fix(health): use TCP dialing instead of ping

- `HEALTH_TARGET_ADDRESS` to replace `HEALTH_ADDRESS_TO_PING` - Remove `github.com/go-ping/ping` dependency - Dial TCP the target address, appending `:443` if port is not set
2022-03-21 20:38:55 +00:00
784 changed files with 86975 additions and 203195 deletions
--- a/.devcontainer/Dockerfile
+++ b/.devcontainer/Dockerfile
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 FROM qmcgaw/godevcontainer
-RUN apk add wireguard-tools htop openssl
+RUN apk add wireguard-tools
--- a/.devcontainer/README.md
+++ b/.devcontainer/README.md
@@ -9,21 +9,17 @@ It works on Linux, Windows and OSX.
 - [VS code](https://code.visualstudio.com/download) installed
 - [VS code remote containers extension](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=ms-vscode-remote.remote-containers) installed
 - [Docker](https://www.docker.com/products/docker-desktop) installed and running
+    - If you don't use Linux or WSL 2, share your home directory `~/` and the directory of your project with Docker Desktop
 - [Docker Compose](https://docs.docker.com/compose/install/) installed
+- Ensure your host has the following and that they are accessible by Docker:
+    - `~/.ssh` directory
+    - `~/.gitconfig` file (can be empty)

 ## Setup

-1. Create the following files on your host if you don't have them:
-
-    ```sh
-    touch ~/.gitconfig ~/.zsh_history
-    ```
-
-    Note that the development container will create the empty directories `~/.docker`, `~/.ssh` and `~/.kube` if you don't have them.
-
-1. **For Docker on OSX or Windows without WSL**: ensure your home directory `~` is accessible by Docker.
 1. Open the command palette in Visual Studio Code (CTRL+SHIFT+P).
 1. Select `Remote-Containers: Open Folder in Container...` and choose the project directory.
+1. For Docker running on Windows HyperV, if you want to use SSH keys, bind mount them at `/tmp/.ssh` by changing the `volumes` section in the [docker-compose.yml](docker-compose.yml).

 ## Customization

@@ -33,9 +29,13 @@ You can make changes to the [Dockerfile](Dockerfile) and then rebuild the image.

 ```Dockerfile
 FROM qmcgaw/godevcontainer
+USER root
 RUN apk add curl
+USER vscode
 ```

+Note that you may need to use `USER root` to build as root, and then change back to `USER vscode`.
+
 To rebuild the image, either:

 - With VSCode through the command palette, select `Remote-Containers: Rebuild and reopen in container`
@@ -47,11 +47,11 @@ You can customize **settings** and **extensions** in the [devcontainer.json](dev

 ### Entrypoint script

-You can bind mount a shell script to `/root/.welcome.sh` to replace the [current welcome script](https://github.com/qdm12/godevcontainer/blob/master/shell/.welcome.sh).
+You can bind mount a shell script to `/home/vscode/.welcome.sh` to replace the [current welcome script](shell/.welcome.sh).

 ### Publish a port

-To access a port from your host to your development container, publish a port in [docker-compose.yml](docker-compose.yml). You can also now do it directly with VSCode without restarting the container.
+To access a port from your host to your development container, publish a port in [docker-compose.yml](docker-compose.yml).

 ### Run other services

--- a/.devcontainer/devcontainer.json
+++ b/.devcontainer/devcontainer.json
@@ -1,73 +1,81 @@
-{
-    "name": "gluetun-dev",
-    "dockerComposeFile": [
-        "docker-compose.yml"
-    ],
-    "service": "vscode",
-    "runServices": [
-        "vscode"
-    ],
-    "shutdownAction": "stopCompose",
-    "postCreateCommand": "~/.windows.sh && go mod download && go mod tidy",
-    "workspaceFolder": "/workspace",
-    // "overrideCommand": "",
-    "customizations": {
-        "vscode": {
-            "extensions": [
-                "golang.go",
-                "eamodio.gitlens", // IDE Git information
-                "davidanson.vscode-markdownlint",
-                "ms-azuretools.vscode-docker", // Docker integration and linting
-                "shardulm94.trailing-spaces", // Show trailing spaces
-                "Gruntfuggly.todo-tree", // Highlights TODO comments
-                "bierner.emojisense", // Emoji sense for markdown
-                "stkb.rewrap", // rewrap comments after n characters on one line
-                "vscode-icons-team.vscode-icons", // Better file extension icons
-                "github.vscode-pull-request-github", // Github interaction
-                "redhat.vscode-yaml", // Kubernetes, Drone syntax highlighting
-                "bajdzis.vscode-database", // Supports connections to mysql or postgres, over SSL, socked
-                "IBM.output-colorizer", // Colorize your output/test logs
-                "github.copilot" // AI code completion
-            ],
-            "settings": {
-                "files.eol": "\n",
-                "remote.extensionKind": {
-                    "ms-azuretools.vscode-docker": "workspace"
-                },
-                "go.useLanguageServer": true,
-                "[go]": {
-                    "editor.codeActionsOnSave": {
-                        "source.organizeImports": true
-                    }
-                },
-                "[go.mod]": {
-                    "editor.codeActionsOnSave": {
-                        "source.organizeImports": true
-                    }
-                },
-                "gopls": {
-                    "usePlaceholders": false,
-                    "staticcheck": true
-                },
-                "go.lintTool": "golangci-lint",
-                "go.lintOnSave": "package",
-                "editor.formatOnSave": true,
-                "go.buildTags": "linux",
-                "go.toolsEnvVars": {
-                    "CGO_ENABLED": "0"
-                },
-                "go.testEnvVars": {
-                    "CGO_ENABLED": "1"
-                },
-                "go.testFlags": [
-                    "-v",
-                    "-race"
-                ],
-                "go.testTimeout": "10s",
-                "go.coverOnSingleTest": true,
-                "go.coverOnSingleTestFile": true,
-                "go.coverOnTestPackage": true
-            }
-        }
-    }
+{
+    "name": "gluetun-dev",
+    "dockerComposeFile": [
+        "docker-compose.yml"
+    ],
+    "service": "vscode",
+    "runServices": [
+        "vscode"
+    ],
+    "shutdownAction": "stopCompose",
+    "postCreateCommand": "~/.windows.sh && go mod download && go mod tidy",
+    "workspaceFolder": "/workspace",
+    "extensions": [
+        "golang.go",
+        "eamodio.gitlens", // IDE Git information
+        "davidanson.vscode-markdownlint",
+        "ms-azuretools.vscode-docker", // Docker integration and linting
+        "shardulm94.trailing-spaces", // Show trailing spaces
+        "Gruntfuggly.todo-tree", // Highlights TODO comments
+        "bierner.emojisense", // Emoji sense for markdown
+        "stkb.rewrap", // rewrap comments after n characters on one line
+        "vscode-icons-team.vscode-icons", // Better file extension icons
+        "github.vscode-pull-request-github", // Github interaction
+        "redhat.vscode-yaml", // Kubernetes, Drone syntax highlighting
+        "bajdzis.vscode-database", // Supports connections to mysql or postgres, over SSL, socked
+        "IBM.output-colorizer", // Colorize your output/test logs
+        "mohsen1.prettify-json", // Prettify JSON data
+    ],
+    "settings": {
+        "files.eol": "\n",
+        "remote.extensionKind": {
+            "ms-azuretools.vscode-docker": "workspace"
+        },
+        "editor.codeActionsOnSaveTimeout": 3000,
+        "go.useLanguageServer": true,
+        "[go]": {
+            "editor.formatOnSave": true,
+            "editor.codeActionsOnSave": {
+                "source.organizeImports": true,
+            },
+            // Optional: Disable snippets, as they conflict with completion ranking.
+            "editor.snippetSuggestions": "none"
+        },
+        "[go.mod]": {
+            "editor.formatOnSave": true,
+            "editor.codeActionsOnSave": {
+                "source.organizeImports": true,
+            },
+        },
+        "gopls": {
+            "usePlaceholders": false,
+            "staticcheck": true
+        },
+        "go.autocompleteUnimportedPackages": true,
+        "go.gotoSymbol.includeImports": true,
+        "go.gotoSymbol.includeGoroot": true,
+        "go.lintTool": "golangci-lint",
+        "go.buildOnSave": "workspace",
+        "go.lintOnSave": "workspace",
+        "go.vetOnSave": "workspace",
+        "editor.formatOnSave": true,
+        "go.toolsEnvVars": {
+            "GOFLAGS": "-tags=",
+            // "CGO_ENABLED": 1 // for the race detector
+        },
+        "gopls.env": {
+            "GOFLAGS": "-tags="
+        },
+        "go.testEnvVars": {
+            "": ""
+        },
+        "go.testFlags": [
+            "-v",
+            // "-race"
+        ],
+        "go.testTimeout": "10s",
+        "go.coverOnSingleTest": true,
+        "go.coverOnSingleTestFile": true,
+        "go.coverOnTestPackage": true
+    }
 }
--- a/.devcontainer/docker-compose.yml
+++ b/.devcontainer/docker-compose.yml
@@ -1,28 +1,33 @@
-version: "3.7"
-
-services:
-  vscode:
-    build: .
-    volumes:
-      - ../:/workspace
-      # Docker socket to access Docker server
-      - /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock
-      # SSH directory for Linux, OSX and WSL
-      # On Linux and OSX, a symlink /mnt/ssh <-> ~/.ssh is
-      # created in the container. On Windows, files are copied
-      # from /mnt/ssh to ~/.ssh to fix permissions.
-      - ~/.ssh:/mnt/ssh
-      # Shell history persistence
-      - ~/.zsh_history:/root/.zsh_history
-      # Git config
-      - ~/.gitconfig:/root/.gitconfig
-    environment:
-      - TZ=
-    cap_add:
-      # For debugging with dlv
-      - SYS_PTRACE
-      - NET_ADMIN
-    security_opt:
-      # For debugging with dlv
-      - seccomp:unconfined
-    entrypoint: [ "zsh", "-c", "while sleep 1000; do :; done" ]
+version: "3.7"
+
+services:
+  vscode:
+    build: .
+    image: godevcontainer
+    devices:
+      - /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun
+    volumes:
+      - ../:/workspace
+      # Docker socket to access Docker server
+      - /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock
+      # Docker configuration
+      - ~/.docker:/root/.docker:z
+      # SSH directory for Linux, OSX and WSL
+      - ~/.ssh:/root/.ssh:z
+      # For Windows without WSL, a copy will be made
+      # from /tmp/.ssh to ~/.ssh to fix permissions
+      #- ~/.ssh:/tmp/.ssh:ro
+      # Shell history persistence
+      - ~/.zsh_history:/root/.zsh_history:z
+      # Git config
+      - ~/.gitconfig:/root/.gitconfig:z
+    environment:
+      - TZ=
+    cap_add:
+      # For debugging with dlv
+      # - SYS_PTRACE
+      - NET_ADMIN
+    security_opt:
+      # For debugging with dlv
+      - seccomp:unconfined
+    entrypoint: zsh -c "while sleep 1000; do :; done"
--- a/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -13,6 +13,6 @@ Contributions are [released](https://help.github.com/articles/github-terms-of-se

 ## Resources

- [Gluetun guide on development](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/contributing/development.md)
+- [Gluetun guide on development](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Development)
 - [Using Pull Requests](https://help.github.com/articles/about-pull-requests/)
 - [How to Contribute to Open Source](https://opensource.guide/how-to-contribute/)
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug.yml
@@ -7,18 +7,13 @@ body:
    attributes:
      value: |
        Thanks for taking the time to fill out this bug report!
-
-        ⚠️ Your issue will be instantly closed as not planned WITHOUT explanation if:
-        - you do not fill out **the title of the issue** ☝️
-        - you do not provide the **Gluetun version** as requested below
-        - you provide **less than 10 lines of logs** as requested below
  - type: dropdown
    id: urgent
    attributes:
      label: Is this urgent?
      description: |
        Is this a critical bug, or do you need this fixed urgently?
-        If this is urgent, note you can use one of the [image tags available](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/docker-image-tags.md) if that can help.
+        If this is urgent, note you can use one of the [image tags available](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Docker-image-tags) if that can help.
      options:
        - "No"
        - "Yes"
@@ -45,7 +40,6 @@ body:
    attributes:
      label: VPN service provider
      options:
-        - AirVPN
        - Custom
        - Cyberghost
        - ExpressVPN
@@ -60,10 +54,8 @@ body:
        - PrivateVPN
        - ProtonVPN
        - PureVPN
-        - SlickVPN
        - Surfshark
        - TorGuard
-        - VPNSecure.me
        - VPNUnlimited
        - VyprVPN
        - WeVPN
@@ -80,7 +72,6 @@ body:
        - Portainer
        - Kubernetes
        - Podman
-        - Unraid
        - Other
    validations:
      required: true
@@ -90,7 +81,7 @@ body:
      label: What is the version of Gluetun
      description: |
        Copy paste the version line at the top of your logs.
-        It MUST be in the form `Running version latest built on 2020-03-13T01:30:06Z (commit d0f678c)`.
+        It should be in the form `Running version latest built on 2020-03-13T01:30:06Z (commit d0f678c)`.
    validations:
      required: true
  - type: textarea
@@ -103,9 +94,9 @@ body:
  - type: textarea
    id: logs
    attributes:
-      label: Share your logs (at least 10 lines)
+      label: Share your logs
      description: No sensitive information is logged out except when running with `LOG_LEVEL=debug`.
-      render: plain text
+      render: log
    validations:
      required: true
  - type: textarea
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml
@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
 contact_links:
-  - name: Report a Wiki issue
-    url: https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/issues/new
-    about: Please create an issue on the gluetun-wiki repository.
  - name: Configuration help?
    url: https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/discussions/new
    about: Please create a Github discussion.
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/provider.md
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/provider.md
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ One of the following is required:

 If the list of servers requires to login **or** is hidden behind an interactive configurator,
 you can only use a custom Openvpn configuration file.
-[The Wiki's OpenVPN configuration file page](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/openvpn-configuration-file.md) describes how to do so.
+[The Wiki](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Openvpn-file) describes how to do so.
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/wiki
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/wiki
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+name: Wiki issue
+description: Report a Wiki issue
+title: "Wiki issue: "
+labels: ["📄 Wiki issue"]
+body:
+  - type: input
+    id: url
+    attributes:
+      label: "URL to the Wiki page"
+      placeholder: "https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/OpenVPN-options"
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: textarea
+    id: description
+    attributes:
+      label: "What's the issue?"
+    validations:
+      required: true
--- a/.github/labels.yml
+++ b/.github/labels.yml
@@ -1,13 +1,18 @@
-# Temporary status
- name: "🗯️ Waiting for feedback"
-  color: "aadefa"
+- name: "Bug :bug:"
+  color: "b60205"
+  description: ""
+- name: "Feature request :bulb:"
+  color: "0e8a16"
+  description: ""
+- name: "Help wanted :pray:"
+  color: "4caf50"
+  description: ""
+- name: "Documentation :memo:"
+  color: "c5def5"
+  description: ""
+- name: "Needs more info :thinking:"
+  color: "795548"
  description: ""
- name: "🔴 Blocked"
-  color: "ff3f14"
-  description: "Blocked by another issue or pull request"
- name: "🔒 After next release"
-  color: "e8f274"
-  description: "Will be done after the next release"

 # Priority
 - name: "🚨 Urgent"
@@ -17,18 +22,7 @@
  color: "4285f4"
  description: ""

-# Complexity
- name: "☣️ Hard to do"
-  color: "7d0008"
-  description: ""
- name: "🟩 Easy to do"
-  color: "34cf43"
-  description: ""
-
 # VPN providers
- name: ":cloud: AirVPN"
-  color: "cfe8d4"
-  description: ""
 - name: ":cloud: Cyberghost"
  color: "cfe8d4"
  description: ""
@@ -70,17 +64,12 @@
 - name: ":cloud: PureVPN"
  color: "cfe8d4"
  description: ""
- name: ":cloud: SlickVPN"
-  color: "cfe8d4"
-  description: ""
 - name: ":cloud: Surfshark"
  color: "cfe8d4"
  description: ""
 - name: ":cloud: Torguard"
  color: "cfe8d4"
  description: ""
- name: ":cloud: VPNSecure.me"
-  color: "cfe8d4"
 - name: ":cloud: VPNUnlimited"
  color: "cfe8d4"
  description: ""
@@ -95,9 +84,6 @@
  description: ""

 # Problem category
- name: "Config problem"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
-  description: ""
 - name: "Openvpn"
  color: "ffc7ea"
  description: ""
@@ -110,15 +96,6 @@
 - name: "Firewall"
  color: "ffc7ea"
  description: ""
- name: "Routing"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
-  description: ""
- name: "IPv6"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
-  description: ""
- name: "Port forwarding"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
-  description: ""
 - name: "HTTP proxy"
  color: "ffc7ea"
  description: ""
--- a/.github/workflows/ci-skip.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci-skip.yml
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-name: No trigger file paths
-on:
-  push:
-    branches:
-      - master
-    paths-ignore:
-      - .github/workflows/ci.yml
-      - cmd/**
-      - internal/**
-      - pkg/**
-      - .dockerignore
-      - .golangci.yml
-      - Dockerfile
-      - go.mod
-      - go.sum
-  pull_request:
-    paths-ignore:
-      - .github/workflows/ci.yml
-      - cmd/**
-      - internal/**
-      - pkg/**
-      - .dockerignore
-      - .golangci.yml
-      - Dockerfile
-      - go.mod
-      - go.sum
-
-jobs:
-  verify:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    permissions:
-      actions: read
-    steps:
-      - name: No trigger path triggered for required verify workflow.
-        run: exit 0
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ on:
      - go.mod
      - go.sum
  pull_request:
+    branches:
+      - master
    paths:
      - .github/workflows/ci.yml
      - cmd/**
@@ -30,28 +32,28 @@ on:

 jobs:
  verify:
+    # Only run if it's a push event or if it's a PR from this repository, and it is not dependabot.
+    if: |
+      github.actor != 'dependabot[bot]' &&
+      (github.event_name == 'push' ||
+      github.event_name == 'release' ||
+      (github.event_name == 'pull_request' && github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name == github.repository))
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    permissions:
-      actions: read
-      contents: read
    env:
      DOCKER_BUILDKIT: "1"
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2.4.0

      - uses: reviewdog/action-misspell@v1
        with:
          locale: "US"
          level: error
-          exclude: |
-            ./internal/storage/servers.json
-            *.md

      - name: Linting
        run: docker build --target lint .

-      - name: Mocks check
-        run: docker build --target mocks .
+      - name: Go mod tidy check
+        run: docker build --target tidy .

      - name: Build test image
        run: docker build --target test -t test-container .
@@ -63,79 +65,65 @@ jobs:
          -v "$(pwd)/coverage.txt:/tmp/gobuild/coverage.txt" \
          test-container

+      - name: Code security analysis
+        uses: snyk/actions/golang@master
+        env:
+          SNYK_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.SNYK_TOKEN }}
+
      - name: Build final image
        run: docker build -t final-image .

-  codeql:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    permissions:
-      actions: read
-      contents: read
-      security-events: write
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-      - uses: github/codeql-action/init@v2
-        with:
-          languages: go
-      - uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@v2
-      - uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@v2
+      # - name: Image security analysis
+      #   uses: snyk/actions/docker@master
+      #   env:
+      #     SNYK_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.SNYK_TOKEN }}
+      #   with:
+      #     image: final-image

  publish:
+    # Only run if it's a push event or if it's a PR from this repository
    if: |
-      github.repository == 'qdm12/gluetun' &&
-      (
-        github.event_name == 'push' ||
-        github.event_name == 'release' ||
-        (github.event_name == 'pull_request' && github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name == github.repository && github.actor != 'dependabot[bot]')
-      )
-    needs: [verify, codeql]
-    permissions:
-      actions: read
-      contents: read
-      packages: write
+      github.event_name == 'push' ||
+      github.event_name == 'release' ||
+      (github.event_name == 'pull_request' && github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name == github.repository)
+    needs: [verify]
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2.4.0

      # extract metadata (tags, labels) for Docker
      # https://github.com/docker/metadata-action
      - name: Extract Docker metadata
        id: meta
-        uses: docker/metadata-action@v4
+        uses: docker/metadata-action@v3
        with:
          flavor: |
            latest=${{ github.ref == format('refs/heads/{0}', github.event.repository.default_branch) }}
          images: |
-            ghcr.io/qdm12/gluetun
            qmcgaw/gluetun
            qmcgaw/private-internet-access
          tags: |
+            type=ref,event=branch,enable=${{ github.ref != format('refs/heads/{0}', github.event.repository.default_branch) }}
            type=ref,event=pr
            type=semver,pattern=v{{major}}.{{minor}}.{{patch}}
            type=semver,pattern=v{{major}}.{{minor}}
            type=semver,pattern=v{{major}},enable=${{ !startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v0.') }}
            type=raw,value=latest,enable=${{ github.ref == format('refs/heads/{0}', github.event.repository.default_branch) }}

-      - uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
-      - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
+      - uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v1
+      - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v1

-      - uses: docker/login-action@v2
+      - uses: docker/login-action@v1
        with:
          username: qmcgaw
          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_PASSWORD }}

-      - uses: docker/login-action@v2
-        with:
-          registry: ghcr.io
-          username: qdm12
-          password: ${{ github.token }}
-
      - name: Short commit
        id: shortcommit
        run: echo "::set-output name=value::$(git rev-parse --short HEAD)"

      - name: Build and push final image
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@v4.1.1
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v2.8.0
        with:
          platforms: linux/amd64,linux/386,linux/arm64,linux/arm/v6,linux/arm/v7,linux/ppc64le
          labels: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.labels }}
--- a/.github/workflows/dependabot.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/dependabot.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+name: Dependabot
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    branches:
+      - master
+    paths:
+      - .github/workflows/dependabot.yml
+      - cmd/**
+      - internal/**
+      - pkg/**
+      - .dockerignore
+      - .golangci.yml
+      - Dockerfile
+      - go.mod
+      - go.sum
+
+jobs:
+  verify:
+    if: ${{ github.actor == 'dependabot[bot]' }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    env:
+      DOCKER_BUILDKIT: "1"
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2.4.0
+
+      - name: Build test image
+        run: docker build --target test -t test-container .
+
+      - name: Run tests in test container
+        run: |
+          touch coverage.txt
+          docker run --rm \
+          -v "$(pwd)/coverage.txt:/tmp/gobuild/coverage.txt" \
+          test-container
+
+      - name: Build final image
+        run: docker build -t final-image .
--- a/.github/workflows/dockerhub-description.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/dockerhub-description.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+name: Docker Hub description
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [master]
+    paths:
+      - README.md
+      - .github/workflows/dockerhub-description.yml
+jobs:
+  dockerHubDescription:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v2.4.0
+      - name: Docker Hub Description
+        uses: peter-evans/dockerhub-description@v2
+        with:
+          username: qmcgaw
+          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_PASSWORD }}
+          repository: qmcgaw/gluetun
+          short-description: Lightweight Swiss-knife VPN client to connect to several VPN providers
+          readme-filepath: README.md
--- a/.github/workflows/fork.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/fork.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+name: Fork
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    branches:
+      - master
+    paths:
+      - .github/workflows/fork.yml
+      - cmd/**
+      - internal/**
+      - pkg/**
+      - .dockerignore
+      - .golangci.yml
+      - Dockerfile
+      - go.mod
+      - go.sum
+
+jobs:
+  verify:
+    if: github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name != github.repository && github.actor != 'dependabot[bot]'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    env:
+      DOCKER_BUILDKIT: "1"
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2.4.0
+
+      - name: Linting
+        run: docker build --target lint .
+
+      - name: Build test image
+        run: docker build --target test -t test-container .
+
+      - name: Run tests in test container
+        run: |
+          touch coverage.txt
+          docker run --rm \
+          -v "$(pwd)/coverage.txt:/tmp/gobuild/coverage.txt" \
+          test-container
+
+      - name: Build final image
+        run: docker build -t final-image .
--- a/.github/workflows/labels.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/labels.yml
@@ -7,11 +7,9 @@ on:
      - .github/workflows/labels.yml
 jobs:
  labeler:
-    permissions:
-      issues: write
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-      - uses: crazy-max/ghaction-github-labeler@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2.4.0
+      - uses: crazy-max/ghaction-github-labeler@v3
        with:
          yaml-file: .github/labels.yml
--- a/.github/workflows/markdown-skip.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/markdown-skip.yml
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-name: Markdown
-on:
-  push:
-    branches:
-      - master
-    paths-ignore:
-      - "**.md"
-      - .github/workflows/markdown.yml
-  pull_request:
-    paths-ignore:
-      - "**.md"
-      - .github/workflows/markdown.yml
-
-jobs:
-  markdown:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    permissions:
-      actions: read
-    steps:
-      - name: No trigger path triggered for required markdown workflow.
-        run: exit 0
--- a/.github/workflows/markdown.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/markdown.yml
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-name: Markdown
-on:
-  push:
-    branches:
-      - master
-    paths:
-      - "**.md"
-      - .github/workflows/markdown.yml
-  pull_request:
-    paths:
-      - "**.md"
-      - .github/workflows/markdown.yml
-
-jobs:
-  markdown:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    permissions:
-      actions: read
-      contents: read
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-
-      - uses: DavidAnson/markdownlint-cli2-action@v11
-        with:
-          globs: "**.md"
-          config: .markdownlint.json
-
-      - uses: reviewdog/action-misspell@v1
-        with:
-          locale: "US"
-          level: error
-          pattern: |
-            *.md
-
-      - uses: gaurav-nelson/github-action-markdown-link-check@v1
-        with:
-          use-quiet-mode: yes
-
-      - uses: peter-evans/dockerhub-description@v3
-        if: github.repository == 'qdm12/gluetun' && github.event_name == 'push'
-        with:
-          username: qmcgaw
-          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_PASSWORD }}
-          repository: qmcgaw/gluetun
-          short-description: Lightweight Swiss-knife VPN client to connect to several VPN providers
-          readme-filepath: README.md
--- a/.golangci.yml
+++ b/.golangci.yml
@@ -7,38 +7,46 @@ issues:
    - path: _test\.go
      linters:
        - dupl
+        - maligned
        - goerr113
        - containedctx
-    - path: "internal\\/server\\/.+\\.go"
+    - path: internal/server/
      linters:
        - dupl
-    - path: "internal\\/configuration\\/settings\\/.+\\.go"
+    - path: internal/configuration/
      linters:
        - dupl
-    - text: "^mnd: Magic number: 0[0-9]{3}, in <argument> detected$"
-      source: "^.+= os\\.OpenFile\\(.+, .+, 0[0-9]{3}\\)"
+    - path: internal/constants/
+      linters:
+        - dupl
+    - text: "exported: exported var Err*"
+      linters:
+        - revive
+    - text: "mnd: Magic number: 0644*"
      linters:
        - gomnd
-    - text: "^mnd: Magic number: 0[0-9]{3}, in <argument> detected$"
-      source: "^.+= os\\.MkdirAll\\(.+, 0[0-9]{3}\\)"
+    - text: "mnd: Magic number: 0400*"
      linters:
        - gomnd
+    - text: "variable 'mssFix' is only used in the if-statement*"
+      path: "openvpnconf.go"
+      linters:
+        - ifshort
+    - text: "variable 'auth' is only used in the if-statement*"
+      path: "openvpnconf.go"
+      linters:
+        - ifshort
    - linters:
        - lll
-      source: "^//go:generate .+$"
-    - text: "returns interface \\(github\\.com\\/vishvananda\\/netlink\\.Link\\)"
-      linters:
-        - ireturn
-    - path: "internal\\/openvpn\\/pkcs8\\/descbc\\.go"
-      text: "newCipherDESCBCBlock returns interface \\(github\\.com\\/youmark\\/pkcs8\\.Cipher\\)"
-      linters:
-        - ireturn
+      source: "^//go:generate "

 linters:
  enable:
    # - cyclop
    # - errorlint
-    - asasalint
+    # - ireturn
+    # - varnamelen
+    # - wrapcheck
    - asciicheck
    - bidichk
    - bodyclose
@@ -46,16 +54,13 @@ linters:
    - decorder
    - dogsled
    - dupl
-    - dupword
    - durationcheck
    - errchkjson
    - errname
-    - execinquery
    - exhaustive
    - exportloopref
    - forcetypeassert
    - gci
-    - gocheckcompilerdirectives
    - gochecknoglobals
    - gochecknoinits
    - gocognit
@@ -70,42 +75,33 @@ linters:
    - gomoddirectives
    - goprintffuncname
    - gosec
-    - gosmopolitan
    - grouper
+    - ifshort
    - importas
-    - interfacebloat
-    - ireturn
    - lll
    - maintidx
    - makezero
-    - mirror
    - misspell
-    - musttag
    - nakedret
    - nestif
    - nilerr
    - nilnil
    - noctx
    - nolintlint
-    - nosprintfhostport
-    - paralleltest
    - prealloc
    - predeclared
+    - predeclared
    - promlinter
-    - reassign
    - revive
    - rowserrcheck
    - sqlclosecheck
-    - tagalign
    - tenv
    - thelper
    - tparallel
    - unconvert
    - unparam
-    - usestdlibvars
    - wastedassign
    - whitespace
-    - zerologlint

 run:
  skip-dirs:
--- a/.markdownlint.json
+++ b/.markdownlint.json
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "MD013": false
-}
--- a/.vscode/extensions.json
+++ b/.vscode/extensions.json
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-{
-  // This list should be kept to the strict minimum
-  // to develop this project.
-  "recommendations": [
-    "golang.go",
-    "davidanson.vscode-markdownlint",
-  ],
-}
--- a/.vscode/launch.json
+++ b/.vscode/launch.json
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "version": "0.2.0",
-    "configurations": [
-        {
-            "name": "Update a VPN provider servers data",
-            "type": "go",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}",
-            "program": "cmd/gluetun/main.go",
-            "args": [
-                "update",
-                "${input:updateMode}",
-                "-providers",
-                "${input:provider}"
-            ],
-        }
-    ],
-    "inputs": [
-        {
-            "id": "provider",
-            "type": "promptString",
-            "description": "Please enter a provider (or comma separated list of providers)",
-        },
-        {
-            "id": "updateMode",
-            "type": "pickString",
-            "description": "Update mode to use",
-            "options": [
-                "-maintainer",
-                "-enduser"
-            ],
-            "default": "-maintainer"
-        },
-    ]
-}
--- a/.vscode/settings.json
+++ b/.vscode/settings.json
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-{
-  // The settings should be kept to the strict minimum
-  // to develop this project.
-  "files.eol": "\n",
-  "editor.formatOnSave": true,
-  "go.buildTags": "linux",
-  "go.toolsEnvVars": {
-    "CGO_ENABLED": "0"
-  },
-  "go.testEnvVars": {
-    "CGO_ENABLED": "1"
-  },
-  "go.testFlags": [
-    "-v",
-    "-race"
-  ],
-  "go.testTimeout": "10s",
-  "go.coverOnSingleTest": true,
-  "go.coverOnSingleTestFile": true,
-  "go.coverOnTestPackage": true,
-  "go.useLanguageServer": true,
-  "[go]": {
-    "editor.codeActionsOnSave": {
-      "source.organizeImports": true
-    }
-  },
-  "go.lintTool": "golangci-lint",
-  "go.lintOnSave": "package"
-}
--- a/63
+++ b/63
@@ -1,22 +1,18 @@
-ARG ALPINE_VERSION=3.18
-ARG GO_ALPINE_VERSION=3.18
-ARG GO_VERSION=1.21
+ARG ALPINE_VERSION=3.15
+ARG GO_ALPINE_VERSION=3.15
+ARG GO_VERSION=1.17
 ARG XCPUTRANSLATE_VERSION=v0.6.0
-ARG GOLANGCI_LINT_VERSION=v1.54.1
-ARG MOCKGEN_VERSION=v1.6.0
+ARG GOLANGCI_LINT_VERSION=v1.44.2
 ARG BUILDPLATFORM=linux/amd64

 FROM --platform=${BUILDPLATFORM} qmcgaw/xcputranslate:${XCPUTRANSLATE_VERSION} AS xcputranslate
 FROM --platform=${BUILDPLATFORM} qmcgaw/binpot:golangci-lint-${GOLANGCI_LINT_VERSION} AS golangci-lint
-FROM --platform=${BUILDPLATFORM} qmcgaw/binpot:mockgen-${MOCKGEN_VERSION} AS mockgen

 FROM --platform=${BUILDPLATFORM} golang:${GO_VERSION}-alpine${GO_ALPINE_VERSION} AS base
 COPY --from=xcputranslate /xcputranslate /usr/local/bin/xcputranslate
-# Note: findutils needed to have xargs support `-d` flag for mocks stage.
-RUN apk --update add git g++ findutils
+RUN apk --update add git g++
 ENV CGO_ENABLED=0
 COPY --from=golangci-lint /bin /go/bin/golangci-lint
-COPY --from=mockgen /bin /go/bin/mockgen
 WORKDIR /tmp/gobuild
 COPY go.mod go.sum ./
 RUN go mod download
@@ -34,17 +30,14 @@ FROM --platform=${BUILDPLATFORM} base AS lint
 COPY .golangci.yml ./
 RUN golangci-lint run --timeout=10m

-FROM --platform=${BUILDPLATFORM} base AS mocks
+FROM --platform=${BUILDPLATFORM} base AS tidy
 RUN git init && \
    git config user.email ci@localhost && \
    git config user.name ci && \
-    git config core.fileMode false && \
-    git add -A && \
-    git commit -m "snapshot" && \
-    grep -lr -E '^// Code generated by MockGen\. DO NOT EDIT\.$' . | xargs -r -d '\n' rm && \
-    go generate -run "mockgen" ./... && \
-    git diff --exit-code && \
-    rm -rf .git/
+    git add -A && git commit -m ci && \
+    sed -i '/\/\/ indirect/d' go.mod && \
+    go mod tidy && \
+    git diff --exit-code -- go.mod

 FROM --platform=${BUILDPLATFORM} base AS build
 ARG TARGETPLATFORM
@@ -90,16 +83,14 @@ ENV VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=pia \
    OPENVPN_FLAGS= \
    OPENVPN_CIPHERS= \
    OPENVPN_AUTH= \
-    OPENVPN_PROCESS_USER=root \
+    OPENVPN_PROCESS_USER= \
+    OPENVPN_IPV6=off \
    OPENVPN_CUSTOM_CONFIG= \
    # Wireguard
    WIREGUARD_PRIVATE_KEY= \
    WIREGUARD_PRESHARED_KEY= \
    WIREGUARD_PUBLIC_KEY= \
-    WIREGUARD_ALLOWED_IPS= \
    WIREGUARD_ADDRESSES= \
-    WIREGUARD_MTU=1400 \
-    WIREGUARD_IMPLEMENTATION=auto \
    # VPN server filtering
    SERVER_REGIONS= \
    SERVER_COUNTRIES= \
@@ -110,29 +101,19 @@ ENV VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=pia \
    OWNED_ONLY=no \
    # # Private Internet Access only:
    PRIVATE_INTERNET_ACCESS_OPENVPN_ENCRYPTION_PRESET= \
-    VPN_PORT_FORWARDING=off \
-    VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_PROVIDER= \
-    VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_STATUS_FILE="/tmp/gluetun/forwarded_port" \
+    PRIVATE_INTERNET_ACCESS_VPN_PORT_FORWARDING=off \
+    PRIVATE_INTERNET_ACCESS_VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_STATUS_FILE="/tmp/gluetun/forwarded_port" \
    # # Cyberghost only:
-    OPENVPN_CERT= \
-    OPENVPN_KEY= \
    OPENVPN_CLIENTCRT_SECRETFILE=/run/secrets/openvpn_clientcrt \
    OPENVPN_CLIENTKEY_SECRETFILE=/run/secrets/openvpn_clientkey \
-    # # VPNSecure only:
-    OPENVPN_ENCRYPTED_KEY= \
-    OPENVPN_ENCRYPTED_KEY_SECRETFILE=/run/secrets/openvpn_encrypted_key \
-    OPENVPN_KEY_PASSPHRASE= \
-    OPENVPN_KEY_PASSPHRASE_SECRETFILE=/run/secrets/openvpn_key_passphrase \
    # # Nordvpn only:
    SERVER_NUMBER= \
-    # # PIA only:
+    # # PIA and ProtonVPN only:
    SERVER_NAMES= \
    # # ProtonVPN only:
    FREE_ONLY= \
    # # Surfshark only:
    MULTIHOP_ONLY= \
-    # # VPN Secure only:
-    PREMIUM_ONLY= \
    # Firewall
    FIREWALL=on \
    FIREWALL_VPN_INPUT_PORTS= \
@@ -143,8 +124,7 @@ ENV VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=pia \
    LOG_LEVEL=info \
    # Health
    HEALTH_SERVER_ADDRESS=127.0.0.1:9999 \
-    HEALTH_TARGET_ADDRESS=cloudflare.com:443 \
-    HEALTH_SUCCESS_WAIT_DURATION=5s \
+    HEALTH_TARGET_ADDRESS=github.com:443 \
    HEALTH_VPN_DURATION_INITIAL=6s \
    HEALTH_VPN_DURATION_ADDITION=5s \
    # DNS over TLS
@@ -167,7 +147,6 @@ ENV VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=pia \
    HTTPPROXY= \
    HTTPPROXY_LOG=off \
    HTTPPROXY_LISTENING_ADDRESS=":8888" \
-    HTTPPROXY_STEALTH=off \
    HTTPPROXY_USER= \
    HTTPPROXY_PASSWORD= \
    HTTPPROXY_USER_SECRETFILE=/run/secrets/httpproxy_user \
@@ -180,11 +159,9 @@ ENV VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=pia \
    SHADOWSOCKS_PASSWORD_SECRETFILE=/run/secrets/shadowsocks_password \
    SHADOWSOCKS_CIPHER=chacha20-ietf-poly1305 \
    # Control server
-    HTTP_CONTROL_SERVER_LOG=on \
    HTTP_CONTROL_SERVER_ADDRESS=":8000" \
    # Server data updater
    UPDATER_PERIOD=0 \
-    UPDATER_MIN_RATIO=0.8 \
    UPDATER_VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDERS= \
    # Public IP
    PUBLICIP_FILE="/tmp/gluetun/ip" \
@@ -203,12 +180,12 @@ ENTRYPOINT ["/gluetun-entrypoint"]
 EXPOSE 8000/tcp 8888/tcp 8388/tcp 8388/udp
 HEALTHCHECK --interval=5s --timeout=5s --start-period=10s --retries=1 CMD /gluetun-entrypoint healthcheck
 ARG TARGETPLATFORM
-RUN apk add --no-cache --update -l wget && \
-    apk add --no-cache --update -X "https://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/v3.17/main" openvpn\~2.5 && \
-    mv /usr/sbin/openvpn /usr/sbin/openvpn2.5 && \
+RUN apk add --no-cache --update -l apk-tools && \
+    apk add --no-cache --update -X "https://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/v3.12/main" openvpn==2.4.11-r0 && \
+    mv /usr/sbin/openvpn /usr/sbin/openvpn2.4 && \
    apk del openvpn && \
    apk add --no-cache --update openvpn ca-certificates iptables ip6tables unbound tzdata && \
-    mv /usr/sbin/openvpn /usr/sbin/openvpn2.6 && \
+    mv /usr/sbin/openvpn /usr/sbin/openvpn2.5 && \
    # Fix vulnerability issue
    apk add --no-cache --update busybox && \
    rm -rf /var/cache/apk/* /etc/unbound/* /usr/sbin/unbound-* /etc/openvpn/*.sh /usr/lib/openvpn/plugins/openvpn-plugin-down-root.so && \
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,130 +1,127 @@
-# Gluetun VPN client
-
-Lightweight swiss-knife-like VPN client to multiple VPN service providers
-
-![Title image](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/qdm12/gluetun/master/title.svg)
-
-[![Build status](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/actions/workflows/ci.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/actions/workflows/ci.yml)
-
-[![Docker pulls qmcgaw/gluetun](https://img.shields.io/docker/pulls/qmcgaw/gluetun.svg)](https://hub.docker.com/r/qmcgaw/gluetun)
-[![Docker pulls qmcgaw/private-internet-access](https://img.shields.io/docker/pulls/qmcgaw/private-internet-access.svg)](https://hub.docker.com/r/qmcgaw/gluetun)
-
-[![Docker stars qmcgaw/gluetun](https://img.shields.io/docker/stars/qmcgaw/gluetun.svg)](https://hub.docker.com/r/qmcgaw/gluetun)
-[![Docker stars qmcgaw/private-internet-access](https://img.shields.io/docker/stars/qmcgaw/private-internet-access.svg)](https://hub.docker.com/r/qmcgaw/gluetun)
-
-![Last release](https://img.shields.io/github/release/qdm12/gluetun?label=Last%20release)
-![Last Docker tag](https://img.shields.io/docker/v/qmcgaw/gluetun?sort=semver&label=Last%20Docker%20tag)
-[![Last release size](https://img.shields.io/docker/image-size/qmcgaw/gluetun?sort=semver&label=Last%20released%20image)](https://hub.docker.com/r/qmcgaw/gluetun/tags?page=1&ordering=last_updated)
-![GitHub last release date](https://img.shields.io/github/release-date/qdm12/gluetun?label=Last%20release%20date)
-![Commits since release](https://img.shields.io/github/commits-since/qdm12/gluetun/latest?sort=semver)
-
-[![Latest size](https://img.shields.io/docker/image-size/qmcgaw/gluetun/latest?label=Latest%20image)](https://hub.docker.com/r/qmcgaw/gluetun/tags)
-
-[![GitHub last commit](https://img.shields.io/github/last-commit/qdm12/gluetun.svg)](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/commits/master)
-[![GitHub commit activity](https://img.shields.io/github/commit-activity/y/qdm12/gluetun.svg)](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/graphs/contributors)
-[![GitHub closed PRs](https://img.shields.io/github/issues-pr-closed/qdm12/gluetun.svg)](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/pulls?q=is%3Apr+is%3Aclosed)
-[![GitHub issues](https://img.shields.io/github/issues/qdm12/gluetun.svg)](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/issues)
-[![GitHub closed issues](https://img.shields.io/github/issues-closed/qdm12/gluetun.svg)](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aclosed)
-
-[![Lines of code](https://img.shields.io/tokei/lines/github/qdm12/gluetun)](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun)
-![Code size](https://img.shields.io/github/languages/code-size/qdm12/gluetun)
-![GitHub repo size](https://img.shields.io/github/repo-size/qdm12/gluetun)
-![Go version](https://img.shields.io/github/go-mod/go-version/qdm12/gluetun)
-
-![Visitors count](https://visitor-badge.laobi.icu/badge?page_id=gluetun.readme)
-
-## Quick links
-
- [Setup](#setup)
- [Features](#features)
- Problem?
-  - Check the Wiki [common errors](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/tree/main/errors) and [faq](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/tree/main/faq)
-  - [Start a discussion](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/discussions)
-  - [Fix the Unraid template](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/discussions/550)
- Suggestion?
-  - [Create an issue](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/issues)
- Happy?
-  - Sponsor me on [github.com/sponsors/qdm12](https://github.com/sponsors/qdm12)
-  - Donate to [paypal.me/qmcgaw](https://www.paypal.me/qmcgaw)
-  - Drop me [an email](mailto:quentin.mcgaw@gmail.com)
- **Want to add a VPN provider?** check [the development page](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/contributing/development.md) and [add a provider page](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/contributing/add-a-provider.md)
- Video:
-
-  [![Video Gif](https://i.imgur.com/CetWunc.gif)](https://youtu.be/0F6I03LQcI4)
-
- [Substack Console interview](https://console.substack.com/p/console-72)
-
-## Features
-
- Based on Alpine 3.18 for a small Docker image of 35.6MB
- Supports: **AirVPN**, **Cyberghost**, **ExpressVPN**, **FastestVPN**, **HideMyAss**, **IPVanish**, **IVPN**, **Mullvad**, **NordVPN**, **Perfect Privacy**, **Privado**, **Private Internet Access**, **PrivateVPN**, **ProtonVPN**, **PureVPN**,  **SlickVPN**, **Surfshark**, **TorGuard**, **VPNSecure.me**, **VPNUnlimited**, **Vyprvpn**, **WeVPN**, **Windscribe** servers
- Supports OpenVPN for all providers listed
- Supports Wireguard both kernelspace and userspace
-  - For **AirVPN**, **Ivpn**, **Mullvad**, **NordVPN**, **Surfshark** and **Windscribe**
-  - For **ProtonVPN**, **PureVPN**, **Torguard**, **VPN Unlimited** and **WeVPN** using [the custom provider](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/providers/custom.md)
-  - For custom Wireguard configurations using [the custom provider](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/providers/custom.md)
-  - More in progress, see [#134](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/issues/134)
- DNS over TLS baked in with service provider(s) of your choice
- DNS fine blocking of malicious/ads/surveillance hostnames and IP addresses, with live update every 24 hours
- Choose the vpn network protocol, `udp` or `tcp`
- Built in firewall kill switch to allow traffic only with needed the VPN servers and LAN devices
- Built in Shadowsocks proxy (protocol based on SOCKS5 with an encryption layer, tunnels TCP+UDP)
- Built in HTTP proxy (tunnels HTTP and HTTPS through TCP)
- [Connect other containers to it](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/connect-a-container-to-gluetun.md)
- [Connect LAN devices to it](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/connect-a-lan-device-to-gluetun.md)
- Compatible with amd64, i686 (32 bit), **ARM** 64 bit, ARM 32 bit v6 and v7, and even ppc64le 🎆
- [Custom VPN server side port forwarding for Private Internet Access](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/providers/private-internet-access.md#vpn-server-port-forwarding)
- Possibility of split horizon DNS by selecting multiple DNS over TLS providers
- Unbound subprogram drops root privileges once launched
- Can work as a Kubernetes sidecar container, thanks @rorph
-
-## Setup
-
-🎉 There are now instructions specific to each VPN provider with examples to help you get started as quickly as possible!
-
-Go to the [Wiki](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki)!
-
-[🐛 Found a bug in the Wiki?!](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/issues/new)
-
-Here's a docker-compose.yml for the laziest:
-
-```yml
-version: "3"
-services:
-  gluetun:
-    image: qmcgaw/gluetun
-    # container_name: gluetun
-    # line above must be uncommented to allow external containers to connect.
-    # See https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/connect-a-container-to-gluetun.md#external-container-to-gluetun
-    cap_add:
-      - NET_ADMIN
-    devices:
-      - /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun
-    ports:
-      - 8888:8888/tcp # HTTP proxy
-      - 8388:8388/tcp # Shadowsocks
-      - 8388:8388/udp # Shadowsocks
-    volumes:
-      - /yourpath:/gluetun
-    environment:
-      # See https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/tree/main/setup#setup
-      - VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=ivpn
-      - VPN_TYPE=openvpn
-      # OpenVPN:
-      - OPENVPN_USER=
-      - OPENVPN_PASSWORD=
-      # Wireguard:
-      # - WIREGUARD_PRIVATE_KEY=wOEI9rqqbDwnN8/Bpp22sVz48T71vJ4fYmFWujulwUU=
-      # - WIREGUARD_ADDRESSES=10.64.222.21/32
-      # Timezone for accurate log times
-      - TZ=
-      # Server list updater
-      # See https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/servers.md#update-the-vpn-servers-list
-      - UPDATER_PERIOD=
-```
-
-🆕 Image also available as `ghcr.io/qdm12/gluetun`
-
-## License
-
-[![MIT](https://img.shields.io/github/license/qdm12/gluetun)](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/blob/master/LICENSE)
+# Gluetun VPN client
+
+*Lightweight swiss-knife-like VPN client to tunnel to Cyberghost, ExpressVPN, FastestVPN,
+HideMyAss, IPVanish, IVPN, Mullvad, NordVPN, Perfect Privacy, Privado, Private Internet Access, PrivateVPN,
+ProtonVPN, PureVPN, Surfshark, TorGuard, VPNUnlimited, VyprVPN, WeVPN and Windscribe VPN servers
+using Go, OpenVPN or Wireguard, iptables, DNS over TLS, ShadowSocks and an HTTP proxy*
+
+**ANNOUNCEMENT**: Large settings refactor merged on 2022-06-01, please file issues if you find any problem!
+
+![Title image](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/qdm12/gluetun/master/title.svg)
+
+[![Build status](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/actions/workflows/ci.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/actions/workflows/ci.yml)
+
+[![Docker pulls qmcgaw/gluetun](https://img.shields.io/docker/pulls/qmcgaw/gluetun.svg)](https://hub.docker.com/r/qmcgaw/gluetun)
+[![Docker pulls qmcgaw/private-internet-access](https://img.shields.io/docker/pulls/qmcgaw/private-internet-access.svg)](https://hub.docker.com/r/qmcgaw/gluetun)
+
+[![Docker stars qmcgaw/gluetun](https://img.shields.io/docker/stars/qmcgaw/gluetun.svg)](https://hub.docker.com/r/qmcgaw/gluetun)
+[![Docker stars qmcgaw/private-internet-access](https://img.shields.io/docker/stars/qmcgaw/private-internet-access.svg)](https://hub.docker.com/r/qmcgaw/gluetun)
+
+![Last release](https://img.shields.io/github/release/qdm12/gluetun?label=Last%20release)
+![Last Docker tag](https://img.shields.io/docker/v/qmcgaw/gluetun?sort=semver&label=Last%20Docker%20tag)
+[![Last release size](https://img.shields.io/docker/image-size/qmcgaw/gluetun?sort=semver&label=Last%20released%20image)](https://hub.docker.com/r/qmcgaw/gluetun/tags?page=1&ordering=last_updated)
+![GitHub last release date](https://img.shields.io/github/release-date/qdm12/gluetun?label=Last%20release%20date)
+![Commits since release](https://img.shields.io/github/commits-since/qdm12/gluetun/latest?sort=semver)
+
+[![Latest size](https://img.shields.io/docker/image-size/qmcgaw/gluetun/latest?label=Latest%20image)](https://hub.docker.com/r/qmcgaw/gluetun/tags)
+
+[![GitHub last commit](https://img.shields.io/github/last-commit/qdm12/gluetun.svg)](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/commits/master)
+[![GitHub commit activity](https://img.shields.io/github/commit-activity/y/qdm12/gluetun.svg)](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/graphs/contributors)
+[![GitHub closed PRs](https://img.shields.io/github/issues-pr-closed/qdm12/gluetun.svg)](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/pulls?q=is%3Apr+is%3Aclosed)
+[![GitHub issues](https://img.shields.io/github/issues/qdm12/gluetun.svg)](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/issues)
+[![GitHub closed issues](https://img.shields.io/github/issues-closed/qdm12/gluetun.svg)](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aclosed)
+
+[![Lines of code](https://img.shields.io/tokei/lines/github/qdm12/gluetun)](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun)
+![Code size](https://img.shields.io/github/languages/code-size/qdm12/gluetun)
+![GitHub repo size](https://img.shields.io/github/repo-size/qdm12/gluetun)
+![Go version](https://img.shields.io/github/go-mod/go-version/qdm12/gluetun)
+
+![Visitors count](https://visitor-badge.laobi.icu/badge?page_id=gluetun.readme)
+
+## Quick links
+
+- [Setup](#Setup)
+- [Features](#Features)
+- Problem?
+  - [Check the Wiki](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki)
+  - [Start a discussion](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/discussions)
+  - [Fix the Unraid template](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/discussions/550)
+- Suggestion?
+  - [Create an issue](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/issues)
+  - [Join the Slack channel](https://join.slack.com/t/qdm12/shared_invite/enQtOTE0NjcxNTM1ODc5LTYyZmVlOTM3MGI4ZWU0YmJkMjUxNmQ4ODQ2OTAwYzMxMTlhY2Q1MWQyOWUyNjc2ODliNjFjMDUxNWNmNzk5MDk)
+- Happy?
+  - Sponsor me on [github.com/sponsors/qdm12](https://github.com/sponsors/qdm12)
+  - Donate to [paypal.me/qmcgaw](https://www.paypal.me/qmcgaw)
+  - Drop me [an email](mailto:quentin.mcgaw@gmail.com)
+- Video:
+
+  [![Video Gif](https://i.imgur.com/CetWunc.gif)](https://youtu.be/0F6I03LQcI4)
+
+- [Substack Console interview](https://console.substack.com/p/console-72)
+
+## Features
+
+- Based on Alpine 3.15 for a small Docker image of 29MB
+- Supports: **Cyberghost**, **ExpressVPN**, **FastestVPN**, **HideMyAss**, **IPVanish**, **IVPN**, **Mullvad**, **NordVPN**, **Perfect Privacy**, **Privado**, **Private Internet Access**, **PrivateVPN**, **ProtonVPN**, **PureVPN**,  **Surfshark**, **TorGuard**, **VPNUnlimited**, **Vyprvpn**, **WeVPN**, **Windscribe** servers
+- Supports OpenVPN for all providers listed
+- Supports Wireguard both kernelspace and userspace
+  - For **Mullvad**, **Ivpn** and **Windscribe**
+  - For **Torguard**, **VPN Unlimited** and **WeVPN** using [the custom provider](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Custom-provider)
+  - For custom Wireguard configurations using [the custom provider](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Custom-provider)
+  - More in progress, see [#134](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/issues/134)
+- DNS over TLS baked in with service provider(s) of your choice
+- DNS fine blocking of malicious/ads/surveillance hostnames and IP addresses, with live update every 24 hours
+- Choose the vpn network protocol, `udp` or `tcp`
+- Built in firewall kill switch to allow traffic only with needed the VPN servers and LAN devices
+- Built in Shadowsocks proxy (protocol based on SOCKS5 with an encryption layer, tunnels TCP+UDP)
+- Built in HTTP proxy (tunnels HTTP and HTTPS through TCP)
+- [Connect other containers to it](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Connect-a-container-to-gluetun)
+- [Connect LAN devices to it](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Connect-a-LAN-device-to-gluetun)
+- Compatible with amd64, i686 (32 bit), **ARM** 64 bit, ARM 32 bit v6 and v7, and even ppc64le 🎆
+- [Custom VPN server side port forwarding for Private Internet Access](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Private-internet-access#vpn-server-port-forwarding)
+- Possibility of split horizon DNS by selecting multiple DNS over TLS providers
+- Unbound subprogram drops root privileges once launched
+- Can work as a Kubernetes sidecar container, thanks @rorph
+
+## Setup
+
+🎉 There are now instructions specific to each VPN provider with examples to help you get started as quickly as possible!
+
+Go to the [Wiki](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki)!
+
+[🐛 Found a bug in the Wiki?!](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/issues/new?assignees=&labels=%F0%9F%93%84+Wiki+issue&template=wiki+issue.yml&title=Wiki+issue%3A+)
+
+Here's a docker-compose.yml for the laziest:
+
+```yml
+version: "3"
+services:
+  gluetun:
+    image: qmcgaw/gluetun
+    # container_name: gluetun
+    # line above must be uncommented to allow external containers to connect. See https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Connect-a-container-to-gluetun#external-container-to-gluetun
+    cap_add:
+      - NET_ADMIN
+    ports:
+      - 8888:8888/tcp # HTTP proxy
+      - 8388:8388/tcp # Shadowsocks
+      - 8388:8388/udp # Shadowsocks
+    volumes:
+      - /yourpath:/gluetun
+    environment:
+      # See https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki
+      - VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=ivpn
+      - VPN_TYPE=openvpn
+      # OpenVPN:
+      - OPENVPN_USER=
+      - OPENVPN_PASSWORD=
+      # Wireguard:
+      # - WIREGUARD_PRIVATE_KEY=wOEI9rqqbDwnN8/Bpp22sVz48T71vJ4fYmFWujulwUU=
+      # - WIREGUARD_ADDRESSES=10.64.222.21/32
+      # Timezone for accurate log times
+      - TZ=
+```
+
+## License
+
+[![MIT](https://img.shields.io/github/license/qdm12/gluetun)](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/master/LICENSE)
--- a/cmd/gluetun/main.go
+++ b/cmd/gluetun/main.go
@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/qdm12/dns/pkg/unbound"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/alpine"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/cli"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/sources"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/sources/env"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/sources/files"
-	mux "github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/sources/merge"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/sources/mux"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/sources/secrets"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/dns"
@@ -29,28 +29,23 @@ import (
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/netlink"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/openvpn"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/openvpn/extract"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/portforward"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/pprof"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/provider"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/publicip"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/publicip/ipinfo"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/routing"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/server"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/shadowsocks"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/storage"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/tun"
-	updater "github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/updater/loop"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/updater/resolver"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/updater/unzip"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/updater"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/vpn"
 	"github.com/qdm12/golibs/command"
+	"github.com/qdm12/golibs/logging"
 	"github.com/qdm12/goshutdown"
 	"github.com/qdm12/goshutdown/goroutine"
 	"github.com/qdm12/goshutdown/group"
 	"github.com/qdm12/goshutdown/order"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gosplash"
-	"github.com/qdm12/log"
 	"github.com/qdm12/updated/pkg/dnscrypto"
 )

@@ -69,36 +64,37 @@ func main() {
 	}

 	background := context.Background()
-	signalCh := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
-	signal.Notify(signalCh, os.Interrupt, syscall.SIGTERM)
+	signalCtx, stop := signal.NotifyContext(background, syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM, os.Interrupt)
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(background)

-	logger := log.New(log.SetLevel(log.LevelInfo))
+	logger := logging.New(logging.Settings{
+		Level: logging.LevelInfo,
+	})

 	args := os.Args
 	tun := tun.New()
-	netLinkDebugLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("netlink"))
-	netLinker := netlink.New(netLinkDebugLogger)
+	netLinker := netlink.New()
 	cli := cli.New()
 	cmder := command.NewCmder()

-	secretsReader := secrets.New()
-	filesReader := files.New()
 	envReader := env.New(logger)
-	muxReader := mux.New(secretsReader, filesReader, envReader)
+	filesReader := files.New()
+	secretsReader := secrets.New()
+	muxReader := mux.New(envReader, filesReader, secretsReader)

 	errorCh := make(chan error)
 	go func() {
 		errorCh <- _main(ctx, buildInfo, args, logger, muxReader, tun, netLinker, cmder, cli)
 	}()

-	var err error
 	select {
-	case signal := <-signalCh:
+	case <-signalCtx.Done():
+		stop()
 		fmt.Println("")
-		logger.Warn("Caught OS signal " + signal.String() + ", shutting down")
+		logger.Warn("Caught OS signal, shutting down")
 		cancel()
-	case err = <-errorCh:
+	case err := <-errorCh:
+		stop()
 		close(errorCh)
 		if err == nil { // expected exit such as healthcheck
 			os.Exit(0)
@@ -110,27 +106,16 @@ func main() {
 	const shutdownGracePeriod = 5 * time.Second
 	timer := time.NewTimer(shutdownGracePeriod)
 	select {
-	case shutdownErr := <-errorCh:
+	case <-errorCh:
 		if !timer.Stop() {
 			<-timer.C
 		}
-		if shutdownErr != nil {
-			logger.Warnf("Shutdown not completed gracefully: %s", shutdownErr)
-			os.Exit(1)
-		}
-
 		logger.Info("Shutdown successful")
-		if err != nil {
-			os.Exit(1)
-		}
-		os.Exit(0)
 	case <-timer.C:
 		logger.Warn("Shutdown timed out")
-		os.Exit(1)
-	case signal := <-signalCh:
-		logger.Warn("Caught OS signal " + signal.String() + ", forcing shut down")
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
+
+	os.Exit(1)
 }

 var (
@@ -139,9 +124,9 @@ var (

 //nolint:gocognit,gocyclo,maintidx
 func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
-	args []string, logger log.LoggerInterface, source Source,
-	tun Tun, netLinker netLinker, cmder command.RunStarter,
-	cli clier) error {
+	args []string, logger logging.ParentLogger, source sources.Source,
+	tun tun.Interface, netLinker netlink.NetLinker, cmder command.RunStarter,
+	cli cli.CLIer) error {
 	if len(args) > 1 { // cli operation
 		switch args[1] {
 		case "healthcheck":
@@ -149,7 +134,7 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 		case "clientkey":
 			return cli.ClientKey(args[2:])
 		case "openvpnconfig":
-			return cli.OpenvpnConfig(logger, source, netLinker)
+			return cli.OpenvpnConfig(logger, source)
 		case "update":
 			return cli.Update(ctx, args[2:], logger)
 		case "format-servers":
@@ -159,7 +144,7 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 		}
 	}

-	announcementExp, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, "2023-07-01T00:00:00Z")
+	announcementExp, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, "2021-02-15T00:00:00Z")
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -170,7 +155,7 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 		Version:      buildInfo.Version,
 		Commit:       buildInfo.Commit,
 		BuildDate:    buildInfo.Created,
-		Announcement: "Wiki moved to https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki",
+		Announcement: "Large settings parsing refactoring merged on 2022-01-06, please report any issue!",
 		AnnounceExp:  announcementExp,
 		// Sponsor information
 		PaypalUser:    "qmcgaw",
@@ -189,16 +174,17 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 	// - global log level is parsed from source
 	// - firewall Debug and Enabled are booleans parsed from source

-	logger.Patch(log.SetLevel(*allSettings.Log.Level))
-	netLinker.PatchLoggerLevel(*allSettings.Log.Level)
+	logger.PatchLevel(*allSettings.Log.Level)

-	routingLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("routing"))
+	routingLogger := logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{
+		Prefix: "routing: ",
+	})
 	if *allSettings.Firewall.Debug { // To remove in v4
-		routingLogger.Patch(log.SetLevel(log.LevelDebug))
+		routingLogger.PatchLevel(logging.LevelDebug)
 	}
 	routingConf := routing.New(netLinker, routingLogger)

-	defaultRoutes, err := routingConf.DefaultRoutes()
+	defaultInterface, defaultGateway, err := routingConf.DefaultRoute()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -208,16 +194,19 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 		return err
 	}

-	firewallLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("firewall"))
-	if *allSettings.Firewall.Debug { // To remove in v4
-		firewallLogger.Patch(log.SetLevel(log.LevelDebug))
-	}
-	firewallConf, err := firewall.NewConfig(ctx, firewallLogger, cmder,
-		defaultRoutes, localNetworks)
+	defaultIP, err := routingConf.DefaultIP()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

+	firewallLogger := logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{
+		Prefix: "firewall: ",
+	})
+	if *allSettings.Firewall.Debug { // To remove in v4
+		firewallLogger.PatchLevel(logging.LevelDebug)
+	}
+	firewallConf := firewall.NewConfig(firewallLogger, cmder,
+		defaultInterface, defaultGateway, localNetworks, defaultIP)
 	if *allSettings.Firewall.Enabled {
 		err = firewallConf.SetEnabled(ctx, true)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -226,26 +215,23 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 	}

 	// TODO run this in a loop or in openvpn to reload from file without restarting
-	storageLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("storage"))
+	storageLogger := logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{Prefix: "storage: "})
 	storage, err := storage.New(storageLogger, constants.ServersData)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	ipv6Supported, err := netLinker.IsIPv6Supported()
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("checking for IPv6 support: %w", err)
-	}
+	allServers := storage.GetServers()

-	err = allSettings.Validate(storage, ipv6Supported)
+	err = allSettings.Validate(allServers)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	allSettings.Pprof.HTTPServer.Logger = logger.New(log.SetComponent("pprof"))
+	allSettings.Pprof.HTTPServer.Logger = logger
 	pprofServer, err := pprof.New(allSettings.Pprof)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("creating Pprof server: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("cannot create Pprof server: %w", err)
 	}

 	puid, pgid := int(*allSettings.System.PUID), int(*allSettings.System.PGID)
@@ -255,7 +241,7 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 	// Create configurators
 	alpineConf := alpine.New()
 	ovpnConf := openvpn.New(
-		logger.New(log.SetComponent("openvpn configurator")),
+		logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{Prefix: "openvpn configurator: "}),
 		cmder, puid, pgid)
 	dnsCrypto := dnscrypto.New(httpClient, "", "")
 	const cacertsPath = "/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt"
@@ -264,8 +250,8 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,

 	err = printVersions(ctx, logger, []printVersionElement{
 		{name: "Alpine", getVersion: alpineConf.Version},
+		{name: "OpenVPN 2.4", getVersion: ovpnConf.Version24},
 		{name: "OpenVPN 2.5", getVersion: ovpnConf.Version25},
-		{name: "OpenVPN 2.6", getVersion: ovpnConf.Version26},
 		{name: "Unbound", getVersion: dnsConf.Version},
 		{name: "IPtables", getVersion: func(ctx context.Context) (version string, err error) {
 			return firewall.Version(ctx, cmder)
@@ -277,10 +263,6 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,

 	logger.Info(allSettings.String())

-	for _, warning := range allSettings.Warnings() {
-		logger.Warn(warning)
-	}
-
 	if err := os.MkdirAll("/tmp/gluetun", 0644); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -291,7 +273,7 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 	const defaultUsername = "nonrootuser"
 	nonRootUsername, err := alpineConf.CreateUser(defaultUsername, puid)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("creating user: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("cannot create user: %w", err)
 	}
 	if nonRootUsername != defaultUsername {
 		logger.Info("using existing username " + nonRootUsername + " corresponding to user id " + fmt.Sprint(puid))
@@ -309,12 +291,12 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 		if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "operation not permitted") {
 			logger.Warn("💡 Tip: Are you passing NET_ADMIN capability to gluetun?")
 		}
-		return fmt.Errorf("setting up routing: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("cannot setup routing: %w", err)
 	}
 	defer func() {
-		routingLogger.Info("routing cleanup...")
+		logger.Info("routing cleanup...")
 		if err := routingConf.TearDown(); err != nil {
-			routingLogger.Error("cannot teardown routing: " + err.Error())
+			logger.Error("cannot teardown routing: " + err.Error())
 		}
 	}()

@@ -325,11 +307,6 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 		return err
 	}

-	err = routingConf.AddLocalRules(localNetworks)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("adding local rules: %w", err)
-	}
-
 	const tunDevice = "/dev/net/tun"
 	if err := tun.Check(tunDevice); err != nil {
 		logger.Info(err.Error() + "; creating it...")
@@ -340,11 +317,9 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 	}

 	for _, port := range allSettings.Firewall.InputPorts {
-		for _, defaultRoute := range defaultRoutes {
-			err = firewallConf.SetAllowedPort(ctx, port, defaultRoute.NetInterface)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
+		err = firewallConf.SetAllowedPort(ctx, port, defaultInterface)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
 		}
 	} // TODO move inside firewall?

@@ -365,24 +340,20 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 	tickersGroupHandler := goshutdown.NewGroupHandler("tickers", defaultGroupOptions...)
 	otherGroupHandler := goshutdown.NewGroupHandler("other", defaultGroupOptions...)

-	if *allSettings.Pprof.Enabled {
-		// TODO run in run loop so this can be patched at runtime
-		pprofReady := make(chan struct{})
-		pprofHandler, pprofCtx, pprofDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler("pprof server")
-		go pprofServer.Run(pprofCtx, pprofReady, pprofDone)
-		otherGroupHandler.Add(pprofHandler)
-		<-pprofReady
-	}
+	pprofReady := make(chan struct{})
+	pprofHandler, pprofCtx, pprofDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler("pprof server")
+	go pprofServer.Run(pprofCtx, pprofReady, pprofDone)
+	otherGroupHandler.Add(pprofHandler)
+	<-pprofReady

-	portForwardLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("port forwarding"))
+	portForwardLogger := logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{Prefix: "port forwarding: "})
 	portForwardLooper := portforward.NewLoop(allSettings.VPN.Provider.PortForwarding,
-		routingConf, httpClient, firewallConf, portForwardLogger, puid, pgid)
-	portForwardRunError, err := portForwardLooper.Start(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("starting port forwarding loop: %w", err)
-	}
+		httpClient, firewallConf, portForwardLogger)
+	portForwardHandler, portForwardCtx, portForwardDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
+		"port forwarding", goroutine.OptionTimeout(time.Second))
+	go portForwardLooper.Run(portForwardCtx, portForwardDone)

-	unboundLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("dns"))
+	unboundLogger := logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{Prefix: "dns over tls: "})
 	unboundLooper := dns.NewLoop(dnsConf, allSettings.DNS, httpClient,
 		unboundLogger)
 	dnsHandler, dnsCtx, dnsDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
@@ -396,34 +367,31 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 	go unboundLooper.RunRestartTicker(dnsTickerCtx, dnsTickerDone)
 	controlGroupHandler.Add(dnsTickerHandler)

-	ipFetcher := ipinfo.New(httpClient)
-	publicIPLooper := publicip.NewLoop(ipFetcher,
-		logger.New(log.SetComponent("ip getter")),
+	publicIPLooper := publicip.NewLoop(httpClient,
+		logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{Prefix: "ip getter: "}),
 		allSettings.PublicIP, puid, pgid)
-	publicIPRunError, err := publicIPLooper.Start(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("starting public ip loop: %w", err)
-	}
+	pubIPHandler, pubIPCtx, pubIPDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
+		"public IP", goroutine.OptionTimeout(defaultShutdownTimeout))
+	go publicIPLooper.Run(pubIPCtx, pubIPDone)
+	otherGroupHandler.Add(pubIPHandler)

-	updaterLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("updater"))
+	pubIPTickerHandler, pubIPTickerCtx, pubIPTickerDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
+		"public IP", goroutine.OptionTimeout(defaultShutdownTimeout))
+	go publicIPLooper.RunRestartTicker(pubIPTickerCtx, pubIPTickerDone)
+	tickersGroupHandler.Add(pubIPTickerHandler)

-	unzipper := unzip.New(httpClient)
-	parallelResolver := resolver.NewParallelResolver(allSettings.Updater.DNSAddress)
-	openvpnFileExtractor := extract.New()
-	providers := provider.NewProviders(storage, time.Now, updaterLogger,
-		httpClient, unzipper, parallelResolver, ipFetcher, openvpnFileExtractor)
-
-	vpnLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("vpn"))
-	vpnLooper := vpn.NewLoop(allSettings.VPN, ipv6Supported, allSettings.Firewall.VPNInputPorts,
-		providers, storage, ovpnConf, netLinker, firewallConf, routingConf, portForwardLooper,
+	vpnLogger := logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{Prefix: "vpn: "})
+	vpnLooper := vpn.NewLoop(allSettings.VPN, allSettings.Firewall.VPNInputPorts,
+		allServers, ovpnConf, netLinker, firewallConf, routingConf, portForwardLooper,
 		cmder, publicIPLooper, unboundLooper, vpnLogger, httpClient,
 		buildInfo, *allSettings.Version.Enabled)
 	vpnHandler, vpnCtx, vpnDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
 		"vpn", goroutine.OptionTimeout(time.Second))
 	go vpnLooper.Run(vpnCtx, vpnDone)

-	updaterLooper := updater.NewLoop(allSettings.Updater,
-		providers, storage, httpClient, updaterLogger)
+	updaterLooper := updater.NewLooper(allSettings.Updater,
+		allServers, storage, vpnLooper.SetServers, httpClient,
+		logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{Prefix: "updater: "}))
 	updaterHandler, updaterCtx, updaterDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
 		"updater", goroutine.OptionTimeout(defaultShutdownTimeout))
 	// wait for updaterLooper.Restart() or its ticket launched with RunRestartTicker
@@ -436,15 +404,15 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 	controlGroupHandler.Add(updaterTickerHandler)

 	httpProxyLooper := httpproxy.NewLoop(
-		logger.New(log.SetComponent("http proxy")),
+		logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{Prefix: "http proxy: "}),
 		allSettings.HTTPProxy)
 	httpProxyHandler, httpProxyCtx, httpProxyDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
 		"http proxy", goroutine.OptionTimeout(defaultShutdownTimeout))
 	go httpProxyLooper.Run(httpProxyCtx, httpProxyDone)
 	otherGroupHandler.Add(httpProxyHandler)

-	shadowsocksLooper := shadowsocks.NewLoop(allSettings.Shadowsocks,
-		logger.New(log.SetComponent("shadowsocks")))
+	shadowsocksLooper := shadowsocks.NewLooper(allSettings.Shadowsocks,
+		logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{Prefix: "shadowsocks: "}))
 	shadowsocksHandler, shadowsocksCtx, shadowsocksDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
 		"shadowsocks proxy", goroutine.OptionTimeout(defaultShutdownTimeout))
 	go shadowsocksLooper.Run(shadowsocksCtx, shadowsocksDone)
@@ -454,19 +422,13 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 	controlServerLogging := *allSettings.ControlServer.Log
 	httpServerHandler, httpServerCtx, httpServerDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
 		"http server", goroutine.OptionTimeout(defaultShutdownTimeout))
-	httpServer, err := server.New(httpServerCtx, controlServerAddress, controlServerLogging,
-		logger.New(log.SetComponent("http server")),
-		buildInfo, vpnLooper, portForwardLooper, unboundLooper, updaterLooper, publicIPLooper,
-		storage, ipv6Supported)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("setting up control server: %w", err)
-	}
-	httpServerReady := make(chan struct{})
-	go httpServer.Run(httpServerCtx, httpServerReady, httpServerDone)
-	<-httpServerReady
+	httpServer := server.New(httpServerCtx, controlServerAddress, controlServerLogging,
+		logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{Prefix: "http server: "}),
+		buildInfo, vpnLooper, portForwardLooper, unboundLooper, updaterLooper, publicIPLooper)
+	go httpServer.Run(httpServerCtx, httpServerDone)
 	controlGroupHandler.Add(httpServerHandler)

-	healthLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("healthcheck"))
+	healthLogger := logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{Prefix: "healthcheck: "})
 	healthcheckServer := healthcheck.NewServer(allSettings.Health, healthLogger, vpnLooper)
 	healthServerHandler, healthServerCtx, healthServerDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
 		"HTTP health server", goroutine.OptionTimeout(defaultShutdownTimeout))
@@ -477,31 +439,13 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 		order.OptionOnSuccess(defaultShutdownOnSuccess),
 		order.OptionOnFailure(defaultShutdownOnFailure))
 	orderHandler.Append(controlGroupHandler, tickersGroupHandler, healthServerHandler,
-		vpnHandler, otherGroupHandler)
+		vpnHandler, portForwardHandler, otherGroupHandler)

 	// Start VPN for the first time in a blocking call
 	// until the VPN is launched
 	_, _ = vpnLooper.ApplyStatus(ctx, constants.Running) // TODO option to disable with variable

-	select {
-	case <-ctx.Done():
-		stoppers := []interface {
-			String() string
-			Stop() error
-		}{
-			portForwardLooper, publicIPLooper,
-		}
-		for _, stopper := range stoppers {
-			err := stopper.Stop()
-			if err != nil {
-				logger.Error(fmt.Sprintf("stopping %s: %s", stopper, err))
-			}
-		}
-	case err := <-portForwardRunError:
-		logger.Errorf("port forwarding loop crashed: %s", err)
-	case err := <-publicIPRunError:
-		logger.Errorf("public IP loop crashed: %s", err)
-	}
+	<-ctx.Done()

 	return orderHandler.Shutdown(context.Background())
 }
@@ -524,68 +468,10 @@ func printVersions(ctx context.Context, logger infoer,
 	for _, element := range elements {
 		version, err := element.getVersion(ctx)
 		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("getting %s version: %w", element.name, err)
+			return err
 		}
 		logger.Info(element.name + " version: " + version)
 	}

 	return nil
 }
-
-type netLinker interface {
-	Addresser
-	Router
-	Ruler
-	Linker
-	IsWireguardSupported() (ok bool, err error)
-	IsIPv6Supported() (ok bool, err error)
-	PatchLoggerLevel(level log.Level)
-}
-
-type Addresser interface {
-	AddrList(link netlink.Link, family int) (
-		addresses []netlink.Addr, err error)
-	AddrReplace(link netlink.Link, addr netlink.Addr) error
-}
-
-type Router interface {
-	RouteList(family int) (routes []netlink.Route, err error)
-	RouteAdd(route netlink.Route) error
-	RouteDel(route netlink.Route) error
-	RouteReplace(route netlink.Route) error
-}
-
-type Ruler interface {
-	RuleList(family int) (rules []netlink.Rule, err error)
-	RuleAdd(rule netlink.Rule) error
-	RuleDel(rule netlink.Rule) error
-}
-
-type Linker interface {
-	LinkList() (links []netlink.Link, err error)
-	LinkByName(name string) (link netlink.Link, err error)
-	LinkByIndex(index int) (link netlink.Link, err error)
-	LinkAdd(link netlink.Link) (linkIndex int, err error)
-	LinkDel(link netlink.Link) (err error)
-	LinkSetUp(link netlink.Link) (linkIndex int, err error)
-	LinkSetDown(link netlink.Link) (err error)
-}
-
-type clier interface {
-	ClientKey(args []string) error
-	FormatServers(args []string) error
-	OpenvpnConfig(logger cli.OpenvpnConfigLogger, source cli.Source, ipv6Checker cli.IPv6Checker) error
-	HealthCheck(ctx context.Context, source cli.Source, warner cli.Warner) error
-	Update(ctx context.Context, args []string, logger cli.UpdaterLogger) error
-}
-
-type Tun interface {
-	Check(tunDevice string) error
-	Create(tunDevice string) error
-}
-
-type Source interface {
-	Read() (settings settings.Settings, err error)
-	ReadHealth() (health settings.Health, err error)
-	String() string
-}
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -1,55 +1,43 @@
 module github.com/qdm12/gluetun

-go 1.21
+go 1.17

 require (
-	github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.2.11
-	github.com/fatih/color v1.15.0
+	github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.2.2
+	github.com/fatih/color v1.13.0
 	github.com/golang/mock v1.6.0
-	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.16.7
-	github.com/klauspost/pgzip v1.2.6
 	github.com/qdm12/dns v1.11.0
 	github.com/qdm12/golibs v0.0.0-20210822203818-5c568b0777b6
-	github.com/qdm12/gosettings v0.4.0-rc1
 	github.com/qdm12/goshutdown v0.3.0
 	github.com/qdm12/gosplash v0.1.0
 	github.com/qdm12/gotree v0.2.0
-	github.com/qdm12/govalid v0.2.0-rc1
-	github.com/qdm12/log v0.1.0
-	github.com/qdm12/ss-server v0.5.0-rc1
+	github.com/qdm12/govalid v0.1.0
+	github.com/qdm12/ss-server v0.4.0
 	github.com/qdm12/updated v0.0.0-20210603204757-205acfe6937e
-	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.4
-	github.com/ulikunitz/xz v0.5.11
-	github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.2.1-beta.2
-	github.com/youmark/pkcs8 v0.0.0-20201027041543-1326539a0a0a
-	golang.org/x/net v0.12.0
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.11.0
-	golang.org/x/text v0.11.0
-	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20230325221338-052af4a8072b
-	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl v0.0.0-20230215201556-9c5414ab4bde
-	gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.67.0
-	inet.af/netaddr v0.0.0-20220811202034-502d2d690317
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.0
+	github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.1.1-0.20211129163951-9ada19101fc5
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210630005230-0f9fa26af87c
+	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20210805125648-3957e9b9dd19
+	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl v0.0.0-20210803171230-4253848d036c
+	inet.af/netaddr v0.0.0-20210718074554-06ca8145d722
 )

 require (
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
-	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.9 // indirect
-	github.com/josharian/native v1.0.0 // indirect
-	github.com/mattn/go-colorable v0.1.13 // indirect
-	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.17 // indirect
-	github.com/mdlayher/genetlink v1.2.0 // indirect
-	github.com/mdlayher/netlink v1.6.2 // indirect
-	github.com/mdlayher/socket v0.2.3 // indirect
+	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.5 // indirect
+	github.com/josharian/native v0.0.0-20200817173448-b6b71def0850 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-colorable v0.1.9 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.14 // indirect
+	github.com/mdlayher/genetlink v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/mdlayher/netlink v1.4.0 // indirect
 	github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.40 // indirect
 	github.com/mr-tron/base58 v1.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/riobard/go-bloom v0.0.0-20200614022211-cdc8013cb5b3 // indirect
 	github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.0-20200728191858-db3c7e526aae // indirect
-	go4.org/intern v0.0.0-20211027215823-ae77deb06f29 // indirect
-	go4.org/unsafe/assume-no-moving-gc v0.0.0-20230525183740-e7c30c78aeb2 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.11.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230522175609-2e198f4a06a1 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.1.0 // indirect
-	golang.zx2c4.com/wintun v0.0.0-20230126152724-0fa3db229ce2 // indirect
-	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
+	go4.org/intern v0.0.0-20210108033219-3eb7198706b2 // indirect
+	go4.org/unsafe/assume-no-moving-gc v0.0.0-20201222180813-1025295fd063 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210711020723-a769d52b0f97 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210504132125-bbd867fde50d // indirect
+	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c // indirect
 )
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ github.com/alcortesm/tgz v0.0.0-20161220082320-9c5fe88206d7/go.mod h1:6zEj6s6u/g
 github.com/anmitsu/go-shlex v0.0.0-20161002113705-648efa622239/go.mod h1:2FmKhYUyUczH0OGQWaF5ceTx0UBShxjsH6f8oGKYe2c=
 github.com/armon/go-socks5 v0.0.0-20160902184237-e75332964ef5/go.mod h1:wHh0iHkYZB8zMSxRWpUBQtwG5a7fFgvEO+odwuTv2gs=
 github.com/asaskevich/govalidator v0.0.0-20180720115003-f9ffefc3facf/go.mod h1:lB+ZfQJz7igIIfQNfa7Ml4HSf2uFQQRzpGGRXenZAgY=
-github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.2.11 h1:njUAtoyZ6HUXPAPk63tGz0BEZk1/6gyfqK5fTzksHkM=
-github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.2.11/go.mod h1:S/PKh+4d1HUn4HQovEB8hPJZO6pUZYrIhmXBhsegfXw=
+github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.2.2 h1:hkHEpbTdYaNvDoYeq+mwRvCeg/YTTl23DjQ1Tnj71Zs=
+github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.2.2/go.mod h1:24FDtzYMpqIeYC7QzaE8VPRQaFZU5TIUDlyk8qwjD88=
 github.com/creack/pty v1.1.7/go.mod h1:lj5s0c3V2DBrqTV7llrYr5NG6My20zk30Fl46Y7DoTY=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.0/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c=
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ github.com/docker/go-units v0.3.3/go.mod h1:fgPhTUdO+D/Jk86RDLlptpiXQzgHJF7gydDD
 github.com/dvyukov/go-fuzz v0.0.0-20210103155950-6a8e9d1f2415/go.mod h1:11Gm+ccJnvAhCNLlf5+cS9KjtbaD5I5zaZpFMsTHWTw=
 github.com/emirpasic/gods v1.12.0/go.mod h1:YfzfFFoVP/catgzJb4IKIqXjX78Ha8FMSDh3ymbK86o=
 github.com/fatih/color v1.12.0/go.mod h1:ELkj/draVOlAH/xkhN6mQ50Qd0MPOk5AAr3maGEBuJM=
-github.com/fatih/color v1.15.0 h1:kOqh6YHBtK8aywxGerMG2Eq3H6Qgoqeo13Bk2Mv/nBs=
-github.com/fatih/color v1.15.0/go.mod h1:0h5ZqXfHYED7Bhv2ZJamyIOUej9KtShiJESRwBDUSsw=
+github.com/fatih/color v1.13.0 h1:8LOYc1KYPPmyKMuN8QV2DNRWNbLo6LZ0iLs8+mlH53w=
+github.com/fatih/color v1.13.0/go.mod h1:kLAiJbzzSOZDVNGyDpeOxJ47H46qBXwg5ILebYFFOfk=
 github.com/flynn/go-shlex v0.0.0-20150515145356-3f9db97f8568/go.mod h1:xEzjJPgXI435gkrCt3MPfRiAkVrwSbHsst4LCFVfpJc=
 github.com/gliderlabs/ssh v0.2.2/go.mod h1:U7qILu1NlMHj9FlMhZLlkCdDnU1DBEAqr0aevW3Awn0=
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 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20180917221912-90fa682c2a6e/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20190729092621-ff9f1409240a/go.mod h1:jcCCGcm9btYwXyDqrUWc6MKQKKGJCWEQ3AfLSRIbEuI=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20191119224855-298f0cb1881e/go.mod h1:b+2E5dAYhXwXZwtnZ6UAqBI28+e2cm9otk0dWdXHAEo=
@@ -227,29 +228,24 @@ golang.org/x/tools v0.1.1/go.mod h1:o0xws9oXOQQZyjljx8fwUC0k7L1pTE6eaCbjGeHmOkk=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20190717185122-a985d3407aa7/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191011141410-1b5146add898/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191204190536-9bdfabe68543/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
+golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20200804184101-5ec99f83aff1 h1:go1bK/D/BFZV2I8cIQd1NKEZ+0owSTG1fDTci4IqFcE=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20200804184101-5ec99f83aff1/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
-golang.zx2c4.com/wintun v0.0.0-20230126152724-0fa3db229ce2 h1:B82qJJgjvYKsXS9jeunTOisW56dUokqW/FOteYJJ/yg=
-golang.zx2c4.com/wintun v0.0.0-20230126152724-0fa3db229ce2/go.mod h1:deeaetjYA+DHMHg+sMSMI58GrEteJUUzzw7en6TJQcI=
-golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20230325221338-052af4a8072b h1:J1CaxgLerRR5lgx3wnr6L04cJFbWoceSK9JWBdglINo=
-golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20230325221338-052af4a8072b/go.mod h1:tqur9LnfstdR9ep2LaJT4lFUl0EjlHtge+gAjmsHUG4=
-golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl v0.0.0-20230215201556-9c5414ab4bde h1:ybF7AMzIUikL9x4LgwEmzhXtzRpKNqngme1VGDWz+Nk=
-golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl v0.0.0-20230215201556-9c5414ab4bde/go.mod h1:mQqgjkW8GQQcJQsbBvK890TKqUK1DfKWkuBGbOkuMHQ=
+golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20210427022245-097af6e1351b/go.mod h1:a057zjmoc00UN7gVkaJt2sXVK523kMJcogDTEvPIasg=
+golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20210805125648-3957e9b9dd19 h1:ab2jcw2W91Rz07eHAb8Lic7sFQKO0NhBftjv6m/gL/0=
+golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20210805125648-3957e9b9dd19/go.mod h1:laHzsbfMhGSobUmruXWAyMKKHSqvIcrqZJMyHD+/3O8=
+golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl v0.0.0-20210803171230-4253848d036c h1:ADNrRDI5NR23/TUCnEmlLZLt4u9DnZ2nwRkPrAcFvto=
+golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl v0.0.0-20210803171230-4253848d036c/go.mod h1:+1XihzyZUBJcSc5WO9SwNA7v26puQwOEDwanaxfNXPQ=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20180628173108-788fd7840127 h1:qIbj1fsPNlZgppZ+VLlY7N33q108Sa+fhmuc+sWQYwY=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20180628173108-788fd7840127/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
-gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.67.0 h1:Dgnx+6+nfE+IfzjUEISNeydPJh9AXNNsWbGP9KzCsOA=
-gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.67.0/go.mod h1:pNLf8WUiyNEtQjuu5G5vTm06TEv9tsIgeAvK8hOrP4k=
 gopkg.in/src-d/go-billy.v4 v4.3.2/go.mod h1:nDjArDMp+XMs1aFAESLRjfGSgfvoYN0hDfzEk0GjC98=
 gopkg.in/src-d/go-git-fixtures.v3 v3.5.0/go.mod h1:dLBcvytrw/TYZsNTWCnkNF2DSIlzWYqTe3rJR56Ac7g=
 gopkg.in/src-d/go-git.v4 v4.13.1/go.mod h1:nx5NYcxdKxq5fpltdHnPa2Exj4Sx0EclMWZQbYDu2z8=
 gopkg.in/warnings.v0 v0.1.2/go.mod h1:jksf8JmL6Qr/oQM2OXTHunEvvTAsrWBLb6OOjuVWRNI=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.1/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.2/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c h1:dUUwHk2QECo/6vqA44rthZ8ie2QXMNeKRTHCNY2nXvo=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
-gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
-gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
-gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20221203005347-703fd9b7fbc0 h1:Wobr37noukisGxpKo5jAsLREcpj61RxrWYzD8uwveOY=
-gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20221203005347-703fd9b7fbc0/go.mod h1:Dn5idtptoW1dIos9U6A2rpebLs/MtTwFacjKb8jLdQA=
 inet.af/netaddr v0.0.0-20210511181906-37180328850c/go.mod h1:z0nx+Dh+7N7CC8V5ayHtHGpZpxLQZZxkIaaz6HN65Ls=
-inet.af/netaddr v0.0.0-20220811202034-502d2d690317 h1:U2fwK6P2EqmopP/hFLTOAjWTki0qgd4GMJn5X8wOleU=
-inet.af/netaddr v0.0.0-20220811202034-502d2d690317/go.mod h1:OIezDfdzOgFhuw4HuWapWq2e9l0H9tK4F1j+ETRtF3k=
+inet.af/netaddr v0.0.0-20210718074554-06ca8145d722 h1:Qws2rZnQudC58cIagVucPQDLmMi3kAXgxscsgD0v6DU=
+inet.af/netaddr v0.0.0-20210718074554-06ca8145d722/go.mod h1:z0nx+Dh+7N7CC8V5ayHtHGpZpxLQZZxkIaaz6HN65Ls=
--- a/internal/alpine/alpine.go
+++ b/internal/alpine/alpine.go
@@ -1,9 +1,17 @@
+// Package alpine defines a configurator to interact with the Alpine operating system.
 package alpine

 import (
 	"os/user"
 )

+var _ Alpiner = (*Alpine)(nil)
+
+type Alpiner interface {
+	UserCreater
+	VersionGetter
+}
+
 type Alpine struct {
 	alpineReleasePath string
 	passwdPath        string
--- a/internal/alpine/users.go
+++ b/internal/alpine/users.go
@@ -12,6 +12,10 @@ var (
 	ErrUserAlreadyExists = errors.New("user already exists")
 )

+type UserCreater interface {
+	CreateUser(username string, uid int) (createdUsername string, err error)
+}
+
 // CreateUser creates a user in Alpine with the given UID.
 func (a *Alpine) CreateUser(username string, uid int) (createdUsername string, err error) {
 	UIDStr := strconv.Itoa(uid)
--- a/internal/alpine/version.go
+++ b/internal/alpine/version.go
@@ -7,7 +7,11 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 )

-func (a *Alpine) Version(context.Context) (version string, err error) {
+type VersionGetter interface {
+	Version(ctx context.Context) (version string, err error)
+}
+
+func (a *Alpine) Version(ctx context.Context) (version string, err error) {
 	file, err := os.OpenFile(a.alpineReleasePath, os.O_RDONLY, 0)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
--- a/internal/cli/ci.go
+++ b/internal/cli/ci.go
@@ -2,6 +2,6 @@ package cli

 import "context"

-func (c *CLI) CI(context.Context) error {
+func (c *CLI) CI(context context.Context) error {
 	return nil
 }
--- a/internal/cli/cli.go
+++ b/internal/cli/cli.go
@@ -1,5 +1,16 @@
+// Package cli defines an interface CLI to run command line operations.
 package cli

+var _ CLIer = (*CLI)(nil)
+
+type CLIer interface {
+	ClientKeyFormatter
+	HealthChecker
+	OpenvpnConfigMaker
+	Updater
+	ServersFormatter
+}
+
 type CLI struct {
 	repoServersPath string
 }
--- a/internal/cli/clientkey.go
+++ b/internal/cli/clientkey.go
@@ -10,6 +10,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/sources/files"
 )

+type ClientKeyFormatter interface {
+	ClientKey(args []string) error
+}
+
 func (c *CLI) ClientKey(args []string) error {
 	flagSet := flag.NewFlagSet("clientkey", flag.ExitOnError)
 	filepath := flagSet.String("path", files.OpenVPNClientKeyPath, "file path to the client.key file")
--- a/internal/cli/formatservers.go
+++ b/internal/cli/formatservers.go
@@ -6,49 +6,48 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
-	"strings"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/storage"
-	"golang.org/x/text/cases"
-	"golang.org/x/text/language"
 )

+type ServersFormatter interface {
+	FormatServers(args []string) error
+}
+
 var (
-	ErrFormatNotRecognized       = errors.New("format is not recognized")
-	ErrProviderUnspecified       = errors.New("VPN provider to format was not specified")
-	ErrMultipleProvidersToFormat = errors.New("more than one VPN provider to format were specified")
+	ErrFormatNotRecognized = errors.New("format is not recognized")
+	ErrProviderUnspecified = errors.New("VPN provider to format was not specified")
 )

-func addProviderFlag(flagSet *flag.FlagSet, providerToFormat map[string]*bool,
-	provider string, titleCaser cases.Caser) {
-	boolPtr, ok := providerToFormat[provider]
-	if !ok {
-		panic(fmt.Sprintf("unknown provider in format map: %s", provider))
-	}
-	flagSet.BoolVar(boolPtr, provider, false, "Format "+titleCaser.String(provider)+" servers")
-}
-
 func (c *CLI) FormatServers(args []string) error {
 	var format, output string
-	allProviders := providers.All()
-	allProviderFlags := make([]string, len(allProviders))
-	for i, provider := range allProviders {
-		allProviderFlags[i] = strings.ReplaceAll(provider, " ", "-")
-	}
-
-	providersToFormat := make(map[string]*bool, len(allProviders))
-	for _, provider := range allProviderFlags {
-		providersToFormat[provider] = new(bool)
-	}
-	flagSet := flag.NewFlagSet("format-servers", flag.ExitOnError)
+	var cyberghost, expressvpn, fastestvpn, hideMyAss, ipvanish, ivpn, mullvad,
+		nordvpn, perfectPrivacy, pia, privado, privatevpn, protonvpn, purevpn, surfshark,
+		torguard, vpnUnlimited, vyprvpn, wevpn, windscribe bool
+	flagSet := flag.NewFlagSet("markdown", flag.ExitOnError)
 	flagSet.StringVar(&format, "format", "markdown", "Format to use which can be: 'markdown'")
 	flagSet.StringVar(&output, "output", "/dev/stdout", "Output file to write the formatted data to")
-	titleCaser := cases.Title(language.English)
-	for _, provider := range allProviderFlags {
-		addProviderFlag(flagSet, providersToFormat, provider, titleCaser)
-	}
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&cyberghost, "cyberghost", false, "Format Cyberghost servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&expressvpn, "expressvpn", false, "Format ExpressVPN servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&fastestvpn, "fastestvpn", false, "Format FastestVPN servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&hideMyAss, "hidemyass", false, "Format HideMyAss servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&ipvanish, "ipvanish", false, "Format IpVanish servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&ivpn, "ivpn", false, "Format IVPN servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&mullvad, "mullvad", false, "Format Mullvad servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&nordvpn, "nordvpn", false, "Format Nordvpn servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&perfectPrivacy, "perfectprivacy", false, "Format Perfect Privacy servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&pia, "pia", false, "Format Private Internet Access servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&privado, "privado", false, "Format Privado servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&privatevpn, "privatevpn", false, "Format Private VPN servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&protonvpn, "protonvpn", false, "Format Protonvpn servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&purevpn, "purevpn", false, "Format Purevpn servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&surfshark, "surfshark", false, "Format Surfshark servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&torguard, "torguard", false, "Format Torguard servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&vpnUnlimited, "vpnunlimited", false, "Format VPN Unlimited servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&vyprvpn, "vyprvpn", false, "Format Vyprvpn servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&wevpn, "wevpn", false, "Format WeVPN servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&windscribe, "windscribe", false, "Format Windscribe servers")
 	if err := flagSet.Parse(args); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -57,47 +56,74 @@ func (c *CLI) FormatServers(args []string) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrFormatNotRecognized, format)
 	}

-	// Verify only one provider is set to be formatted.
-	var providers []string
-	for provider, formatPtr := range providersToFormat {
-		if *formatPtr {
-			providers = append(providers, provider)
-		}
-	}
-	switch len(providers) {
-	case 0:
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrProviderUnspecified)
-	case 1:
-	default:
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %d specified: %s",
-			ErrMultipleProvidersToFormat, len(providers),
-			strings.Join(providers, ", "))
-	}
-	providerToFormat := providers[0]
-
 	logger := newNoopLogger()
 	storage, err := storage.New(logger, constants.ServersData)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("creating servers storage: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("cannot create servers storage: %w", err)
 	}
+	currentServers := storage.GetServers()

-	formatted := storage.FormatToMarkdown(providerToFormat)
+	var formatted string
+	switch {
+	case cyberghost:
+		formatted = currentServers.Cyberghost.ToMarkdown()
+	case expressvpn:
+		formatted = currentServers.Expressvpn.ToMarkdown()
+	case fastestvpn:
+		formatted = currentServers.Fastestvpn.ToMarkdown()
+	case hideMyAss:
+		formatted = currentServers.HideMyAss.ToMarkdown()
+	case ipvanish:
+		formatted = currentServers.Ipvanish.ToMarkdown()
+	case ivpn:
+		formatted = currentServers.Ivpn.ToMarkdown()
+	case mullvad:
+		formatted = currentServers.Mullvad.ToMarkdown()
+	case nordvpn:
+		formatted = currentServers.Nordvpn.ToMarkdown()
+	case perfectPrivacy:
+		formatted = currentServers.Perfectprivacy.ToMarkdown()
+	case pia:
+		formatted = currentServers.Pia.ToMarkdown()
+	case privado:
+		formatted = currentServers.Privado.ToMarkdown()
+	case privatevpn:
+		formatted = currentServers.Privatevpn.ToMarkdown()
+	case protonvpn:
+		formatted = currentServers.Protonvpn.ToMarkdown()
+	case purevpn:
+		formatted = currentServers.Purevpn.ToMarkdown()
+	case surfshark:
+		formatted = currentServers.Surfshark.ToMarkdown()
+	case torguard:
+		formatted = currentServers.Torguard.ToMarkdown()
+	case vpnUnlimited:
+		formatted = currentServers.VPNUnlimited.ToMarkdown()
+	case vyprvpn:
+		formatted = currentServers.Vyprvpn.ToMarkdown()
+	case wevpn:
+		formatted = currentServers.Wevpn.ToMarkdown()
+	case windscribe:
+		formatted = currentServers.Windscribe.ToMarkdown()
+	default:
+		return ErrProviderUnspecified
+	}

 	output = filepath.Clean(output)
 	file, err := os.OpenFile(output, os.O_TRUNC|os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE, 0644)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("opening output file: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("cannot open output file: %w", err)
 	}

 	_, err = fmt.Fprint(file, formatted)
 	if err != nil {
 		_ = file.Close()
-		return fmt.Errorf("writing to output file: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("cannot write to output file: %w", err)
 	}

 	err = file.Close()
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("closing output file: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("cannot close output file: %w", err)
 	}

 	return nil
--- a/internal/cli/healthcheck.go
+++ b/internal/cli/healthcheck.go
@@ -6,18 +6,21 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 	"time"

+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/sources"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/healthcheck"
 )

-func (c *CLI) HealthCheck(ctx context.Context, source Source, _ Warner) error {
+type HealthChecker interface {
+	HealthCheck(ctx context.Context, source sources.Source, warner Warner) error
+}
+
+func (c *CLI) HealthCheck(ctx context.Context, source sources.Source, warner Warner) error {
 	// Extract the health server port from the configuration.
 	config, err := source.ReadHealth()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	config.SetDefaults()
-
 	err = config.Validate()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
--- a/internal/cli/nooplogger.go
+++ b/internal/cli/nooplogger.go
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ func newNoopLogger() *noopLogger {
 	return new(noopLogger)
 }

-func (l *noopLogger) Debug(string)             {}
-func (l *noopLogger) Info(string)              {}
-func (l *noopLogger) Warn(string)              {}
-func (l *noopLogger) Error(string)             {}
-func (l *noopLogger) PatchLevel(logging.Level) {}
-func (l *noopLogger) PatchPrefix(string)       {}
+func (l *noopLogger) Debug(s string)                 {}
+func (l *noopLogger) Info(s string)                  {}
+func (l *noopLogger) Warn(s string)                  {}
+func (l *noopLogger) Error(s string)                 {}
+func (l *noopLogger) PatchLevel(level logging.Level) {}
+func (l *noopLogger) PatchPrefix(prefix string)      {}
--- a/internal/cli/openvpnconfig.go
+++ b/internal/cli/openvpnconfig.go
@@ -1,85 +1,51 @@
 package cli

 import (
-	"context"
 	"fmt"
-	"net/http"
-	"net/netip"
 	"strings"
 	"time"

+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/sources"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/openvpn/extract"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/provider"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/publicip/ipinfo"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/storage"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/updater/resolver"
 )

+type OpenvpnConfigMaker interface {
+	OpenvpnConfig(logger OpenvpnConfigLogger, source sources.Source) error
+}
+
 type OpenvpnConfigLogger interface {
 	Info(s string)
 	Warn(s string)
 }

-type Unzipper interface {
-	FetchAndExtract(ctx context.Context, url string) (
-		contents map[string][]byte, err error)
-}
-
-type ParallelResolver interface {
-	Resolve(ctx context.Context, settings resolver.ParallelSettings) (
-		hostToIPs map[string][]netip.Addr, warnings []string, err error)
-}
-
-type IPFetcher interface {
-	FetchMultiInfo(ctx context.Context, ips []netip.Addr) (data []ipinfo.Response, err error)
-}
-
-type IPv6Checker interface {
-	IsIPv6Supported() (supported bool, err error)
-}
-
-func (c *CLI) OpenvpnConfig(logger OpenvpnConfigLogger, source Source,
-	ipv6Checker IPv6Checker) error {
+func (c *CLI) OpenvpnConfig(logger OpenvpnConfigLogger, source sources.Source) error {
 	storage, err := storage.New(logger, constants.ServersData)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	allServers := storage.GetServers()

 	allSettings, err := source.Read()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	ipv6Supported, err := ipv6Checker.IsIPv6Supported()
+	if err = allSettings.Validate(allServers); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	providerConf := provider.New(*allSettings.VPN.Provider.Name, allServers, time.Now)
+	connection, err := providerConf.GetConnection(allSettings.VPN.Provider.ServerSelection)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("checking for IPv6 support: %w", err)
+		return err
 	}
-
-	if err = allSettings.Validate(storage, ipv6Supported); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("validating settings: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	// Unused by this CLI command
-	unzipper := (Unzipper)(nil)
-	client := (*http.Client)(nil)
-	warner := (Warner)(nil)
-	parallelResolver := (ParallelResolver)(nil)
-	ipFetcher := (IPFetcher)(nil)
-	openvpnFileExtractor := extract.New()
-
-	providers := provider.NewProviders(storage, time.Now, warner, client,
-		unzipper, parallelResolver, ipFetcher, openvpnFileExtractor)
-	providerConf := providers.Get(*allSettings.VPN.Provider.Name)
-	connection, err := providerConf.GetConnection(
-		allSettings.VPN.Provider.ServerSelection, ipv6Supported)
+	lines, err := providerConf.BuildConf(connection, allSettings.VPN.OpenVPN)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	lines := providerConf.OpenVPNConfig(connection,
-		allSettings.VPN.OpenVPN, ipv6Supported)
-
 	fmt.Println(strings.Join(lines, "\n"))
 	return nil
 }
--- a/internal/cli/update.go
+++ b/internal/cli/update.go
@@ -2,48 +2,50 @@ package cli

 import (
 	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
+	"net"
 	"net/http"
+	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/openvpn/extract"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/provider"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/publicip/ipinfo"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/storage"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/updater"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/updater/resolver"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/updater/unzip"
 )

 var (
 	ErrModeUnspecified     = errors.New("at least one of -enduser or -maintainer must be specified")
+	ErrDNSAddress          = errors.New("DNS address is not valid")
 	ErrNoProviderSpecified = errors.New("no provider was specified")
 )

+type Updater interface {
+	Update(ctx context.Context, args []string, logger UpdaterLogger) error
+}
+
 type UpdaterLogger interface {
 	Info(s string)
 	Warn(s string)
 	Error(s string)
 }

+func boolPtr(b bool) *bool { return &b }
+
 func (c *CLI) Update(ctx context.Context, args []string, logger UpdaterLogger) error {
-	options := settings.Updater{}
+	options := settings.Updater{CLI: boolPtr(true)}
 	var endUserMode, maintainerMode, updateAll bool
-	var csvProviders string
+	var dnsAddress, csvProviders string
 	flagSet := flag.NewFlagSet("update", flag.ExitOnError)
 	flagSet.BoolVar(&endUserMode, "enduser", false, "Write results to /gluetun/servers.json (for end users)")
 	flagSet.BoolVar(&maintainerMode, "maintainer", false,
 		"Write results to ./internal/storage/servers.json to modify the program (for maintainers)")
-	flagSet.StringVar(&options.DNSAddress, "dns", "8.8.8.8", "DNS resolver address to use")
-	const defaultMinRatio = 0.8
-	flagSet.Float64Var(&options.MinRatio, "minratio", defaultMinRatio,
-		"Minimum ratio of servers to find for the update to succeed")
+	flagSet.StringVar(&dnsAddress, "dns", "8.8.8.8", "DNS resolver address to use")
 	flagSet.BoolVar(&updateAll, "all", false, "Update servers for all VPN providers")
 	flagSet.StringVar(&csvProviders, "providers", "", "CSV string of VPN providers to update server data for")
 	if err := flagSet.Parse(args); err != nil {
@@ -51,14 +53,24 @@ func (c *CLI) Update(ctx context.Context, args []string, logger UpdaterLogger) e
 	}

 	if !endUserMode && !maintainerMode {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrModeUnspecified)
+		return ErrModeUnspecified
+	}
+
+	options.DNSAddress = net.ParseIP(dnsAddress)
+	if options.DNSAddress == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrDNSAddress, dnsAddress)
 	}

 	if updateAll {
-		options.Providers = providers.All()
+		for _, provider := range constants.AllProviders() {
+			if provider == constants.Custom {
+				continue
+			}
+			options.Providers = append(options.Providers, provider)
+		}
 	} else {
 		if csvProviders == "" {
-			return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrNoProviderSpecified)
+			return ErrNoProviderSpecified
 		}
 		options.Providers = strings.Split(csvProviders, ",")
 	}
@@ -70,33 +82,48 @@ func (c *CLI) Update(ctx context.Context, args []string, logger UpdaterLogger) e
 		return fmt.Errorf("options validation failed: %w", err)
 	}

-	storage, err := storage.New(logger, constants.ServersData)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("creating servers storage: %w", err)
-	}
-
 	const clientTimeout = 10 * time.Second
 	httpClient := &http.Client{Timeout: clientTimeout}
-	unzipper := unzip.New(httpClient)
-	parallelResolver := resolver.NewParallelResolver(options.DNSAddress)
-	ipFetcher := ipinfo.New(httpClient)
-	openvpnFileExtractor := extract.New()

-	providers := provider.NewProviders(storage, time.Now, logger, httpClient,
-		unzipper, parallelResolver, ipFetcher, openvpnFileExtractor)
-
-	updater := updater.New(httpClient, storage, providers, logger)
-	err = updater.UpdateServers(ctx, options.Providers, options.MinRatio)
+	storage, err := storage.New(logger, constants.ServersData)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("updating server information: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("cannot create servers storage: %w", err)
+	}
+	currentServers := storage.GetServers()
+
+	updater := updater.New(options, httpClient, currentServers, logger)
+	allServers, err := updater.UpdateServers(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("cannot update server information: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if endUserMode {
+		if err := storage.FlushToFile(allServers); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("cannot write updated information to file: %w", err)
+		}
 	}

 	if maintainerMode {
-		err := storage.FlushToFile(c.repoServersPath)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("writing servers data to embedded JSON file: %w", err)
+		if err := writeToEmbeddedJSON(c.repoServersPath, allServers); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("cannot write updated information to file: %w", err)
 		}
 	}

 	return nil
 }
+
+func writeToEmbeddedJSON(repoServersPath string,
+	allServers models.AllServers) error {
+	const perms = 0600
+	f, err := os.OpenFile(repoServersPath,
+		os.O_TRUNC|os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE, perms)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	defer f.Close()
+
+	encoder := json.NewEncoder(f)
+	encoder.SetIndent("", "  ")
+	return encoder.Encode(allServers)
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/dns.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/dns.go
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ package settings

 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"net/netip"
+	"net"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -13,17 +13,13 @@ type DNS struct {
 	// ServerAddress is the DNS server to use inside
 	// the Go program and for the system.
 	// It defaults to '127.0.0.1' to be used with the
-	// DoT server. It cannot be the zero value in the internal
+	// DoT server. It cannot be nil in the internal
 	// state.
-	ServerAddress netip.Addr
-	// KeepNameserver is true if the existing DNS server
-	// found in /etc/resolv.conf should be used
-	// Note setting this to true will likely DNS traffic
-	// outside the VPN tunnel since it would go through
-	// the local DNS server of your Docker/Kubernetes
-	// configuration, which is likely not going through the tunnel.
-	// This will also disable the DNS over TLS server and the
-	// `ServerAddress` field will be ignored.
+	ServerAddress net.IP
+	// KeepNameserver is true if the Docker DNS server
+	// found in /etc/resolv.conf should be kept.
+	// Note settings this to true will go around the
+	// DoT server blocking.
 	// It defaults to false and cannot be nil in the
 	// internal state.
 	KeepNameserver *bool
@@ -35,7 +31,7 @@ type DNS struct {
 func (d DNS) validate() (err error) {
 	err = d.DoT.validate()
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("validating DoT settings: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed validating DoT settings: %w", err)
 	}

 	return nil
@@ -43,8 +39,8 @@ func (d DNS) validate() (err error) {

 func (d *DNS) Copy() (copied DNS) {
 	return DNS{
-		ServerAddress:  d.ServerAddress,
-		KeepNameserver: gosettings.CopyPointer(d.KeepNameserver),
+		ServerAddress:  helpers.CopyIP(d.ServerAddress),
+		KeepNameserver: helpers.CopyBoolPtr(d.KeepNameserver),
 		DoT:            d.DoT.copy(),
 	}
 }
@@ -52,8 +48,8 @@ func (d *DNS) Copy() (copied DNS) {
 // mergeWith merges the other settings into any
 // unset field of the receiver settings object.
 func (d *DNS) mergeWith(other DNS) {
-	d.ServerAddress = gosettings.MergeWithValidator(d.ServerAddress, other.ServerAddress)
-	d.KeepNameserver = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(d.KeepNameserver, other.KeepNameserver)
+	d.ServerAddress = helpers.MergeWithIP(d.ServerAddress, other.ServerAddress)
+	d.KeepNameserver = helpers.MergeWithBool(d.KeepNameserver, other.KeepNameserver)
 	d.DoT.mergeWith(other.DoT)
 }

@@ -61,15 +57,15 @@ func (d *DNS) mergeWith(other DNS) {
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (d *DNS) overrideWith(other DNS) {
-	d.ServerAddress = gosettings.OverrideWithValidator(d.ServerAddress, other.ServerAddress)
-	d.KeepNameserver = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(d.KeepNameserver, other.KeepNameserver)
+	d.ServerAddress = helpers.OverrideWithIP(d.ServerAddress, other.ServerAddress)
+	d.KeepNameserver = helpers.OverrideWithBool(d.KeepNameserver, other.KeepNameserver)
 	d.DoT.overrideWith(other.DoT)
 }

 func (d *DNS) setDefaults() {
-	localhost := netip.AddrFrom4([4]byte{127, 0, 0, 1})
-	d.ServerAddress = gosettings.DefaultValidator(d.ServerAddress, localhost)
-	d.KeepNameserver = gosettings.DefaultPointer(d.KeepNameserver, false)
+	localhost := net.IPv4(127, 0, 0, 1) //nolint:gomnd
+	d.ServerAddress = helpers.DefaultIP(d.ServerAddress, localhost)
+	d.KeepNameserver = helpers.DefaultBool(d.KeepNameserver, false)
 	d.DoT.setDefaults()
 }

@@ -79,11 +75,8 @@ func (d DNS) String() string {

 func (d DNS) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("DNS settings:")
-	node.Appendf("Keep existing nameserver(s): %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(d.KeepNameserver))
-	if *d.KeepNameserver {
-		return node
-	}
 	node.Appendf("DNS server address to use: %s", d.ServerAddress)
+	node.Appendf("Keep existing nameserver(s): %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(d.KeepNameserver))
 	node.AppendNode(d.DoT.toLinesNode())
 	return node
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/dnsblacklist.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/dnsblacklist.go
@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@ package settings
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"net/netip"
 	"regexp"

 	"github.com/qdm12/dns/pkg/blacklist"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
+	"inet.af/netaddr"
 )

 // DNSBlacklist is settings for the DNS blacklist building.
@@ -18,14 +18,14 @@ type DNSBlacklist struct {
 	BlockSurveillance    *bool
 	AllowedHosts         []string
 	AddBlockedHosts      []string
-	AddBlockedIPs        []netip.Addr
-	AddBlockedIPPrefixes []netip.Prefix
+	AddBlockedIPs        []netaddr.IP
+	AddBlockedIPPrefixes []netaddr.IPPrefix
 }

 func (b *DNSBlacklist) setDefaults() {
-	b.BlockMalicious = gosettings.DefaultPointer(b.BlockMalicious, true)
-	b.BlockAds = gosettings.DefaultPointer(b.BlockAds, false)
-	b.BlockSurveillance = gosettings.DefaultPointer(b.BlockSurveillance, true)
+	b.BlockMalicious = helpers.DefaultBool(b.BlockMalicious, true)
+	b.BlockAds = helpers.DefaultBool(b.BlockAds, false)
+	b.BlockSurveillance = helpers.DefaultBool(b.BlockSurveillance, true)
 }

 var hostRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`^([a-zA-Z0-9]|[a-zA-Z0-9_][a-zA-Z0-9\-_]{0,61}[a-zA-Z0-9_])(\.([a-zA-Z0-9]|[a-zA-Z0-9_][a-zA-Z0-9\-_]{0,61}[a-zA-Z0-9]))*$`) //nolint:lll
@@ -53,34 +53,34 @@ func (b DNSBlacklist) validate() (err error) {

 func (b DNSBlacklist) copy() (copied DNSBlacklist) {
 	return DNSBlacklist{
-		BlockMalicious:       gosettings.CopyPointer(b.BlockMalicious),
-		BlockAds:             gosettings.CopyPointer(b.BlockAds),
-		BlockSurveillance:    gosettings.CopyPointer(b.BlockSurveillance),
-		AllowedHosts:         gosettings.CopySlice(b.AllowedHosts),
-		AddBlockedHosts:      gosettings.CopySlice(b.AddBlockedHosts),
-		AddBlockedIPs:        gosettings.CopySlice(b.AddBlockedIPs),
-		AddBlockedIPPrefixes: gosettings.CopySlice(b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes),
+		BlockMalicious:       helpers.CopyBoolPtr(b.BlockMalicious),
+		BlockAds:             helpers.CopyBoolPtr(b.BlockAds),
+		BlockSurveillance:    helpers.CopyBoolPtr(b.BlockSurveillance),
+		AllowedHosts:         helpers.CopyStringSlice(b.AllowedHosts),
+		AddBlockedHosts:      helpers.CopyStringSlice(b.AddBlockedHosts),
+		AddBlockedIPs:        helpers.CopyNetaddrIPsSlice(b.AddBlockedIPs),
+		AddBlockedIPPrefixes: helpers.CopyIPPrefixSlice(b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes),
 	}
 }

 func (b *DNSBlacklist) mergeWith(other DNSBlacklist) {
-	b.BlockMalicious = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(b.BlockMalicious, other.BlockMalicious)
-	b.BlockAds = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(b.BlockAds, other.BlockAds)
-	b.BlockSurveillance = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(b.BlockSurveillance, other.BlockSurveillance)
-	b.AllowedHosts = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(b.AllowedHosts, other.AllowedHosts)
-	b.AddBlockedHosts = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(b.AddBlockedHosts, other.AddBlockedHosts)
-	b.AddBlockedIPs = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(b.AddBlockedIPs, other.AddBlockedIPs)
-	b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes, other.AddBlockedIPPrefixes)
+	b.BlockMalicious = helpers.MergeWithBool(b.BlockMalicious, other.BlockMalicious)
+	b.BlockAds = helpers.MergeWithBool(b.BlockAds, other.BlockAds)
+	b.BlockSurveillance = helpers.MergeWithBool(b.BlockSurveillance, other.BlockSurveillance)
+	b.AllowedHosts = helpers.MergeStringSlices(b.AllowedHosts, other.AllowedHosts)
+	b.AddBlockedHosts = helpers.MergeStringSlices(b.AddBlockedHosts, other.AddBlockedHosts)
+	b.AddBlockedIPs = helpers.MergeNetaddrIPsSlices(b.AddBlockedIPs, other.AddBlockedIPs)
+	b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes = helpers.MergeIPPrefixesSlices(b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes, other.AddBlockedIPPrefixes)
 }

 func (b *DNSBlacklist) overrideWith(other DNSBlacklist) {
-	b.BlockMalicious = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(b.BlockMalicious, other.BlockMalicious)
-	b.BlockAds = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(b.BlockAds, other.BlockAds)
-	b.BlockSurveillance = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(b.BlockSurveillance, other.BlockSurveillance)
-	b.AllowedHosts = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(b.AllowedHosts, other.AllowedHosts)
-	b.AddBlockedHosts = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(b.AddBlockedHosts, other.AddBlockedHosts)
-	b.AddBlockedIPs = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(b.AddBlockedIPs, other.AddBlockedIPs)
-	b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes, other.AddBlockedIPPrefixes)
+	b.BlockMalicious = helpers.OverrideWithBool(b.BlockMalicious, other.BlockMalicious)
+	b.BlockAds = helpers.OverrideWithBool(b.BlockAds, other.BlockAds)
+	b.BlockSurveillance = helpers.OverrideWithBool(b.BlockSurveillance, other.BlockSurveillance)
+	b.AllowedHosts = helpers.OverrideWithStringSlice(b.AllowedHosts, other.AllowedHosts)
+	b.AddBlockedHosts = helpers.OverrideWithStringSlice(b.AddBlockedHosts, other.AddBlockedHosts)
+	b.AddBlockedIPs = helpers.OverrideWithNetaddrIPsSlice(b.AddBlockedIPs, other.AddBlockedIPs)
+	b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes = helpers.OverrideWithIPPrefixesSlice(b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes, other.AddBlockedIPPrefixes)
 }

 func (b DNSBlacklist) ToBlacklistFormat() (settings blacklist.BuilderSettings, err error) {
@@ -90,8 +90,8 @@ func (b DNSBlacklist) ToBlacklistFormat() (settings blacklist.BuilderSettings, e
 		BlockSurveillance:    *b.BlockSurveillance,
 		AllowedHosts:         b.AllowedHosts,
 		AddBlockedHosts:      b.AddBlockedHosts,
-		AddBlockedIPs:        netipAddressesToNetaddrIPs(b.AddBlockedIPs),
-		AddBlockedIPPrefixes: netipPrefixesToNetaddrIPPrefixes(b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes),
+		AddBlockedIPs:        b.AddBlockedIPs,
+		AddBlockedIPPrefixes: b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes,
 	}, nil
 }

@@ -102,9 +102,9 @@ func (b DNSBlacklist) String() string {
 func (b DNSBlacklist) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("DNS filtering settings:")

-	node.Appendf("Block malicious: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(b.BlockMalicious))
-	node.Appendf("Block ads: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(b.BlockAds))
-	node.Appendf("Block surveillance: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(b.BlockSurveillance))
+	node.Appendf("Block malicious: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(b.BlockMalicious))
+	node.Appendf("Block ads: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(b.BlockAds))
+	node.Appendf("Block surveillance: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(b.BlockSurveillance))

 	if len(b.AllowedHosts) > 0 {
 		allowedHostsNode := node.Appendf("Allowed hosts:")
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/dot.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/dot.go
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -54,8 +54,8 @@ func (d DoT) validate() (err error) {

 func (d *DoT) copy() (copied DoT) {
 	return DoT{
-		Enabled:      gosettings.CopyPointer(d.Enabled),
-		UpdatePeriod: gosettings.CopyPointer(d.UpdatePeriod),
+		Enabled:      helpers.CopyBoolPtr(d.Enabled),
+		UpdatePeriod: helpers.CopyDurationPtr(d.UpdatePeriod),
 		Unbound:      d.Unbound.copy(),
 		Blacklist:    d.Blacklist.copy(),
 	}
@@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ func (d *DoT) copy() (copied DoT) {
 // mergeWith merges the other settings into any
 // unset field of the receiver settings object.
 func (d *DoT) mergeWith(other DoT) {
-	d.Enabled = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(d.Enabled, other.Enabled)
-	d.UpdatePeriod = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(d.UpdatePeriod, other.UpdatePeriod)
+	d.Enabled = helpers.MergeWithBool(d.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	d.UpdatePeriod = helpers.MergeWithDuration(d.UpdatePeriod, other.UpdatePeriod)
 	d.Unbound.mergeWith(other.Unbound)
 	d.Blacklist.mergeWith(other.Blacklist)
 }
@@ -74,16 +74,16 @@ func (d *DoT) mergeWith(other DoT) {
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (d *DoT) overrideWith(other DoT) {
-	d.Enabled = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(d.Enabled, other.Enabled)
-	d.UpdatePeriod = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(d.UpdatePeriod, other.UpdatePeriod)
+	d.Enabled = helpers.OverrideWithBool(d.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	d.UpdatePeriod = helpers.OverrideWithDuration(d.UpdatePeriod, other.UpdatePeriod)
 	d.Unbound.overrideWith(other.Unbound)
 	d.Blacklist.overrideWith(other.Blacklist)
 }

 func (d *DoT) setDefaults() {
-	d.Enabled = gosettings.DefaultPointer(d.Enabled, true)
+	d.Enabled = helpers.DefaultBool(d.Enabled, true)
 	const defaultUpdatePeriod = 24 * time.Hour
-	d.UpdatePeriod = gosettings.DefaultPointer(d.UpdatePeriod, defaultUpdatePeriod)
+	d.UpdatePeriod = helpers.DefaultDuration(d.UpdatePeriod, defaultUpdatePeriod)
 	d.Unbound.setDefaults()
 	d.Blacklist.setDefaults()
 }
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ func (d DoT) String() string {
 func (d DoT) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("DNS over TLS settings:")

-	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(d.Enabled))
+	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(d.Enabled))
 	if !*d.Enabled {
 		return node
 	}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/errors.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/errors.go
@@ -10,14 +10,12 @@ var (
 	ErrFirewallZeroPort                = errors.New("cannot have a zero port to block")
 	ErrHostnameNotValid                = errors.New("the hostname specified is not valid")
 	ErrISPNotValid                     = errors.New("the ISP specified is not valid")
-	ErrMinRatioNotValid                = errors.New("minimum ratio is not valid")
 	ErrMissingValue                    = errors.New("missing value")
 	ErrNameNotValid                    = errors.New("the server name specified is not valid")
 	ErrOpenVPNClientKeyMissing         = errors.New("client key is missing")
 	ErrOpenVPNCustomPortNotAllowed     = errors.New("custom endpoint port is not allowed")
 	ErrOpenVPNEncryptionPresetNotValid = errors.New("PIA encryption preset is not valid")
 	ErrOpenVPNInterfaceNotValid        = errors.New("interface name is not valid")
-	ErrOpenVPNKeyPassphraseIsEmpty     = errors.New("key passphrase is empty")
 	ErrOpenVPNMSSFixIsTooHigh          = errors.New("mssfix option value is too high")
 	ErrOpenVPNPasswordIsEmpty          = errors.New("password is empty")
 	ErrOpenVPNTCPNotSupported          = errors.New("TCP protocol is not supported")
@@ -34,18 +32,13 @@ var (
 	ErrUpdaterPeriodTooSmall           = errors.New("VPN server data updater period is too small")
 	ErrVPNProviderNameNotValid         = errors.New("VPN provider name is not valid")
 	ErrVPNTypeNotValid                 = errors.New("VPN type is not valid")
-	ErrWireguardAllowedIPNotSet        = errors.New("allowed IP is not set")
-	ErrWireguardAllowedIPsNotSet       = errors.New("allowed IPs is not set")
 	ErrWireguardEndpointIPNotSet       = errors.New("endpoint IP is not set")
 	ErrWireguardEndpointPortNotAllowed = errors.New("endpoint port is not allowed")
 	ErrWireguardEndpointPortNotSet     = errors.New("endpoint port is not set")
-	ErrWireguardEndpointPortSet        = errors.New("endpoint port is set")
 	ErrWireguardInterfaceAddressNotSet = errors.New("interface address is not set")
-	ErrWireguardInterfaceAddressIPv6   = errors.New("interface address is IPv6 but IPv6 is not supported")
 	ErrWireguardInterfaceNotValid      = errors.New("interface name is not valid")
 	ErrWireguardPreSharedKeyNotSet     = errors.New("pre-shared key is not set")
 	ErrWireguardPrivateKeyNotSet       = errors.New("private key is not set")
 	ErrWireguardPublicKeyNotSet        = errors.New("public key is not set")
 	ErrWireguardPublicKeyNotValid      = errors.New("public key is not valid")
-	ErrWireguardImplementationNotValid = errors.New("implementation is not valid")
 )
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/firewall.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/firewall.go
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ package settings

 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"net/netip"
+	"net"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import (
 type Firewall struct {
 	VPNInputPorts   []uint16
 	InputPorts      []uint16
-	OutboundSubnets []netip.Prefix
+	OutboundSubnets []net.IPNet
 	Enabled         *bool
 	Debug           *bool
 }
@@ -40,11 +40,11 @@ func hasZeroPort(ports []uint16) (has bool) {

 func (f *Firewall) copy() (copied Firewall) {
 	return Firewall{
-		VPNInputPorts:   gosettings.CopySlice(f.VPNInputPorts),
-		InputPorts:      gosettings.CopySlice(f.InputPorts),
-		OutboundSubnets: gosettings.CopySlice(f.OutboundSubnets),
-		Enabled:         gosettings.CopyPointer(f.Enabled),
-		Debug:           gosettings.CopyPointer(f.Debug),
+		VPNInputPorts:   helpers.CopyUint16Slice(f.VPNInputPorts),
+		InputPorts:      helpers.CopyUint16Slice(f.InputPorts),
+		OutboundSubnets: helpers.CopyIPNetSlice(f.OutboundSubnets),
+		Enabled:         helpers.CopyBoolPtr(f.Enabled),
+		Debug:           helpers.CopyBoolPtr(f.Debug),
 	}
 }

@@ -53,27 +53,27 @@ func (f *Firewall) copy() (copied Firewall) {
 // It merges values of slices together, even if they
 // are set in the receiver settings.
 func (f *Firewall) mergeWith(other Firewall) {
-	f.VPNInputPorts = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(f.VPNInputPorts, other.VPNInputPorts)
-	f.InputPorts = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(f.InputPorts, other.InputPorts)
-	f.OutboundSubnets = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(f.OutboundSubnets, other.OutboundSubnets)
-	f.Enabled = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(f.Enabled, other.Enabled)
-	f.Debug = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(f.Debug, other.Debug)
+	f.VPNInputPorts = helpers.MergeUint16Slices(f.VPNInputPorts, other.VPNInputPorts)
+	f.InputPorts = helpers.MergeUint16Slices(f.InputPorts, other.InputPorts)
+	f.OutboundSubnets = helpers.MergeIPNetsSlices(f.OutboundSubnets, other.OutboundSubnets)
+	f.Enabled = helpers.MergeWithBool(f.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	f.Debug = helpers.MergeWithBool(f.Debug, other.Debug)
 }

 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (f *Firewall) overrideWith(other Firewall) {
-	f.VPNInputPorts = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(f.VPNInputPorts, other.VPNInputPorts)
-	f.InputPorts = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(f.InputPorts, other.InputPorts)
-	f.OutboundSubnets = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(f.OutboundSubnets, other.OutboundSubnets)
-	f.Enabled = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(f.Enabled, other.Enabled)
-	f.Debug = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(f.Debug, other.Debug)
+	f.VPNInputPorts = helpers.OverrideWithUint16Slice(f.VPNInputPorts, other.VPNInputPorts)
+	f.InputPorts = helpers.OverrideWithUint16Slice(f.InputPorts, other.InputPorts)
+	f.OutboundSubnets = helpers.OverrideWithIPNetsSlice(f.OutboundSubnets, other.OutboundSubnets)
+	f.Enabled = helpers.OverrideWithBool(f.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	f.Debug = helpers.OverrideWithBool(f.Debug, other.Debug)
 }

 func (f *Firewall) setDefaults() {
-	f.Enabled = gosettings.DefaultPointer(f.Enabled, true)
-	f.Debug = gosettings.DefaultPointer(f.Debug, false)
+	f.Enabled = helpers.DefaultBool(f.Enabled, true)
+	f.Debug = helpers.DefaultBool(f.Debug, false)
 }

 func (f Firewall) String() string {
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ func (f Firewall) String() string {
 func (f Firewall) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("Firewall settings:")

-	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(f.Enabled))
+	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(f.Enabled))
 	if !*f.Enabled {
 		return node
 	}
@@ -109,8 +109,7 @@ func (f Firewall) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	if len(f.OutboundSubnets) > 0 {
 		outboundSubnets := node.Appendf("Outbound subnets:")
 		for _, subnet := range f.OutboundSubnets {
-			subnet := subnet
-			outboundSubnets.Appendf("%s", &subnet)
+			outboundSubnets.Appendf("%s", subnet)
 		}
 	}

--- a/internal/configuration/settings/health.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/health.go
@@ -3,9 +3,8 @@ package settings
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
-	"time"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 	"github.com/qdm12/govalid/address"
 )
@@ -16,28 +15,16 @@ type Health struct {
 	// for the health check server.
 	// It cannot be the empty string in the internal state.
 	ServerAddress string
-	// ReadHeaderTimeout is the HTTP server header read timeout
-	// duration of the HTTP server. It defaults to 100 milliseconds.
-	ReadHeaderTimeout time.Duration
-	// ReadTimeout is the HTTP read timeout duration of the
-	// HTTP server. It defaults to 500 milliseconds.
-	ReadTimeout time.Duration
 	// TargetAddress is the address (host or host:port)
 	// to TCP dial to periodically for the health check.
 	// It cannot be the empty string in the internal state.
 	TargetAddress string
-	// SuccessWait is the duration to wait to re-run the
-	// healthcheck after a successful healthcheck.
-	// It defaults to 5 seconds and cannot be zero in
-	// the internal state.
-	SuccessWait time.Duration
-	// VPN has health settings specific to the VPN loop.
-	VPN HealthyWait
+	VPN           HealthyWait
 }

 func (h Health) Validate() (err error) {
 	uid := os.Getuid()
-	err = address.Validate(h.ServerAddress,
+	_, err = address.Validate(h.ServerAddress,
 		address.OptionListening(uid))
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("server listening address is not valid: %w", err)
@@ -53,23 +40,17 @@ func (h Health) Validate() (err error) {

 func (h *Health) copy() (copied Health) {
 	return Health{
-		ServerAddress:     h.ServerAddress,
-		ReadHeaderTimeout: h.ReadHeaderTimeout,
-		ReadTimeout:       h.ReadTimeout,
-		TargetAddress:     h.TargetAddress,
-		SuccessWait:       h.SuccessWait,
-		VPN:               h.VPN.copy(),
+		ServerAddress: h.ServerAddress,
+		TargetAddress: h.TargetAddress,
+		VPN:           h.VPN.copy(),
 	}
 }

 // MergeWith merges the other settings into any
 // unset field of the receiver settings object.
 func (h *Health) MergeWith(other Health) {
-	h.ServerAddress = gosettings.MergeWithString(h.ServerAddress, other.ServerAddress)
-	h.ReadHeaderTimeout = gosettings.MergeWithNumber(h.ReadHeaderTimeout, other.ReadHeaderTimeout)
-	h.ReadTimeout = gosettings.MergeWithNumber(h.ReadTimeout, other.ReadTimeout)
-	h.TargetAddress = gosettings.MergeWithString(h.TargetAddress, other.TargetAddress)
-	h.SuccessWait = gosettings.MergeWithNumber(h.SuccessWait, other.SuccessWait)
+	h.ServerAddress = helpers.MergeWithString(h.ServerAddress, other.ServerAddress)
+	h.TargetAddress = helpers.MergeWithString(h.TargetAddress, other.TargetAddress)
 	h.VPN.mergeWith(other.VPN)
 }

@@ -77,23 +58,14 @@ func (h *Health) MergeWith(other Health) {
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (h *Health) OverrideWith(other Health) {
-	h.ServerAddress = gosettings.OverrideWithString(h.ServerAddress, other.ServerAddress)
-	h.ReadHeaderTimeout = gosettings.OverrideWithNumber(h.ReadHeaderTimeout, other.ReadHeaderTimeout)
-	h.ReadTimeout = gosettings.OverrideWithNumber(h.ReadTimeout, other.ReadTimeout)
-	h.TargetAddress = gosettings.OverrideWithString(h.TargetAddress, other.TargetAddress)
-	h.SuccessWait = gosettings.OverrideWithNumber(h.SuccessWait, other.SuccessWait)
+	h.ServerAddress = helpers.OverrideWithString(h.ServerAddress, other.ServerAddress)
+	h.TargetAddress = helpers.OverrideWithString(h.TargetAddress, other.TargetAddress)
 	h.VPN.overrideWith(other.VPN)
 }

 func (h *Health) SetDefaults() {
-	h.ServerAddress = gosettings.DefaultString(h.ServerAddress, "127.0.0.1:9999")
-	const defaultReadHeaderTimeout = 100 * time.Millisecond
-	h.ReadHeaderTimeout = gosettings.DefaultNumber(h.ReadHeaderTimeout, defaultReadHeaderTimeout)
-	const defaultReadTimeout = 500 * time.Millisecond
-	h.ReadTimeout = gosettings.DefaultNumber(h.ReadTimeout, defaultReadTimeout)
-	h.TargetAddress = gosettings.DefaultString(h.TargetAddress, "cloudflare.com:443")
-	const defaultSuccessWait = 5 * time.Second
-	h.SuccessWait = gosettings.DefaultNumber(h.SuccessWait, defaultSuccessWait)
+	h.ServerAddress = helpers.DefaultString(h.ServerAddress, "127.0.0.1:9999")
+	h.TargetAddress = helpers.DefaultString(h.TargetAddress, "github.com:443")
 	h.VPN.setDefaults()
 }

@@ -105,9 +77,6 @@ func (h Health) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("Health settings:")
 	node.Appendf("Server listening address: %s", h.ServerAddress)
 	node.Appendf("Target address: %s", h.TargetAddress)
-	node.Appendf("Duration to wait after success: %s", h.SuccessWait)
-	node.Appendf("Read header timeout: %s", h.ReadHeaderTimeout)
-	node.Appendf("Read timeout: %s", h.ReadTimeout)
 	node.AppendNode(h.VPN.toLinesNode("VPN"))
 	return node
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/healthywait.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/healthywait.go
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package settings
 import (
 	"time"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -27,31 +27,31 @@ func (h HealthyWait) validate() (err error) {
 // unset field of the receiver settings object.
 func (h *HealthyWait) copy() (copied HealthyWait) {
 	return HealthyWait{
-		Initial:  gosettings.CopyPointer(h.Initial),
-		Addition: gosettings.CopyPointer(h.Addition),
+		Initial:  helpers.CopyDurationPtr(h.Initial),
+		Addition: helpers.CopyDurationPtr(h.Addition),
 	}
 }

 // mergeWith merges the other settings into any
 // unset field of the receiver settings object.
 func (h *HealthyWait) mergeWith(other HealthyWait) {
-	h.Initial = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(h.Initial, other.Initial)
-	h.Addition = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(h.Addition, other.Addition)
+	h.Initial = helpers.MergeWithDuration(h.Initial, other.Initial)
+	h.Addition = helpers.MergeWithDuration(h.Addition, other.Addition)
 }

 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (h *HealthyWait) overrideWith(other HealthyWait) {
-	h.Initial = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(h.Initial, other.Initial)
-	h.Addition = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(h.Addition, other.Addition)
+	h.Initial = helpers.OverrideWithDuration(h.Initial, other.Initial)
+	h.Addition = helpers.OverrideWithDuration(h.Addition, other.Addition)
 }

 func (h *HealthyWait) setDefaults() {
 	const initialDurationDefault = 6 * time.Second
 	const additionDurationDefault = 5 * time.Second
-	h.Initial = gosettings.DefaultPointer(h.Initial, initialDurationDefault)
-	h.Addition = gosettings.DefaultPointer(h.Addition, additionDurationDefault)
+	h.Initial = helpers.DefaultDuration(h.Initial, initialDurationDefault)
+	h.Addition = helpers.DefaultDuration(h.Addition, additionDurationDefault)
 }

 func (h HealthyWait) String() string {
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/belong.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/belong.go
@@ -1,6 +1,12 @@
 package helpers

-func IsOneOf[T comparable](value T, choices ...T) (ok bool) {
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+func IsOneOf(value string, choices ...string) (ok bool) {
 	for _, choice := range choices {
 		if value == choice {
 			return true
@@ -8,3 +14,39 @@ func IsOneOf[T comparable](value T, choices ...T) (ok bool) {
 	}
 	return false
 }
+
+var (
+	ErrNoChoice      = errors.New("one or more values is set but there is no possible value available")
+	ErrValueNotOneOf = errors.New("value is not one of the possible choices")
+)
+
+func AreAllOneOf(values, choices []string) (err error) {
+	if len(values) > 0 && len(choices) == 0 {
+		return ErrNoChoice
+	}
+
+	set := make(map[string]struct{}, len(choices))
+	for _, choice := range choices {
+		choice = strings.ToLower(choice)
+		set[choice] = struct{}{}
+	}
+
+	for _, value := range values {
+		_, ok := set[value]
+		if !ok {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: value %q, choices available are %s",
+				ErrValueNotOneOf, value, strings.Join(choices, ", "))
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func Uint16IsOneOf(port uint16, choices []uint16) (ok bool) {
+	for _, choice := range choices {
+		if port == choice {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/copy.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/copy.go
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+package helpers
+
+import (
+	"net"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/qdm12/golibs/logging"
+	"inet.af/netaddr"
+)
+
+func CopyStringPtr(original *string) (copied *string) {
+	if original == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	copied = new(string)
+	*copied = *original
+	return copied
+}
+
+func CopyBoolPtr(original *bool) (copied *bool) {
+	if original == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	copied = new(bool)
+	*copied = *original
+	return copied
+}
+
+func CopyUint8Ptr(original *uint8) (copied *uint8) {
+	if original == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	copied = new(uint8)
+	*copied = *original
+	return copied
+}
+
+func CopyUint16Ptr(original *uint16) (copied *uint16) {
+	if original == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	copied = new(uint16)
+	*copied = *original
+	return copied
+}
+
+func CopyIntPtr(original *int) (copied *int) {
+	if original == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	copied = new(int)
+	*copied = *original
+	return copied
+}
+
+func CopyDurationPtr(original *time.Duration) (copied *time.Duration) {
+	if original == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	copied = new(time.Duration)
+	*copied = *original
+	return copied
+}
+
+func CopyLogLevelPtr(original *logging.Level) (copied *logging.Level) {
+	if original == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	copied = new(logging.Level)
+	*copied = *original
+	return copied
+}
+
+func CopyIP(original net.IP) (copied net.IP) {
+	if original == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	copied = make(net.IP, len(original))
+	copy(copied, original)
+	return copied
+}
+
+func CopyIPNet(original net.IPNet) (copied net.IPNet) {
+	if original.IP != nil {
+		copied.IP = make(net.IP, len(original.IP))
+		copy(copied.IP, original.IP)
+	}
+
+	if original.Mask != nil {
+		copied.Mask = make(net.IPMask, len(original.Mask))
+		copy(copied.Mask, original.Mask)
+	}
+
+	return copied
+}
+
+func CopyIPNetPtr(original *net.IPNet) (copied *net.IPNet) {
+	if original == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	copied = new(net.IPNet)
+	*copied = CopyIPNet(*original)
+	return copied
+}
+
+func CopyNetaddrIP(original netaddr.IP) (copied netaddr.IP) {
+	b, err := original.MarshalBinary()
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	err = copied.UnmarshalBinary(b)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	return copied
+}
+
+func CopyIPPrefix(original netaddr.IPPrefix) (copied netaddr.IPPrefix) {
+	b, err := original.MarshalText()
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	err = copied.UnmarshalText(b)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	return copied
+}
+
+func CopyStringSlice(original []string) (copied []string) {
+	if original == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	copied = make([]string, len(original))
+	copy(copied, original)
+	return copied
+}
+
+func CopyUint16Slice(original []uint16) (copied []uint16) {
+	if original == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	copied = make([]uint16, len(original))
+	copy(copied, original)
+	return copied
+}
+
+func CopyIPNetSlice(original []net.IPNet) (copied []net.IPNet) {
+	if original == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	copied = make([]net.IPNet, len(original))
+	for i := range original {
+		copied[i] = CopyIPNet(original[i])
+	}
+	return copied
+}
+
+func CopyIPPrefixSlice(original []netaddr.IPPrefix) (copied []netaddr.IPPrefix) {
+	if original == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	copied = make([]netaddr.IPPrefix, len(original))
+	for i := range original {
+		copied[i] = CopyIPPrefix(original[i])
+	}
+	return copied
+}
+
+func CopyNetaddrIPsSlice(original []netaddr.IP) (copied []netaddr.IP) {
+	if original == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	copied = make([]netaddr.IP, len(original))
+	for i := range original {
+		copied[i] = CopyNetaddrIP(original[i])
+	}
+
+	return copied
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/default.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/default.go
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+package helpers
+
+import (
+	"net"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/qdm12/golibs/logging"
+)
+
+func DefaultInt(existing *int, defaultValue int) (
+	result *int) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = new(int)
+	*result = defaultValue
+	return result
+}
+
+func DefaultUint8(existing *uint8, defaultValue uint8) (
+	result *uint8) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = new(uint8)
+	*result = defaultValue
+	return result
+}
+
+func DefaultUint16(existing *uint16, defaultValue uint16) (
+	result *uint16) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = new(uint16)
+	*result = defaultValue
+	return result
+}
+
+func DefaultBool(existing *bool, defaultValue bool) (
+	result *bool) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = new(bool)
+	*result = defaultValue
+	return result
+}
+
+func DefaultString(existing string, defaultValue string) (
+	result string) {
+	if existing != "" {
+		return existing
+	}
+	return defaultValue
+}
+
+func DefaultStringPtr(existing *string, defaultValue string) (result *string) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = new(string)
+	*result = defaultValue
+	return result
+}
+
+func DefaultDuration(existing *time.Duration,
+	defaultValue time.Duration) (result *time.Duration) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = new(time.Duration)
+	*result = defaultValue
+	return result
+}
+
+func DefaultLogLevel(existing *logging.Level,
+	defaultValue logging.Level) (result *logging.Level) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = new(logging.Level)
+	*result = defaultValue
+	return result
+}
+
+func DefaultIP(existing net.IP, defaultValue net.IP) (
+	result net.IP) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	return defaultValue
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/files.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/files.go
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+package helpers
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrFileDoesNotExist = errors.New("file does not exist")
+	ErrFileRead         = errors.New("cannot read file")
+	ErrFileClose        = errors.New("cannot close file")
+)
+
+func FileExists(path string) (err error) {
+	path = filepath.Clean(path)
+
+	f, err := os.Open(path)
+	if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrFileDoesNotExist, path)
+	} else if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrFileRead, err)
+	}
+
+	if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrFileClose, err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/merge.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/merge.go
@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+package helpers
+
+import (
+	"net"
+	"net/http"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/qdm12/golibs/logging"
+	"inet.af/netaddr"
+)
+
+func MergeWithBool(existing, other *bool) (result *bool) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	} else if other == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	result = new(bool)
+	*result = *other
+	return result
+}
+
+func MergeWithString(existing, other string) (result string) {
+	if existing != "" {
+		return existing
+	}
+	return other
+}
+
+func MergeWithInt(existing, other int) (result int) {
+	if existing != 0 {
+		return existing
+	}
+	return other
+}
+
+func MergeWithStringPtr(existing, other *string) (result *string) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	} else if other == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	result = new(string)
+	*result = *other
+	return result
+}
+
+func MergeWithIntPtr(existing, other *int) (result *int) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	} else if other == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	result = new(int)
+	*result = *other
+	return result
+}
+
+func MergeWithUint8(existing, other *uint8) (result *uint8) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	} else if other == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	result = new(uint8)
+	*result = *other
+	return result
+}
+
+func MergeWithUint16(existing, other *uint16) (result *uint16) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	} else if other == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	result = new(uint16)
+	*result = *other
+	return result
+}
+
+func MergeWithIP(existing, other net.IP) (result net.IP) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	} else if other == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	result = make(net.IP, len(other))
+	copy(result, other)
+	return result
+}
+
+func MergeWithDuration(existing, other *time.Duration) (result *time.Duration) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	return other
+}
+
+func MergeWithLogLevel(existing, other *logging.Level) (result *logging.Level) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	} else if other == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	result = new(logging.Level)
+	*result = *other
+	return result
+}
+
+func MergeWithHTTPHandler(existing, other http.Handler) (result http.Handler) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	return other
+}
+
+func MergeStringSlices(a, b []string) (result []string) {
+	if a == nil && b == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(a)+len(b))
+	result = make([]string, 0, len(a)+len(b))
+	for _, s := range a {
+		if _, ok := seen[s]; ok {
+			continue // duplicate
+		}
+		result = append(result, s)
+		seen[s] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	for _, s := range b {
+		if _, ok := seen[s]; ok {
+			continue // duplicate
+		}
+		result = append(result, s)
+		seen[s] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+func MergeUint16Slices(a, b []uint16) (result []uint16) {
+	if a == nil && b == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	seen := make(map[uint16]struct{}, len(a)+len(b))
+	result = make([]uint16, 0, len(a)+len(b))
+	for _, n := range a {
+		if _, ok := seen[n]; ok {
+			continue // duplicate
+		}
+		result = append(result, n)
+		seen[n] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	for _, n := range b {
+		if _, ok := seen[n]; ok {
+			continue // duplicate
+		}
+		result = append(result, n)
+		seen[n] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+func MergeIPNetsSlices(a, b []net.IPNet) (result []net.IPNet) {
+	if a == nil && b == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(a)+len(b))
+	result = make([]net.IPNet, 0, len(a)+len(b))
+	for _, ipNet := range a {
+		key := ipNet.String()
+		if _, ok := seen[key]; ok {
+			continue // duplicate
+		}
+		result = append(result, ipNet)
+		seen[key] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	for _, ipNet := range b {
+		key := ipNet.String()
+		if _, ok := seen[key]; ok {
+			continue // duplicate
+		}
+		result = append(result, ipNet)
+		seen[key] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+func MergeNetaddrIPsSlices(a, b []netaddr.IP) (result []netaddr.IP) {
+	if a == nil && b == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(a)+len(b))
+	result = make([]netaddr.IP, 0, len(a)+len(b))
+	for _, ip := range a {
+		key := ip.String()
+		if _, ok := seen[key]; ok {
+			continue // duplicate
+		}
+		result = append(result, ip)
+		seen[key] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	for _, ip := range b {
+		key := ip.String()
+		if _, ok := seen[key]; ok {
+			continue // duplicate
+		}
+		result = append(result, ip)
+		seen[key] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+func MergeIPPrefixesSlices(a, b []netaddr.IPPrefix) (result []netaddr.IPPrefix) {
+	if a == nil && b == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(a)+len(b))
+	result = make([]netaddr.IPPrefix, 0, len(a)+len(b))
+	for _, ipPrefix := range a {
+		key := ipPrefix.String()
+		if _, ok := seen[key]; ok {
+			continue // duplicate
+		}
+		result = append(result, ipPrefix)
+		seen[key] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	for _, ipPrefix := range b {
+		key := ipPrefix.String()
+		if _, ok := seen[key]; ok {
+			continue // duplicate
+		}
+		result = append(result, ipPrefix)
+		seen[key] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	return result
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/messages.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/messages.go
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+package helpers
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+func ChoicesOrString(choices []string) string {
+	return strings.Join(
+		choices[:len(choices)-1], ", ") +
+		" or " + choices[len(choices)-1]
+}
+
+func PortChoicesOrString(ports []uint16) (s string) {
+	switch len(ports) {
+	case 0:
+		return "there is no allowed port"
+	case 1:
+		return "allowed port is " + fmt.Sprint(ports[0])
+	}
+
+	s = "allowed ports are "
+	portStrings := make([]string, len(ports))
+	for i := range ports {
+		portStrings[i] = fmt.Sprint(ports[i])
+	}
+	s += ChoicesOrString(portStrings)
+	return s
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/obfuscate.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/obfuscate.go
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+package helpers
+
+func ObfuscateWireguardKey(fullKey string) (obfuscatedKey string) {
+	const minKeyLength = 10
+	if len(fullKey) < minKeyLength {
+		return "(too short)"
+	}
+
+	lastIndex := len(fullKey) - 1
+	return fullKey[0:2] + "..." + fullKey[lastIndex-2:]
+}
+
+func ObfuscatePassword(password string) (obfuscatedPassword string) {
+	if password != "" {
+		return "[set]"
+	}
+	return "[not set]"
+}
+
+func ObfuscateData(data string) (obfuscated string) {
+	if data != "" {
+		return "[set]"
+	}
+	return "[not set]"
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/override.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/override.go
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+package helpers
+
+import (
+	"net"
+	"net/http"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/qdm12/golibs/logging"
+	"inet.af/netaddr"
+)
+
+func OverrideWithBool(existing, other *bool) (result *bool) {
+	if other == nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = new(bool)
+	*result = *other
+	return result
+}
+
+func OverrideWithString(existing, other string) (result string) {
+	if other == "" {
+		return existing
+	}
+	return other
+}
+
+func OverrideWithInt(existing, other int) (result int) {
+	if other == 0 {
+		return existing
+	}
+	return other
+}
+
+func OverrideWithStringPtr(existing, other *string) (result *string) {
+	if other == nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = new(string)
+	*result = *other
+	return result
+}
+
+func OverrideWithIntPtr(existing, other *int) (result *int) {
+	if other == nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = new(int)
+	*result = *other
+	return result
+}
+
+func OverrideWithUint8(existing, other *uint8) (result *uint8) {
+	if other == nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = new(uint8)
+	*result = *other
+	return result
+}
+
+func OverrideWithUint16(existing, other *uint16) (result *uint16) {
+	if other == nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = new(uint16)
+	*result = *other
+	return result
+}
+
+func OverrideWithIP(existing, other net.IP) (result net.IP) {
+	if other == nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = make(net.IP, len(other))
+	copy(result, other)
+	return result
+}
+
+func OverrideWithDuration(existing, other *time.Duration) (result *time.Duration) {
+	if other == nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = new(time.Duration)
+	*result = *other
+	return result
+}
+
+func OverrideWithLogLevel(existing, other *logging.Level) (result *logging.Level) {
+	if other == nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = new(logging.Level)
+	*result = *other
+	return result
+}
+
+func OverrideWithHTTPHandler(existing, other http.Handler) (result http.Handler) {
+	if other != nil {
+		return other
+	}
+	return existing
+}
+
+func OverrideWithStringSlice(existing, other []string) (result []string) {
+	if other == nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = make([]string, len(other))
+	copy(result, other)
+	return result
+}
+
+func OverrideWithUint16Slice(existing, other []uint16) (result []uint16) {
+	if other == nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = make([]uint16, len(other))
+	copy(result, other)
+	return result
+}
+
+func OverrideWithIPNetsSlice(existing, other []net.IPNet) (result []net.IPNet) {
+	if other == nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = make([]net.IPNet, len(other))
+	copy(result, other)
+	return result
+}
+
+func OverrideWithNetaddrIPsSlice(existing, other []netaddr.IP) (result []netaddr.IP) {
+	if other == nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = make([]netaddr.IP, len(other))
+	copy(result, other)
+	return result
+}
+
+func OverrideWithIPPrefixesSlice(existing, other []netaddr.IPPrefix) (result []netaddr.IPPrefix) {
+	if other == nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = make([]netaddr.IPPrefix, len(other))
+	copy(result, other)
+	return result
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/pointers.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/pointers.go
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+package helpers
+
+import "time"
+
+// StringPtr returns a pointer to the string value
+// passed as argument.
+func StringPtr(s string) *string { return &s }
+
+// DurationPtr returns a pointer to the duration value
+// passed as argument.
+func DurationPtr(d time.Duration) *time.Duration { return &d }
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/string.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/string.go
@@ -1,5 +1,12 @@
 package helpers

+func BoolPtrToYesNo(b *bool) string {
+	if *b {
+		return "yes"
+	}
+	return "no"
+}
+
 func TCPPtrToString(tcp *bool) string {
 	if *tcp {
 		return "TCP"
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/httpproxy.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/httpproxy.go
@@ -3,9 +3,8 @@ package settings
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
-	"time"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 	"github.com/qdm12/govalid/address"
 )
@@ -34,19 +33,13 @@ type HTTPProxy struct {
 	// each request/response. It cannot be nil in the
 	// internal state.
 	Log *bool
-	// ReadHeaderTimeout is the HTTP header read timeout duration
-	// of the HTTP server. It defaults to 1 second if left unset.
-	ReadHeaderTimeout time.Duration
-	// ReadTimeout is the HTTP read timeout duration
-	// of the HTTP server. It defaults to 3 seconds if left unset.
-	ReadTimeout time.Duration
 }

 func (h HTTPProxy) validate() (err error) {
 	// Do not validate user and password

 	uid := os.Getuid()
-	err = address.Validate(h.ListeningAddress, address.OptionListening(uid))
+	_, err = address.Validate(h.ListeningAddress, address.OptionListening(uid))
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrServerAddressNotValid, h.ListeningAddress)
 	}
@@ -56,55 +49,45 @@ func (h HTTPProxy) validate() (err error) {

 func (h *HTTPProxy) copy() (copied HTTPProxy) {
 	return HTTPProxy{
-		User:              gosettings.CopyPointer(h.User),
-		Password:          gosettings.CopyPointer(h.Password),
-		ListeningAddress:  h.ListeningAddress,
-		Enabled:           gosettings.CopyPointer(h.Enabled),
-		Stealth:           gosettings.CopyPointer(h.Stealth),
-		Log:               gosettings.CopyPointer(h.Log),
-		ReadHeaderTimeout: h.ReadHeaderTimeout,
-		ReadTimeout:       h.ReadTimeout,
+		User:             helpers.CopyStringPtr(h.User),
+		Password:         helpers.CopyStringPtr(h.Password),
+		ListeningAddress: h.ListeningAddress,
+		Enabled:          helpers.CopyBoolPtr(h.Enabled),
+		Stealth:          helpers.CopyBoolPtr(h.Stealth),
+		Log:              helpers.CopyBoolPtr(h.Log),
 	}
 }

 // mergeWith merges the other settings into any
 // unset field of the receiver settings object.
 func (h *HTTPProxy) mergeWith(other HTTPProxy) {
-	h.User = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(h.User, other.User)
-	h.Password = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(h.Password, other.Password)
-	h.ListeningAddress = gosettings.MergeWithString(h.ListeningAddress, other.ListeningAddress)
-	h.Enabled = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(h.Enabled, other.Enabled)
-	h.Stealth = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(h.Stealth, other.Stealth)
-	h.Log = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(h.Log, other.Log)
-	h.ReadHeaderTimeout = gosettings.MergeWithNumber(h.ReadHeaderTimeout, other.ReadHeaderTimeout)
-	h.ReadTimeout = gosettings.MergeWithNumber(h.ReadTimeout, other.ReadTimeout)
+	h.User = helpers.MergeWithStringPtr(h.User, other.User)
+	h.Password = helpers.MergeWithStringPtr(h.Password, other.Password)
+	h.ListeningAddress = helpers.MergeWithString(h.ListeningAddress, other.ListeningAddress)
+	h.Enabled = helpers.MergeWithBool(h.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	h.Stealth = helpers.MergeWithBool(h.Stealth, other.Stealth)
+	h.Log = helpers.MergeWithBool(h.Log, other.Log)
 }

 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (h *HTTPProxy) overrideWith(other HTTPProxy) {
-	h.User = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(h.User, other.User)
-	h.Password = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(h.Password, other.Password)
-	h.ListeningAddress = gosettings.OverrideWithString(h.ListeningAddress, other.ListeningAddress)
-	h.Enabled = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(h.Enabled, other.Enabled)
-	h.Stealth = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(h.Stealth, other.Stealth)
-	h.Log = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(h.Log, other.Log)
-	h.ReadHeaderTimeout = gosettings.OverrideWithNumber(h.ReadHeaderTimeout, other.ReadHeaderTimeout)
-	h.ReadTimeout = gosettings.OverrideWithNumber(h.ReadTimeout, other.ReadTimeout)
+	h.User = helpers.OverrideWithStringPtr(h.User, other.User)
+	h.Password = helpers.OverrideWithStringPtr(h.Password, other.Password)
+	h.ListeningAddress = helpers.OverrideWithString(h.ListeningAddress, other.ListeningAddress)
+	h.Enabled = helpers.OverrideWithBool(h.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	h.Stealth = helpers.OverrideWithBool(h.Stealth, other.Stealth)
+	h.Log = helpers.OverrideWithBool(h.Log, other.Log)
 }

 func (h *HTTPProxy) setDefaults() {
-	h.User = gosettings.DefaultPointer(h.User, "")
-	h.Password = gosettings.DefaultPointer(h.Password, "")
-	h.ListeningAddress = gosettings.DefaultString(h.ListeningAddress, ":8888")
-	h.Enabled = gosettings.DefaultPointer(h.Enabled, false)
-	h.Stealth = gosettings.DefaultPointer(h.Stealth, false)
-	h.Log = gosettings.DefaultPointer(h.Log, false)
-	const defaultReadHeaderTimeout = time.Second
-	h.ReadHeaderTimeout = gosettings.DefaultNumber(h.ReadHeaderTimeout, defaultReadHeaderTimeout)
-	const defaultReadTimeout = 3 * time.Second
-	h.ReadTimeout = gosettings.DefaultNumber(h.ReadTimeout, defaultReadTimeout)
+	h.User = helpers.DefaultStringPtr(h.User, "")
+	h.Password = helpers.DefaultStringPtr(h.Password, "")
+	h.ListeningAddress = helpers.DefaultString(h.ListeningAddress, ":8888")
+	h.Enabled = helpers.DefaultBool(h.Enabled, false)
+	h.Stealth = helpers.DefaultBool(h.Stealth, false)
+	h.Log = helpers.DefaultBool(h.Log, false)
 }

 func (h HTTPProxy) String() string {
@@ -113,18 +96,16 @@ func (h HTTPProxy) String() string {

 func (h HTTPProxy) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("HTTP proxy settings:")
-	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(h.Enabled))
+	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(h.Enabled))
 	if !*h.Enabled {
 		return node
 	}

 	node.Appendf("Listening address: %s", h.ListeningAddress)
 	node.Appendf("User: %s", *h.User)
-	node.Appendf("Password: %s", gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*h.Password))
-	node.Appendf("Stealth mode: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(h.Stealth))
-	node.Appendf("Log: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(h.Log))
-	node.Appendf("Read header timeout: %s", h.ReadHeaderTimeout)
-	node.Appendf("Read timeout: %s", h.ReadTimeout)
+	node.Appendf("Password: %s", helpers.ObfuscatePassword(*h.Password))
+	node.Appendf("Stealth mode: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(h.Stealth))
+	node.Appendf("Log: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(h.Log))

 	return node
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/log.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/log.go
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 package settings

 import (
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
+	"github.com/qdm12/golibs/logging"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
-	"github.com/qdm12/log"
 )

 // Log contains settings to configure the logger.
 type Log struct {
 	// Level is the log level of the logger.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	Level *log.Level
+	Level *logging.Level
 }

 func (l Log) validate() (err error) {
@@ -19,25 +19,25 @@ func (l Log) validate() (err error) {

 func (l *Log) copy() (copied Log) {
 	return Log{
-		Level: gosettings.CopyPointer(l.Level),
+		Level: helpers.CopyLogLevelPtr(l.Level),
 	}
 }

 // mergeWith merges the other settings into any
 // unset field of the receiver settings object.
 func (l *Log) mergeWith(other Log) {
-	l.Level = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(l.Level, other.Level)
+	l.Level = helpers.MergeWithLogLevel(l.Level, other.Level)
 }

 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (l *Log) overrideWith(other Log) {
-	l.Level = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(l.Level, other.Level)
+	l.Level = helpers.OverrideWithLogLevel(l.Level, other.Level)
 }

 func (l *Log) setDefaults() {
-	l.Level = gosettings.DefaultPointer(l.Level, log.LevelInfo)
+	l.Level = helpers.DefaultLogLevel(l.Level, logging.LevelInfo)
 }

 func (l Log) String() string {
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/netaddr.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/netaddr.go
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-package settings
-
-import (
-	"net/netip"
-
-	"inet.af/netaddr"
-)
-
-func netipAddressToNetaddrIP(address netip.Addr) (ip netaddr.IP) {
-	if address.Is4() {
-		return netaddr.IPFrom4(address.As4())
-	}
-	return netaddr.IPFrom16(address.As16())
-}
-
-func netipAddressesToNetaddrIPs(addresses []netip.Addr) (ips []netaddr.IP) {
-	ips = make([]netaddr.IP, len(addresses))
-	for i := range addresses {
-		ips[i] = netipAddressToNetaddrIP(addresses[i])
-	}
-	return ips
-}
-
-func netipPrefixToNetaddrIPPrefix(prefix netip.Prefix) (ipPrefix netaddr.IPPrefix) {
-	netaddrIP := netipAddressToNetaddrIP(prefix.Addr())
-	bits := prefix.Bits()
-	return netaddr.IPPrefixFrom(netaddrIP, uint8(bits))
-}
-
-func netipPrefixesToNetaddrIPPrefixes(prefixes []netip.Prefix) (ipPrefixes []netaddr.IPPrefix) {
-	ipPrefixes = make([]netaddr.IPPrefix, len(prefixes))
-	for i := range ipPrefixes {
-		ipPrefixes[i] = netipPrefixToNetaddrIPPrefix(prefixes[i])
-	}
-	return ipPrefixes
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/nordvpn_retro.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/nordvpn_retro.go
@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-package settings
-
-// Retro-compatibility because SERVER_REGIONS changed to SERVER_COUNTRIES
-// and SERVER_REGIONS is now the continent field for servers.
-// TODO v4 remove.
-func nordvpnRetroRegion(selection ServerSelection, validRegions, validCountries []string) (
-	updatedSelection ServerSelection) {
-	validRegionsMap := stringSliceToMap(validRegions)
-	validCountriesMap := stringSliceToMap(validCountries)
-
-	updatedSelection = selection.copy()
-	updatedSelection.Regions = make([]string, 0, len(selection.Regions))
-	for _, region := range selection.Regions {
-		_, isValid := validRegionsMap[region]
-		if isValid {
-			updatedSelection.Regions = append(updatedSelection.Regions, region)
-			continue
-		}
-
-		_, isValid = validCountriesMap[region]
-		if !isValid {
-			// Region is not valid for the country or region
-			// just leave it to the validation to fail it later
-			continue
-		}
-
-		// Region is not valid for a region, but is a valid country
-		// Handle retro-compatibility and transfer the value to the
-		// country field.
-		updatedSelection.Countries = append(updatedSelection.Countries, region)
-	}
-
-	return updatedSelection
-}
-
-func stringSliceToMap(slice []string) (m map[string]struct{}) {
-	m = make(map[string]struct{}, len(slice))
-	for _, s := range slice {
-		m[s] = struct{}{}
-	}
-	return m
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/openvpn.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/openvpn.go
@@ -1,112 +1,94 @@
 package settings

 import (
-	"encoding/base64"
 	"fmt"
-	"regexp"
+	"strings"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/openvpn"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/openvpn/extract"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/provider/privateinternetaccess/presets"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/validate"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/openvpn/parse"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

 // OpenVPN contains settings to configure the OpenVPN client.
 type OpenVPN struct {
 	// Version is the OpenVPN version to run.
-	// It can only be "2.5" or "2.6".
-	Version string `json:"version"`
+	// It can only be "2.4" or "2.5".
+	Version string
 	// User is the OpenVPN authentication username.
-	// It cannot be nil in the internal state if OpenVPN is used.
-	// It is usually required but in some cases can be the empty string
-	// to indicate no user+password authentication is needed.
-	User *string `json:"user"`
+	// It cannot be an empty string in the internal state
+	// if OpenVPN is used.
+	User string
 	// Password is the OpenVPN authentication password.
-	// It cannot be nil in the internal state if OpenVPN is used.
-	// It is usually required but in some cases can be the empty string
-	// to indicate no user+password authentication is needed.
-	Password *string `json:"password"`
+	// It cannot be an empty string in the internal state
+	// if OpenVPN is used.
+	Password string
 	// ConfFile is a custom OpenVPN configuration file path.
 	// It can be set to the empty string for it to be ignored.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	ConfFile *string `json:"config_file_path"`
+	ConfFile *string
 	// Ciphers is a list of ciphers to use for OpenVPN,
 	// different from the ones specified by the VPN
 	// service provider configuration files.
-	Ciphers []string `json:"ciphers"`
+	Ciphers []string
 	// Auth is an auth algorithm to use in OpenVPN instead
 	// of the one specified by the VPN service provider.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
 	// It is ignored if it is set to the empty string.
-	Auth *string `json:"auth"`
-	// Cert is the base64 encoded DER of an OpenVPN certificate for the <cert> block.
-	// This is notably used by Cyberghost and VPN secure.
+	Auth *string
+	// ClientCrt is the OpenVPN client certificate.
+	// This is notably used by Cyberghost.
 	// It can be set to the empty string to be ignored.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	Cert *string `json:"cert"`
-	// Key is the base64 encoded DER of an OpenVPN key.
+	ClientCrt *string
+	// ClientKey is the OpenVPN client key.
 	// This is used by Cyberghost and VPN Unlimited.
 	// It can be set to the empty string to be ignored.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	Key *string `json:"key"`
-	// EncryptedKey is the base64 encoded DER of an encrypted key for OpenVPN.
-	// It is used by VPN secure.
-	// It defaults to the empty string meaning it is not
-	// to be used. KeyPassphrase must be set if this one is set.
-	EncryptedKey *string `json:"encrypted_key"`
-	// KeyPassphrase is the key passphrase to be used by OpenVPN
-	// to decrypt the EncryptedPrivateKey. It defaults to the
-	// empty string and must be set if EncryptedPrivateKey is set.
-	KeyPassphrase *string `json:"key_passphrase"`
+	ClientKey *string
 	// PIAEncPreset is the encryption preset for
 	// Private Internet Access. It can be set to an
 	// empty string for other providers.
-	PIAEncPreset *string `json:"pia_encryption_preset"`
+	PIAEncPreset *string
+	// IPv6 is set to true if IPv6 routing should be
+	// set to be tunnel in OpenVPN, and false otherwise.
+	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
+	IPv6 *bool // TODO automate like with Wireguard
 	// MSSFix is the value (1 to 10000) to set for the
 	// mssfix option for OpenVPN. It is ignored if set to 0.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	MSSFix *uint16 `json:"mssfix"`
+	MSSFix *uint16
 	// Interface is the OpenVPN device interface name.
 	// It cannot be an empty string in the internal state.
-	Interface string `json:"interface"`
+	Interface string
 	// ProcessUser is the OpenVPN process OS username
 	// to use. It cannot be empty in the internal state.
 	// It defaults to 'root'.
-	ProcessUser string `json:"process_user"`
+	ProcessUser string
 	// Verbosity is the OpenVPN verbosity level from 0 to 6.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	Verbosity *int `json:"verbosity"`
+	Verbosity *int
 	// Flags is a slice of additional flags to be passed
 	// to the OpenVPN program.
-	Flags []string `json:"flags"`
+	Flags []string
 }

-var ivpnAccountID = regexp.MustCompile(`^(i|ivpn)\-[a-zA-Z0-9]{4}\-[a-zA-Z0-9]{4}\-[a-zA-Z0-9]{4}$`)
-
 func (o OpenVPN) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 	// Validate version
-	validVersions := []string{openvpn.Openvpn25, openvpn.Openvpn26}
-	if err = validate.IsOneOf(o.Version, validVersions...); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrOpenVPNVersionIsNotValid, err)
+	validVersions := []string{constants.Openvpn24, constants.Openvpn25}
+	if !helpers.IsOneOf(o.Version, validVersions...) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %q can only be one of %s",
+			ErrOpenVPNVersionIsNotValid, o.Version, strings.Join(validVersions, ", "))
 	}

-	isCustom := vpnProvider == providers.Custom
-	isUserRequired := !isCustom &&
-		vpnProvider != providers.Airvpn &&
-		vpnProvider != providers.VPNSecure
+	isCustom := vpnProvider == constants.Custom

-	if isUserRequired && *o.User == "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrOpenVPNUserIsEmpty)
+	if !isCustom && o.User == "" {
+		return ErrOpenVPNUserIsEmpty
 	}

-	passwordRequired := isUserRequired &&
-		(vpnProvider != providers.Ivpn || !ivpnAccountID.MatchString(*o.User))
-
-	if passwordRequired && *o.Password == "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrOpenVPNPasswordIsEmpty)
+	if !isCustom && o.Password == "" {
+		return ErrOpenVPNPasswordIsEmpty
 	}

 	err = validateOpenVPNConfigFilepath(isCustom, *o.ConfFile)
@@ -114,25 +96,16 @@ func (o OpenVPN) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("custom configuration file: %w", err)
 	}

-	err = validateOpenVPNClientCertificate(vpnProvider, *o.Cert)
+	err = validateOpenVPNClientCertificate(vpnProvider, *o.ClientCrt)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("client certificate: %w", err)
 	}

-	err = validateOpenVPNClientKey(vpnProvider, *o.Key)
+	err = validateOpenVPNClientKey(vpnProvider, *o.ClientKey)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("client key: %w", err)
 	}

-	err = validateOpenVPNEncryptedKey(vpnProvider, *o.EncryptedKey)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("encrypted key: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	if *o.EncryptedKey != "" && *o.KeyPassphrase == "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrOpenVPNKeyPassphraseIsEmpty)
-	}
-
 	const maxMSSFix = 10000
 	if *o.MSSFix > maxMSSFix {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %d is over the maximum value of %d",
@@ -159,20 +132,14 @@ func validateOpenVPNConfigFilepath(isCustom bool,
 	}

 	if confFile == "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrFilepathMissing)
+		return ErrFilepathMissing
 	}

-	err = validate.FileExists(confFile)
+	err = helpers.FileExists(confFile)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	extractor := extract.New()
-	_, _, err = extractor.Data(confFile)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("extracting information from custom configuration file: %w", err)
-	}
-
 	return nil
 }

@@ -180,12 +147,10 @@ func validateOpenVPNClientCertificate(vpnProvider,
 	clientCert string) (err error) {
 	switch vpnProvider {
 	case
-		providers.Airvpn,
-		providers.Cyberghost,
-		providers.VPNSecure,
-		providers.VPNUnlimited:
+		constants.Cyberghost,
+		constants.VPNUnlimited:
 		if clientCert == "" {
-			return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrMissingValue)
+			return ErrMissingValue
 		}
 	}

@@ -193,7 +158,7 @@ func validateOpenVPNClientCertificate(vpnProvider,
 		return nil
 	}

-	_, err = base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(clientCert)
+	_, err = parse.ExtractCert([]byte(clientCert))
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -203,12 +168,11 @@ func validateOpenVPNClientCertificate(vpnProvider,
 func validateOpenVPNClientKey(vpnProvider, clientKey string) (err error) {
 	switch vpnProvider {
 	case
-		providers.Airvpn,
-		providers.Cyberghost,
-		providers.VPNUnlimited,
-		providers.Wevpn:
+		constants.Cyberghost,
+		constants.VPNUnlimited,
+		constants.Wevpn:
 		if clientKey == "" {
-			return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrMissingValue)
+			return ErrMissingValue
 		}
 	}

@@ -216,24 +180,7 @@ func validateOpenVPNClientKey(vpnProvider, clientKey string) (err error) {
 		return nil
 	}

-	_, err = base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(clientKey)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func validateOpenVPNEncryptedKey(vpnProvider,
-	encryptedPrivateKey string) (err error) {
-	if vpnProvider == providers.VPNSecure && encryptedPrivateKey == "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrMissingValue)
-	}
-
-	if encryptedPrivateKey == "" {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	_, err = base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(encryptedPrivateKey)
+	_, err = parse.ExtractPrivateKey([]byte(clientKey))
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -242,93 +189,87 @@ func validateOpenVPNEncryptedKey(vpnProvider,

 func (o *OpenVPN) copy() (copied OpenVPN) {
 	return OpenVPN{
-		Version:       o.Version,
-		User:          gosettings.CopyPointer(o.User),
-		Password:      gosettings.CopyPointer(o.Password),
-		ConfFile:      gosettings.CopyPointer(o.ConfFile),
-		Ciphers:       gosettings.CopySlice(o.Ciphers),
-		Auth:          gosettings.CopyPointer(o.Auth),
-		Cert:          gosettings.CopyPointer(o.Cert),
-		Key:           gosettings.CopyPointer(o.Key),
-		EncryptedKey:  gosettings.CopyPointer(o.EncryptedKey),
-		KeyPassphrase: gosettings.CopyPointer(o.KeyPassphrase),
-		PIAEncPreset:  gosettings.CopyPointer(o.PIAEncPreset),
-		MSSFix:        gosettings.CopyPointer(o.MSSFix),
-		Interface:     o.Interface,
-		ProcessUser:   o.ProcessUser,
-		Verbosity:     gosettings.CopyPointer(o.Verbosity),
-		Flags:         gosettings.CopySlice(o.Flags),
+		Version:      o.Version,
+		User:         o.User,
+		Password:     o.Password,
+		ConfFile:     helpers.CopyStringPtr(o.ConfFile),
+		Ciphers:      helpers.CopyStringSlice(o.Ciphers),
+		Auth:         helpers.CopyStringPtr(o.Auth),
+		ClientCrt:    helpers.CopyStringPtr(o.ClientCrt),
+		ClientKey:    helpers.CopyStringPtr(o.ClientKey),
+		PIAEncPreset: helpers.CopyStringPtr(o.PIAEncPreset),
+		IPv6:         helpers.CopyBoolPtr(o.IPv6),
+		MSSFix:       helpers.CopyUint16Ptr(o.MSSFix),
+		Interface:    o.Interface,
+		ProcessUser:  o.ProcessUser,
+		Verbosity:    helpers.CopyIntPtr(o.Verbosity),
+		Flags:        helpers.CopyStringSlice(o.Flags),
 	}
 }

 // mergeWith merges the other settings into any
 // unset field of the receiver settings object.
 func (o *OpenVPN) mergeWith(other OpenVPN) {
-	o.Version = gosettings.MergeWithString(o.Version, other.Version)
-	o.User = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(o.User, other.User)
-	o.Password = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(o.Password, other.Password)
-	o.ConfFile = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(o.ConfFile, other.ConfFile)
-	o.Ciphers = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(o.Ciphers, other.Ciphers)
-	o.Auth = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(o.Auth, other.Auth)
-	o.Cert = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(o.Cert, other.Cert)
-	o.Key = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(o.Key, other.Key)
-	o.EncryptedKey = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(o.EncryptedKey, other.EncryptedKey)
-	o.KeyPassphrase = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(o.KeyPassphrase, other.KeyPassphrase)
-	o.PIAEncPreset = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(o.PIAEncPreset, other.PIAEncPreset)
-	o.MSSFix = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(o.MSSFix, other.MSSFix)
-	o.Interface = gosettings.MergeWithString(o.Interface, other.Interface)
-	o.ProcessUser = gosettings.MergeWithString(o.ProcessUser, other.ProcessUser)
-	o.Verbosity = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(o.Verbosity, other.Verbosity)
-	o.Flags = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(o.Flags, other.Flags)
+	o.Version = helpers.MergeWithString(o.Version, other.Version)
+	o.User = helpers.MergeWithString(o.User, other.User)
+	o.Password = helpers.MergeWithString(o.Password, other.Password)
+	o.ConfFile = helpers.MergeWithStringPtr(o.ConfFile, other.ConfFile)
+	o.Ciphers = helpers.MergeStringSlices(o.Ciphers, other.Ciphers)
+	o.Auth = helpers.MergeWithStringPtr(o.Auth, other.Auth)
+	o.ClientCrt = helpers.MergeWithStringPtr(o.ClientCrt, other.ClientCrt)
+	o.ClientKey = helpers.MergeWithStringPtr(o.ClientKey, other.ClientKey)
+	o.PIAEncPreset = helpers.MergeWithStringPtr(o.PIAEncPreset, other.PIAEncPreset)
+	o.IPv6 = helpers.MergeWithBool(o.IPv6, other.IPv6)
+	o.MSSFix = helpers.MergeWithUint16(o.MSSFix, other.MSSFix)
+	o.Interface = helpers.MergeWithString(o.Interface, other.Interface)
+	o.ProcessUser = helpers.MergeWithString(o.ProcessUser, other.ProcessUser)
+	o.Verbosity = helpers.MergeWithIntPtr(o.Verbosity, other.Verbosity)
+	o.Flags = helpers.MergeStringSlices(o.Flags, other.Flags)
 }

 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (o *OpenVPN) overrideWith(other OpenVPN) {
-	o.Version = gosettings.OverrideWithString(o.Version, other.Version)
-	o.User = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.User, other.User)
-	o.Password = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.Password, other.Password)
-	o.ConfFile = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.ConfFile, other.ConfFile)
-	o.Ciphers = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(o.Ciphers, other.Ciphers)
-	o.Auth = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.Auth, other.Auth)
-	o.Cert = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.Cert, other.Cert)
-	o.Key = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.Key, other.Key)
-	o.EncryptedKey = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.EncryptedKey, other.EncryptedKey)
-	o.KeyPassphrase = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.KeyPassphrase, other.KeyPassphrase)
-	o.PIAEncPreset = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.PIAEncPreset, other.PIAEncPreset)
-	o.MSSFix = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.MSSFix, other.MSSFix)
-	o.Interface = gosettings.OverrideWithString(o.Interface, other.Interface)
-	o.ProcessUser = gosettings.OverrideWithString(o.ProcessUser, other.ProcessUser)
-	o.Verbosity = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.Verbosity, other.Verbosity)
-	o.Flags = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(o.Flags, other.Flags)
+	o.Version = helpers.OverrideWithString(o.Version, other.Version)
+	o.User = helpers.OverrideWithString(o.User, other.User)
+	o.Password = helpers.OverrideWithString(o.Password, other.Password)
+	o.ConfFile = helpers.OverrideWithStringPtr(o.ConfFile, other.ConfFile)
+	o.Ciphers = helpers.OverrideWithStringSlice(o.Ciphers, other.Ciphers)
+	o.Auth = helpers.OverrideWithStringPtr(o.Auth, other.Auth)
+	o.ClientCrt = helpers.OverrideWithStringPtr(o.ClientCrt, other.ClientCrt)
+	o.ClientKey = helpers.OverrideWithStringPtr(o.ClientKey, other.ClientKey)
+	o.PIAEncPreset = helpers.OverrideWithStringPtr(o.PIAEncPreset, other.PIAEncPreset)
+	o.IPv6 = helpers.OverrideWithBool(o.IPv6, other.IPv6)
+	o.MSSFix = helpers.OverrideWithUint16(o.MSSFix, other.MSSFix)
+	o.Interface = helpers.OverrideWithString(o.Interface, other.Interface)
+	o.ProcessUser = helpers.OverrideWithString(o.ProcessUser, other.ProcessUser)
+	o.Verbosity = helpers.OverrideWithIntPtr(o.Verbosity, other.Verbosity)
+	o.Flags = helpers.OverrideWithStringSlice(o.Flags, other.Flags)
 }

 func (o *OpenVPN) setDefaults(vpnProvider string) {
-	o.Version = gosettings.DefaultString(o.Version, openvpn.Openvpn25)
-	o.User = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.User, "")
-	if vpnProvider == providers.Mullvad {
-		o.Password = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.Password, "m")
-	} else {
-		o.Password = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.Password, "")
+	o.Version = helpers.DefaultString(o.Version, constants.Openvpn25)
+	if vpnProvider == constants.Mullvad {
+		o.Password = "m"
 	}

-	o.ConfFile = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.ConfFile, "")
-	o.Auth = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.Auth, "")
-	o.Cert = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.Cert, "")
-	o.Key = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.Key, "")
-	o.EncryptedKey = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.EncryptedKey, "")
-	o.KeyPassphrase = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.KeyPassphrase, "")
+	o.ConfFile = helpers.DefaultStringPtr(o.ConfFile, "")
+	o.Auth = helpers.DefaultStringPtr(o.Auth, "")
+	o.ClientCrt = helpers.DefaultStringPtr(o.ClientCrt, "")
+	o.ClientKey = helpers.DefaultStringPtr(o.ClientKey, "")

 	var defaultEncPreset string
-	if vpnProvider == providers.PrivateInternetAccess {
-		defaultEncPreset = presets.Strong
+	if vpnProvider == constants.PrivateInternetAccess {
+		defaultEncPreset = constants.PIAEncryptionPresetStrong
 	}
-	o.PIAEncPreset = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.PIAEncPreset, defaultEncPreset)
-	o.MSSFix = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.MSSFix, 0)
-	o.Interface = gosettings.DefaultString(o.Interface, "tun0")
-	o.ProcessUser = gosettings.DefaultString(o.ProcessUser, "root")
-	o.Verbosity = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.Verbosity, 1)
+	o.PIAEncPreset = helpers.DefaultStringPtr(o.PIAEncPreset, defaultEncPreset)
+
+	o.IPv6 = helpers.DefaultBool(o.IPv6, false)
+	o.MSSFix = helpers.DefaultUint16(o.MSSFix, 0)
+	o.Interface = helpers.DefaultString(o.Interface, "tun0")
+	o.ProcessUser = helpers.DefaultString(o.ProcessUser, "root")
+	o.Verbosity = helpers.DefaultInt(o.Verbosity, 1)
 }

 func (o OpenVPN) String() string {
@@ -338,8 +279,8 @@ func (o OpenVPN) String() string {
 func (o OpenVPN) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("OpenVPN settings:")
 	node.Appendf("OpenVPN version: %s", o.Version)
-	node.Appendf("User: %s", gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*o.User))
-	node.Appendf("Password: %s", gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*o.Password))
+	node.Appendf("User: %s", helpers.ObfuscatePassword(o.User))
+	node.Appendf("Password: %s", helpers.ObfuscatePassword(o.Password))

 	if *o.ConfFile != "" {
 		node.Appendf("Custom configuration file: %s", *o.ConfFile)
@@ -353,23 +294,20 @@ func (o OpenVPN) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 		node.Appendf("Auth: %s", *o.Auth)
 	}

-	if *o.Cert != "" {
-		node.Appendf("Client crt: %s", gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*o.Cert))
+	if *o.ClientCrt != "" {
+		node.Appendf("Client crt: %s", helpers.ObfuscateData(*o.ClientCrt))
 	}

-	if *o.Key != "" {
-		node.Appendf("Client key: %s", gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*o.Key))
-	}
-
-	if *o.EncryptedKey != "" {
-		node.Appendf("Encrypted key: %s (key passhrapse %s)",
-			gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*o.EncryptedKey), gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*o.KeyPassphrase))
+	if *o.ClientKey != "" {
+		node.Appendf("Client key: %s", helpers.ObfuscateData(*o.ClientKey))
 	}

 	if *o.PIAEncPreset != "" {
 		node.Appendf("Private Internet Access encryption preset: %s", *o.PIAEncPreset)
 	}

+	node.Appendf("Tunnel IPv6: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(o.IPv6))
+
 	if *o.MSSFix > 0 {
 		node.Appendf("MSS Fix: %d", *o.MSSFix)
 	}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/openvpn_test.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/openvpn_test.go
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-package settings
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-)
-
-func Test_ivpnAccountID(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	testCases := []struct {
-		s     string
-		match bool
-	}{
-		{},
-		{s: "abc"},
-		{s: "i"},
-		{s: "ivpn"},
-		{s: "ivpn-aaaa"},
-		{s: "ivpn-aaaa-aaaa"},
-		{s: "ivpn-aaaa-aaaa-aaa"},
-		{s: "ivpn-aaaa-aaaa-aaaa", match: true},
-		{s: "ivpn-aaaa-aaaa-aaaaa"},
-		{s: "ivpn-a6B7-fP91-Zh6Y", match: true},
-		{s: "i-aaaa"},
-		{s: "i-aaaa-aaaa"},
-		{s: "i-aaaa-aaaa-aaa"},
-		{s: "i-aaaa-aaaa-aaaa", match: true},
-		{s: "i-aaaa-aaaa-aaaaa"},
-		{s: "i-a6B7-fP91-Zh6Y", match: true},
-	}
-
-	for _, testCase := range testCases {
-		testCase := testCase
-		t.Run(testCase.s, func(t *testing.T) {
-			t.Parallel()
-
-			match := ivpnAccountID.MatchString(testCase.s)
-
-			assert.Equal(t, testCase.match, match)
-		})
-	}
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/openvpnselection.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/openvpnselection.go
@@ -4,10 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/provider/privateinternetaccess/presets"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/validate"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -16,25 +13,25 @@ type OpenVPNSelection struct {
 	// It can be set to an empty string to indicate to
 	// NOT use a custom configuration file.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	ConfFile *string `json:"config_file_path"`
+	ConfFile *string
 	// TCP is true if the OpenVPN protocol is TCP,
 	// and false for UDP.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	TCP *bool `json:"tcp"`
+	TCP *bool
 	// CustomPort is the OpenVPN server endpoint port.
 	// It can be set to 0 to indicate no custom port should
 	// be used. It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	CustomPort *uint16 `json:"custom_port"`
+	CustomPort *uint16 // HideMyAss, Mullvad, PIA, ProtonVPN, WeVPN, Windscribe
 	// PIAEncPreset is the encryption preset for
 	// Private Internet Access. It can be set to an
 	// empty string for other providers.
-	PIAEncPreset *string `json:"pia_encryption_preset"`
+	PIAEncPreset *string
 }

 func (o OpenVPNSelection) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 	// Validate ConfFile
 	if confFile := *o.ConfFile; confFile != "" {
-		err := validate.FileExists(confFile)
+		err := helpers.FileExists(confFile)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("configuration file: %w", err)
 		}
@@ -42,11 +39,11 @@ func (o OpenVPNSelection) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {

 	// Validate TCP
 	if *o.TCP && helpers.IsOneOf(vpnProvider,
-		providers.Ipvanish,
-		providers.Perfectprivacy,
-		providers.Privado,
-		providers.VPNUnlimited,
-		providers.Vyprvpn,
+		constants.Ipvanish,
+		constants.Perfectprivacy,
+		constants.Privado,
+		constants.VPNUnlimited,
+		constants.Vyprvpn,
 	) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s",
 			ErrOpenVPNTCPNotSupported, vpnProvider)
@@ -56,74 +53,60 @@ func (o OpenVPNSelection) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 	if *o.CustomPort != 0 {
 		switch vpnProvider {
 		// no restriction on port
-		case providers.Custom, providers.Cyberghost, providers.HideMyAss,
-			providers.Privatevpn, providers.Torguard:
+		case constants.Cyberghost, constants.HideMyAss,
+			constants.PrivateInternetAccess, constants.Privatevpn,
+			constants.Protonvpn, constants.Torguard:
 		// no custom port allowed
-		case providers.Expressvpn, providers.Fastestvpn,
-			providers.Ipvanish, providers.Nordvpn,
-			providers.Privado, providers.Purevpn,
-			providers.Surfshark, providers.VPNSecure,
-			providers.VPNUnlimited, providers.Vyprvpn:
+		case constants.Expressvpn, constants.Fastestvpn,
+			constants.Ipvanish, constants.Nordvpn,
+			constants.Privado, constants.Purevpn,
+			constants.Surfshark, constants.VPNUnlimited,
+			constants.Vyprvpn:
 			return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s",
 				ErrOpenVPNCustomPortNotAllowed, vpnProvider)
 		default:
 			var allowedTCP, allowedUDP []uint16
 			switch vpnProvider {
-			case providers.Airvpn:
-				allowedTCP = []uint16{
-					53, 80, 443, // IP in 1, 3
-					1194, 2018, 41185, // IP in 1, 2, 3, 4
-				}
-				allowedUDP = []uint16{53, 80, 443, 1194, 2018, 41185}
-			case providers.Ivpn:
+			case constants.Ivpn:
 				allowedTCP = []uint16{80, 443, 1143}
 				allowedUDP = []uint16{53, 1194, 2049, 2050}
-			case providers.Mullvad:
+			case constants.Mullvad:
 				allowedTCP = []uint16{80, 443, 1401}
 				allowedUDP = []uint16{53, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1400}
-			case providers.Perfectprivacy:
+			case constants.Perfectprivacy:
 				allowedTCP = []uint16{44, 443, 4433}
 				allowedUDP = []uint16{44, 443, 4433}
-			case providers.PrivateInternetAccess:
-				allowedTCP = []uint16{80, 110, 443}
-				allowedUDP = []uint16{53, 1194, 1197, 1198, 8080, 9201}
-			case providers.Protonvpn:
-				allowedTCP = []uint16{443, 5995, 8443}
-				allowedUDP = []uint16{80, 443, 1194, 4569, 5060}
-			case providers.SlickVPN:
-				allowedTCP = []uint16{443, 8080, 8888}
-				allowedUDP = []uint16{443, 8080, 8888}
-			case providers.Wevpn:
+			case constants.Wevpn:
 				allowedTCP = []uint16{53, 1195, 1199, 2018}
 				allowedUDP = []uint16{80, 1194, 1198}
-			case providers.Windscribe:
+			case constants.Windscribe:
 				allowedTCP = []uint16{21, 22, 80, 123, 143, 443, 587, 1194, 3306, 8080, 54783}
 				allowedUDP = []uint16{53, 80, 123, 443, 1194, 54783}
-			default:
-				panic(fmt.Sprintf("VPN provider %s has no registered allowed ports", vpnProvider))
 			}

-			allowedPorts := allowedUDP
-			if *o.TCP {
-				allowedPorts = allowedTCP
-			}
-			err = validate.IsOneOf(*o.CustomPort, allowedPorts...)
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s: %w",
-					ErrOpenVPNCustomPortNotAllowed, vpnProvider, err)
+			if *o.TCP && !helpers.Uint16IsOneOf(*o.CustomPort, allowedTCP) {
+				return fmt.Errorf("%w: %d for VPN service provider %s; %s",
+					ErrOpenVPNCustomPortNotAllowed, o.CustomPort, vpnProvider,
+					helpers.PortChoicesOrString(allowedTCP))
+			} else if !*o.TCP && !helpers.Uint16IsOneOf(*o.CustomPort, allowedUDP) {
+				return fmt.Errorf("%w: %d for VPN service provider %s; %s",
+					ErrOpenVPNCustomPortNotAllowed, o.CustomPort, vpnProvider,
+					helpers.PortChoicesOrString(allowedUDP))
 			}
 		}
 	}

 	// Validate EncPreset
-	if vpnProvider == providers.PrivateInternetAccess {
+	if vpnProvider == constants.PrivateInternetAccess {
 		validEncryptionPresets := []string{
-			presets.None,
-			presets.Normal,
-			presets.Strong,
+			constants.PIAEncryptionPresetNone,
+			constants.PIAEncryptionPresetNormal,
+			constants.PIAEncryptionPresetStrong,
 		}
-		if err = validate.IsOneOf(*o.PIAEncPreset, validEncryptionPresets...); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrOpenVPNEncryptionPresetNotValid, err)
+		if !helpers.IsOneOf(*o.PIAEncPreset, validEncryptionPresets...) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s; valid presets are %s",
+				ErrOpenVPNEncryptionPresetNotValid, *o.PIAEncPreset,
+				helpers.ChoicesOrString(validEncryptionPresets))
 		}
 	}

@@ -132,37 +115,37 @@ func (o OpenVPNSelection) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {

 func (o *OpenVPNSelection) copy() (copied OpenVPNSelection) {
 	return OpenVPNSelection{
-		ConfFile:     gosettings.CopyPointer(o.ConfFile),
-		TCP:          gosettings.CopyPointer(o.TCP),
-		CustomPort:   gosettings.CopyPointer(o.CustomPort),
-		PIAEncPreset: gosettings.CopyPointer(o.PIAEncPreset),
+		ConfFile:     helpers.CopyStringPtr(o.ConfFile),
+		TCP:          helpers.CopyBoolPtr(o.TCP),
+		CustomPort:   helpers.CopyUint16Ptr(o.CustomPort),
+		PIAEncPreset: helpers.CopyStringPtr(o.PIAEncPreset),
 	}
 }

 func (o *OpenVPNSelection) mergeWith(other OpenVPNSelection) {
-	o.ConfFile = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(o.ConfFile, other.ConfFile)
-	o.TCP = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(o.TCP, other.TCP)
-	o.CustomPort = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(o.CustomPort, other.CustomPort)
-	o.PIAEncPreset = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(o.PIAEncPreset, other.PIAEncPreset)
+	o.ConfFile = helpers.MergeWithStringPtr(o.ConfFile, other.ConfFile)
+	o.TCP = helpers.MergeWithBool(o.TCP, other.TCP)
+	o.CustomPort = helpers.MergeWithUint16(o.CustomPort, other.CustomPort)
+	o.PIAEncPreset = helpers.MergeWithStringPtr(o.PIAEncPreset, other.PIAEncPreset)
 }

 func (o *OpenVPNSelection) overrideWith(other OpenVPNSelection) {
-	o.ConfFile = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.ConfFile, other.ConfFile)
-	o.TCP = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.TCP, other.TCP)
-	o.CustomPort = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.CustomPort, other.CustomPort)
-	o.PIAEncPreset = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.PIAEncPreset, other.PIAEncPreset)
+	o.ConfFile = helpers.OverrideWithStringPtr(o.ConfFile, other.ConfFile)
+	o.TCP = helpers.OverrideWithBool(o.TCP, other.TCP)
+	o.CustomPort = helpers.OverrideWithUint16(o.CustomPort, other.CustomPort)
+	o.PIAEncPreset = helpers.OverrideWithStringPtr(o.PIAEncPreset, other.PIAEncPreset)
 }

 func (o *OpenVPNSelection) setDefaults(vpnProvider string) {
-	o.ConfFile = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.ConfFile, "")
-	o.TCP = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.TCP, false)
-	o.CustomPort = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.CustomPort, 0)
+	o.ConfFile = helpers.DefaultStringPtr(o.ConfFile, "")
+	o.TCP = helpers.DefaultBool(o.TCP, false)
+	o.CustomPort = helpers.DefaultUint16(o.CustomPort, 0)

 	var defaultEncPreset string
-	if vpnProvider == providers.PrivateInternetAccess {
-		defaultEncPreset = presets.Strong
+	if vpnProvider == constants.PrivateInternetAccess {
+		defaultEncPreset = constants.PIAEncryptionPresetStrong
 	}
-	o.PIAEncPreset = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.PIAEncPreset, defaultEncPreset)
+	o.PIAEncPreset = helpers.DefaultStringPtr(o.PIAEncPreset, defaultEncPreset)
 }

 func (o OpenVPNSelection) String() string {
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/portforward.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/portforward.go
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ package settings
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/validate"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -14,38 +14,24 @@ import (
 type PortForwarding struct {
 	// Enabled is true if port forwarding should be activated.
 	// It cannot be nil for the internal state.
-	Enabled *bool `json:"enabled"`
-	// Provider is set to specify which custom port forwarding code
-	// should be used. This is especially necessary for the custom
-	// provider using Wireguard for a provider where Wireguard is not
-	// natively supported but custom port forwading code is available.
-	// It defaults to the empty string, meaning the current provider
-	// should be the one used for port forwarding.
-	// It cannot be nil for the internal state.
-	Provider *string `json:"provider"`
+	Enabled *bool
 	// Filepath is the port forwarding status file path
 	// to use. It can be the empty string to indicate not
 	// to write to a file. It cannot be nil for the
 	// internal state
-	Filepath *string `json:"status_file_path"`
+	Filepath *string
 }

-func (p PortForwarding) Validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
+func (p PortForwarding) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 	if !*p.Enabled {
 		return nil
 	}

-	// Validate current provider or custom provider specified
-	providerSelected := vpnProvider
-	if *p.Provider != "" {
-		providerSelected = *p.Provider
-	}
-	validProviders := []string{
-		providers.PrivateInternetAccess,
-		providers.Protonvpn,
-	}
-	if err = validate.IsOneOf(providerSelected, validProviders...); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrPortForwardingEnabled, err)
+	// Validate Enabled
+	validProviders := []string{constants.PrivateInternetAccess}
+	if !helpers.IsOneOf(vpnProvider, validProviders...) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: for provider %s, it is only available for %s",
+			ErrPortForwardingEnabled, vpnProvider, strings.Join(validProviders, ", "))
 	}

 	// Validate Filepath
@@ -59,30 +45,26 @@ func (p PortForwarding) Validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 	return nil
 }

-func (p *PortForwarding) Copy() (copied PortForwarding) {
+func (p *PortForwarding) copy() (copied PortForwarding) {
 	return PortForwarding{
-		Enabled:  gosettings.CopyPointer(p.Enabled),
-		Provider: gosettings.CopyPointer(p.Provider),
-		Filepath: gosettings.CopyPointer(p.Filepath),
+		Enabled:  helpers.CopyBoolPtr(p.Enabled),
+		Filepath: helpers.CopyStringPtr(p.Filepath),
 	}
 }

 func (p *PortForwarding) mergeWith(other PortForwarding) {
-	p.Enabled = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(p.Enabled, other.Enabled)
-	p.Provider = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(p.Provider, other.Provider)
-	p.Filepath = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(p.Filepath, other.Filepath)
+	p.Enabled = helpers.MergeWithBool(p.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	p.Filepath = helpers.MergeWithStringPtr(p.Filepath, other.Filepath)
 }

-func (p *PortForwarding) OverrideWith(other PortForwarding) {
-	p.Enabled = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(p.Enabled, other.Enabled)
-	p.Provider = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(p.Provider, other.Provider)
-	p.Filepath = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(p.Filepath, other.Filepath)
+func (p *PortForwarding) overrideWith(other PortForwarding) {
+	p.Enabled = helpers.OverrideWithBool(p.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	p.Filepath = helpers.OverrideWithStringPtr(p.Filepath, other.Filepath)
 }

 func (p *PortForwarding) setDefaults() {
-	p.Enabled = gosettings.DefaultPointer(p.Enabled, false)
-	p.Provider = gosettings.DefaultPointer(p.Provider, "")
-	p.Filepath = gosettings.DefaultPointer(p.Filepath, "/tmp/gluetun/forwarded_port")
+	p.Enabled = helpers.DefaultBool(p.Enabled, false)
+	p.Filepath = helpers.DefaultStringPtr(p.Filepath, "/tmp/gluetun/forwarded_port")
 }

 func (p PortForwarding) String() string {
@@ -95,11 +77,7 @@ func (p PortForwarding) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	}

 	node = gotree.New("Automatic port forwarding settings:")
-	if *p.Provider == "" {
-		node.Appendf("Use port forwarding code for current provider")
-	} else {
-		node.Appendf("Use code for provider: %s", *p.Provider)
-	}
+	node.Appendf("Enabled: yes")

 	filepath := *p.Filepath
 	if filepath == "" {
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/provider.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/provider.go
@@ -3,10 +3,9 @@ package settings
 import (
 	"fmt"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/vpn"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/validate"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -14,42 +13,40 @@ import (
 type Provider struct {
 	// Name is the VPN service provider name.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	Name *string `json:"name"`
+	Name *string
 	// ServerSelection is the settings to
 	// select the VPN server.
-	ServerSelection ServerSelection `json:"server_selection"`
+	ServerSelection ServerSelection
 	// PortForwarding is the settings about port forwarding.
-	PortForwarding PortForwarding `json:"port_forwarding"`
+	PortForwarding PortForwarding
 }

 // TODO v4 remove pointer for receiver (because of Surfshark).
-func (p *Provider) validate(vpnType string, storage Storage) (err error) {
+func (p *Provider) validate(vpnType string, allServers models.AllServers) (err error) {
 	// Validate Name
 	var validNames []string
-	if vpnType == vpn.OpenVPN {
-		validNames = providers.AllWithCustom()
+	if vpnType == constants.OpenVPN {
+		validNames = constants.AllProviders()
 		validNames = append(validNames, "pia") // Retro-compatibility
 	} else { // Wireguard
 		validNames = []string{
-			providers.Airvpn,
-			providers.Custom,
-			providers.Ivpn,
-			providers.Mullvad,
-			providers.Nordvpn,
-			providers.Surfshark,
-			providers.Windscribe,
+			constants.Custom,
+			constants.Ivpn,
+			constants.Mullvad,
+			constants.Windscribe,
 		}
 	}
-	if err = validate.IsOneOf(*p.Name, validNames...); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w for Wireguard: %w", ErrVPNProviderNameNotValid, err)
+	if !helpers.IsOneOf(*p.Name, validNames...) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %q can only be one of %s",
+			ErrVPNProviderNameNotValid, *p.Name, helpers.ChoicesOrString(validNames))
 	}

-	err = p.ServerSelection.validate(*p.Name, storage)
+	err = p.ServerSelection.validate(*p.Name, allServers)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("server selection: %w", err)
 	}

-	err = p.PortForwarding.Validate(*p.Name)
+	err = p.PortForwarding.validate(*p.Name)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("port forwarding: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -59,26 +56,26 @@ func (p *Provider) validate(vpnType string, storage Storage) (err error) {

 func (p *Provider) copy() (copied Provider) {
 	return Provider{
-		Name:            gosettings.CopyPointer(p.Name),
+		Name:            helpers.CopyStringPtr(p.Name),
 		ServerSelection: p.ServerSelection.copy(),
-		PortForwarding:  p.PortForwarding.Copy(),
+		PortForwarding:  p.PortForwarding.copy(),
 	}
 }

 func (p *Provider) mergeWith(other Provider) {
-	p.Name = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(p.Name, other.Name)
+	p.Name = helpers.MergeWithStringPtr(p.Name, other.Name)
 	p.ServerSelection.mergeWith(other.ServerSelection)
 	p.PortForwarding.mergeWith(other.PortForwarding)
 }

 func (p *Provider) overrideWith(other Provider) {
-	p.Name = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(p.Name, other.Name)
+	p.Name = helpers.OverrideWithStringPtr(p.Name, other.Name)
 	p.ServerSelection.overrideWith(other.ServerSelection)
-	p.PortForwarding.OverrideWith(other.PortForwarding)
+	p.PortForwarding.overrideWith(other.PortForwarding)
 }

 func (p *Provider) setDefaults() {
-	p.Name = gosettings.DefaultPointer(p.Name, providers.PrivateInternetAccess)
+	p.Name = helpers.DefaultStringPtr(p.Name, constants.PrivateInternetAccess)
 	p.ServerSelection.setDefaults(*p.Name)
 	p.PortForwarding.setDefaults()
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/publicip.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/publicip.go
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -23,20 +23,6 @@ type PublicIP struct {
 	IPFilepath *string
 }

-// UpdateWith deep copies the receiving settings, overrides the copy with
-// fields set in the partialUpdate argument, validates the new settings
-// and returns them if they are valid, or returns an error otherwise.
-// In all cases, the receiving settings are unmodified.
-func (p PublicIP) UpdateWith(partialUpdate PublicIP) (updatedSettings PublicIP, err error) {
-	updatedSettings = p.copy()
-	updatedSettings.overrideWith(partialUpdate)
-	err = updatedSettings.validate()
-	if err != nil {
-		return updatedSettings, fmt.Errorf("validating updated settings: %w", err)
-	}
-	return updatedSettings, nil
-}
-
 func (p PublicIP) validate() (err error) {
 	const minPeriod = 5 * time.Second
 	if *p.Period < minPeriod {
@@ -56,25 +42,25 @@ func (p PublicIP) validate() (err error) {

 func (p *PublicIP) copy() (copied PublicIP) {
 	return PublicIP{
-		Period:     gosettings.CopyPointer(p.Period),
-		IPFilepath: gosettings.CopyPointer(p.IPFilepath),
+		Period:     helpers.CopyDurationPtr(p.Period),
+		IPFilepath: helpers.CopyStringPtr(p.IPFilepath),
 	}
 }

 func (p *PublicIP) mergeWith(other PublicIP) {
-	p.Period = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(p.Period, other.Period)
-	p.IPFilepath = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(p.IPFilepath, other.IPFilepath)
+	p.Period = helpers.MergeWithDuration(p.Period, other.Period)
+	p.IPFilepath = helpers.MergeWithStringPtr(p.IPFilepath, other.IPFilepath)
 }

 func (p *PublicIP) overrideWith(other PublicIP) {
-	p.Period = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(p.Period, other.Period)
-	p.IPFilepath = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(p.IPFilepath, other.IPFilepath)
+	p.Period = helpers.OverrideWithDuration(p.Period, other.Period)
+	p.IPFilepath = helpers.OverrideWithStringPtr(p.IPFilepath, other.IPFilepath)
 }

 func (p *PublicIP) setDefaults() {
 	const defaultPeriod = 12 * time.Hour
-	p.Period = gosettings.DefaultPointer(p.Period, defaultPeriod)
-	p.IPFilepath = gosettings.DefaultPointer(p.IPFilepath, "/tmp/gluetun/ip")
+	p.Period = helpers.DefaultDuration(p.Period, defaultPeriod)
+	p.IPFilepath = helpers.DefaultStringPtr(p.IPFilepath, "/tmp/gluetun/ip")
 }

 func (p PublicIP) String() string {
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/server.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/server.go
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"strconv"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -43,29 +43,29 @@ func (c ControlServer) validate() (err error) {

 func (c *ControlServer) copy() (copied ControlServer) {
 	return ControlServer{
-		Address: gosettings.CopyPointer(c.Address),
-		Log:     gosettings.CopyPointer(c.Log),
+		Address: helpers.CopyStringPtr(c.Address),
+		Log:     helpers.CopyBoolPtr(c.Log),
 	}
 }

 // mergeWith merges the other settings into any
 // unset field of the receiver settings object.
 func (c *ControlServer) mergeWith(other ControlServer) {
-	c.Address = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(c.Address, other.Address)
-	c.Log = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(c.Log, other.Log)
+	c.Address = helpers.MergeWithStringPtr(c.Address, other.Address)
+	c.Log = helpers.MergeWithBool(c.Log, other.Log)
 }

 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (c *ControlServer) overrideWith(other ControlServer) {
-	c.Address = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(c.Address, other.Address)
-	c.Log = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(c.Log, other.Log)
+	c.Address = helpers.OverrideWithStringPtr(c.Address, other.Address)
+	c.Log = helpers.OverrideWithBool(c.Log, other.Log)
 }

 func (c *ControlServer) setDefaults() {
-	c.Address = gosettings.DefaultPointer(c.Address, ":8000")
-	c.Log = gosettings.DefaultPointer(c.Log, true)
+	c.Address = helpers.DefaultStringPtr(c.Address, ":8000")
+	c.Log = helpers.DefaultBool(c.Log, true)
 }

 func (c ControlServer) String() string {
@@ -75,6 +75,6 @@ func (c ControlServer) String() string {
 func (c ControlServer) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("Control server settings:")
 	node.Appendf("Listening address: %s", *c.Address)
-	node.Appendf("Logging: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(c.Log))
+	node.Appendf("Logging: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(c.Log))
 	return node
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/serverselection.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/serverselection.go
@@ -3,16 +3,13 @@ package settings
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"net/netip"
+	"net"
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/validation"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/vpn"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/validate"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -20,130 +17,109 @@ type ServerSelection struct { //nolint:maligned
 	// VPN is the VPN type which can be 'openvpn'
 	// or 'wireguard'. It cannot be the empty string
 	// in the internal state.
-	VPN string `json:"vpn"`
+	VPN string
 	// TargetIP is the server endpoint IP address to use.
 	// It will override any IP address from the picked
-	// built-in server. It cannot be the empty value in the internal
-	// state, and can be set to the unspecified address to indicate
+	// built-in server. It cannot be nil in the internal
+	// state, and can be set to an empty net.IP{} to indicate
 	// there is not target IP address to use.
-	TargetIP netip.Addr `json:"target_ip"`
+	TargetIP net.IP
 	// Counties is the list of countries to filter VPN servers with.
-	Countries []string `json:"countries"`
+	Countries []string
 	// Regions is the list of regions to filter VPN servers with.
-	Regions []string `json:"regions"`
+	Regions []string
 	// Cities is the list of cities to filter VPN servers with.
-	Cities []string `json:"cities"`
+	Cities []string
 	// ISPs is the list of ISP names to filter VPN servers with.
-	ISPs []string `json:"isps"`
+	ISPs []string
 	// Names is the list of server names to filter VPN servers with.
-	Names []string `json:"names"`
+	Names []string
 	// Numbers is the list of server numbers to filter VPN servers with.
-	Numbers []uint16 `json:"numbers"`
+	Numbers []uint16
 	// Hostnames is the list of hostnames to filter VPN servers with.
-	Hostnames []string `json:"hostnames"`
+	Hostnames []string
 	// OwnedOnly is true if VPN provider servers that are not owned
 	// should be filtered. This is used with Mullvad.
-	OwnedOnly *bool `json:"owned_only"`
+	OwnedOnly *bool
 	// FreeOnly is true if VPN servers that are not free should
 	// be filtered. This is used with ProtonVPN and VPN Unlimited.
-	FreeOnly *bool `json:"free_only"`
-	// PremiumOnly is true if VPN servers that are not premium should
-	// be filtered. This is used with VPN Secure.
-	// TODO extend to providers using FreeOnly.
-	PremiumOnly *bool `json:"premium_only"`
+	FreeOnly *bool
 	// StreamOnly is true if VPN servers not for streaming should
 	// be filtered. This is used with VPNUnlimited.
-	StreamOnly *bool `json:"stream_only"`
+	StreamOnly *bool
 	// MultiHopOnly is true if VPN servers that are not multihop
 	// should be filtered. This is used with Surfshark.
-	MultiHopOnly *bool `json:"multi_hop_only"`
+	MultiHopOnly *bool

 	// OpenVPN contains settings to select OpenVPN servers
 	// and the final connection.
-	OpenVPN OpenVPNSelection `json:"openvpn"`
+	OpenVPN OpenVPNSelection
 	// Wireguard contains settings to select Wireguard servers
 	// and the final connection.
-	Wireguard WireguardSelection `json:"wireguard"`
+	Wireguard WireguardSelection
 }

 var (
 	ErrOwnedOnlyNotSupported    = errors.New("owned only filter is not supported")
 	ErrFreeOnlyNotSupported     = errors.New("free only filter is not supported")
-	ErrPremiumOnlyNotSupported  = errors.New("premium only filter is not supported")
 	ErrStreamOnlyNotSupported   = errors.New("stream only filter is not supported")
 	ErrMultiHopOnlyNotSupported = errors.New("multi hop only filter is not supported")
-	ErrFreePremiumBothSet       = errors.New("free only and premium only filters are both set")
 )

 func (ss *ServerSelection) validate(vpnServiceProvider string,
-	storage Storage) (err error) {
+	allServers models.AllServers) (err error) {
 	switch ss.VPN {
-	case vpn.OpenVPN, vpn.Wireguard:
+	case constants.OpenVPN, constants.Wireguard:
 	default:
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrVPNTypeNotValid, ss.VPN)
 	}

-	filterChoices, err := getLocationFilterChoices(vpnServiceProvider, ss, storage)
+	countryChoices, regionChoices, cityChoices,
+		ispChoices, nameChoices, hostnameChoices, err := getLocationFilterChoices(vpnServiceProvider, ss, allServers)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err // already wrapped error
 	}

-	// Retro-compatibility
-	switch vpnServiceProvider {
-	case providers.Nordvpn:
-		*ss = nordvpnRetroRegion(*ss, filterChoices.Regions, filterChoices.Countries)
-	case providers.Surfshark:
-		*ss = surfsharkRetroRegion(*ss)
-	}
-
-	err = validateServerFilters(*ss, filterChoices)
+	err = validateServerFilters(*ss, countryChoices, regionChoices, cityChoices,
+		ispChoices, nameChoices, hostnameChoices)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("for VPN service provider %s: %w", vpnServiceProvider, err)
+		if errors.Is(err, helpers.ErrNoChoice) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("for VPN service provider %s: %w", vpnServiceProvider, err)
+		}
+		return err // already wrapped error
 	}

 	if *ss.OwnedOnly &&
-		vpnServiceProvider != providers.Mullvad {
+		vpnServiceProvider != constants.Mullvad {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s",
 			ErrOwnedOnlyNotSupported, vpnServiceProvider)
 	}

 	if *ss.FreeOnly &&
 		!helpers.IsOneOf(vpnServiceProvider,
-			providers.Protonvpn,
-			providers.VPNUnlimited,
+			constants.Protonvpn,
+			constants.VPNUnlimited,
 		) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s",
 			ErrFreeOnlyNotSupported, vpnServiceProvider)
 	}

-	if *ss.PremiumOnly &&
-		!helpers.IsOneOf(vpnServiceProvider,
-			providers.VPNSecure,
-		) {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s",
-			ErrPremiumOnlyNotSupported, vpnServiceProvider)
-	}
-
-	if *ss.FreeOnly && *ss.PremiumOnly {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrFreePremiumBothSet)
-	}
-
 	if *ss.StreamOnly &&
 		!helpers.IsOneOf(vpnServiceProvider,
-			providers.Protonvpn,
-			providers.VPNUnlimited,
+			constants.Protonvpn,
+			constants.VPNUnlimited,
 		) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s",
 			ErrStreamOnlyNotSupported, vpnServiceProvider)
 	}

 	if *ss.MultiHopOnly &&
-		vpnServiceProvider != providers.Surfshark {
+		vpnServiceProvider != constants.Surfshark {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s",
 			ErrMultiHopOnlyNotSupported, vpnServiceProvider)
 	}

-	if ss.VPN == vpn.OpenVPN {
+	if ss.VPN == constants.OpenVPN {
 		err = ss.OpenVPN.validate(vpnServiceProvider)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("OpenVPN server selection settings: %w", err)
@@ -158,55 +134,156 @@ func (ss *ServerSelection) validate(vpnServiceProvider string,
 	return nil
 }

-func getLocationFilterChoices(vpnServiceProvider string,
-	ss *ServerSelection, storage Storage) (filterChoices models.FilterChoices,
+func getLocationFilterChoices(vpnServiceProvider string, ss *ServerSelection,
+	allServers models.AllServers) (
+	countryChoices, regionChoices, cityChoices,
+	ispChoices, nameChoices, hostnameChoices []string,
 	err error) {
-	filterChoices = storage.GetFilterChoices(vpnServiceProvider)
-
-	if vpnServiceProvider == providers.Surfshark {
-		// // Retro compatibility
+	switch vpnServiceProvider {
+	case constants.Custom:
+	case constants.Cyberghost:
+		servers := allServers.GetCyberghost()
+		countryChoices = validation.CyberghostCountryChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = validation.CyberghostHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Expressvpn:
+		servers := allServers.GetExpressvpn()
+		countryChoices = validation.ExpressvpnCountriesChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = validation.ExpressvpnCityChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = validation.ExpressvpnHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Fastestvpn:
+		servers := allServers.GetFastestvpn()
+		countryChoices = validation.FastestvpnCountriesChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = validation.FastestvpnHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.HideMyAss:
+		servers := allServers.GetHideMyAss()
+		countryChoices = validation.HideMyAssCountryChoices(servers)
+		regionChoices = validation.HideMyAssRegionChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = validation.HideMyAssCityChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = validation.HideMyAssHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Ipvanish:
+		servers := allServers.GetIpvanish()
+		countryChoices = validation.IpvanishCountryChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = validation.IpvanishCityChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = validation.IpvanishHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Ivpn:
+		servers := allServers.GetIvpn()
+		countryChoices = validation.IvpnCountryChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = validation.IvpnCityChoices(servers)
+		ispChoices = validation.IvpnISPChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = validation.IvpnHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Mullvad:
+		servers := allServers.GetMullvad()
+		countryChoices = validation.MullvadCountryChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = validation.MullvadCityChoices(servers)
+		ispChoices = validation.MullvadISPChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = validation.MullvadHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Nordvpn:
+		servers := allServers.GetNordvpn()
+		regionChoices = validation.NordvpnRegionChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = validation.NordvpnHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Perfectprivacy:
+		servers := allServers.GetPerfectprivacy()
+		cityChoices = validation.PerfectprivacyCityChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Privado:
+		servers := allServers.GetPrivado()
+		countryChoices = validation.PrivadoCountryChoices(servers)
+		regionChoices = validation.PrivadoRegionChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = validation.PrivadoCityChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = validation.PrivadoHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.PrivateInternetAccess:
+		servers := allServers.GetPia()
+		regionChoices = validation.PIAGeoChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = validation.PIAHostnameChoices(servers)
+		nameChoices = validation.PIANameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Privatevpn:
+		servers := allServers.GetPrivatevpn()
+		countryChoices = validation.PrivatevpnCountryChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = validation.PrivatevpnCityChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = validation.PrivatevpnHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Protonvpn:
+		servers := allServers.GetProtonvpn()
+		countryChoices = validation.ProtonvpnCountryChoices(servers)
+		regionChoices = validation.ProtonvpnRegionChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = validation.ProtonvpnCityChoices(servers)
+		nameChoices = validation.ProtonvpnNameChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = validation.ProtonvpnHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Purevpn:
+		servers := allServers.GetPurevpn()
+		countryChoices = validation.PurevpnCountryChoices(servers)
+		regionChoices = validation.PurevpnRegionChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = validation.PurevpnCityChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = validation.PurevpnHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Surfshark:
+		servers := allServers.GetSurfshark()
+		countryChoices = validation.SurfsharkCountryChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = validation.SurfsharkCityChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = validation.SurfsharkHostnameChoices(servers)
+		regionChoices = validation.SurfsharkRegionChoices(servers)
 		// TODO v4 remove
-		filterChoices.Regions = append(filterChoices.Regions, validation.SurfsharkRetroLocChoices()...)
-		err := validate.AreAllOneOfCaseInsensitive(ss.Regions, filterChoices.Regions)
-		if err != nil {
-			return models.FilterChoices{}, fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrRegionNotValid, err)
+		regionChoices = append(regionChoices, validation.SurfsharkRetroLocChoices()...)
+		if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(ss.Regions, regionChoices); err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrRegionNotValid, err)
 		}
+		// Retro compatibility
+		// TODO remove in v4
+		*ss = surfsharkRetroRegion(*ss)
+	case constants.Torguard:
+		servers := allServers.GetTorguard()
+		countryChoices = validation.TorguardCountryChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = validation.TorguardCityChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = validation.TorguardHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.VPNUnlimited:
+		servers := allServers.GetVPNUnlimited()
+		countryChoices = validation.VPNUnlimitedCountryChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = validation.VPNUnlimitedCityChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = validation.VPNUnlimitedHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Vyprvpn:
+		servers := allServers.GetVyprvpn()
+		regionChoices = validation.VyprvpnRegionChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Wevpn:
+		servers := allServers.GetWevpn()
+		cityChoices = validation.WevpnCityChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = validation.WevpnHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Windscribe:
+		servers := allServers.GetWindscribe()
+		regionChoices = validation.WindscribeRegionChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = validation.WindscribeCityChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = validation.WindscribeHostnameChoices(servers)
+	default:
+		return nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrVPNProviderNameNotValid, vpnServiceProvider)
 	}

-	return filterChoices, nil
+	return countryChoices, regionChoices, cityChoices,
+		ispChoices, nameChoices, hostnameChoices, nil
 }

 // validateServerFilters validates filters against the choices given as arguments.
 // Set an argument to nil to pass the check for a particular filter.
-func validateServerFilters(settings ServerSelection, filterChoices models.FilterChoices) (err error) {
-	err = validate.AreAllOneOfCaseInsensitive(settings.Countries, filterChoices.Countries)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrCountryNotValid, err)
+func validateServerFilters(settings ServerSelection,
+	countryChoices, regionChoices, cityChoices, ispChoices,
+	nameChoices, hostnameChoices []string) (err error) {
+	if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(settings.Countries, countryChoices); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrCountryNotValid, err)
 	}

-	err = validate.AreAllOneOfCaseInsensitive(settings.Regions, filterChoices.Regions)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrRegionNotValid, err)
+	if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(settings.Regions, regionChoices); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrRegionNotValid, err)
 	}

-	err = validate.AreAllOneOfCaseInsensitive(settings.Cities, filterChoices.Cities)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrCityNotValid, err)
+	if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(settings.Cities, cityChoices); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrCityNotValid, err)
 	}

-	err = validate.AreAllOneOfCaseInsensitive(settings.ISPs, filterChoices.ISPs)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrISPNotValid, err)
+	if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(settings.ISPs, ispChoices); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrISPNotValid, err)
 	}

-	err = validate.AreAllOneOfCaseInsensitive(settings.Hostnames, filterChoices.Hostnames)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrHostnameNotValid, err)
+	if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(settings.Hostnames, hostnameChoices); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrHostnameNotValid, err)
 	}

-	err = validate.AreAllOneOfCaseInsensitive(settings.Names, filterChoices.Names)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrNameNotValid, err)
+	if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(settings.Names, nameChoices); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrNameNotValid, err)
 	}

 	return nil
@@ -215,71 +292,67 @@ func validateServerFilters(settings ServerSelection, filterChoices models.Filter
 func (ss *ServerSelection) copy() (copied ServerSelection) {
 	return ServerSelection{
 		VPN:          ss.VPN,
-		TargetIP:     ss.TargetIP,
-		Countries:    gosettings.CopySlice(ss.Countries),
-		Regions:      gosettings.CopySlice(ss.Regions),
-		Cities:       gosettings.CopySlice(ss.Cities),
-		ISPs:         gosettings.CopySlice(ss.ISPs),
-		Hostnames:    gosettings.CopySlice(ss.Hostnames),
-		Names:        gosettings.CopySlice(ss.Names),
-		Numbers:      gosettings.CopySlice(ss.Numbers),
-		OwnedOnly:    gosettings.CopyPointer(ss.OwnedOnly),
-		FreeOnly:     gosettings.CopyPointer(ss.FreeOnly),
-		PremiumOnly:  gosettings.CopyPointer(ss.PremiumOnly),
-		StreamOnly:   gosettings.CopyPointer(ss.StreamOnly),
-		MultiHopOnly: gosettings.CopyPointer(ss.MultiHopOnly),
+		TargetIP:     helpers.CopyIP(ss.TargetIP),
+		Countries:    helpers.CopyStringSlice(ss.Countries),
+		Regions:      helpers.CopyStringSlice(ss.Regions),
+		Cities:       helpers.CopyStringSlice(ss.Cities),
+		ISPs:         helpers.CopyStringSlice(ss.ISPs),
+		Hostnames:    helpers.CopyStringSlice(ss.Hostnames),
+		Names:        helpers.CopyStringSlice(ss.Names),
+		Numbers:      helpers.CopyUint16Slice(ss.Numbers),
+		OwnedOnly:    helpers.CopyBoolPtr(ss.OwnedOnly),
+		FreeOnly:     helpers.CopyBoolPtr(ss.FreeOnly),
+		StreamOnly:   helpers.CopyBoolPtr(ss.StreamOnly),
+		MultiHopOnly: helpers.CopyBoolPtr(ss.MultiHopOnly),
 		OpenVPN:      ss.OpenVPN.copy(),
 		Wireguard:    ss.Wireguard.copy(),
 	}
 }

 func (ss *ServerSelection) mergeWith(other ServerSelection) {
-	ss.VPN = gosettings.MergeWithString(ss.VPN, other.VPN)
-	ss.TargetIP = gosettings.MergeWithValidator(ss.TargetIP, other.TargetIP)
-	ss.Countries = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(ss.Countries, other.Countries)
-	ss.Regions = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(ss.Regions, other.Regions)
-	ss.Cities = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(ss.Cities, other.Cities)
-	ss.ISPs = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(ss.ISPs, other.ISPs)
-	ss.Hostnames = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(ss.Hostnames, other.Hostnames)
-	ss.Names = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(ss.Names, other.Names)
-	ss.Numbers = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(ss.Numbers, other.Numbers)
-	ss.OwnedOnly = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(ss.OwnedOnly, other.OwnedOnly)
-	ss.FreeOnly = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(ss.FreeOnly, other.FreeOnly)
-	ss.PremiumOnly = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(ss.PremiumOnly, other.PremiumOnly)
-	ss.StreamOnly = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(ss.StreamOnly, other.StreamOnly)
-	ss.MultiHopOnly = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(ss.MultiHopOnly, other.MultiHopOnly)
+	ss.VPN = helpers.MergeWithString(ss.VPN, other.VPN)
+	ss.TargetIP = helpers.MergeWithIP(ss.TargetIP, other.TargetIP)
+	ss.Countries = helpers.MergeStringSlices(ss.Countries, other.Countries)
+	ss.Regions = helpers.MergeStringSlices(ss.Regions, other.Regions)
+	ss.Cities = helpers.MergeStringSlices(ss.Cities, other.Cities)
+	ss.ISPs = helpers.MergeStringSlices(ss.ISPs, other.ISPs)
+	ss.Hostnames = helpers.MergeStringSlices(ss.Hostnames, other.Hostnames)
+	ss.Names = helpers.MergeStringSlices(ss.Names, other.Names)
+	ss.Numbers = helpers.MergeUint16Slices(ss.Numbers, other.Numbers)
+	ss.OwnedOnly = helpers.MergeWithBool(ss.OwnedOnly, other.OwnedOnly)
+	ss.FreeOnly = helpers.MergeWithBool(ss.FreeOnly, other.FreeOnly)
+	ss.StreamOnly = helpers.MergeWithBool(ss.StreamOnly, other.StreamOnly)
+	ss.MultiHopOnly = helpers.MergeWithBool(ss.MultiHopOnly, other.MultiHopOnly)

 	ss.OpenVPN.mergeWith(other.OpenVPN)
 	ss.Wireguard.mergeWith(other.Wireguard)
 }

 func (ss *ServerSelection) overrideWith(other ServerSelection) {
-	ss.VPN = gosettings.OverrideWithString(ss.VPN, other.VPN)
-	ss.TargetIP = gosettings.OverrideWithValidator(ss.TargetIP, other.TargetIP)
-	ss.Countries = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Countries, other.Countries)
-	ss.Regions = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Regions, other.Regions)
-	ss.Cities = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Cities, other.Cities)
-	ss.ISPs = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(ss.ISPs, other.ISPs)
-	ss.Hostnames = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Hostnames, other.Hostnames)
-	ss.Names = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Names, other.Names)
-	ss.Numbers = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Numbers, other.Numbers)
-	ss.OwnedOnly = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(ss.OwnedOnly, other.OwnedOnly)
-	ss.FreeOnly = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(ss.FreeOnly, other.FreeOnly)
-	ss.PremiumOnly = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(ss.PremiumOnly, other.PremiumOnly)
-	ss.StreamOnly = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(ss.StreamOnly, other.StreamOnly)
-	ss.MultiHopOnly = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(ss.MultiHopOnly, other.MultiHopOnly)
+	ss.VPN = helpers.OverrideWithString(ss.VPN, other.VPN)
+	ss.TargetIP = helpers.OverrideWithIP(ss.TargetIP, other.TargetIP)
+	ss.Countries = helpers.OverrideWithStringSlice(ss.Countries, other.Countries)
+	ss.Regions = helpers.OverrideWithStringSlice(ss.Regions, other.Regions)
+	ss.Cities = helpers.OverrideWithStringSlice(ss.Cities, other.Cities)
+	ss.ISPs = helpers.OverrideWithStringSlice(ss.ISPs, other.ISPs)
+	ss.Hostnames = helpers.OverrideWithStringSlice(ss.Hostnames, other.Hostnames)
+	ss.Names = helpers.OverrideWithStringSlice(ss.Names, other.Names)
+	ss.Numbers = helpers.OverrideWithUint16Slice(ss.Numbers, other.Numbers)
+	ss.OwnedOnly = helpers.OverrideWithBool(ss.OwnedOnly, other.OwnedOnly)
+	ss.FreeOnly = helpers.OverrideWithBool(ss.FreeOnly, other.FreeOnly)
+	ss.StreamOnly = helpers.OverrideWithBool(ss.StreamOnly, other.StreamOnly)
+	ss.MultiHopOnly = helpers.OverrideWithBool(ss.MultiHopOnly, other.MultiHopOnly)
 	ss.OpenVPN.overrideWith(other.OpenVPN)
 	ss.Wireguard.overrideWith(other.Wireguard)
 }

 func (ss *ServerSelection) setDefaults(vpnProvider string) {
-	ss.VPN = gosettings.DefaultString(ss.VPN, vpn.OpenVPN)
-	ss.TargetIP = gosettings.DefaultValidator(ss.TargetIP, netip.IPv4Unspecified())
-	ss.OwnedOnly = gosettings.DefaultPointer(ss.OwnedOnly, false)
-	ss.FreeOnly = gosettings.DefaultPointer(ss.FreeOnly, false)
-	ss.PremiumOnly = gosettings.DefaultPointer(ss.PremiumOnly, false)
-	ss.StreamOnly = gosettings.DefaultPointer(ss.StreamOnly, false)
-	ss.MultiHopOnly = gosettings.DefaultPointer(ss.MultiHopOnly, false)
+	ss.VPN = helpers.DefaultString(ss.VPN, constants.OpenVPN)
+	ss.TargetIP = helpers.DefaultIP(ss.TargetIP, net.IP{})
+	ss.OwnedOnly = helpers.DefaultBool(ss.OwnedOnly, false)
+	ss.FreeOnly = helpers.DefaultBool(ss.FreeOnly, false)
+	ss.StreamOnly = helpers.DefaultBool(ss.StreamOnly, false)
+	ss.MultiHopOnly = helpers.DefaultBool(ss.MultiHopOnly, false)
 	ss.OpenVPN.setDefaults(vpnProvider)
 	ss.Wireguard.setDefaults()
 }
@@ -291,7 +364,7 @@ func (ss ServerSelection) String() string {
 func (ss ServerSelection) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("Server selection settings:")
 	node.Appendf("VPN type: %s", ss.VPN)
-	if !ss.TargetIP.IsUnspecified() {
+	if len(ss.TargetIP) > 0 {
 		node.Appendf("Target IP address: %s", ss.TargetIP)
 	}

@@ -334,10 +407,6 @@ func (ss ServerSelection) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 		node.Appendf("Free only servers: yes")
 	}

-	if *ss.PremiumOnly {
-		node.Appendf("Premium only servers: yes")
-	}
-
 	if *ss.StreamOnly {
 		node.Appendf("Stream only servers: yes")
 	}
@@ -346,7 +415,7 @@ func (ss ServerSelection) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 		node.Appendf("Multi-hop only servers: yes")
 	}

-	if ss.VPN == vpn.OpenVPN {
+	if ss.VPN == constants.OpenVPN {
 		node.AppendNode(ss.OpenVPN.toLinesNode())
 	} else {
 		node.AppendNode(ss.Wireguard.toLinesNode())
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/settings.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/settings.go
@@ -3,9 +3,6 @@ package settings
 import (
 	"fmt"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/vpn"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/pprof"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
@@ -27,14 +24,10 @@ type Settings struct {
 	Pprof         pprof.Settings
 }

-type Storage interface {
-	GetFilterChoices(provider string) models.FilterChoices
-}
-
 // Validate validates all the settings and returns an error
 // if one of them is not valid.
 // TODO v4 remove pointer for receiver (because of Surfshark).
-func (s *Settings) Validate(storage Storage, ipv6Supported bool) (err error) {
+func (s *Settings) Validate(allServers models.AllServers) (err error) {
 	nameToValidation := map[string]func() error{
 		"control server":  s.ControlServer.validate,
 		"dns":             s.DNS.validate,
@@ -49,7 +42,7 @@ func (s *Settings) Validate(storage Storage, ipv6Supported bool) (err error) {
 		"version":         s.Version.validate,
 		// Pprof validation done in pprof constructor
 		"VPN": func() error {
-			return s.VPN.Validate(storage, ipv6Supported)
+			return s.VPN.validate(allServers)
 		},
 	}

@@ -76,7 +69,7 @@ func (s *Settings) copy() (copied Settings) {
 		System:        s.System.copy(),
 		Updater:       s.Updater.copy(),
 		Version:       s.Version.copy(),
-		VPN:           s.VPN.Copy(),
+		VPN:           s.VPN.copy(),
 		Pprof:         s.Pprof.Copy(),
 	}
 }
@@ -98,7 +91,7 @@ func (s *Settings) MergeWith(other Settings) {
 }

 func (s *Settings) OverrideWith(other Settings,
-	storage Storage, ipv6Supported bool) (err error) {
+	allServers models.AllServers) (err error) {
 	patchedSettings := s.copy()
 	patchedSettings.ControlServer.overrideWith(other.ControlServer)
 	patchedSettings.DNS.overrideWith(other.DNS)
@@ -111,9 +104,9 @@ func (s *Settings) OverrideWith(other Settings,
 	patchedSettings.System.overrideWith(other.System)
 	patchedSettings.Updater.overrideWith(other.Updater)
 	patchedSettings.Version.overrideWith(other.Version)
-	patchedSettings.VPN.OverrideWith(other.VPN)
-	patchedSettings.Pprof.OverrideWith(other.Pprof)
-	err = patchedSettings.Validate(storage, ipv6Supported)
+	patchedSettings.VPN.overrideWith(other.VPN)
+	patchedSettings.Pprof.MergeWith(other.Pprof)
+	err = patchedSettings.Validate(allServers)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -160,24 +153,3 @@ func (s Settings) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {

 	return node
 }
-
-func (s Settings) Warnings() (warnings []string) {
-	if *s.VPN.Provider.Name == providers.HideMyAss {
-		warnings = append(warnings, "HideMyAss dropped support for Linux OpenVPN "+
-			" so this will likely not work anymore. See https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/issues/1498.")
-	}
-
-	if helpers.IsOneOf(*s.VPN.Provider.Name, providers.SlickVPN) &&
-		s.VPN.Type == vpn.OpenVPN {
-		warnings = append(warnings, "OpenVPN 2.5 uses OpenSSL 3 "+
-			"which prohibits the usage of weak security in today's standards. "+
-			*s.VPN.Provider.Name+" uses weak security which is out "+
-			"of Gluetun's control so the only workaround is to allow such weaknesses "+
-			`using the OpenVPN option tls-cipher "DEFAULT:@SECLEVEL=0". `+
-			"You might want to reach to your provider so they upgrade their certificates. "+
-			"Once this is done, you will have to let the Gluetun maintainers know "+
-			"by creating an issue, attaching the new certificate and we will update Gluetun.")
-	}
-
-	return warnings
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/settings_test.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/settings_test.go
@@ -34,12 +34,13 @@ func Test_Settings_String(t *testing.T) {
 |       ├── User: [not set]
 |       ├── Password: [not set]
 |       ├── Private Internet Access encryption preset: strong
+|       ├── Tunnel IPv6: no
 |       ├── Network interface: tun0
 |       ├── Run OpenVPN as: root
 |       └── Verbosity level: 1
 ├── DNS settings:
-|   ├── Keep existing nameserver(s): no
 |   ├── DNS server address to use: 127.0.0.1
+|   ├── Keep existing nameserver(s): no
 |   └── DNS over TLS settings:
 |       ├── Enabled: yes
 |       ├── Update period: every 24h0m0s
@@ -65,10 +66,7 @@ func Test_Settings_String(t *testing.T) {
 |   └── Log level: INFO
 ├── Health settings:
 |   ├── Server listening address: 127.0.0.1:9999
-|   ├── Target address: cloudflare.com:443
-|   ├── Duration to wait after success: 5s
-|   ├── Read header timeout: 100ms
-|   ├── Read timeout: 500ms
+|   ├── Target address: github.com:443
 |   └── VPN wait durations:
 |       ├── Initial duration: 6s
 |       └── Additional duration: 5s
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/shadowsocks.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/shadowsocks.go
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 package settings

 import (
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 	"github.com/qdm12/ss-server/pkg/tcpudp"
 )
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ func (s Shadowsocks) validate() (err error) {

 func (s *Shadowsocks) copy() (copied Shadowsocks) {
 	return Shadowsocks{
-		Enabled:  gosettings.CopyPointer(s.Enabled),
+		Enabled:  helpers.CopyBoolPtr(s.Enabled),
 		Settings: s.Settings.Copy(),
 	}
 }
@@ -29,20 +29,20 @@ func (s *Shadowsocks) copy() (copied Shadowsocks) {
 // mergeWith merges the other settings into any
 // unset field of the receiver settings object.
 func (s *Shadowsocks) mergeWith(other Shadowsocks) {
-	s.Enabled = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(s.Enabled, other.Enabled)
-	s.Settings = s.Settings.MergeWith(other.Settings)
+	s.Enabled = helpers.MergeWithBool(s.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	s.Settings.MergeWith(other.Settings)
 }

 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (s *Shadowsocks) overrideWith(other Shadowsocks) {
-	s.Enabled = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(s.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	s.Enabled = helpers.OverrideWithBool(s.Enabled, other.Enabled)
 	s.Settings.OverrideWith(other.Settings)
 }

 func (s *Shadowsocks) setDefaults() {
-	s.Enabled = gosettings.DefaultPointer(s.Enabled, false)
+	s.Enabled = helpers.DefaultBool(s.Enabled, false)
 	s.Settings.SetDefaults()
 }

@@ -53,16 +53,16 @@ func (s Shadowsocks) String() string {
 func (s Shadowsocks) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("Shadowsocks server settings:")

-	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(s.Enabled))
+	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(s.Enabled))
 	if !*s.Enabled {
 		return node
 	}

 	// TODO have ToLinesNode in qdm12/ss-server
-	node.Appendf("Listening address: %s", *s.Address)
+	node.Appendf("Listening address: %s", s.Address)
 	node.Appendf("Cipher: %s", s.CipherName)
-	node.Appendf("Password: %s", gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*s.Password))
-	node.Appendf("Log addresses: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(s.LogAddresses))
+	node.Appendf("Password: %s", helpers.ObfuscatePassword(*s.Password))
+	node.Appendf("Log addresses: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(s.LogAddresses))

 	return node
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/surfshark_retro.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/surfshark_retro.go
@@ -3,14 +3,15 @@ package settings
 import (
 	"strings"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/provider/surfshark/servers"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
 )

 func surfsharkRetroRegion(selection ServerSelection) (
 	updatedSelection ServerSelection) {
-	locationData := servers.LocationData()
+	locationData := constants.SurfsharkLocationData()

-	retroToLocation := make(map[string]servers.ServerLocation, len(locationData))
+	retroToLocation := make(map[string]models.SurfsharkLocationData, len(locationData))
 	for _, data := range locationData {
 		if data.RetroLoc == "" {
 			continue
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/system.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/system.go
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 package settings

 import (
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

 // System contains settings to configure system related elements.
 type System struct {
-	PUID     *uint32
-	PGID     *uint32
+	PUID     *uint16
+	PGID     *uint16
 	Timezone string
 }

@@ -19,28 +19,28 @@ func (s System) validate() (err error) {

 func (s *System) copy() (copied System) {
 	return System{
-		PUID:     gosettings.CopyPointer(s.PUID),
-		PGID:     gosettings.CopyPointer(s.PGID),
+		PUID:     helpers.CopyUint16Ptr(s.PUID),
+		PGID:     helpers.CopyUint16Ptr(s.PGID),
 		Timezone: s.Timezone,
 	}
 }

 func (s *System) mergeWith(other System) {
-	s.PUID = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(s.PUID, other.PUID)
-	s.PGID = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(s.PGID, other.PGID)
-	s.Timezone = gosettings.MergeWithString(s.Timezone, other.Timezone)
+	s.PUID = helpers.MergeWithUint16(s.PUID, other.PUID)
+	s.PGID = helpers.MergeWithUint16(s.PGID, other.PGID)
+	s.Timezone = helpers.MergeWithString(s.Timezone, other.Timezone)
 }

 func (s *System) overrideWith(other System) {
-	s.PUID = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(s.PUID, other.PUID)
-	s.PGID = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(s.PGID, other.PGID)
-	s.Timezone = gosettings.OverrideWithString(s.Timezone, other.Timezone)
+	s.PUID = helpers.OverrideWithUint16(s.PUID, other.PUID)
+	s.PGID = helpers.OverrideWithUint16(s.PGID, other.PGID)
+	s.Timezone = helpers.OverrideWithString(s.Timezone, other.Timezone)
 }

 func (s *System) setDefaults() {
 	const defaultID = 1000
-	s.PUID = gosettings.DefaultPointer(s.PUID, defaultID)
-	s.PGID = gosettings.DefaultPointer(s.PGID, defaultID)
+	s.PUID = helpers.DefaultUint16(s.PUID, defaultID)
+	s.PGID = helpers.DefaultUint16(s.PGID, defaultID)
 }

 func (s System) String() string {
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/unbound.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/unbound.go
@@ -3,24 +3,25 @@ package settings
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"net/netip"
+	"net"

 	"github.com/qdm12/dns/pkg/provider"
 	"github.com/qdm12/dns/pkg/unbound"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
+	"inet.af/netaddr"
 )

 // Unbound is settings for the Unbound program.
 type Unbound struct {
-	Providers             []string       `json:"providers"`
-	Caching               *bool          `json:"caching"`
-	IPv6                  *bool          `json:"ipv6"`
-	VerbosityLevel        *uint8         `json:"verbosity_level"`
-	VerbosityDetailsLevel *uint8         `json:"verbosity_details_level"`
-	ValidationLogLevel    *uint8         `json:"validation_log_level"`
-	Username              string         `json:"username"`
-	Allowed               []netip.Prefix `json:"allowed"`
+	Providers             []string
+	Caching               *bool
+	IPv6                  *bool
+	VerbosityLevel        *uint8
+	VerbosityDetailsLevel *uint8
+	ValidationLogLevel    *uint8
+	Username              string
+	Allowed               []netaddr.IPPrefix
 }

 func (u *Unbound) setDefaults() {
@@ -30,26 +31,26 @@ func (u *Unbound) setDefaults() {
 		}
 	}

-	u.Caching = gosettings.DefaultPointer(u.Caching, true)
-	u.IPv6 = gosettings.DefaultPointer(u.IPv6, false)
+	u.Caching = helpers.DefaultBool(u.Caching, true)
+	u.IPv6 = helpers.DefaultBool(u.IPv6, false)

 	const defaultVerbosityLevel = 1
-	u.VerbosityLevel = gosettings.DefaultPointer(u.VerbosityLevel, defaultVerbosityLevel)
+	u.VerbosityLevel = helpers.DefaultUint8(u.VerbosityLevel, defaultVerbosityLevel)

 	const defaultVerbosityDetailsLevel = 0
-	u.VerbosityDetailsLevel = gosettings.DefaultPointer(u.VerbosityDetailsLevel, defaultVerbosityDetailsLevel)
+	u.VerbosityDetailsLevel = helpers.DefaultUint8(u.VerbosityDetailsLevel, defaultVerbosityDetailsLevel)

 	const defaultValidationLogLevel = 0
-	u.ValidationLogLevel = gosettings.DefaultPointer(u.ValidationLogLevel, defaultValidationLogLevel)
+	u.ValidationLogLevel = helpers.DefaultUint8(u.ValidationLogLevel, defaultValidationLogLevel)

 	if u.Allowed == nil {
-		u.Allowed = []netip.Prefix{
-			netip.PrefixFrom(netip.AddrFrom4([4]byte{}), 0),
-			netip.PrefixFrom(netip.AddrFrom16([16]byte{}), 0),
+		u.Allowed = []netaddr.IPPrefix{
+			netaddr.IPPrefixFrom(netaddr.IPv4(0, 0, 0, 0), 0),
+			netaddr.IPPrefixFrom(netaddr.IPv6Raw([16]byte{}), 0),
 		}
 	}

-	u.Username = gosettings.DefaultString(u.Username, "root")
+	u.Username = helpers.DefaultString(u.Username, "root")
 }

 var (
@@ -94,37 +95,37 @@ func (u Unbound) validate() (err error) {

 func (u Unbound) copy() (copied Unbound) {
 	return Unbound{
-		Providers:             gosettings.CopySlice(u.Providers),
-		Caching:               gosettings.CopyPointer(u.Caching),
-		IPv6:                  gosettings.CopyPointer(u.IPv6),
-		VerbosityLevel:        gosettings.CopyPointer(u.VerbosityLevel),
-		VerbosityDetailsLevel: gosettings.CopyPointer(u.VerbosityDetailsLevel),
-		ValidationLogLevel:    gosettings.CopyPointer(u.ValidationLogLevel),
+		Providers:             helpers.CopyStringSlice(u.Providers),
+		Caching:               helpers.CopyBoolPtr(u.Caching),
+		IPv6:                  helpers.CopyBoolPtr(u.IPv6),
+		VerbosityLevel:        helpers.CopyUint8Ptr(u.VerbosityLevel),
+		VerbosityDetailsLevel: helpers.CopyUint8Ptr(u.VerbosityDetailsLevel),
+		ValidationLogLevel:    helpers.CopyUint8Ptr(u.ValidationLogLevel),
 		Username:              u.Username,
-		Allowed:               gosettings.CopySlice(u.Allowed),
+		Allowed:               helpers.CopyIPPrefixSlice(u.Allowed),
 	}
 }

 func (u *Unbound) mergeWith(other Unbound) {
-	u.Providers = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(u.Providers, other.Providers)
-	u.Caching = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(u.Caching, other.Caching)
-	u.IPv6 = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(u.IPv6, other.IPv6)
-	u.VerbosityLevel = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(u.VerbosityLevel, other.VerbosityLevel)
-	u.VerbosityDetailsLevel = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(u.VerbosityDetailsLevel, other.VerbosityDetailsLevel)
-	u.ValidationLogLevel = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(u.ValidationLogLevel, other.ValidationLogLevel)
-	u.Username = gosettings.MergeWithString(u.Username, other.Username)
-	u.Allowed = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(u.Allowed, other.Allowed)
+	u.Providers = helpers.MergeStringSlices(u.Providers, other.Providers)
+	u.Caching = helpers.MergeWithBool(u.Caching, other.Caching)
+	u.IPv6 = helpers.MergeWithBool(u.IPv6, other.IPv6)
+	u.VerbosityLevel = helpers.MergeWithUint8(u.VerbosityLevel, other.VerbosityLevel)
+	u.VerbosityDetailsLevel = helpers.MergeWithUint8(u.VerbosityDetailsLevel, other.VerbosityDetailsLevel)
+	u.ValidationLogLevel = helpers.MergeWithUint8(u.ValidationLogLevel, other.ValidationLogLevel)
+	u.Username = helpers.MergeWithString(u.Username, other.Username)
+	u.Allowed = helpers.MergeIPPrefixesSlices(u.Allowed, other.Allowed)
 }

 func (u *Unbound) overrideWith(other Unbound) {
-	u.Providers = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(u.Providers, other.Providers)
-	u.Caching = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(u.Caching, other.Caching)
-	u.IPv6 = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(u.IPv6, other.IPv6)
-	u.VerbosityLevel = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(u.VerbosityLevel, other.VerbosityLevel)
-	u.VerbosityDetailsLevel = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(u.VerbosityDetailsLevel, other.VerbosityDetailsLevel)
-	u.ValidationLogLevel = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(u.ValidationLogLevel, other.ValidationLogLevel)
-	u.Username = gosettings.OverrideWithString(u.Username, other.Username)
-	u.Allowed = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(u.Allowed, other.Allowed)
+	u.Providers = helpers.OverrideWithStringSlice(u.Providers, other.Providers)
+	u.Caching = helpers.OverrideWithBool(u.Caching, other.Caching)
+	u.IPv6 = helpers.OverrideWithBool(u.IPv6, other.IPv6)
+	u.VerbosityLevel = helpers.OverrideWithUint8(u.VerbosityLevel, other.VerbosityLevel)
+	u.VerbosityDetailsLevel = helpers.OverrideWithUint8(u.VerbosityDetailsLevel, other.VerbosityDetailsLevel)
+	u.ValidationLogLevel = helpers.OverrideWithUint8(u.ValidationLogLevel, other.ValidationLogLevel)
+	u.Username = helpers.OverrideWithString(u.Username, other.Username)
+	u.Allowed = helpers.OverrideWithIPPrefixesSlice(u.Allowed, other.Allowed)
 }

 func (u Unbound) ToUnboundFormat() (settings unbound.Settings, err error) {
@@ -148,30 +149,20 @@ func (u Unbound) ToUnboundFormat() (settings unbound.Settings, err error) {
 		VerbosityDetailsLevel: *u.VerbosityDetailsLevel,
 		ValidationLogLevel:    *u.ValidationLogLevel,
 		AccessControl: unbound.AccessControlSettings{
-			Allowed: netipPrefixesToNetaddrIPPrefixes(u.Allowed),
+			Allowed: u.Allowed,
 		},
 		Username: u.Username,
 	}, nil
 }

-var (
-	ErrConvertingNetip = errors.New("converting net.IP to netip.Addr failed")
-)
-
-func (u Unbound) GetFirstPlaintextIPv4() (ipv4 netip.Addr, err error) {
+func (u Unbound) GetFirstPlaintextIPv4() (ipv4 net.IP, err error) {
 	s := u.Providers[0]
 	provider, err := provider.Parse(s)
 	if err != nil {
-		return ipv4, err
+		return nil, err
 	}

-	ip := provider.DNS().IPv4[0]
-	ipv4, ok := netip.AddrFromSlice(ip)
-	if !ok {
-		return ipv4, fmt.Errorf("%w: for ip %s (%#v)",
-			ErrConvertingNetip, ip, ip)
-	}
-	return ipv4.Unmap(), nil
+	return provider.DNS().IPv4[0], nil
 }

 func (u Unbound) String() string {
@@ -186,8 +177,8 @@ func (u Unbound) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 		authServers.Appendf(provider)
 	}

-	node.Appendf("Caching: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(u.Caching))
-	node.Appendf("IPv6: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(u.IPv6))
+	node.Appendf("Caching: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(u.Caching))
+	node.Appendf("IPv6: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(u.IPv6))
 	node.Appendf("Verbosity level: %d", *u.VerbosityLevel)
 	node.Appendf("Verbosity details level: %d", *u.VerbosityDetailsLevel)
 	node.Appendf("Validation log level: %d", *u.ValidationLogLevel)
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/unbound_test.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/unbound_test.go
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ package settings

 import (
 	"encoding/json"
-	"net/netip"
 	"testing"

 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"inet.af/netaddr"
 )

 func Test_Unbound_JSON(t *testing.T) {
@@ -20,18 +20,18 @@ func Test_Unbound_JSON(t *testing.T) {
 		VerbosityDetailsLevel: nil,
 		ValidationLogLevel:    uint8Ptr(0),
 		Username:              "user",
-		Allowed: []netip.Prefix{
-			netip.PrefixFrom(netip.AddrFrom4([4]byte{}), 0),
-			netip.PrefixFrom(netip.AddrFrom16([16]byte{}), 0),
+		Allowed: []netaddr.IPPrefix{
+			netaddr.IPPrefixFrom(netaddr.IPv4(0, 0, 0, 0), 0),
+			netaddr.IPPrefixFrom(netaddr.IPv6Raw([16]byte{}), 0),
 		},
 	}

 	b, err := json.Marshal(settings)
 	require.NoError(t, err)

-	const expected = `{"providers":["cloudflare"],"caching":true,"ipv6":false,` +
-		`"verbosity_level":1,"verbosity_details_level":null,"validation_log_level":0,` +
-		`"username":"user","allowed":["0.0.0.0/0","::/0"]}`
+	const expected = `{"Providers":["cloudflare"],"Caching":true,"IPv6":false,` +
+		`"VerbosityLevel":1,"VerbosityDetailsLevel":null,"ValidationLogLevel":0,` +
+		`"Username":"user","Allowed":["0.0.0.0/0","::/0"]}`

 	assert.Equal(t, expected, string(b))

--- a/internal/configuration/settings/updater.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/updater.go
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ package settings

 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"net"
 	"strings"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/validate"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -21,15 +21,16 @@ type Updater struct {
 	Period *time.Duration
 	// DNSAddress is the DNS server address to use
 	// to resolve VPN server hostnames to IP addresses.
-	// It cannot be the empty string in the internal state.
-	DNSAddress string
-	// MinRatio is the minimum ratio of servers to
-	// find per provider, compared to the total current
-	// number of servers. It defaults to 0.8.
-	MinRatio float64
+	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
+	DNSAddress net.IP
 	// Providers is the list of VPN service providers
 	// to update server information for.
 	Providers []string
+	// CLI is to precise the updater is running in CLI
+	// mode. This is set automatically and cannot be set
+	// by settings sources. It cannot be nil in the
+	// internal state.
+	CLI *bool
 }

 func (u Updater) Validate() (err error) {
@@ -39,16 +40,21 @@ func (u Updater) Validate() (err error) {
 			ErrUpdaterPeriodTooSmall, *u.Period, minPeriod)
 	}

-	if u.MinRatio <= 0 || u.MinRatio > 1 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %.2f must be between 0+ and 1",
-			ErrMinRatioNotValid, u.MinRatio)
-	}
+	for i, provider := range u.Providers {
+		valid := false
+		for _, validProvider := range constants.AllProviders() {
+			if validProvider == constants.Custom {
+				continue
+			}

-	validProviders := providers.All()
-	for _, provider := range u.Providers {
-		err = validate.IsOneOf(provider, validProviders...)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrVPNProviderNameNotValid, err)
+			if provider == validProvider {
+				valid = true
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		if !valid {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s at index %d",
+				ErrVPNProviderNameNotValid, provider, i)
 		}
 	}

@@ -57,42 +63,37 @@ func (u Updater) Validate() (err error) {

 func (u *Updater) copy() (copied Updater) {
 	return Updater{
-		Period:     gosettings.CopyPointer(u.Period),
-		DNSAddress: u.DNSAddress,
-		MinRatio:   u.MinRatio,
-		Providers:  gosettings.CopySlice(u.Providers),
+		Period:     helpers.CopyDurationPtr(u.Period),
+		DNSAddress: helpers.CopyIP(u.DNSAddress),
+		Providers:  helpers.CopyStringSlice(u.Providers),
+		CLI:        u.CLI,
 	}
 }

 // mergeWith merges the other settings into any
 // unset field of the receiver settings object.
 func (u *Updater) mergeWith(other Updater) {
-	u.Period = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(u.Period, other.Period)
-	u.DNSAddress = gosettings.MergeWithString(u.DNSAddress, other.DNSAddress)
-	u.MinRatio = gosettings.MergeWithNumber(u.MinRatio, other.MinRatio)
-	u.Providers = gosettings.MergeWithSlice(u.Providers, other.Providers)
+	u.Period = helpers.MergeWithDuration(u.Period, other.Period)
+	u.DNSAddress = helpers.MergeWithIP(u.DNSAddress, other.DNSAddress)
+	u.Providers = helpers.MergeStringSlices(u.Providers, other.Providers)
+	u.CLI = helpers.MergeWithBool(u.CLI, other.CLI)
 }

 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (u *Updater) overrideWith(other Updater) {
-	u.Period = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(u.Period, other.Period)
-	u.DNSAddress = gosettings.OverrideWithString(u.DNSAddress, other.DNSAddress)
-	u.MinRatio = gosettings.OverrideWithNumber(u.MinRatio, other.MinRatio)
-	u.Providers = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(u.Providers, other.Providers)
+	u.Period = helpers.OverrideWithDuration(u.Period, other.Period)
+	u.DNSAddress = helpers.OverrideWithIP(u.DNSAddress, other.DNSAddress)
+	u.Providers = helpers.OverrideWithStringSlice(u.Providers, other.Providers)
+	u.CLI = helpers.MergeWithBool(u.CLI, other.CLI)
 }

 func (u *Updater) SetDefaults(vpnProvider string) {
-	u.Period = gosettings.DefaultPointer(u.Period, 0)
-	u.DNSAddress = gosettings.DefaultString(u.DNSAddress, "1.1.1.1:53")
-
-	if u.MinRatio == 0 {
-		const defaultMinRatio = 0.8
-		u.MinRatio = defaultMinRatio
-	}
-
-	if len(u.Providers) == 0 && vpnProvider != providers.Custom {
+	u.Period = helpers.DefaultDuration(u.Period, 0)
+	u.DNSAddress = helpers.DefaultIP(u.DNSAddress, net.IPv4(1, 1, 1, 1))
+	u.CLI = helpers.DefaultBool(u.CLI, false)
+	if len(u.Providers) == 0 && vpnProvider != constants.Custom {
 		u.Providers = []string{vpnProvider}
 	}
 }
@@ -109,8 +110,11 @@ func (u Updater) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("Server data updater settings:")
 	node.Appendf("Update period: %s", *u.Period)
 	node.Appendf("DNS address: %s", u.DNSAddress)
-	node.Appendf("Minimum ratio: %.1f", u.MinRatio)
 	node.Appendf("Providers to update: %s", strings.Join(u.Providers, ", "))

+	if *u.CLI {
+		node.Appendf("CLI mode: enabled")
+	}
+
 	return node
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/validation/cyberghost.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/validation/cyberghost.go
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+package validation
+
+import (
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
+)
+
+func CyberghostCountryChoices(servers []models.CyberghostServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Country
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func CyberghostHostnameChoices(servers []models.CyberghostServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Hostname
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/validation/expressvpn.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/validation/expressvpn.go
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+package validation
+
+import (
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
+)
+
+func ExpressvpnCountriesChoices(servers []models.ExpressvpnServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Country
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func ExpressvpnCityChoices(servers []models.ExpressvpnServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].City
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func ExpressvpnHostnameChoices(servers []models.ExpressvpnServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Hostname
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/validation/fastestvpn.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/validation/fastestvpn.go
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+package validation
+
+import (
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
+)
+
+func FastestvpnCountriesChoices(servers []models.FastestvpnServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Country
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func FastestvpnHostnameChoices(servers []models.FastestvpnServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Hostname
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/validation/helpers.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/validation/helpers.go
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+package validation
+
+import "sort"
+
+func makeUnique(choices []string) (uniqueChoices []string) {
+	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(choices))
+	uniqueChoices = make([]string, 0, len(uniqueChoices))
+
+	for _, choice := range choices {
+		if _, ok := seen[choice]; ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		seen[choice] = struct{}{}
+
+		uniqueChoices = append(uniqueChoices, choice)
+	}
+
+	sort.Slice(uniqueChoices, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return uniqueChoices[i] < uniqueChoices[j]
+	})
+
+	return uniqueChoices
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/validation/hidemyass.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/validation/hidemyass.go
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+package validation
+
+import (
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
+)
+
+func HideMyAssCountryChoices(servers []models.HideMyAssServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Country
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func HideMyAssRegionChoices(servers []models.HideMyAssServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Region
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func HideMyAssCityChoices(servers []models.HideMyAssServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].City
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func HideMyAssHostnameChoices(servers []models.HideMyAssServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Hostname
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/validation/ipvanish.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/validation/ipvanish.go
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+package validation
+
+import (
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
+)
+
+func IpvanishCountryChoices(servers []models.IpvanishServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Country
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func IpvanishCityChoices(servers []models.IpvanishServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].City
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func IpvanishHostnameChoices(servers []models.IpvanishServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Hostname
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/validation/ivpn.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/validation/ivpn.go
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+package validation
+
+import (
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
+)
+
+func IvpnCountryChoices(servers []models.IvpnServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Country
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func IvpnCityChoices(servers []models.IvpnServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].City
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func IvpnISPChoices(servers []models.IvpnServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].ISP
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func IvpnHostnameChoices(servers []models.IvpnServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Hostname
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/validation/mullvad.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/validation/mullvad.go
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+package validation
+
+import (
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
+)
+
+func MullvadCountryChoices(servers []models.MullvadServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Country
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func MullvadCityChoices(servers []models.MullvadServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].City
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func MullvadHostnameChoices(servers []models.MullvadServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Hostname
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func MullvadISPChoices(servers []models.MullvadServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].ISP
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/validation/nordvpn.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/validation/nordvpn.go
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+package validation
+
+import (
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
+)
+
+func NordvpnRegionChoices(servers []models.NordvpnServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Region
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func NordvpnHostnameChoices(servers []models.NordvpnServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Hostname
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/validation/perfectprivacy.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/validation/perfectprivacy.go
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+package validation
+
+import (
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
+)
+
+func PerfectprivacyCityChoices(servers []models.PerfectprivacyServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].City
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/validation/pia.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/validation/pia.go
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+package validation
+
+import (
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
+)
+
+func PIAGeoChoices(servers []models.PIAServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Region
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func PIAHostnameChoices(servers []models.PIAServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Hostname
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func PIANameChoices(servers []models.PIAServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].ServerName
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/validation/privado.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/validation/privado.go
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+package validation
+
+import "github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
+
+func PrivadoCountryChoices(servers []models.PrivadoServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Country
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func PrivadoRegionChoices(servers []models.PrivadoServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Region
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func PrivadoCityChoices(servers []models.PrivadoServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].City
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func PrivadoHostnameChoices(servers []models.PrivadoServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Hostname
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/validation/privatevpn.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/validation/privatevpn.go
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package validation
+
+import "github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
+
+func PrivatevpnCountryChoices(servers []models.PrivatevpnServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Country
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func PrivatevpnCityChoices(servers []models.PrivatevpnServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].City
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func PrivatevpnHostnameChoices(servers []models.PrivatevpnServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Hostname
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/validation/protonvpn.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/validation/protonvpn.go
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+package validation
+
+import "github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
+
+func ProtonvpnCountryChoices(servers []models.ProtonvpnServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Country
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func ProtonvpnRegionChoices(servers []models.ProtonvpnServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Region
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func ProtonvpnCityChoices(servers []models.ProtonvpnServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].City
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func ProtonvpnNameChoices(servers []models.ProtonvpnServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Name
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func ProtonvpnHostnameChoices(servers []models.ProtonvpnServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Hostname
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/validation/purevpn.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/validation/purevpn.go
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+package validation
+
+import "github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
+
+func PurevpnRegionChoices(servers []models.PurevpnServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Region
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func PurevpnCountryChoices(servers []models.PurevpnServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Country
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func PurevpnCityChoices(servers []models.PurevpnServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].City
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func PurevpnHostnameChoices(servers []models.PurevpnServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Hostname
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/validation/servers.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/validation/servers.go
@@ -1,129 +0,0 @@
-package validation
-
-import (
-	"sort"
-
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
-)
-
-func sortedInsert(ss []string, s string) []string {
-	i := sort.SearchStrings(ss, s)
-	ss = append(ss, "")
-	copy(ss[i+1:], ss[i:])
-	ss[i] = s
-	return ss
-}
-
-func ExtractCountries(servers []models.Server) (values []string) {
-	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(servers))
-	values = make([]string, 0, len(servers))
-	for _, server := range servers {
-		value := server.Country
-		if value == "" {
-			continue
-		}
-		_, alreadySeen := seen[value]
-		if alreadySeen {
-			continue
-		}
-		seen[value] = struct{}{}
-
-		values = sortedInsert(values, value)
-	}
-	return values
-}
-
-func ExtractRegions(servers []models.Server) (values []string) {
-	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(servers))
-	values = make([]string, 0, len(servers))
-	for _, server := range servers {
-		value := server.Region
-		if value == "" {
-			continue
-		}
-		_, alreadySeen := seen[value]
-		if alreadySeen {
-			continue
-		}
-		seen[value] = struct{}{}
-
-		values = sortedInsert(values, value)
-	}
-	return values
-}
-
-func ExtractCities(servers []models.Server) (values []string) {
-	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(servers))
-	values = make([]string, 0, len(servers))
-	for _, server := range servers {
-		value := server.City
-		if value == "" {
-			continue
-		}
-		_, alreadySeen := seen[value]
-		if alreadySeen {
-			continue
-		}
-		seen[value] = struct{}{}
-
-		values = sortedInsert(values, value)
-	}
-	return values
-}
-
-func ExtractISPs(servers []models.Server) (values []string) {
-	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(servers))
-	values = make([]string, 0, len(servers))
-	for _, server := range servers {
-		value := server.ISP
-		if value == "" {
-			continue
-		}
-		_, alreadySeen := seen[value]
-		if alreadySeen {
-			continue
-		}
-		seen[value] = struct{}{}
-
-		values = sortedInsert(values, value)
-	}
-	return values
-}
-
-func ExtractServerNames(servers []models.Server) (values []string) {
-	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(servers))
-	values = make([]string, 0, len(servers))
-	for _, server := range servers {
-		value := server.ServerName
-		if value == "" {
-			continue
-		}
-		_, alreadySeen := seen[value]
-		if alreadySeen {
-			continue
-		}
-		seen[value] = struct{}{}
-
-		values = sortedInsert(values, value)
-	}
-	return values
-}
-
-func ExtractHostnames(servers []models.Server) (values []string) {
-	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(servers))
-	values = make([]string, 0, len(servers))
-	for _, server := range servers {
-		value := server.Hostname
-		if value == "" {
-			continue
-		}
-		_, alreadySeen := seen[value]
-		if alreadySeen {
-			continue
-		}
-		seen[value] = struct{}{}
-
-		values = sortedInsert(values, value)
-	}
-	return values
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/validation/surfshark.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/validation/surfshark.go
@@ -1,12 +1,47 @@
 package validation

 import (
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/provider/surfshark/servers"
+	"sort"
+
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
 )

+func SurfsharkRegionChoices(servers []models.SurfsharkServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Region
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func SurfsharkCountryChoices(servers []models.SurfsharkServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Country
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func SurfsharkCityChoices(servers []models.SurfsharkServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].City
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func SurfsharkHostnameChoices(servers []models.SurfsharkServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Hostname
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
 // TODO remove in v4.
 func SurfsharkRetroLocChoices() (choices []string) {
-	locationData := servers.LocationData()
+	locationData := constants.SurfsharkLocationData()
 	choices = make([]string, 0, len(locationData))
 	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(locationData))
 	for _, data := range locationData {
@@ -14,8 +49,12 @@ func SurfsharkRetroLocChoices() (choices []string) {
 			continue
 		}
 		seen[data.RetroLoc] = struct{}{}
-		choices = sortedInsert(choices, data.RetroLoc)
+		choices = append(choices, data.RetroLoc)
 	}

+	sort.Slice(choices, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return choices[i] < choices[j]
+	})
+
 	return choices
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/validation/torguard.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/validation/torguard.go
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+package validation
+
+import (
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
+)
+
+func TorguardCountryChoices(servers []models.TorguardServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Country
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func TorguardCityChoices(servers []models.TorguardServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].City
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func TorguardHostnameChoices(servers []models.TorguardServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Hostname
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/validation/vpnunlimited.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/validation/vpnunlimited.go
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+package validation
+
+import (
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
+)
+
+func VPNUnlimitedCountryChoices(servers []models.VPNUnlimitedServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Country
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func VPNUnlimitedCityChoices(servers []models.VPNUnlimitedServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].City
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func VPNUnlimitedHostnameChoices(servers []models.VPNUnlimitedServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Hostname
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/validation/vyprvpn.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/validation/vyprvpn.go
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+package validation
+
+import (
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
+)
+
+func VyprvpnRegionChoices(servers []models.VyprvpnServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Region
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/validation/wevpn.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/validation/wevpn.go
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+package validation
+
+import "github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
+
+func WevpnCityChoices(servers []models.WevpnServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].City
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func WevpnHostnameChoices(servers []models.WevpnServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Hostname
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/validation/windscribe.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/validation/windscribe.go
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package validation
+
+import "github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
+
+func WindscribeRegionChoices(servers []models.WindscribeServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Region
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func WindscribeCityChoices(servers []models.WindscribeServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].City
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func WindscribeHostnameChoices(servers []models.WindscribeServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Hostname
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/version.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/version.go
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 package settings

 import (
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -19,25 +19,25 @@ func (v Version) validate() (err error) {

 func (v *Version) copy() (copied Version) {
 	return Version{
-		Enabled: gosettings.CopyPointer(v.Enabled),
+		Enabled: helpers.CopyBoolPtr(v.Enabled),
 	}
 }

 // mergeWith merges the other settings into any
 // unset field of the receiver settings object.
 func (v *Version) mergeWith(other Version) {
-	v.Enabled = gosettings.MergeWithPointer(v.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	v.Enabled = helpers.MergeWithBool(v.Enabled, other.Enabled)
 }

 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (v *Version) overrideWith(other Version) {
-	v.Enabled = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(v.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	v.Enabled = helpers.OverrideWithBool(v.Enabled, other.Enabled)
 }

 func (v *Version) setDefaults() {
-	v.Enabled = gosettings.DefaultPointer(v.Enabled, true)
+	v.Enabled = helpers.DefaultBool(v.Enabled, true)
 }

 func (v Version) String() string {
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ func (v Version) String() string {
 func (v Version) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("Version settings:")

-	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(v.Enabled))
+	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(v.Enabled))

 	return node
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/vpn.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/vpn.go
@@ -2,10 +2,11 @@ package settings

 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"strings"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/vpn"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/validate"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -13,32 +14,33 @@ type VPN struct {
 	// Type is the VPN type and can only be
 	// 'openvpn' or 'wireguard'. It cannot be the
 	// empty string in the internal state.
-	Type      string    `json:"type"`
-	Provider  Provider  `json:"provider"`
-	OpenVPN   OpenVPN   `json:"openvpn"`
-	Wireguard Wireguard `json:"wireguard"`
+	Type      string
+	Provider  Provider
+	OpenVPN   OpenVPN
+	Wireguard Wireguard
 }

 // TODO v4 remove pointer for receiver (because of Surfshark).
-func (v *VPN) Validate(storage Storage, ipv6Supported bool) (err error) {
+func (v *VPN) validate(allServers models.AllServers) (err error) {
 	// Validate Type
-	validVPNTypes := []string{vpn.OpenVPN, vpn.Wireguard}
-	if err = validate.IsOneOf(v.Type, validVPNTypes...); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrVPNTypeNotValid, err)
+	validVPNTypes := []string{constants.OpenVPN, constants.Wireguard}
+	if !helpers.IsOneOf(v.Type, validVPNTypes...) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %q and can only be one of %s",
+			ErrVPNTypeNotValid, v.Type, strings.Join(validVPNTypes, ", "))
 	}

-	err = v.Provider.validate(v.Type, storage)
+	err = v.Provider.validate(v.Type, allServers)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("provider settings: %w", err)
 	}

-	if v.Type == vpn.OpenVPN {
+	if v.Type == constants.OpenVPN {
 		err := v.OpenVPN.validate(*v.Provider.Name)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("OpenVPN settings: %w", err)
 		}
 	} else {
-		err := v.Wireguard.validate(*v.Provider.Name, ipv6Supported)
+		err := v.Wireguard.validate(*v.Provider.Name)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("Wireguard settings: %w", err)
 		}
@@ -47,7 +49,7 @@ func (v *VPN) Validate(storage Storage, ipv6Supported bool) (err error) {
 	return nil
 }

-func (v *VPN) Copy() (copied VPN) {
+func (v *VPN) copy() (copied VPN) {
 	return VPN{
 		Type:      v.Type,
 		Provider:  v.Provider.copy(),
@@ -57,24 +59,24 @@ func (v *VPN) Copy() (copied VPN) {
 }

 func (v *VPN) mergeWith(other VPN) {
-	v.Type = gosettings.MergeWithString(v.Type, other.Type)
+	v.Type = helpers.MergeWithString(v.Type, other.Type)
 	v.Provider.mergeWith(other.Provider)
 	v.OpenVPN.mergeWith(other.OpenVPN)
 	v.Wireguard.mergeWith(other.Wireguard)
 }

-func (v *VPN) OverrideWith(other VPN) {
-	v.Type = gosettings.OverrideWithString(v.Type, other.Type)
+func (v *VPN) overrideWith(other VPN) {
+	v.Type = helpers.OverrideWithString(v.Type, other.Type)
 	v.Provider.overrideWith(other.Provider)
 	v.OpenVPN.overrideWith(other.OpenVPN)
 	v.Wireguard.overrideWith(other.Wireguard)
 }

 func (v *VPN) setDefaults() {
-	v.Type = gosettings.DefaultString(v.Type, vpn.OpenVPN)
+	v.Type = helpers.DefaultString(v.Type, constants.OpenVPN)
 	v.Provider.setDefaults()
 	v.OpenVPN.setDefaults(*v.Provider.Name)
-	v.Wireguard.setDefaults(*v.Provider.Name)
+	v.Wireguard.setDefaults()
 }

 func (v VPN) String() string {
@@ -86,7 +88,7 @@ func (v VPN) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {

 	node.AppendNode(v.Provider.toLinesNode())

-	if v.Type == vpn.OpenVPN {
+	if v.Type == constants.OpenVPN {
 		node.AppendNode(v.OpenVPN.toLinesNode())
 	} else {
 		node.AppendNode(v.Wireguard.toLinesNode())
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More