+	}
+
+	providers := provider.NewProviders()
+	for _, providerName := range d.Providers {
+		_, err := providers.Get(providerName)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	err = d.Blacklist.validate()
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("validating DoT settings: %w", err)
+		return err
 	}
 
 	return nil
@@ -44,9 +89,15 @@ func (d DNS) validate() (err error) {
 
 func (d *DNS) Copy() (copied DNS) {
 	return DNS{
+		ServerEnabled:  gosettings.CopyPointer(d.ServerEnabled),
+		UpstreamType:   d.UpstreamType,
+		UpdatePeriod:   gosettings.CopyPointer(d.UpdatePeriod),
+		Providers:      gosettings.CopySlice(d.Providers),
+		Caching:        gosettings.CopyPointer(d.Caching),
+		IPv6:           gosettings.CopyPointer(d.IPv6),
+		Blacklist:      d.Blacklist.copy(),
 		ServerAddress:  d.ServerAddress,
 		KeepNameserver: gosettings.CopyPointer(d.KeepNameserver),
-		DoT:            d.DoT.copy(),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -54,16 +105,48 @@ func (d *DNS) Copy() (copied DNS) {
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (d *DNS) overrideWith(other DNS) {
+	d.ServerEnabled = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(d.ServerEnabled, other.ServerEnabled)
+	d.UpstreamType = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(d.UpstreamType, other.UpstreamType)
+	d.UpdatePeriod = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(d.UpdatePeriod, other.UpdatePeriod)
+	d.Providers = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(d.Providers, other.Providers)
+	d.Caching = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(d.Caching, other.Caching)
+	d.IPv6 = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(d.IPv6, other.IPv6)
+	d.Blacklist.overrideWith(other.Blacklist)
 	d.ServerAddress = gosettings.OverrideWithValidator(d.ServerAddress, other.ServerAddress)
 	d.KeepNameserver = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(d.KeepNameserver, other.KeepNameserver)
-	d.DoT.overrideWith(other.DoT)
 }
 
 func (d *DNS) setDefaults() {
-	localhost := netip.AddrFrom4([4]byte{127, 0, 0, 1})
-	d.ServerAddress = gosettings.DefaultValidator(d.ServerAddress, localhost)
+	d.ServerEnabled = gosettings.DefaultPointer(d.ServerEnabled, true)
+	d.UpstreamType = gosettings.DefaultComparable(d.UpstreamType, "dot")
+	const defaultUpdatePeriod = 24 * time.Hour
+	d.UpdatePeriod = gosettings.DefaultPointer(d.UpdatePeriod, defaultUpdatePeriod)
+	d.Providers = gosettings.DefaultSlice(d.Providers, []string{
+		provider.Cloudflare().Name,
+	})
+	d.Caching = gosettings.DefaultPointer(d.Caching, true)
+	d.IPv6 = gosettings.DefaultPointer(d.IPv6, false)
+	d.Blacklist.setDefaults()
+	d.ServerAddress = gosettings.DefaultValidator(d.ServerAddress,
+		netip.AddrFrom4([4]byte{127, 0, 0, 1}))
 	d.KeepNameserver = gosettings.DefaultPointer(d.KeepNameserver, false)
-	d.DoT.setDefaults()
+}
+
+func (d DNS) GetFirstPlaintextIPv4() (ipv4 netip.Addr) {
+	localhost := netip.AddrFrom4([4]byte{127, 0, 0, 1})
+	if d.ServerAddress.Compare(localhost) != 0 && d.ServerAddress.Is4() {
+		return d.ServerAddress
+	}
+
+	providers := provider.NewProviders()
+	provider, err := providers.Get(d.Providers[0])
+	if err != nil {
+		// Settings should be validated before calling this function,
+		// so an error happening here is a programming error.
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	return provider.Plain.IPv4[0].Addr()
 }
 
 func (d DNS) String() string {
@@ -77,11 +160,63 @@ func (d DNS) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 		return node
 	}
 	node.Appendf("DNS server address to use: %s", d.ServerAddress)
-	node.AppendNode(d.DoT.toLinesNode())
+
+	node.Appendf("DNS forwarder server enabled: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(d.ServerEnabled))
+	if !*d.ServerEnabled {
+		return node
+	}
+
+	node.Appendf("Upstream resolver type: %s", d.UpstreamType)
+
+	upstreamResolvers := node.Append("Upstream resolvers:")
+	for _, provider := range d.Providers {
+		upstreamResolvers.Append(provider)
+	}
+
+	node.Appendf("Caching: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(d.Caching))
+	node.Appendf("IPv6: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(d.IPv6))
+
+	update := "disabled"
+	if *d.UpdatePeriod > 0 {
+		update = "every " + d.UpdatePeriod.String()
+	}
+	node.Appendf("Update period: %s", update)
+
+	node.AppendNode(d.Blacklist.toLinesNode())
+
 	return node
 }
 
 func (d *DNS) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
+	d.ServerEnabled, err = r.BoolPtr("DNS_SERVER", reader.RetroKeys("DOT"))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	d.UpstreamType = r.String("DNS_UPSTREAM_RESOLVER_TYPE")
+
+	d.UpdatePeriod, err = r.DurationPtr("DNS_UPDATE_PERIOD")
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	d.Providers = r.CSV("DNS_UPSTREAM_RESOLVERS", reader.RetroKeys("DOT_PROVIDERS"))
+
+	d.Caching, err = r.BoolPtr("DNS_CACHING", reader.RetroKeys("DOT_CACHING"))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	d.IPv6, err = r.BoolPtr("DNS_UPSTREAM_IPV6", reader.RetroKeys("DOT_IPV6"))
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	err = d.Blacklist.read(r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	d.ServerAddress, err = r.NetipAddr("DNS_ADDRESS", reader.RetroKeys("DNS_PLAINTEXT_ADDRESS"))
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -92,10 +227,5 @@ func (d *DNS) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	err = d.DoT.read(r)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("DNS over TLS settings: %w", err)
-	}
-
 	return nil
 }

internal/configuration/settings/dnsblacklist.go

@@ -149,23 +149,45 @@ func (b *DNSBlacklist) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	b.AddBlockedIPs, b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes,
-		err = readDoTPrivateAddresses(r) // TODO v4 split in 2
+	b.AddBlockedIPs, b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes, err = readDNSBlockedIPs(r)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	b.AllowedHosts = r.CSV("UNBLOCK") // TODO v4 change name
+	b.AllowedHosts = r.CSV("DNS_UNBLOCK_HOSTNAMES", reader.RetroKeys("UNBLOCK"))
 
 	return nil
 }
 
-var ErrPrivateAddressNotValid = errors.New("private address is not a valid IP or CIDR range")
-
-func readDoTPrivateAddresses(reader *reader.Reader) (ips []netip.Addr,
+func readDNSBlockedIPs(r *reader.Reader) (ips []netip.Addr,
 	ipPrefixes []netip.Prefix, err error,
 ) {
-	privateAddresses := reader.CSV("DOT_PRIVATE_ADDRESS")
+	ips, err = r.CSVNetipAddresses("DNS_BLOCK_IPS")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	ipPrefixes, err = r.CSVNetipPrefixes("DNS_BLOCK_IP_PREFIXES")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	// TODO v4 remove this block below
+	privateIPs, privateIPPrefixes, err := readDNSPrivateAddresses(r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	ips = append(ips, privateIPs...)
+	ipPrefixes = append(ipPrefixes, privateIPPrefixes...)
+
+	return ips, ipPrefixes, nil
+}
+
+var ErrPrivateAddressNotValid = errors.New("private address is not a valid IP or CIDR range")
+
+func readDNSPrivateAddresses(r *reader.Reader) (ips []netip.Addr,
+	ipPrefixes []netip.Prefix, err error,
+) {
+	privateAddresses := r.CSV("DOT_PRIVATE_ADDRESS", reader.IsRetro("DNS_BLOCK_IP_PREFIXES"))
 	if len(privateAddresses) == 0 {
 		return nil, nil, nil
 	}

internal/configuration/settings/dot.go

@@ -1,170 +0,0 @@
-package settings
-
-import (
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"net/netip"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/qdm12/dns/v2/pkg/provider"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
-)
-
-// DoT contains settings to configure the DoT server.
-type DoT struct {
-	// Enabled is true if the DoT server should be running
-	// and used. It defaults to true, and cannot be nil
-	// in the internal state.
-	Enabled *bool
-	// UpdatePeriod is the period to update DNS block lists.
-	// It can be set to 0 to disable the update.
-	// It defaults to 24h and cannot be nil in
-	// the internal state.
-	UpdatePeriod *time.Duration
-	// Providers is a list of DNS over TLS providers
-	Providers []string `json:"providers"`
-	// Caching is true if the DoT server should cache
-	// DNS responses.
-	Caching *bool `json:"caching"`
-	// IPv6 is true if the DoT server should connect over IPv6.
-	IPv6 *bool `json:"ipv6"`
-	// Blacklist contains settings to configure the filter
-	// block lists.
-	Blacklist DNSBlacklist
-}
-
-var ErrDoTUpdatePeriodTooShort = errors.New("update period is too short")
-
-func (d DoT) validate() (err error) {
-	const minUpdatePeriod = 30 * time.Second
-	if *d.UpdatePeriod != 0 && *d.UpdatePeriod < minUpdatePeriod {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s must be bigger than %s",
-			ErrDoTUpdatePeriodTooShort, *d.UpdatePeriod, minUpdatePeriod)
-	}
-
-	providers := provider.NewProviders()
-	for _, providerName := range d.Providers {
-		_, err := providers.Get(providerName)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-
-	err = d.Blacklist.validate()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (d *DoT) copy() (copied DoT) {
-	return DoT{
-		Enabled:      gosettings.CopyPointer(d.Enabled),
-		UpdatePeriod: gosettings.CopyPointer(d.UpdatePeriod),
-		Providers:    gosettings.CopySlice(d.Providers),
-		Caching:      gosettings.CopyPointer(d.Caching),
-		IPv6:         gosettings.CopyPointer(d.IPv6),
-		Blacklist:    d.Blacklist.copy(),
-	}
-}
-
-// overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
-// settings object with any field set in the other
-// settings.
-func (d *DoT) overrideWith(other DoT) {
-	d.Enabled = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(d.Enabled, other.Enabled)
-	d.UpdatePeriod = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(d.UpdatePeriod, other.UpdatePeriod)
-	d.Providers = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(d.Providers, other.Providers)
-	d.Caching = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(d.Caching, other.Caching)
-	d.IPv6 = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(d.IPv6, other.IPv6)
-	d.Blacklist.overrideWith(other.Blacklist)
-}
-
-func (d *DoT) setDefaults() {
-	d.Enabled = gosettings.DefaultPointer(d.Enabled, true)
-	const defaultUpdatePeriod = 24 * time.Hour
-	d.UpdatePeriod = gosettings.DefaultPointer(d.UpdatePeriod, defaultUpdatePeriod)
-	d.Providers = gosettings.DefaultSlice(d.Providers, []string{
-		provider.Cloudflare().Name,
-	})
-	d.Caching = gosettings.DefaultPointer(d.Caching, true)
-	d.IPv6 = gosettings.DefaultPointer(d.IPv6, false)
-	d.Blacklist.setDefaults()
-}
-
-func (d DoT) GetFirstPlaintextIPv4() (ipv4 netip.Addr) {
-	providers := provider.NewProviders()
-	provider, err := providers.Get(d.Providers[0])
-	if err != nil {
-		// Settings should be validated before calling this function,
-		// so an error happening here is a programming error.
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	return provider.DoT.IPv4[0].Addr()
-}
-
-func (d DoT) String() string {
-	return d.toLinesNode().String()
-}
-
-func (d DoT) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
-	node = gotree.New("DNS over TLS settings:")
-
-	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(d.Enabled))
-	if !*d.Enabled {
-		return node
-	}
-
-	update := "disabled"
-	if *d.UpdatePeriod > 0 {
-		update = "every " + d.UpdatePeriod.String()
-	}
-	node.Appendf("Update period: %s", update)
-
-	upstreamResolvers := node.Append("Upstream resolvers:")
-	for _, provider := range d.Providers {
-		upstreamResolvers.Append(provider)
-	}
-
-	node.Appendf("Caching: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(d.Caching))
-	node.Appendf("IPv6: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(d.IPv6))
-
-	node.AppendNode(d.Blacklist.toLinesNode())
-
-	return node
-}
-
-func (d *DoT) read(reader *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	d.Enabled, err = reader.BoolPtr("DOT")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	d.UpdatePeriod, err = reader.DurationPtr("DNS_UPDATE_PERIOD")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	d.Providers = reader.CSV("DOT_PROVIDERS")
-
-	d.Caching, err = reader.BoolPtr("DOT_CACHING")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	d.IPv6, err = reader.BoolPtr("DOT_IPV6")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	err = d.Blacklist.read(reader)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}

internal/configuration/settings/health.go

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ type Health struct {
 	// It cannot be the empty string in the internal state.
 	TargetAddress string
 	// ICMPTargetIP is the IP address to use for ICMP echo requests
-	// in the health checker. It can be set to an unspecified address
+	// in the health checker. It can be set to an unspecified address (0.0.0.0)
 	// such that the VPN server IP is used, which is also the default behavior.
 	ICMPTargetIP netip.Addr
 	// RestartVPN indicates whether to restart the VPN connection

internal/configuration/settings/settings.go

@@ -177,10 +177,10 @@ func (s Settings) Warnings() (warnings []string) {
 	// TODO remove in v4
 	if s.DNS.ServerAddress.Unmap().Compare(netip.AddrFrom4([4]byte{127, 0, 0, 1})) != 0 {
 		warnings = append(warnings, "DNS address is set to "+s.DNS.ServerAddress.String()+
-			" so the DNS over TLS (DoT) server will not be used."+
-			" The default value changed to 127.0.0.1 so it uses the internal DoT serves."+
-			" If the DoT server fails to start, the IPv4 address of the first plaintext DNS server"+
-			" corresponding to the first DoT provider chosen is used.")
+			" so the local forwarding DNS server will not be used."+
+			" The default value changed to 127.0.0.1 so it uses the internal DNS server."+
+			" If this server fails to start, the IPv4 address of the first plaintext DNS server"+
+			" corresponding to the first DNS provider chosen is used.")
 	}
 
 	return warnings

internal/configuration/settings/settings_test.go

@@ -40,17 +40,17 @@ func Test_Settings_String(t *testing.T) {
 ├── DNS settings:
 |   ├── Keep existing nameserver(s): no
 |   ├── DNS server address to use: 127.0.0.1
-|   └── DNS over TLS settings:
-|       ├── Enabled: yes
-|       ├── Update period: every 24h0m0s
-|       ├── Upstream resolvers:
-|       |   └── Cloudflare
-|       ├── Caching: yes
-|       ├── IPv6: no
-|       └── DNS filtering settings:
-|           ├── Block malicious: yes
-|           ├── Block ads: no
-|           └── Block surveillance: yes
+|   ├── DNS forwarder server enabled: yes
+|   ├── Upstream resolver type: dot
+|   ├── Upstream resolvers:
+|   |   └── Cloudflare
+|   ├── Caching: yes
+|   ├── IPv6: no
+|   ├── Update period: every 24h0m0s
+|   └── DNS filtering settings:
+|       ├── Block malicious: yes
+|       ├── Block ads: no
+|       └── Block surveillance: yes
 ├── Firewall settings:
 |   └── Enabled: yes
 ├── Log settings:

internal/configuration/settings/wireguard.go

@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ type Wireguard struct {
 	// It has been lowered to 1320 following quite a bit of
 	// investigation in the issue:
 	// https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/issues/2533.
+	// Note this should now be replaced with the PMTUD feature.
 	MTU uint16 `json:"mtu"`
 	// Implementation is the Wireguard implementation to use.
 	// It can be "auto", "userspace" or "kernelspace".

internal/dns/plaintext.go

@@ -10,15 +10,7 @@ import (
 func (l *Loop) useUnencryptedDNS(fallback bool) {
 	settings := l.GetSettings()
 
-	// Try with user provided plaintext ip address
-	// if it's not 127.0.0.1 (default for DoT), otherwise
-	// use the first DoT provider ipv4 address found.
-	var targetIP netip.Addr
-	if settings.ServerAddress.Compare(netip.AddrFrom4([4]byte{127, 0, 0, 1})) != 0 {
-		targetIP = settings.ServerAddress
-	} else {
-		targetIP = settings.DoT.GetFirstPlaintextIPv4()
-	}
+	targetIP := settings.GetFirstPlaintextIPv4()
 
 	if fallback {
 		l.logger.Info("falling back on plaintext DNS at address " + targetIP.String())
@@ -27,14 +19,15 @@ func (l *Loop) useUnencryptedDNS(fallback bool) {
 	}
 
 	const dialTimeout = 3 * time.Second
+	const defaultDNSPort = 53
 	settingsInternalDNS := nameserver.SettingsInternalDNS{
-		IP:      targetIP,
-		Timeout: dialTimeout,
+		AddrPort: netip.AddrPortFrom(targetIP, defaultDNSPort),
+		Timeout:  dialTimeout,
 	}
 	nameserver.UseDNSInternally(settingsInternalDNS)
 
 	settingsSystemWide := nameserver.SettingsSystemDNS{
-		IP:         targetIP,
+		IPs:        []netip.Addr{targetIP},
 		ResolvPath: l.resolvConf,
 	}
 	err := nameserver.UseDNSSystemWide(settingsSystemWide)

internal/dns/run.go

@@ -26,12 +26,12 @@ func (l *Loop) Run(ctx context.Context, done chan<- struct{}) {
 	}
 
 	for ctx.Err() == nil {
-		// Upper scope variables for the DNS over TLS server only
+		// Upper scope variables for the DNS forwarder server only
 		// Their values are to be used if DOT=off
 		var runError <-chan error
 
 		settings := l.GetSettings()
-		for !*settings.KeepNameserver && *settings.DoT.Enabled {
+		for !*settings.KeepNameserver && *settings.ServerEnabled {
 			var err error
 			runError, err = l.setupServer(ctx)
 			if err == nil {
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ func (l *Loop) Run(ctx context.Context, done chan<- struct{}) {
 		}
 
 		settings = l.GetSettings()
-		if !*settings.KeepNameserver && !*settings.DoT.Enabled {
+		if !*settings.KeepNameserver && !*settings.ServerEnabled {
 			const fallback = false
 			l.useUnencryptedDNS(fallback)
 		}
@@ -101,6 +101,6 @@ func (l *Loop) runWait(ctx context.Context, runError <-chan error) (exitLoop boo
 func (l *Loop) stopServer() {
 	stopErr := l.server.Stop()
 	if stopErr != nil {
-		l.logger.Error("stopping DoT server: " + stopErr.Error())
+		l.logger.Error("stopping server: " + stopErr.Error())
 	}
 }

internal/dns/settings.go

@@ -4,11 +4,13 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 
+	"github.com/qdm12/dns/v2/pkg/doh"
 	"github.com/qdm12/dns/v2/pkg/dot"
 	cachemiddleware "github.com/qdm12/dns/v2/pkg/middlewares/cache"
 	"github.com/qdm12/dns/v2/pkg/middlewares/cache/lru"
 	filtermiddleware "github.com/qdm12/dns/v2/pkg/middlewares/filter"
 	"github.com/qdm12/dns/v2/pkg/middlewares/filter/mapfilter"
+	"github.com/qdm12/dns/v2/pkg/plain"
 	"github.com/qdm12/dns/v2/pkg/provider"
 	"github.com/qdm12/dns/v2/pkg/server"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
@@ -22,33 +24,62 @@ func (l *Loop) SetSettings(ctx context.Context, settings settings.DNS) (
 	return l.state.SetSettings(ctx, settings)
 }
 
-func buildDoTSettings(settings settings.DNS,
+func buildServerSettings(settings settings.DNS,
 	filter *mapfilter.Filter, logger Logger) (
 	serverSettings server.Settings, err error,
 ) {
 	serverSettings.Logger = logger
 
-	var dotSettings dot.Settings
 	providersData := provider.NewProviders()
-	dotSettings.UpstreamResolvers = make([]provider.Provider, len(settings.DoT.Providers))
-	for i := range settings.DoT.Providers {
+	upstreamResolvers := make([]provider.Provider, len(settings.Providers))
+	for i := range settings.Providers {
 		var err error
-		dotSettings.UpstreamResolvers[i], err = providersData.Get(settings.DoT.Providers[i])
+		upstreamResolvers[i], err = providersData.Get(settings.Providers[i])
 		if err != nil {
 			panic(err) // this should already had been checked
 		}
 	}
-	dotSettings.IPVersion = "ipv4"
-	if *settings.DoT.IPv6 {
-		dotSettings.IPVersion = "ipv6"
+
+	ipVersion := "ipv4"
+	if *settings.IPv6 {
+		ipVersion = "ipv6"
 	}
 
-	serverSettings.Dialer, err = dot.New(dotSettings)
-	if err != nil {
-		return server.Settings{}, fmt.Errorf("creating DNS over TLS dialer: %w", err)
+	var dialer server.Dialer
+	switch settings.UpstreamType {
+	case "dot":
+		dialerSettings := dot.Settings{
+			UpstreamResolvers: upstreamResolvers,
+			IPVersion:         ipVersion,
+		}
+		dialer, err = dot.New(dialerSettings)
+		if err != nil {
+			return server.Settings{}, fmt.Errorf("creating DNS over TLS dialer: %w", err)
+		}
+	case "doh":
+		dialerSettings := doh.Settings{
+			UpstreamResolvers: upstreamResolvers,
+			IPVersion:         ipVersion,
+		}
+		dialer, err = doh.New(dialerSettings)
+		if err != nil {
+			return server.Settings{}, fmt.Errorf("creating DNS over HTTPS dialer: %w", err)
+		}
+	case "plain":
+		dialerSettings := plain.Settings{
+			UpstreamResolvers: upstreamResolvers,
+			IPVersion:         ipVersion,
+		}
+		dialer, err = plain.New(dialerSettings)
+		if err != nil {
+			return server.Settings{}, fmt.Errorf("creating plain DNS dialer: %w", err)
+		}
+	default:
+		panic("unknown upstream type: " + settings.UpstreamType)
 	}
+	serverSettings.Dialer = dialer
 
-	if *settings.DoT.Caching {
+	if *settings.Caching {
 		lruCache, err := lru.New(lru.Settings{})
 		if err != nil {
 			return server.Settings{}, fmt.Errorf("creating LRU cache: %w", err)

internal/dns/setup.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"net/netip"
 
 	"github.com/qdm12/dns/v2/pkg/check"
 	"github.com/qdm12/dns/v2/pkg/nameserver"
@@ -20,14 +21,14 @@ func (l *Loop) setupServer(ctx context.Context) (runError <-chan error, err erro
 
 	settings := l.GetSettings()
 
-	dotSettings, err := buildDoTSettings(settings, l.filter, l.logger)
+	serverSettings, err := buildServerSettings(settings, l.filter, l.logger)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("building DoT settings: %w", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("building server settings: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	server, err := server.New(dotSettings)
+	server, err := server.New(serverSettings)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("creating DoT server: %w", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("creating server: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	runError, err = server.Start(ctx)
@@ -37,11 +38,12 @@ func (l *Loop) setupServer(ctx context.Context) (runError <-chan error, err erro
 	l.server = server
 
 	// use internal DNS server
+	const defaultDNSPort = 53
 	nameserver.UseDNSInternally(nameserver.SettingsInternalDNS{
-		IP: settings.ServerAddress,
+		AddrPort: netip.AddrPortFrom(settings.ServerAddress, defaultDNSPort),
 	})
 	err = nameserver.UseDNSSystemWide(nameserver.SettingsSystemDNS{
-		IP:         settings.ServerAddress,
+		IPs:        []netip.Addr{settings.ServerAddress},
 		ResolvPath: l.resolvConf,
 	})
 	if err != nil {

internal/dns/state/settings.go

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ func (s *State) SetSettings(ctx context.Context, settings settings.DNS) (
 
 	// Check for only update period change
 	tempSettings := s.settings.Copy()
-	*tempSettings.DoT.UpdatePeriod = *settings.DoT.UpdatePeriod
+	*tempSettings.UpdatePeriod = *settings.UpdatePeriod
 	onlyUpdatePeriodChanged := reflect.DeepEqual(tempSettings, settings)
 
 	s.settings = settings
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ func (s *State) SetSettings(ctx context.Context, settings settings.DNS) (
 
 	// Restart
 	_, _ = s.statusApplier.ApplyStatus(ctx, constants.Stopped)
-	if *settings.DoT.Enabled {
+	if *settings.ServerEnabled {
 		outcome, _ = s.statusApplier.ApplyStatus(ctx, constants.Running)
 	}
 	return outcome

internal/dns/ticker.go

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ func (l *Loop) RunRestartTicker(ctx context.Context, done chan<- struct{}) {
 	timer.Stop()
 	timerIsStopped := true
 	settings := l.GetSettings()
-	if period := *settings.DoT.UpdatePeriod; period > 0 {
+	if period := *settings.UpdatePeriod; period > 0 {
 		timer.Reset(period)
 		timerIsStopped = false
 	}
@@ -43,14 +43,14 @@ func (l *Loop) RunRestartTicker(ctx context.Context, done chan<- struct{}) {
 			_, _ = l.statusManager.ApplyStatus(ctx, constants.Running)
 
 			settings := l.GetSettings()
-			timer.Reset(*settings.DoT.UpdatePeriod)
+			timer.Reset(*settings.UpdatePeriod)
 		case <-l.updateTicker:
 			if !timer.Stop() {
 				<-timer.C
 			}
 			timerIsStopped = true
 			settings := l.GetSettings()
-			newUpdatePeriod := *settings.DoT.UpdatePeriod
+			newUpdatePeriod := *settings.UpdatePeriod
 			if newUpdatePeriod == 0 {
 				continue
 			}

internal/dns/update.go

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ func (l *Loop) updateFiles(ctx context.Context) (err error) {
 	settings := l.GetSettings()
 
 	l.logger.Info("downloading hostnames and IP block lists")
-	blacklistSettings := settings.DoT.Blacklist.ToBlockBuilderSettings(l.client)
+	blacklistSettings := settings.Blacklist.ToBlockBuilderSettings(l.client)
 
 	blockBuilder, err := blockbuilder.New(blacklistSettings)
 	if err != nil {

internal/firewall/list.go

@@ -323,12 +323,12 @@ var ErrProtocolUnknown = errors.New("unknown protocol")
 
 func parseProtocol(s string) (protocol string, err error) {
 	switch s {
-	case "0":
-	case "1":
+	case "0", "all":
+	case "1", "icmp":
 		protocol = "icmp"
-	case "6":
+	case "6", "tcp":
 		protocol = "tcp"
-	case "17":
+	case "17", "udp":
 		protocol = "udp"
 	default:
 		return "", fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrProtocolUnknown, s)

internal/firewall/list_test.go

@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ num pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destinati
 2   0     0 ACCEPT     6    --  tun0   *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0            tcp dpt:55405
 3   0     0 ACCEPT     1    --  tun0   *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0
 4   0     0 DROP       0    --  tun0   *       1.2.3.4              0.0.0.0/0
+5   0     0 ACCEPT     all  --  tun0   *       1.2.3.4              0.0.0.0/0
 `,
 			table: chain{
 				name:    "INPUT",
@@ -111,6 +112,17 @@ num pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destinati
 						source:          netip.MustParsePrefix("1.2.3.4/32"),
 						destination:     netip.MustParsePrefix("0.0.0.0/0"),
 					},
+					{
+						lineNumber:      5,
+						packets:         0,
+						bytes:           0,
+						target:          "ACCEPT",
+						protocol:        "",
+						inputInterface:  "tun0",
+						outputInterface: "*",
+						source:          netip.MustParsePrefix("1.2.3.4/32"),
+						destination:     netip.MustParsePrefix("0.0.0.0/0"),
+					},
 				},
 			},
 		},

internal/healthcheck/dns/dns.go

@@ -5,33 +5,60 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net"
+	"net/netip"
+
+	"github.com/qdm12/dns/v2/pkg/provider"
 )
 
 // Client is a simple plaintext UDP DNS client, to be used for healthchecks.
 // Note the client connects to a DNS server only over UDP on port 53,
 // because we don't want to use DoT or DoH and impact the TCP connections
 // when running a healthcheck.
-type Client struct{}
+type Client struct {
+	serverAddrs []netip.AddrPort
+	dnsIPIndex  int
+}
 
 func New() *Client {
-	return &Client{}
+	return &Client{
+		serverAddrs: concatAddrPorts([][]netip.AddrPort{
+			provider.Cloudflare().Plain.IPv4,
+			provider.Google().Plain.IPv4,
+			provider.Quad9().Plain.IPv4,
+			provider.OpenDNS().Plain.IPv4,
+			provider.LibreDNS().Plain.IPv4,
+			provider.Quadrant().Plain.IPv4,
+			provider.CiraProtected().Plain.IPv4,
+		}),
+	}
+}
+
+func concatAddrPorts(addrs [][]netip.AddrPort) []netip.AddrPort {
+	var result []netip.AddrPort
+	for _, addrList := range addrs {
+		result = append(result, addrList...)
+	}
+	return result
 }
 
 var ErrLookupNoIPs = errors.New("no IPs found from DNS lookup")
 
 func (c *Client) Check(ctx context.Context) error {
+	dnsAddr := c.serverAddrs[c.dnsIPIndex].Addr()
 	resolver := &net.Resolver{
 		PreferGo: true,
 		Dial: func(ctx context.Context, _, _ string) (net.Conn, error) {
 			dialer := net.Dialer{}
-			return dialer.DialContext(ctx, "udp", "1.1.1.1:53")
+			return dialer.DialContext(ctx, "udp", dnsAddr.String())
 		},
 	}
 	ips, err := resolver.LookupIP(ctx, "ip", "github.com")
 	switch {
 	case err != nil:
+		c.dnsIPIndex = (c.dnsIPIndex + 1) % len(c.serverAddrs)
 		return err
 	case len(ips) == 0:
+		c.dnsIPIndex = (c.dnsIPIndex + 1) % len(c.serverAddrs)
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrLookupNoIPs)
 	default:
 		return nil

internal/netlink/link.go

@@ -62,6 +62,10 @@ func (n *NetLink) LinkSetDown(link Link) (err error) {
 	return netlink.LinkSetDown(linkToNetlinkLink(&link))
 }
 
+func (n *NetLink) LinkSetMTU(link Link, mtu int) error {
+	return netlink.LinkSetMTU(linkToNetlinkLink(&link), mtu)
+}
+
 type netlinkLinkImpl struct {
 	attrs    *netlink.LinkAttrs
 	linkType string

internal/pmtud/apple_ipv4.go

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+package pmtud
+
+import (
+	"net"
+	"time"
+
+	"golang.org/x/net/ipv4"
+)
+
+var _ net.PacketConn = &ipv4Wrapper{}
+
+// ipv4Wrapper is a wrapper around ipv4.PacketConn to implement
+// the net.PacketConn interface. It's only used for Darwin or iOS.
+type ipv4Wrapper struct {
+	ipv4Conn *ipv4.PacketConn
+}
+
+func ipv4ToNetPacketConn(ipv4 *ipv4.PacketConn) *ipv4Wrapper {
+	return &ipv4Wrapper{ipv4Conn: ipv4}
+}
+
+func (i *ipv4Wrapper) ReadFrom(p []byte) (n int, addr net.Addr, err error) {
+	n, _, addr, err = i.ipv4Conn.ReadFrom(p)
+	return n, addr, err
+}
+
+func (i *ipv4Wrapper) WriteTo(p []byte, addr net.Addr) (n int, err error) {
+	return i.ipv4Conn.WriteTo(p, nil, addr)
+}
+
+func (i *ipv4Wrapper) Close() error {
+	return i.ipv4Conn.Close()
+}
+
+func (i *ipv4Wrapper) LocalAddr() net.Addr {
+	return i.ipv4Conn.LocalAddr()
+}
+
+func (i *ipv4Wrapper) SetDeadline(t time.Time) error {
+	return i.ipv4Conn.SetDeadline(t)
+}
+
+func (i *ipv4Wrapper) SetReadDeadline(t time.Time) error {
+	return i.ipv4Conn.SetReadDeadline(t)
+}
+
+func (i *ipv4Wrapper) SetWriteDeadline(t time.Time) error {
+	return i.ipv4Conn.SetWriteDeadline(t)
+}

internal/pmtud/check.go

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+package pmtud
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"golang.org/x/net/icmp"
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrICMPNextHopMTUTooLow  = errors.New("ICMP Next Hop MTU is too low")
+	ErrICMPNextHopMTUTooHigh = errors.New("ICMP Next Hop MTU is too high")
+)
+
+func checkMTU(mtu, minMTU, physicalLinkMTU int) (err error) {
+	switch {
+	case mtu < minMTU:
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %d", ErrICMPNextHopMTUTooLow, mtu)
+	case mtu > physicalLinkMTU:
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %d is larger than physical link MTU %d",
+			ErrICMPNextHopMTUTooHigh, mtu, physicalLinkMTU)
+	default:
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+func checkInvokingReplyIDMatch(icmpProtocol int, received []byte,
+	outboundMessage *icmp.Message,
+) (match bool, err error) {
+	inboundMessage, err := icmp.ParseMessage(icmpProtocol, received)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("parsing invoking packet: %w", err)
+	}
+	inboundBody, ok := inboundMessage.Body.(*icmp.Echo)
+	if !ok {
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("%w: %T", ErrICMPBodyUnsupported, inboundMessage.Body)
+	}
+	outboundBody := outboundMessage.Body.(*icmp.Echo) //nolint:forcetypeassert
+	return inboundBody.ID == outboundBody.ID, nil
+}
+
+var ErrICMPIDMismatch = errors.New("ICMP id mismatch")
+
+func checkEchoReply(icmpProtocol int, received []byte,
+	outboundMessage *icmp.Message, truncatedBody bool,
+) (err error) {
+	inboundMessage, err := icmp.ParseMessage(icmpProtocol, received)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("parsing invoking packet: %w", err)
+	}
+	inboundBody, ok := inboundMessage.Body.(*icmp.Echo)
+	if !ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %T", ErrICMPBodyUnsupported, inboundMessage.Body)
+	}
+	outboundBody := outboundMessage.Body.(*icmp.Echo) //nolint:forcetypeassert
+	if inboundBody.ID != outboundBody.ID {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: sent id %d and received id %d",
+			ErrICMPIDMismatch, outboundBody.ID, inboundBody.ID)
+	}
+	err = checkEchoBodies(outboundBody.Data, inboundBody.Data, truncatedBody)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("checking sent and received bodies: %w", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+var ErrICMPEchoDataMismatch = errors.New("ICMP data mismatch")
+
+func checkEchoBodies(sent, received []byte, receivedTruncated bool) (err error) {
+	if len(received) > len(sent) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: sent %d bytes and received %d bytes",
+			ErrICMPEchoDataMismatch, len(sent), len(received))
+	}
+	if receivedTruncated {
+		sent = sent[:len(received)]
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(received, sent) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: sent %x and received %x",
+			ErrICMPEchoDataMismatch, sent, received)
+	}
+	return nil
+}

internal/pmtud/df.go

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//go:build !linux && !windows
+
+package pmtud
+
+// setDontFragment for platforms other than Linux and Windows
+// is not implemented, so we just return assuming the don't
+// fragment flag is set on IP packets.
+func setDontFragment(fd uintptr) (err error) {
+	return nil
+}

internal/pmtud/df_linux.go

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//go:build linux
+
+package pmtud
+
+import (
+	"syscall"
+)
+
+func setDontFragment(fd uintptr) (err error) {
+	return syscall.SetsockoptInt(int(fd), syscall.IPPROTO_IP,
+		syscall.IP_MTU_DISCOVER, syscall.IP_PMTUDISC_PROBE)
+}

internal/pmtud/df_windows.go

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+//go:build windows
+
+package pmtud
+
+import (
+	"syscall"
+)
+
+func setDontFragment(fd uintptr) (err error) {
+	// https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/troubleshoot/windows/win32/header-library-requirement-socket-ipproto-ip
+	// #define IP_DONTFRAGMENT        14     /* don't fragment IP datagrams */
+	return syscall.SetsockoptInt(syscall.Handle(fd), syscall.IPPROTO_IP, 14, 1)
+}

internal/pmtud/errors.go

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+package pmtud
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"net"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrICMPNotPermitted                            = errors.New("ICMP not permitted")
+	ErrICMPDestinationUnreachable                  = errors.New("ICMP destination unreachable")
+	ErrICMPCommunicationAdministrativelyProhibited = errors.New("communication administratively prohibited")
+	ErrICMPBodyUnsupported                         = errors.New("ICMP body type is not supported")
+)
+
+func wrapConnErr(err error, timedCtx context.Context, pingTimeout time.Duration) error { //nolint:revive
+	switch {
+	case strings.HasSuffix(err.Error(), "sendto: operation not permitted"):
+		err = fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrICMPNotPermitted)
+	case errors.Is(timedCtx.Err(), context.DeadlineExceeded):
+		err = fmt.Errorf("%w (timed out after %s)", net.ErrClosed, pingTimeout)
+	case timedCtx.Err() != nil:
+		err = timedCtx.Err()
+	}
+	return err
+}

internal/pmtud/interfaces.go

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+package pmtud
+
+type Logger interface {
+	Debug(msg string)
+	Debugf(msg string, args ...any)
+	Warnf(msg string, args ...any)
+}

internal/pmtud/ipv4.go

@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+package pmtud
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+	"net"
+	"net/netip"
+	"runtime"
+	"strings"
+	"syscall"
+	"time"
+
+	"golang.org/x/net/icmp"
+	"golang.org/x/net/ipv4"
+)
+
+const (
+	// see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_transmission_unit#MTUs_for_common_media
+	minIPv4MTU     = 68
+	icmpv4Protocol = 1
+)
+
+func listenICMPv4(ctx context.Context) (conn net.PacketConn, err error) {
+	var listenConfig net.ListenConfig
+	listenConfig.Control = func(_, _ string, rawConn syscall.RawConn) error {
+		var setDFErr error
+		err := rawConn.Control(func(fd uintptr) {
+			setDFErr = setDontFragment(fd) // runs when calling ListenPacket
+		})
+		if err == nil {
+			err = setDFErr
+		}
+		return err
+	}
+
+	const listenAddress = ""
+	packetConn, err := listenConfig.ListenPacket(ctx, "ip4:icmp", listenAddress)
+	if err != nil {
+		if strings.HasSuffix(err.Error(), "socket: operation not permitted") {
+			err = fmt.Errorf("%w: you can try adding NET_RAW capability to resolve this", ErrICMPNotPermitted)
+		}
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if runtime.GOOS == "darwin" || runtime.GOOS == "ios" {
+		packetConn = ipv4ToNetPacketConn(ipv4.NewPacketConn(packetConn))
+	}
+
+	return packetConn, nil
+}
+
+func findIPv4NextHopMTU(ctx context.Context, ip netip.Addr,
+	physicalLinkMTU int, pingTimeout time.Duration, logger Logger,
+) (mtu int, err error) {
+	if ip.Is6() {
+		panic("IP address is not v4")
+	}
+	conn, err := listenICMPv4(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("listening for ICMP packets: %w", err)
+	}
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, pingTimeout)
+	defer cancel()
+	go func() {
+		<-ctx.Done()
+		conn.Close()
+	}()
+
+	// First try to send a packet which is too big to get the maximum MTU
+	// directly.
+	outboundID, outboundMessage := buildMessageToSend("v4", physicalLinkMTU)
+	encodedMessage, err := outboundMessage.Marshal(nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("encoding ICMP message: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = conn.WriteTo(encodedMessage, &net.IPAddr{IP: ip.AsSlice()})
+	if err != nil {
+		err = wrapConnErr(err, ctx, pingTimeout)
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("writing ICMP message: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	buffer := make([]byte, physicalLinkMTU)
+
+	for { // for loop in case we read an echo reply for another ICMP request
+		// Note we need to read the whole packet in one call to ReadFrom, so the buffer
+		// must be large enough to read the entire reply packet. See:
+		// https://groups.google.com/g/golang-nuts/c/5dy2Q4nPs08/m/KmuSQAGEtG4J
+		bytesRead, _, err := conn.ReadFrom(buffer)
+		if err != nil {
+			err = wrapConnErr(err, ctx, pingTimeout)
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("reading from ICMP connection: %w", err)
+		}
+		packetBytes := buffer[:bytesRead]
+		// Side note: echo reply should be at most the number of bytes
+		// sent, and can be lower, more precisely 576-ipHeader bytes,
+		// in case the next hop we are reaching replies with a destination
+		// unreachable and wants to ensure the response makes it way back
+		// by keeping a low packet size, see:
+		// https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1122#page-59
+
+		inboundMessage, err := icmp.ParseMessage(icmpv4Protocol, packetBytes)
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("parsing message: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		switch typedBody := inboundMessage.Body.(type) {
+		case *icmp.DstUnreach:
+			const fragmentationRequiredAndDFFlagSetCode = 4
+			const communicationAdministrativelyProhibitedCode = 13
+			switch inboundMessage.Code {
+			case fragmentationRequiredAndDFFlagSetCode:
+			case communicationAdministrativelyProhibitedCode:
+				return 0, fmt.Errorf("%w: %w (code %d)",
+					ErrICMPDestinationUnreachable,
+					ErrICMPCommunicationAdministrativelyProhibited,
+					inboundMessage.Code)
+			default:
+				return 0, fmt.Errorf("%w: code %d",
+					ErrICMPDestinationUnreachable, inboundMessage.Code)
+			}
+
+			// See https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1191#section-4
+			// Note: the go library does not handle this NextHopMTU section.
+			nextHopMTU := packetBytes[6:8]
+			mtu = int(binary.BigEndian.Uint16(nextHopMTU))
+			err = checkMTU(mtu, minIPv4MTU, physicalLinkMTU)
+			if err != nil {
+				return 0, fmt.Errorf("checking next-hop-mtu found: %w", err)
+			}
+
+			// The code below is really for sanity checks
+			packetBytes = packetBytes[8:]
+			header, err := ipv4.ParseHeader(packetBytes)
+			if err != nil {
+				return 0, fmt.Errorf("parsing IPv4 header: %w", err)
+			}
+			packetBytes = packetBytes[header.Len:] // truncated original datagram
+
+			const truncated = true
+			err = checkEchoReply(icmpv4Protocol, packetBytes, outboundMessage, truncated)
+			if err != nil {
+				return 0, fmt.Errorf("checking echo reply: %w", err)
+			}
+			return mtu, nil
+		case *icmp.Echo:
+			inboundID := uint16(typedBody.ID) //nolint:gosec
+			if inboundID == outboundID {
+				return physicalLinkMTU, nil
+			}
+			logger.Debugf("discarding received ICMP echo reply with id %d mismatching sent id %d",
+				inboundID, outboundID)
+			continue
+		default:
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("%w: %T", ErrICMPBodyUnsupported, typedBody)
+		}
+	}
+}

internal/pmtud/ipv6.go

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+package pmtud
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"net"
+	"net/netip"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"golang.org/x/net/icmp"
+	"golang.org/x/net/ipv6"
+)
+
+const (
+	minIPv6MTU     = 1280
+	icmpv6Protocol = 58
+)
+
+func listenICMPv6(ctx context.Context) (conn net.PacketConn, err error) {
+	var listenConfig net.ListenConfig
+	const listenAddress = ""
+	packetConn, err := listenConfig.ListenPacket(ctx, "ip6:ipv6-icmp", listenAddress)
+	if err != nil {
+		if strings.HasSuffix(err.Error(), "socket: operation not permitted") {
+			err = fmt.Errorf("%w: you can try adding NET_RAW capability to resolve this", ErrICMPNotPermitted)
+		}
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return packetConn, nil
+}
+
+func getIPv6PacketTooBig(ctx context.Context, ip netip.Addr,
+	physicalLinkMTU int, pingTimeout time.Duration, logger Logger,
+) (mtu int, err error) {
+	if ip.Is4() {
+		panic("IP address is not v6")
+	}
+	conn, err := listenICMPv6(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("listening for ICMP packets: %w", err)
+	}
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, pingTimeout)
+	defer cancel()
+	go func() {
+		<-ctx.Done()
+		conn.Close()
+	}()
+
+	// First try to send a packet which is too big to get the maximum MTU
+	// directly.
+	outboundID, outboundMessage := buildMessageToSend("v6", physicalLinkMTU)
+	encodedMessage, err := outboundMessage.Marshal(nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("encoding ICMP message: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = conn.WriteTo(encodedMessage, &net.IPAddr{IP: ip.AsSlice(), Zone: ip.Zone()})
+	if err != nil {
+		err = wrapConnErr(err, ctx, pingTimeout)
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("writing ICMP message: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	buffer := make([]byte, physicalLinkMTU)
+
+	for { // for loop if we encounter another ICMP packet with an unknown id.
+		// Note we need to read the whole packet in one call to ReadFrom, so the buffer
+		// must be large enough to read the entire reply packet. See:
+		// https://groups.google.com/g/golang-nuts/c/5dy2Q4nPs08/m/KmuSQAGEtG4J
+		bytesRead, _, err := conn.ReadFrom(buffer)
+		if err != nil {
+			err = wrapConnErr(err, ctx, pingTimeout)
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("reading from ICMP connection: %w", err)
+		}
+		packetBytes := buffer[:bytesRead]
+
+		packetBytes = packetBytes[ipv6.HeaderLen:]
+
+		inboundMessage, err := icmp.ParseMessage(icmpv6Protocol, packetBytes)
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("parsing message: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		switch typedBody := inboundMessage.Body.(type) {
+		case *icmp.PacketTooBig:
+			// https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1885#section-3.2
+			mtu = typedBody.MTU
+			err = checkMTU(mtu, minIPv6MTU, physicalLinkMTU)
+			if err != nil {
+				return 0, fmt.Errorf("checking MTU: %w", err)
+			}
+
+			// Sanity checks
+			const truncatedBody = true
+			err = checkEchoReply(icmpv6Protocol, typedBody.Data, outboundMessage, truncatedBody)
+			if err != nil {
+				return 0, fmt.Errorf("checking invoking message: %w", err)
+			}
+			return typedBody.MTU, nil
+		case *icmp.DstUnreach:
+			// https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1885#section-3.1
+			idMatch, err := checkInvokingReplyIDMatch(icmpv6Protocol, packetBytes, outboundMessage)
+			if err != nil {
+				return 0, fmt.Errorf("checking invoking message id: %w", err)
+			} else if idMatch {
+				return 0, fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrICMPDestinationUnreachable)
+			}
+			logger.Debug("discarding received ICMP destination unreachable reply with an unknown id")
+			continue
+		case *icmp.Echo:
+			inboundID := uint16(typedBody.ID) //nolint:gosec
+			if inboundID == outboundID {
+				return physicalLinkMTU, nil
+			}
+			logger.Debugf("discarding received ICMP echo reply with id %d mismatching sent id %d",
+				inboundID, outboundID)
+			continue
+		default:
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("%w: %T", ErrICMPBodyUnsupported, typedBody)
+		}
+	}
+}

internal/pmtud/message.go

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+package pmtud
+
+import (
+	cryptorand "crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/rand/v2"
+
+	"golang.org/x/net/icmp"
+	"golang.org/x/net/ipv4"
+	"golang.org/x/net/ipv6"
+)
+
+func buildMessageToSend(ipVersion string, mtu int) (id uint16, message *icmp.Message) {
+	var seed [32]byte
+	_, _ = cryptorand.Read(seed[:])
+	randomSource := rand.NewChaCha8(seed)
+
+	const uint16Bytes = 2
+	idBytes := make([]byte, uint16Bytes)
+	_, _ = randomSource.Read(idBytes)
+	id = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(idBytes)
+
+	var ipHeaderLength int
+	var icmpType icmp.Type
+	switch ipVersion {
+	case "v4":
+		ipHeaderLength = ipv4.HeaderLen
+		icmpType = ipv4.ICMPTypeEcho
+	case "v6":
+		ipHeaderLength = ipv6.HeaderLen
+		icmpType = ipv6.ICMPTypeEchoRequest
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("IP version %q not supported", ipVersion))
+	}
+	const pingHeaderLength = 0 +
+		1 + // type
+		1 + // code
+		2 + // checksum
+		2 + // identifier
+		2 // sequence number
+	pingBodyDataSize := mtu - ipHeaderLength - pingHeaderLength
+	messageBodyData := make([]byte, pingBodyDataSize)
+	_, _ = randomSource.Read(messageBodyData)
+
+	// See https://www.iana.org/assignments/icmp-parameters/icmp-parameters.xhtml#icmp-parameters-types
+	message = &icmp.Message{
+		Type:     icmpType, // echo request
+		Code:     0,        // no code
+		Checksum: 0,        // calculated at encoding (ipv4) or sending (ipv6)
+		Body: &icmp.Echo{
+			ID:   int(id),
+			Seq:  0, // only one packet
+			Data: messageBodyData,
+		},
+	}
+	return id, message
+}

internal/pmtud/nooplogger.go

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+package pmtud
+
+type noopLogger struct{}
+
+func (noopLogger) Debug(_ string)            {}
+func (noopLogger) Debugf(_ string, _ ...any) {}
+func (noopLogger) Warnf(_ string, _ ...any)  {}

internal/pmtud/pmtud.go

@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+package pmtud
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
+	"net"
+	"net/netip"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"golang.org/x/net/icmp"
+)
+
+var ErrMTUNotFound = errors.New("path MTU discovery failed to find MTU")
+
+// PathMTUDiscover discovers the maximum MTU for the path to the given ip address.
+// If the physicalLinkMTU is zero, it defaults to 1500 which is the ethernet standard MTU.
+// If the pingTimeout is zero, it defaults to 1 second.
+// If the logger is nil, a no-op logger is used.
+// It returns [ErrMTUNotFound] if the MTU could not be determined.
+func PathMTUDiscover(ctx context.Context, ip netip.Addr,
+	physicalLinkMTU int, pingTimeout time.Duration, logger Logger) (
+	mtu int, err error,
+) {
+	if physicalLinkMTU == 0 {
+		const ethernetStandardMTU = 1500
+		physicalLinkMTU = ethernetStandardMTU
+	}
+	if pingTimeout == 0 {
+		pingTimeout = time.Second
+	}
+	if logger == nil {
+		logger = &noopLogger{}
+	}
+
+	if ip.Is4() {
+		logger.Debug("finding IPv4 next hop MTU")
+		mtu, err = findIPv4NextHopMTU(ctx, ip, physicalLinkMTU, pingTimeout, logger)
+		switch {
+		case err == nil:
+			return mtu, nil
+		case errors.Is(err, net.ErrClosed) || errors.Is(err, ErrICMPCommunicationAdministrativelyProhibited): // blackhole
+		default:
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("finding IPv4 next hop MTU: %w", err)
+		}
+	} else {
+		logger.Debug("requesting IPv6 ICMP packet-too-big reply")
+		mtu, err = getIPv6PacketTooBig(ctx, ip, physicalLinkMTU, pingTimeout, logger)
+		switch {
+		case err == nil:
+			return mtu, nil
+		case errors.Is(err, net.ErrClosed): // blackhole
+		default:
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("getting IPv6 packet-too-big message: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Fall back method: send echo requests with different packet
+	// sizes and check which ones succeed to find the maximum MTU.
+	logger.Debug("falling back to sending different sized echo packets")
+	minMTU := minIPv4MTU
+	if ip.Is6() {
+		minMTU = minIPv6MTU
+	}
+	return pmtudMultiSizes(ctx, ip, minMTU, physicalLinkMTU, pingTimeout, logger)
+}
+
+type pmtudTestUnit struct {
+	mtu       int
+	echoID    uint16
+	sentBytes int
+	ok        bool
+}
+
+func pmtudMultiSizes(ctx context.Context, ip netip.Addr,
+	minMTU, maxPossibleMTU int, pingTimeout time.Duration,
+	logger Logger,
+) (maxMTU int, err error) {
+	var ipVersion string
+	var conn net.PacketConn
+	if ip.Is4() {
+		ipVersion = "v4"
+		conn, err = listenICMPv4(ctx)
+	} else {
+		ipVersion = "v6"
+		conn, err = listenICMPv6(ctx)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		if strings.HasSuffix(err.Error(), "socket: operation not permitted") {
+			err = fmt.Errorf("%w: you can try adding NET_RAW capability to resolve this", ErrICMPNotPermitted)
+		}
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("listening for ICMP packets: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	mtusToTest := makeMTUsToTest(minMTU, maxPossibleMTU)
+	if len(mtusToTest) == 1 { // only minMTU because minMTU == maxPossibleMTU
+		return minMTU, nil
+	}
+	logger.Debugf("testing the following MTUs: %v", mtusToTest)
+
+	tests := make([]pmtudTestUnit, len(mtusToTest))
+	for i := range mtusToTest {
+		tests[i] = pmtudTestUnit{mtu: mtusToTest[i]}
+	}
+
+	timedCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, pingTimeout)
+	defer cancel()
+	go func() {
+		<-timedCtx.Done()
+		conn.Close()
+	}()
+
+	for i := range tests {
+		id, message := buildMessageToSend(ipVersion, tests[i].mtu)
+		tests[i].echoID = id
+
+		encodedMessage, err := message.Marshal(nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("encoding ICMP message: %w", err)
+		}
+		tests[i].sentBytes = len(encodedMessage)
+
+		_, err = conn.WriteTo(encodedMessage, &net.IPAddr{IP: ip.AsSlice()})
+		if err != nil {
+			if strings.HasSuffix(err.Error(), "sendto: operation not permitted") {
+				err = fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrICMPNotPermitted)
+			}
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("writing ICMP message: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	err = collectReplies(conn, ipVersion, tests, logger)
+	switch {
+	case err == nil: // max possible MTU is working
+		return tests[len(tests)-1].mtu, nil
+	case err != nil && errors.Is(err, net.ErrClosed):
+		// we have timeouts (IPv4 testing or IPv6 PMTUD blackholes)
+		// so find the highest MTU which worked.
+		// Note we start from index len(tests) - 2 since the max MTU
+		// cannot be working if we had a timeout.
+		for i := len(tests) - 2; i >= 0; i-- { //nolint:mnd
+			if tests[i].ok {
+				return pmtudMultiSizes(ctx, ip, tests[i].mtu, tests[i+1].mtu-1,
+					pingTimeout, logger)
+			}
+		}
+
+		// All MTUs failed.
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("%w: ICMP might be blocked", ErrMTUNotFound)
+	case err != nil:
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("collecting ICMP echo replies: %w", err)
+	default:
+		panic("unreachable")
+	}
+}
+
+// Create the MTU slice of length 11 such that:
+// - the first element is the minMTU
+// - the last element is the maxMTU
+// - elements in-between are separated as close to each other
+// The number 11 is chosen to find the final MTU in 3 searches,
+// with a total search space of 1728 MTUs which is enough;
+// to find it in 2 searches requires 37 parallel queries which
+// could be blocked by firewalls.
+func makeMTUsToTest(minMTU, maxMTU int) (mtus []int) {
+	const mtusLength = 11 // find the final MTU in 3 searches
+	diff := maxMTU - minMTU
+	switch {
+	case minMTU > maxMTU:
+		panic("minMTU > maxMTU")
+	case diff <= mtusLength:
+		mtus = make([]int, 0, diff)
+		for mtu := minMTU; mtu <= maxMTU; mtu++ {
+			mtus = append(mtus, mtu)
+		}
+	default:
+		step := float64(diff) / float64(mtusLength-1)
+		mtus = make([]int, 0, mtusLength)
+		for mtu := float64(minMTU); len(mtus) < mtusLength-1; mtu += step {
+			mtus = append(mtus, int(math.Round(mtu)))
+		}
+		mtus = append(mtus, maxMTU) // last element is the maxMTU
+	}
+
+	return mtus
+}
+
+func collectReplies(conn net.PacketConn, ipVersion string,
+	tests []pmtudTestUnit, logger Logger,
+) (err error) {
+	echoIDToTestIndex := make(map[uint16]int, len(tests))
+	for i, test := range tests {
+		echoIDToTestIndex[test.echoID] = i
+	}
+
+	// The theoretical limit is 4GiB for IPv6 MTU path discovery jumbograms, but that would
+	// create huge buffers which we don't really want to support anyway.
+	// The standard frame maximum MTU is 1500 bytes, and there are Jumbo frames with
+	// a conventional maximum of 9000 bytes. However, some manufacturers support up
+	// 9216-20 = 9196 bytes for the maximum MTU. We thus use buffers of size 9196 to
+	// match eventual Jumbo frames. More information at:
+	// https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_transmission_unit#MTUs_for_common_media
+	const maxPossibleMTU = 9196
+	buffer := make([]byte, maxPossibleMTU)
+
+	idsFound := 0
+	for idsFound < len(tests) {
+		// Note we need to read the whole packet in one call to ReadFrom, so the buffer
+		// must be large enough to read the entire reply packet. See:
+		// https://groups.google.com/g/golang-nuts/c/5dy2Q4nPs08/m/KmuSQAGEtG4J
+		bytesRead, _, err := conn.ReadFrom(buffer)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("reading from ICMP connection: %w", err)
+		}
+		packetBytes := buffer[:bytesRead]
+
+		ipPacketLength := len(packetBytes)
+
+		var icmpProtocol int
+		switch ipVersion {
+		case "v4":
+			icmpProtocol = icmpv4Protocol
+		case "v6":
+			icmpProtocol = icmpv6Protocol
+		default:
+			panic(fmt.Sprintf("unknown IP version: %s", ipVersion))
+		}
+
+		// Parse the ICMP message
+		// Note: this parsing works for a truncated 556 bytes ICMP reply packet.
+		message, err := icmp.ParseMessage(icmpProtocol, packetBytes)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("parsing message: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		echoBody, ok := message.Body.(*icmp.Echo)
+		if !ok {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %T", ErrICMPBodyUnsupported, message.Body)
+		}
+
+		id := uint16(echoBody.ID) //nolint:gosec
+		testIndex, testing := echoIDToTestIndex[id]
+		if !testing { // not an id we expected so ignore it
+			logger.Warnf("ignoring ICMP reply with unexpected ID %d (type: %d, code: %d, length: %d)",
+				echoBody.ID, message.Type, message.Code, ipPacketLength)
+			continue
+		}
+		idsFound++
+		sentBytes := tests[testIndex].sentBytes
+
+		// echo reply should be at most the number of bytes sent,
+		// and can be lower, more precisely 556 bytes, in case
+		// the host we are reaching wants to stay out of trouble
+		// and ensure its echo reply goes through without
+		// fragmentation, see the following page:
+		// https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1122#page-59
+		const conservativeReplyLength = 556
+		truncated := ipPacketLength < sentBytes &&
+			ipPacketLength == conservativeReplyLength
+		// Check the packet size is the same if the reply is not truncated
+		if !truncated && sentBytes != ipPacketLength {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: sent %dB and received %dB",
+				ErrICMPEchoDataMismatch, sentBytes, ipPacketLength)
+		}
+		// Truncated reply or matching reply size
+		tests[testIndex].ok = true
+	}
+	return nil
+}

internal/pmtud/pmtud_integration_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+//go:build integration
+
+package pmtud
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"net/netip"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func Test_PathMTUDiscover(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	const physicalLinkMTU = 1500
+	const timeout = time.Second
+	mtu, err := PathMTUDiscover(context.Background(), netip.MustParseAddr("1.1.1.1"),
+		physicalLinkMTU, timeout, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	t.Log("MTU found:", mtu)
+}

internal/pmtud/pmtud_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+package pmtud
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func Test_makeMTUsToTest(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	testCases := map[string]struct {
+		minMTU int
+		maxMTU int
+		mtus   []int
+	}{
+		"0_0": {
+			mtus: []int{0},
+		},
+		"0_1": {
+			maxMTU: 1,
+			mtus:   []int{0, 1},
+		},
+		"0_8": {
+			maxMTU: 8,
+			mtus:   []int{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8},
+		},
+		"0_12": {
+			maxMTU: 12,
+			mtus:   []int{0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12},
+		},
+		"0_80": {
+			maxMTU: 80,
+			mtus:   []int{0, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72, 80},
+		},
+		"0_100": {
+			maxMTU: 100,
+			mtus:   []int{0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100},
+		},
+		"1280_1500": {
+			minMTU: 1280,
+			maxMTU: 1500,
+			mtus:   []int{1280, 1302, 1324, 1346, 1368, 1390, 1412, 1434, 1456, 1478, 1500},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for name, testCase := range testCases {
+		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			mtus := makeMTUsToTest(testCase.minMTU, testCase.maxMTU)
+			assert.Equal(t, testCase.mtus, mtus)
+		})
+	}
+}

internal/provider/cyberghost/provider.go

@@ -15,12 +15,12 @@ type Provider struct {
 }
 
 func New(storage common.Storage, randSource rand.Source,
-	parallelResolver common.ParallelResolver,
+	updaterWarner common.Warner, parallelResolver common.ParallelResolver,
 ) *Provider {
 	return &Provider{
 		storage:    storage,
 		randSource: randSource,
-		Fetcher:    updater.New(parallelResolver),
+		Fetcher:    updater.New(parallelResolver, updaterWarner),
 	}
 }
 

internal/provider/cyberghost/updater/servers.go

@@ -16,7 +16,10 @@ func (u *Updater) FetchServers(ctx context.Context, minServers int) (
 
 	possibleHosts := possibleServers.hostsSlice()
 	resolveSettings := parallelResolverSettings(possibleHosts)
-	hostToIPs, _, err := u.parallelResolver.Resolve(ctx, resolveSettings)
+	hostToIPs, warnings, err := u.parallelResolver.Resolve(ctx, resolveSettings)
+	for _, warning := range warnings {
+		u.warner.Warn(warning)
+	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

internal/provider/cyberghost/updater/updater.go

@@ -6,10 +6,12 @@ import (
 
 type Updater struct {
 	parallelResolver common.ParallelResolver
+	warner           common.Warner
 }
 
-func New(parallelResolver common.ParallelResolver) *Updater {
+func New(parallelResolver common.ParallelResolver, warner common.Warner) *Updater {
 	return &Updater{
 		parallelResolver: parallelResolver,
+		warner:           warner,
 	}
 }

internal/provider/providers.go

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ func NewProviders(storage Storage, timeNow func() time.Time,
 	providerNameToProvider := map[string]Provider{
 		providers.Airvpn:                airvpn.New(storage, randSource, client),
 		providers.Custom:                custom.New(extractor),
-		providers.Cyberghost:            cyberghost.New(storage, randSource, parallelResolver),
+		providers.Cyberghost:            cyberghost.New(storage, randSource, updaterWarner, parallelResolver),
 		providers.Expressvpn:            expressvpn.New(storage, randSource, unzipper, updaterWarner, parallelResolver),
 		providers.Fastestvpn:            fastestvpn.New(storage, randSource, client, updaterWarner, parallelResolver),
 		providers.Giganews:              giganews.New(storage, randSource, unzipper, updaterWarner, parallelResolver),

internal/server/logger.go

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ type infoWarner interface {
 
 type infoer interface {
 	Info(s string)
+	Infof(format string, args ...any)
 }
 
 type warner interface {

internal/server/middlewares/auth/configfile.go

@@ -13,9 +13,6 @@ import (
 func Read(filepath string) (settings Settings, err error) {
 	file, err := os.Open(filepath)
 	if err != nil {
-		if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
-			return Settings{}, nil
-		}
 		return settings, fmt.Errorf("opening file: %w", err)
 	}
 	decoder := toml.NewDecoder(file)

internal/server/server.go

@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@ package server
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"os"
 
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/httpserver"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
@@ -17,8 +19,12 @@ func New(ctx context.Context, address string, logEnabled bool, logger Logger,
 	server *httpserver.Server, err error,
 ) {
 	authSettings, err := auth.Read(authConfigPath)
-	if err != nil {
+	switch {
+	case errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist): // no auth file present
+	case err != nil:
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("reading auth settings: %w", err)
+	default:
+		logger.Infof("read %d roles from authentication file", len(authSettings.Roles))
 	}
 	authSettings.SetDefaults()
 	err = authSettings.Validate()

internal/vpn/interfaces.go

@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ type Linker interface {
 	LinkDel(link netlink.Link) (err error)
 	LinkSetUp(link netlink.Link) (linkIndex int, err error)
 	LinkSetDown(link netlink.Link) (err error)
+	LinkSetMTU(link netlink.Link, mtu int) (err error)
 }
 
 type DNSLoop interface {

internal/vpn/run.go

@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ func (l *Loop) Run(ctx context.Context, done chan<- struct{}) {
 			continue
 		}
 		tunnelUpData := tunnelUpData{
+			vpnType:        settings.Type,
 			serverIP:       connection.IP,
 			serverName:     connection.ServerName,
 			canPortForward: connection.PortForward,
@@ -56,14 +57,14 @@ func (l *Loop) Run(ctx context.Context, done chan<- struct{}) {
 			password:       settings.Provider.PortForwarding.Password,
 		}
 
-		openvpnCtx, openvpnCancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+		vpnCtx, vpnCancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
 		waitError := make(chan error)
 		tunnelReady := make(chan struct{})
 
-		go vpnRunner.Run(openvpnCtx, waitError, tunnelReady)
+		go vpnRunner.Run(vpnCtx, waitError, tunnelReady)
 
 		if err := l.waitForError(ctx, waitError); err != nil {
-			openvpnCancel()
+			vpnCancel()
 			l.crashed(ctx, err)
 			continue
 		}
@@ -75,10 +76,10 @@ func (l *Loop) Run(ctx context.Context, done chan<- struct{}) {
 		for stayHere {
 			select {
 			case <-tunnelReady:
-				go l.onTunnelUp(openvpnCtx, ctx, tunnelUpData)
+				go l.onTunnelUp(vpnCtx, ctx, tunnelUpData)
 			case <-ctx.Done():
 				l.cleanup()
-				openvpnCancel()
+				vpnCancel()
 				<-waitError
 				close(waitError)
 				return
@@ -86,7 +87,7 @@ func (l *Loop) Run(ctx context.Context, done chan<- struct{}) {
 				l.userTrigger = true
 				l.logger.Info("stopping")
 				l.cleanup()
-				openvpnCancel()
+				vpnCancel()
 				<-waitError
 				// do not close waitError or the waitError
 				// select case will trigger
@@ -99,7 +100,7 @@ func (l *Loop) Run(ctx context.Context, done chan<- struct{}) {
 				l.statusManager.Lock() // prevent SetStatus from running in parallel
 
 				l.cleanup()
-				openvpnCancel()
+				vpnCancel()
 				l.statusManager.SetStatus(constants.Crashed)
 				l.logAndWait(ctx, err)
 				stayHere = false
@@ -107,6 +108,6 @@ func (l *Loop) Run(ctx context.Context, done chan<- struct{}) {
 				l.statusManager.Unlock()
 			}
 		}
-		openvpnCancel()
+		vpnCancel()
 	}
 }

internal/vpn/tunnelup.go

@@ -2,16 +2,24 @@ package vpn
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 	"net/netip"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/qdm12/dns/v2/pkg/check"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/pmtud"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/version"
+	"github.com/qdm12/log"
 )
 
 type tunnelUpData struct {
 	// Healthcheck
 	serverIP netip.Addr
+	// vpnType is used for path MTU discovery to find the protocol overhead.
+	// It can be "wireguard" or "openvpn".
+	vpnType string
 	// Port forwarding
 	vpnIntf        string
 	serverName     string // used for PIA
@@ -46,7 +54,14 @@ func (l *Loop) onTunnelUp(ctx, loopCtx context.Context, data tunnelUpData) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	if *l.dnsLooper.GetSettings().DoT.Enabled {
+	mtuLogger := l.logger.New(log.SetComponent("MTU discovery"))
+	err = updateToMaxMTU(ctx, data.vpnIntf, data.vpnType,
+		l.netLinker, l.routing, mtuLogger)
+	if err != nil {
+		mtuLogger.Error(err.Error())
+	}
+
+	if *l.dnsLooper.GetSettings().ServerEnabled {
 		_, _ = l.dnsLooper.ApplyStatus(ctx, constants.Running)
 	} else {
 		err := check.WaitForDNS(ctx, check.Settings{})
@@ -112,3 +127,65 @@ func (l *Loop) restartVPN(ctx context.Context, healthErr error) {
 	_, _ = l.ApplyStatus(ctx, constants.Stopped)
 	_, _ = l.ApplyStatus(ctx, constants.Running)
 }
+
+var errVPNTypeUnknown = errors.New("unknown VPN type")
+
+func updateToMaxMTU(ctx context.Context, vpnInterface string,
+	vpnType string, netlinker NetLinker, routing Routing, logger *log.Logger,
+) error {
+	logger.Info("finding maximum MTU, this can take up to 4 seconds")
+
+	vpnGatewayIP, err := routing.VPNLocalGatewayIP(vpnInterface)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("getting VPN gateway IP address: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	link, err := netlinker.LinkByName(vpnInterface)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("getting VPN interface by name: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	originalMTU := link.MTU
+
+	// Note: no point testing for an MTU of 1500, it will never work due to the VPN
+	// protocol overhead, so start lower than 1500 according to the protocol used.
+	const physicalLinkMTU = 1500
+	vpnLinkMTU := physicalLinkMTU
+	switch vpnType {
+	case "wireguard":
+		vpnLinkMTU -= 60 // Wireguard overhead
+	case "openvpn":
+		vpnLinkMTU -= 41 // OpenVPN overhead
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %q", errVPNTypeUnknown, vpnType)
+	}
+
+	// Setting the VPN link MTU to 1500 might interrupt the connection until
+	// the new MTU is set again, but this is necessary to find the highest valid MTU.
+	logger.Debugf("VPN interface %s MTU temporarily set to %d", vpnInterface, vpnLinkMTU)
+
+	err = netlinker.LinkSetMTU(link, vpnLinkMTU)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("setting VPN interface %s MTU to %d: %w", vpnInterface, vpnLinkMTU, err)
+	}
+
+	const pingTimeout = time.Second
+	vpnLinkMTU, err = pmtud.PathMTUDiscover(ctx, vpnGatewayIP, vpnLinkMTU, pingTimeout, logger)
+	switch {
+	case err == nil:
+		logger.Infof("setting VPN interface %s MTU to maximum valid MTU %d", vpnInterface, vpnLinkMTU)
+	case errors.Is(err, pmtud.ErrMTUNotFound) || errors.Is(err, pmtud.ErrICMPNotPermitted):
+		vpnLinkMTU = int(originalMTU)
+		logger.Infof("reverting VPN interface %s MTU to %d (due to: %s)",
+			vpnInterface, originalMTU, err)
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("path MTU discovering: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	err = netlinker.LinkSetMTU(link, vpnLinkMTU)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("setting VPN interface %s MTU to %d: %w", vpnInterface, vpnLinkMTU, err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}

maintenance.md

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 # Maintenance
 
-- Rename `UNBLOCK` to `DNS_HOSTNAMES_UNBLOCKED`
 - Change `Run` methods to `Start`+`Stop`, returning channels rather than injecting them
 - Go 1.18
   - gofumpt