fix(httpproxy): redirect from http to https

fix(routing): net.IPNet to netip.Prefix conversion
fix(firewall): prevent IP family mix in acceptOutputFromIPToSubnet
2023-05-29 09:40:37 +00:00 · 2023-05-22 05:56:27 +00:00 · 2023-05-21 18:06:18 +00:00
433 changed files with 58884 additions and 211063 deletions
--- a/.devcontainer/README.md
+++ b/.devcontainer/README.md
@@ -9,21 +9,17 @@ It works on Linux, Windows and OSX.
 - [VS code](https://code.visualstudio.com/download) installed
 - [VS code remote containers extension](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=ms-vscode-remote.remote-containers) installed
 - [Docker](https://www.docker.com/products/docker-desktop) installed and running
+    - If you don't use Linux or WSL 2, share your home directory `~/` and the directory of your project with Docker Desktop
 - [Docker Compose](https://docs.docker.com/compose/install/) installed
+- Ensure your host has the following and that they are accessible by Docker:
+    - `~/.ssh` directory
+    - `~/.gitconfig` file (can be empty)

 ## Setup

-1. Create the following files on your host if you don't have them:
-
-    ```sh
-    touch ~/.gitconfig ~/.zsh_history
-    ```
-
-    Note that the development container will create the empty directories `~/.docker`, `~/.ssh` and `~/.kube` if you don't have them.
-
-1. **For Docker on OSX or Windows without WSL**: ensure your home directory `~` is accessible by Docker.
 1. Open the command palette in Visual Studio Code (CTRL+SHIFT+P).
 1. Select `Remote-Containers: Open Folder in Container...` and choose the project directory.
+1. For Docker running on Windows HyperV, if you want to use SSH keys, bind mount them at `/tmp/.ssh` by changing the `volumes` section in the [docker-compose.yml](docker-compose.yml).

 ## Customization

@@ -33,9 +29,13 @@ You can make changes to the [Dockerfile](Dockerfile) and then rebuild the image.

 ```Dockerfile
 FROM qmcgaw/godevcontainer
+USER root
 RUN apk add curl
+USER vscode
 ```

+Note that you may need to use `USER root` to build as root, and then change back to `USER vscode`.
+
 To rebuild the image, either:

 - With VSCode through the command palette, select `Remote-Containers: Rebuild and reopen in container`
@@ -47,11 +47,11 @@ You can customize **settings** and **extensions** in the [devcontainer.json](dev

 ### Entrypoint script

-You can bind mount a shell script to `/root/.welcome.sh` to replace the [current welcome script](https://github.com/qdm12/godevcontainer/blob/master/shell/.welcome.sh).
+You can bind mount a shell script to `/home/vscode/.welcome.sh` to replace the [current welcome script](shell/.welcome.sh).

 ### Publish a port

-To access a port from your host to your development container, publish a port in [docker-compose.yml](docker-compose.yml). You can also now do it directly with VSCode without restarting the container.
+To access a port from your host to your development container, publish a port in [docker-compose.yml](docker-compose.yml).

 ### Run other services

--- a/.devcontainer/devcontainer.json
+++ b/.devcontainer/devcontainer.json
@@ -1,73 +1,82 @@
-{
-    "name": "gluetun-dev",
-    "dockerComposeFile": [
-        "docker-compose.yml"
-    ],
-    "service": "vscode",
-    "runServices": [
-        "vscode"
-    ],
-    "shutdownAction": "stopCompose",
-    "postCreateCommand": "~/.windows.sh && go mod download && go mod tidy",
-    "workspaceFolder": "/workspace",
-    // "overrideCommand": "",
-    "customizations": {
-        "vscode": {
-            "extensions": [
-                "golang.go",
-                "eamodio.gitlens", // IDE Git information
-                "davidanson.vscode-markdownlint",
-                "ms-azuretools.vscode-docker", // Docker integration and linting
-                "shardulm94.trailing-spaces", // Show trailing spaces
-                "Gruntfuggly.todo-tree", // Highlights TODO comments
-                "bierner.emojisense", // Emoji sense for markdown
-                "stkb.rewrap", // rewrap comments after n characters on one line
-                "vscode-icons-team.vscode-icons", // Better file extension icons
-                "github.vscode-pull-request-github", // Github interaction
-                "redhat.vscode-yaml", // Kubernetes, Drone syntax highlighting
-                "bajdzis.vscode-database", // Supports connections to mysql or postgres, over SSL, socked
-                "IBM.output-colorizer", // Colorize your output/test logs
-                "github.copilot" // AI code completion
-            ],
-            "settings": {
-                "files.eol": "\n",
-                "remote.extensionKind": {
-                    "ms-azuretools.vscode-docker": "workspace"
-                },
-                "go.useLanguageServer": true,
-                "[go]": {
-                    "editor.codeActionsOnSave": {
-                        "source.organizeImports": "explicit"
-                    }
-                },
-                "[go.mod]": {
-                    "editor.codeActionsOnSave": {
-                        "source.organizeImports": "explicit"
-                    }
-                },
-                "gopls": {
-                    "usePlaceholders": false,
-                    "staticcheck": true
-                },
-                "go.lintTool": "golangci-lint",
-                "go.lintOnSave": "package",
-                "editor.formatOnSave": true,
-                "go.buildTags": "linux",
-                "go.toolsEnvVars": {
-                    "CGO_ENABLED": "0"
-                },
-                "go.testEnvVars": {
-                    "CGO_ENABLED": "1"
-                },
-                "go.testFlags": [
-                    "-v",
-                    "-race"
-                ],
-                "go.testTimeout": "10s",
-                "go.coverOnSingleTest": true,
-                "go.coverOnSingleTestFile": true,
-                "go.coverOnTestPackage": true
-            }
-        }
-    }
+{
+    "name": "gluetun-dev",
+    "dockerComposeFile": [
+        "docker-compose.yml"
+    ],
+    "service": "vscode",
+    "runServices": [
+        "vscode"
+    ],
+    "shutdownAction": "stopCompose",
+    "postCreateCommand": "source ~/.windows.sh && go mod download && go mod tidy",
+    "workspaceFolder": "/workspace",
+    "extensions": [
+        "golang.go",
+        "eamodio.gitlens", // IDE Git information
+        "davidanson.vscode-markdownlint",
+        "ms-azuretools.vscode-docker", // Docker integration and linting
+        "shardulm94.trailing-spaces", // Show trailing spaces
+        "Gruntfuggly.todo-tree", // Highlights TODO comments
+        "bierner.emojisense", // Emoji sense for markdown
+        "stkb.rewrap", // rewrap comments after n characters on one line
+        "vscode-icons-team.vscode-icons", // Better file extension icons
+        "github.vscode-pull-request-github", // Github interaction
+        "redhat.vscode-yaml", // Kubernetes, Drone syntax highlighting
+        "bajdzis.vscode-database", // Supports connections to mysql or postgres, over SSL, socked
+        "IBM.output-colorizer", // Colorize your output/test logs
+        "mohsen1.prettify-json", // Prettify JSON data
+        "github.copilot",
+    ],
+    "settings": {
+        "files.eol": "\n",
+        "remote.extensionKind": {
+            "ms-azuretools.vscode-docker": "workspace"
+        },
+        "editor.codeActionsOnSaveTimeout": 3000,
+        "go.useLanguageServer": true,
+        "[go]": {
+            "editor.formatOnSave": true,
+            "editor.codeActionsOnSave": {
+                "source.organizeImports": true,
+            },
+            // Optional: Disable snippets, as they conflict with completion ranking.
+            "editor.snippetSuggestions": "none"
+        },
+        "[go.mod]": {
+            "editor.formatOnSave": true,
+            "editor.codeActionsOnSave": {
+                "source.organizeImports": true,
+            },
+        },
+        "gopls": {
+            "usePlaceholders": false,
+            "staticcheck": true
+        },
+        "go.autocompleteUnimportedPackages": true,
+        "go.gotoSymbol.includeImports": true,
+        "go.gotoSymbol.includeGoroot": true,
+        "go.lintTool": "golangci-lint",
+        "go.buildOnSave": "workspace",
+        "go.lintOnSave": "workspace",
+        "go.vetOnSave": "workspace",
+        "editor.formatOnSave": true,
+        "go.toolsEnvVars": {
+            "GOFLAGS": "-tags=",
+            // "CGO_ENABLED": 1 // for the race detector
+        },
+        "gopls.env": {
+            "GOFLAGS": "-tags="
+        },
+        "go.testEnvVars": {
+            "": ""
+        },
+        "go.testFlags": [
+            "-v",
+            // "-race"
+        ],
+        "go.testTimeout": "10s",
+        "go.coverOnSingleTest": true,
+        "go.coverOnSingleTestFile": true,
+        "go.coverOnTestPackage": true
+    }
 }
--- a/.devcontainer/docker-compose.yml
+++ b/.devcontainer/docker-compose.yml
@@ -1,28 +1,30 @@
-version: "3.7"
-
-services:
-  vscode:
-    build: .
-    volumes:
-      - ../:/workspace
-      # Docker socket to access Docker server
-      - /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock
-      # SSH directory for Linux, OSX and WSL
-      # On Linux and OSX, a symlink /mnt/ssh <-> ~/.ssh is
-      # created in the container. On Windows, files are copied
-      # from /mnt/ssh to ~/.ssh to fix permissions.
-      - ~/.ssh:/mnt/ssh
-      # Shell history persistence
-      - ~/.zsh_history:/root/.zsh_history
-      # Git config
-      - ~/.gitconfig:/root/.gitconfig
-    environment:
-      - TZ=
-    cap_add:
-      # For debugging with dlv
-      - SYS_PTRACE
-      - NET_ADMIN
-    security_opt:
-      # For debugging with dlv
-      - seccomp:unconfined
-    entrypoint: [ "zsh", "-c", "while sleep 1000; do :; done" ]
+version: "3.7"
+
+services:
+  vscode:
+    build: .
+    devices:
+      - /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun
+    volumes:
+      - ../:/workspace
+      # Docker socket to access Docker server
+      - /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock
+      # Docker configuration
+      - ~/.docker:/root/.docker
+      # SSH directory for Linux, OSX and WSL
+      # On Linux and OSX, a symlink /mnt/ssh <-> ~/.ssh is
+      # created in the container. On Windows, files are copied
+      # from /mnt/ssh to ~/.ssh to fix permissions.
+      - ~/.ssh:/mnt/ssh
+      # Shell history persistence
+      - ~/.zsh_history:/root/.zsh_history
+    environment:
+      - TZ=
+    cap_add:
+      # For debugging with dlv
+      # - SYS_PTRACE
+      - NET_ADMIN
+    security_opt:
+      # For debugging with dlv
+      - seccomp:unconfined
+    entrypoint: zsh -c "while sleep 1000; do :; done"
--- a/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -13,6 +13,6 @@ Contributions are [released](https://help.github.com/articles/github-terms-of-se

 ## Resources

- [Gluetun guide on development](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/contributing/development.md)
+- [Gluetun guide on development](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Development)
 - [Using Pull Requests](https://help.github.com/articles/about-pull-requests/)
 - [How to Contribute to Open Source](https://opensource.guide/how-to-contribute/)
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug.yml
@@ -7,18 +7,13 @@ body:
    attributes:
      value: |
        Thanks for taking the time to fill out this bug report!
-
-        ⚠️ Your issue will be instantly closed as not planned WITHOUT explanation if:
-        - you do not fill out **the title of the issue** ☝️
-        - you do not provide the **Gluetun version** as requested below
-        - you provide **less than 10 lines of logs** as requested below
  - type: dropdown
    id: urgent
    attributes:
      label: Is this urgent?
      description: |
        Is this a critical bug, or do you need this fixed urgently?
-        If this is urgent, note you can use one of the [image tags available](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/docker-image-tags.md) if that can help.
+        If this is urgent, note you can use one of the [image tags available](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Docker-image-tags) if that can help.
      options:
        - "No"
        - "Yes"
@@ -80,7 +75,6 @@ body:
        - Portainer
        - Kubernetes
        - Podman
-        - Unraid
        - Other
    validations:
      required: true
@@ -90,7 +84,7 @@ body:
      label: What is the version of Gluetun
      description: |
        Copy paste the version line at the top of your logs.
-        It MUST be in the form `Running version latest built on 2020-03-13T01:30:06Z (commit d0f678c)`.
+        It should be in the form `Running version latest built on 2020-03-13T01:30:06Z (commit d0f678c)`.
    validations:
      required: true
  - type: textarea
@@ -103,7 +97,7 @@ body:
  - type: textarea
    id: logs
    attributes:
-      label: Share your logs (at least 10 lines)
+      label: Share your logs
      description: No sensitive information is logged out except when running with `LOG_LEVEL=debug`.
      render: plain text
    validations:
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
-blank_issues_enabled: false
 contact_links:
-  - name: Report a Wiki issue
-    url: https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/issues/new/choose
-    about: Please create an issue on the gluetun-wiki repository.
  - name: Configuration help?
-    url: https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/discussions/new/choose
+    url: https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/discussions/new
    about: Please create a Github discussion.
  - name: Unraid template issue
    url: https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/discussions/550
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/provider.md
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/provider.md
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ One of the following is required:

 If the list of servers requires to login **or** is hidden behind an interactive configurator,
 you can only use a custom Openvpn configuration file.
-[The Wiki's OpenVPN configuration file page](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/openvpn-configuration-file.md) describes how to do so.
+[The Wiki](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Openvpn-file) describes how to do so.
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/wiki
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/wiki
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+name: Wiki issue
+description: Report a Wiki issue
+title: "Wiki issue: "
+labels: ["📄 Wiki issue"]
+body:
+  - type: input
+    id: url
+    attributes:
+      label: "URL to the Wiki page"
+      placeholder: "https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/OpenVPN-options"
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: textarea
+    id: description
+    attributes:
+      label: "What's the issue?"
+    validations:
+      required: true
--- a/.github/labels.yml
+++ b/.github/labels.yml
@@ -1,140 +1,121 @@
- name: "Status: 🗯️ Waiting for feedback"
-  color: "f7d692"
- name: "Status: 🔴 Blocked"
-  color: "f7d692"
+# Temporary status
+- name: "🗯️ Waiting for feedback"
+  color: "aadefa"
+  description: ""
+- name: "🔴 Blocked"
+  color: "ff3f14"
  description: "Blocked by another issue or pull request"
- name: "Status: 📌 Before next release"
-  color: "f7d692"
-  description: "Has to be done before the next release"
- name: "Status: 🔒 After next release"
-  color: "f7d692"
+- name: "🔒 After next release"
+  color: "e8f274"
  description: "Will be done after the next release"

- name: "Closed: ⚰️ Inactive"
-  color: "959a9c"
-  description: "No answer was received for weeks"
- name: "Closed: 👥 Duplicate"
-  color: "959a9c"
-  description: "Issue duplicates an existing issue"
- name: "Closed: 🗑️ Bad issue"
-  color: "959a9c"
- name: "Closed: ☠️ cannot be done"
-  color: "959a9c"
+# Priority
+- name: "🚨 Urgent"
+  color: "d5232f"
+  description: ""
+- name: "💤 Low priority"
+  color: "4285f4"
+  description: ""

- name: "Priority: 🚨 Urgent"
-  color: "03adfc"
- name: "Priority: 💤 Low priority"
-  color: "03adfc"
-
- name: "Complexity: ☣️ Hard to do"
-  color: "ff9efc"
- name: "Complexity: 🟩 Easy to do"
-  color: "ff9efc"
-
- name: "Popularity: ❤️‍🔥 extreme"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Popularity: ❤️ high"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
+# Complexity
+- name: "☣️ Hard to do"
+  color: "7d0008"
+  description: ""
+- name: "🟩 Easy to do"
+  color: "34cf43"
+  description: ""

 # VPN providers
- name: "☁️ AirVPN"
+- name: ":cloud: AirVPN"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ Custom"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: Cyberghost"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ Cyberghost"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: HideMyAss"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ HideMyAss"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: IPVanish"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ IPVanish"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: IVPN"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ IVPN"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: ExpressVPN"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ ExpressVPN"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: FastestVPN"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ FastestVPN"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: Mullvad"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ Mullvad"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: NordVPN"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ NordVPN"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: Perfect Privacy"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ Perfect Privacy"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: PIA"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ PIA"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: Privado"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ Privado"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: PrivateVPN"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ PrivateVPN"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: ProtonVPN"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ ProtonVPN"
+- name: ":cloud: PureVPN"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ PureVPN"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: SlickVPN"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ SlickVPN"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: Surfshark"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ Surfshark"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: Torguard"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ Torguard"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: VPNSecure.me"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ VPNSecure.me"
+- name: ":cloud: VPNUnlimited"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ VPNUnlimited"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: Vyprvpn"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ Vyprvpn"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: WeVPN"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ WeVPN"
-  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ Windscribe"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: Windscribe"
  color: "cfe8d4"
+  description: ""

- name: "Category: Config problem 📝"
+# Problem category
+- name: "Openvpn"
  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: Healthcheck 🩺"
+  description: ""
+- name: "Wireguard"
  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: Documentation ✒️"
-  description: "A problem with the readme or a code comment."
+  description: ""
+- name: "Unbound (DNS over TLS)"
  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: Maintenance ⛓️"
-  description: "Anything related to code or other maintenance"
+  description: ""
+- name: "Firewall"
  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: Logs 📚"
-  description: "Something to change in logs"
+  description: ""
+- name: "HTTP proxy"
  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: Good idea 🎯"
-  description: "This is a good idea, judged by the maintainers"
+  description: ""
+- name: "Shadowsocks"
  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: Motivated! 🙌"
-  description: "Your pumpness makes me pumped! The issue or PR shows great motivation!"
+  description: ""
+- name: "Healthcheck server"
  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: Foolproof settings 👼"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: Label missing ❗"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: updater ♻️"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
-  description: "Concerns the code to update servers data"
- name: "Category: New provider 🆕"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: OpenVPN 🔐"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: Wireguard 🔐"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: DNS 📠"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: Firewall ⛓️"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: Routing 🛤️"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: IPv6 🛰️"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: VPN port forwarding 📥"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: HTTP proxy 🔁"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: Shadowsocks 🔁"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: control server ⚙️"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: kernel 🧠"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: public IP service 💬"
+  description: ""
+- name: "Control server"
  color: "ffc7ea"
+  description: ""
--- a/.github/workflows/ci-skip.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci-skip.yml
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ on:
      - go.mod
      - go.sum
  pull_request:
+    branches:
+      - master
    paths-ignore:
      - .github/workflows/ci.yml
      - cmd/**
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ on:
      - go.mod
      - go.sum
  pull_request:
+    branches:
+      - master
    paths:
      - .github/workflows/ci.yml
      - cmd/**
@@ -37,7 +39,7 @@ jobs:
    env:
      DOCKER_BUILDKIT: "1"
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3

      - uses: reviewdog/action-misspell@v1
        with:
@@ -45,7 +47,6 @@ jobs:
          level: error
          exclude: |
            ./internal/storage/servers.json
-            *.md

      - name: Linting
        run: docker build --target lint .
@@ -73,15 +74,12 @@ jobs:
      contents: read
      security-events: write
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
-        with:
-          go-version: "^1.22"
-      - uses: github/codeql-action/init@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: github/codeql-action/init@v2
        with:
          languages: go
-      - uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@v3
-      - uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@v3
+      - uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@v2
+      - uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@v2

  publish:
    if: |
@@ -98,13 +96,13 @@ jobs:
      packages: write
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3

      # extract metadata (tags, labels) for Docker
      # https://github.com/docker/metadata-action
      - name: Extract Docker metadata
        id: meta
-        uses: docker/metadata-action@v5
+        uses: docker/metadata-action@v4
        with:
          flavor: |
            latest=${{ github.ref == format('refs/heads/{0}', github.event.repository.default_branch) }}
@@ -119,15 +117,15 @@ jobs:
            type=semver,pattern=v{{major}},enable=${{ !startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v0.') }}
            type=raw,value=latest,enable=${{ github.ref == format('refs/heads/{0}', github.event.repository.default_branch) }}

-      - uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
-      - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
+      - uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
+      - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2

-      - uses: docker/login-action@v3
+      - uses: docker/login-action@v2
        with:
          username: qmcgaw
          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_PASSWORD }}

-      - uses: docker/login-action@v3
+      - uses: docker/login-action@v2
        with:
          registry: ghcr.io
          username: qdm12
@@ -138,7 +136,7 @@ jobs:
        run: echo "::set-output name=value::$(git rev-parse --short HEAD)"

      - name: Build and push final image
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@v5
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v4.0.0
        with:
          platforms: linux/amd64,linux/386,linux/arm64,linux/arm/v6,linux/arm/v7,linux/ppc64le
          labels: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.labels }}
--- a/.github/workflows/closed-issue.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/closed-issue.yml
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-name: Closed issue
-on:
-  issues:
-    types: [closed]
-
-jobs:
-  comment:
-    permissions:
-      issues: write
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: peter-evans/create-or-update-comment@v4
-        with:
-          token: ${{ github.token }}
-          issue-number: ${{ github.event.issue.number }}
-          body: |
-            Closed issues are **NOT** monitored, so commenting here is likely to be not seen.
-            If you think this is *still unresolved* and have **more information** to bring, please create another issue.
-
-            This is an automated comment setup because @qdm12 is the sole maintainer of this project
-            which became too popular to monitor issues closed.
--- a/.github/workflows/configs/mlc-config.json
+++ b/.github/workflows/configs/mlc-config.json
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "ignorePatterns": [
-    {
-      "pattern": "^https://console.substack.com/p/console-72$"
-    }
-  ],
-  "timeout": "20s",
-  "retryOn429": false,
-  "fallbackRetryDelay": "30s",
-  "aliveStatusCodes": [
-    200
-  ]
-}
--- a/.github/workflows/dockerhub-description.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/dockerhub-description.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+name: Docker Hub description
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - master
+    paths:
+      - README.md
+      - .github/workflows/dockerhub-description.yml
+jobs:
+  docker-hub-description:
+    if: github.repository == 'qdm12/gluetun'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      actions: read
+      contents: read
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+
+      - uses: peter-evans/dockerhub-description@v3
+        with:
+          username: qmcgaw
+          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_PASSWORD }}
+          repository: qmcgaw/gluetun
+          short-description: Lightweight Swiss-knife VPN client to connect to several VPN providers
+          readme-filepath: README.md
--- a/.github/workflows/labels.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/labels.yml
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ jobs:
      issues: write
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: crazy-max/ghaction-github-labeler@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: crazy-max/ghaction-github-labeler@v4
        with:
          yaml-file: .github/labels.yml
--- a/.github/workflows/markdown-skip.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/markdown-skip.yml
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-name: Markdown
-on:
-  push:
-    branches:
-      - master
-    paths-ignore:
-      - "**.md"
-      - .github/workflows/markdown.yml
-  pull_request:
-    paths-ignore:
-      - "**.md"
-      - .github/workflows/markdown.yml
-
-jobs:
-  markdown:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    permissions:
-      actions: read
-    steps:
-      - name: No trigger path triggered for required markdown workflow.
-        run: exit 0
--- a/.github/workflows/markdown.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/markdown.yml
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-name: Markdown
-on:
-  push:
-    branches:
-      - master
-    paths:
-      - "**.md"
-      - .github/workflows/markdown.yml
-  pull_request:
-    paths:
-      - "**.md"
-      - .github/workflows/markdown.yml
-
-jobs:
-  markdown:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    permissions:
-      actions: read
-      contents: read
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-
-      - uses: DavidAnson/markdownlint-cli2-action@v16
-        with:
-          globs: "**.md"
-          config: .markdownlint.json
-
-      - uses: reviewdog/action-misspell@v1
-        with:
-          locale: "US"
-          level: error
-          pattern: |
-            *.md
-
-      - uses: gaurav-nelson/github-action-markdown-link-check@v1
-        with:
-          use-quiet-mode: yes
-          config-file: .github/workflows/configs/mlc-config.json
-
-      - uses: peter-evans/dockerhub-description@v4
-        if: github.repository == 'qdm12/gluetun' && github.event_name == 'push'
-        with:
-          username: qmcgaw
-          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_PASSWORD }}
-          repository: qmcgaw/gluetun
-          short-description: Lightweight Swiss-knife VPN client to connect to several VPN providers
-          readme-filepath: README.md
--- a/.github/workflows/opened-issue.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/opened-issue.yml
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-name: Opened issue
-on:
-  issues:
-    types: [opened]
-
-jobs:
-  comment:
-    permissions:
-      issues: write
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: peter-evans/create-or-update-comment@v4
-        with:
-          token: ${{ github.token }}
-          issue-number: ${{ github.event.issue.number }}
-          body: |
-            @qdm12 is more or less the only maintainer of this project and works on it in his free time.
-            Please:
-            - **do not** ask for updates, be patient
-            - :+1: the issue to show your support instead of commenting
-            @qdm12 usually checks issues at least once a week, if this is a new urgent bug,
-            [revert to an older tagged container image](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/docker-image-tags.md)
--- a/.golangci.yml
+++ b/.golangci.yml
@@ -9,8 +9,6 @@ issues:
        - dupl
        - goerr113
        - containedctx
-        - goconst
-        - maintidx
    - path: "internal\\/server\\/.+\\.go"
      linters:
        - dupl
@@ -35,18 +33,6 @@ issues:
      text: "newCipherDESCBCBlock returns interface \\(github\\.com\\/youmark\\/pkcs8\\.Cipher\\)"
      linters:
        - ireturn
-    - path: "internal\\/firewall\\/.*\\.go"
-      text: "string `-i ` has [1-9][0-9]* occurrences, make it a constant"
-      linters:
-        - goconst
-    - path: "internal\\/provider\\/ipvanish\\/updater\\/servers.go"
-      text: "string ` in ` has 3 occurrences, make it a constant"
-      linters:
-        - goconst
-    - path: "internal\\/vpn\\/portforward.go"
-      text: 'directive `//nolint:ireturn` is unused for linter "ireturn"'
-      linters:
-        - nolintlint

 linters:
  enable:
@@ -60,7 +46,6 @@ linters:
    - decorder
    - dogsled
    - dupl
-    - dupword
    - durationcheck
    - errchkjson
    - errname
@@ -69,7 +54,6 @@ linters:
    - exportloopref
    - forcetypeassert
    - gci
-    - gocheckcompilerdirectives
    - gochecknoglobals
    - gochecknoinits
    - gocognit
@@ -84,7 +68,6 @@ linters:
    - gomoddirectives
    - goprintffuncname
    - gosec
-    - gosmopolitan
    - grouper
    - importas
    - interfacebloat
@@ -92,9 +75,7 @@ linters:
    - lll
    - maintidx
    - makezero
-    - mirror
    - misspell
-    - musttag
    - nakedret
    - nestif
    - nilerr
@@ -102,7 +83,6 @@ linters:
    - noctx
    - nolintlint
    - nosprintfhostport
-    - paralleltest
    - prealloc
    - predeclared
    - promlinter
@@ -110,7 +90,6 @@ linters:
    - revive
    - rowserrcheck
    - sqlclosecheck
-    - tagalign
    - tenv
    - thelper
    - tparallel
@@ -119,4 +98,9 @@ linters:
    - usestdlibvars
    - wastedassign
    - whitespace
-    - zerologlint
+
+run:
+  skip-dirs:
+    - .devcontainer
+    - .github
+    - doc
--- a/.markdownlint.json
+++ b/.markdownlint.json
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "MD013": false
-}
--- a/.vscode/extensions.json
+++ b/.vscode/extensions.json
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-{
-  // This list should be kept to the strict minimum
-  // to develop this project.
-  "recommendations": [
-    "golang.go",
-    "davidanson.vscode-markdownlint",
-  ],
-}
--- a/.vscode/settings.json
+++ b/.vscode/settings.json
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-{
-  // The settings should be kept to the strict minimum
-  // to develop this project.
-  "files.eol": "\n",
-  "editor.formatOnSave": true,
-  "go.buildTags": "linux",
-  "go.toolsEnvVars": {
-    "CGO_ENABLED": "0"
-  },
-  "go.testEnvVars": {
-    "CGO_ENABLED": "1"
-  },
-  "go.testFlags": [
-    "-v",
-    "-race"
-  ],
-  "go.testTimeout": "10s",
-  "go.coverOnSingleTest": true,
-  "go.coverOnSingleTestFile": true,
-  "go.coverOnTestPackage": true,
-  "go.useLanguageServer": true,
-  "[go]": {
-    "editor.codeActionsOnSave": {
-      "source.organizeImports": "explicit"
-    }
-  },
-  "go.lintTool": "golangci-lint",
-  "go.lintOnSave": "package"
-}
--- a/54
+++ b/54
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-ARG ALPINE_VERSION=3.20
-ARG GO_ALPINE_VERSION=3.20
-ARG GO_VERSION=1.22
+ARG ALPINE_VERSION=3.17
+ARG GO_ALPINE_VERSION=3.17
+ARG GO_VERSION=1.20
 ARG XCPUTRANSLATE_VERSION=v0.6.0
-ARG GOLANGCI_LINT_VERSION=v1.56.2
+ARG GOLANGCI_LINT_VERSION=v1.52.2
 ARG MOCKGEN_VERSION=v1.6.0
 ARG BUILDPLATFORM=linux/amd64

@@ -76,54 +76,40 @@ LABEL \
 ENV VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=pia \
    VPN_TYPE=openvpn \
    # Common VPN options
+    VPN_ENDPOINT_IP= \
+    VPN_ENDPOINT_PORT= \
    VPN_INTERFACE=tun0 \
    # OpenVPN
-    OPENVPN_ENDPOINT_IP= \
-    OPENVPN_ENDPOINT_PORT= \
    OPENVPN_PROTOCOL=udp \
    OPENVPN_USER= \
    OPENVPN_PASSWORD= \
    OPENVPN_USER_SECRETFILE=/run/secrets/openvpn_user \
    OPENVPN_PASSWORD_SECRETFILE=/run/secrets/openvpn_password \
-    OPENVPN_VERSION=2.6 \
+    OPENVPN_VERSION=2.5 \
    OPENVPN_VERBOSITY=1 \
    OPENVPN_FLAGS= \
    OPENVPN_CIPHERS= \
    OPENVPN_AUTH= \
-    OPENVPN_PROCESS_USER=root \
+    OPENVPN_PROCESS_USER= \
    OPENVPN_CUSTOM_CONFIG= \
    # Wireguard
-    WIREGUARD_ENDPOINT_IP= \
-    WIREGUARD_ENDPOINT_PORT= \
-    WIREGUARD_CONF_SECRETFILE=/run/secrets/wg0.conf \
    WIREGUARD_PRIVATE_KEY= \
-    WIREGUARD_PRIVATE_KEY_SECRETFILE=/run/secrets/wireguard_private_key \
    WIREGUARD_PRESHARED_KEY= \
-    WIREGUARD_PRESHARED_KEY_SECRETFILE=/run/secrets/wireguard_preshared_key \
    WIREGUARD_PUBLIC_KEY= \
-    WIREGUARD_ALLOWED_IPS= \
-    WIREGUARD_PERSISTENT_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL=0 \
    WIREGUARD_ADDRESSES= \
-    WIREGUARD_ADDRESSES_SECRETFILE=/run/secrets/wireguard_addresses \
-    WIREGUARD_MTU=1400 \
    WIREGUARD_IMPLEMENTATION=auto \
    # VPN server filtering
    SERVER_REGIONS= \
    SERVER_COUNTRIES= \
    SERVER_CITIES= \
    SERVER_HOSTNAMES= \
-    SERVER_CATEGORIES= \
    # # Mullvad only:
    ISP= \
    OWNED_ONLY=no \
    # # Private Internet Access only:
    PRIVATE_INTERNET_ACCESS_OPENVPN_ENCRYPTION_PRESET= \
    VPN_PORT_FORWARDING=off \
-    VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_LISTENING_PORT=0 \
-    VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_PROVIDER= \
    VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_STATUS_FILE="/tmp/gluetun/forwarded_port" \
-    VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_USERNAME= \
-    VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_PASSWORD= \
    # # Cyberghost only:
    OPENVPN_CERT= \
    OPENVPN_KEY= \
@@ -140,16 +126,12 @@ ENV VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=pia \
    SERVER_NAMES= \
    # # ProtonVPN only:
    FREE_ONLY= \
-    SECURE_CORE_ONLY= \
-    TOR_ONLY= \
    # # Surfshark only:
    MULTIHOP_ONLY= \
    # # VPN Secure only:
    PREMIUM_ONLY= \
-    # # PIA only:
-    PORT_FORWARD_ONLY= \
    # Firewall
-    FIREWALL_ENABLED_DISABLING_IT_SHOOTS_YOU_IN_YOUR_FOOT=on \
+    FIREWALL=on \
    FIREWALL_VPN_INPUT_PORTS= \
    FIREWALL_INPUT_PORTS= \
    FIREWALL_OUTBOUND_SUBNETS= \
@@ -182,7 +164,6 @@ ENV VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=pia \
    HTTPPROXY= \
    HTTPPROXY_LOG=off \
    HTTPPROXY_LISTENING_ADDRESS=":8888" \
-    HTTPPROXY_STEALTH=off \
    HTTPPROXY_USER= \
    HTTPPROXY_PASSWORD= \
    HTTPPROXY_USER_SECRETFILE=/run/secrets/httpproxy_user \
@@ -195,9 +176,7 @@ ENV VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=pia \
    SHADOWSOCKS_PASSWORD_SECRETFILE=/run/secrets/shadowsocks_password \
    SHADOWSOCKS_CIPHER=chacha20-ietf-poly1305 \
    # Control server
-    HTTP_CONTROL_SERVER_LOG=on \
    HTTP_CONTROL_SERVER_ADDRESS=":8000" \
-    HTTP_CONTROL_SERVER_AUTH_CONFIG_FILEPATH=/gluetun/auth/config.toml \
    # Server data updater
    UPDATER_PERIOD=0 \
    UPDATER_MIN_RATIO=0.8 \
@@ -205,8 +184,6 @@ ENV VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=pia \
    # Public IP
    PUBLICIP_FILE="/tmp/gluetun/ip" \
    PUBLICIP_PERIOD=12h \
-    PUBLICIP_API=ipinfo \
-    PUBLICIP_API_TOKEN= \
    # Pprof
    PPROF_ENABLED=no \
    PPROF_BLOCK_PROFILE_RATE=0 \
@@ -219,14 +196,17 @@ ENV VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=pia \
    PGID=
 ENTRYPOINT ["/gluetun-entrypoint"]
 EXPOSE 8000/tcp 8888/tcp 8388/tcp 8388/udp
-HEALTHCHECK --interval=5s --timeout=5s --start-period=10s --retries=3 CMD /gluetun-entrypoint healthcheck
+HEALTHCHECK --interval=5s --timeout=5s --start-period=10s --retries=1 CMD /gluetun-entrypoint healthcheck
 ARG TARGETPLATFORM
 RUN apk add --no-cache --update -l wget && \
-    apk add --no-cache --update -X "https://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/v3.17/main" openvpn\~2.5 && \
-    mv /usr/sbin/openvpn /usr/sbin/openvpn2.5 && \
+    apk add --no-cache --update -X "https://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/v3.12/main" openvpn==2.4.12-r0 && \
+    apk add --no-cache --update -X "https://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/v3.16/main" openssl\~1.1 && \
+    mv /usr/sbin/openvpn /usr/sbin/openvpn2.4 && \
    apk del openvpn && \
-    apk add --no-cache --update openvpn ca-certificates iptables iptables-legacy unbound tzdata && \
-    mv /usr/sbin/openvpn /usr/sbin/openvpn2.6 && \
+    apk add --no-cache --update openvpn ca-certificates iptables ip6tables unbound tzdata && \
+    mv /usr/sbin/openvpn /usr/sbin/openvpn2.5 && \
+    # Fix vulnerability issue
+    apk add --no-cache --update busybox && \
    rm -rf /var/cache/apk/* /etc/unbound/* /usr/sbin/unbound-* /etc/openvpn/*.sh /usr/lib/openvpn/plugins/openvpn-plugin-down-root.so && \
    deluser openvpn && \
    deluser unbound && \
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -35,19 +35,20 @@ Lightweight swiss-knife-like VPN client to multiple VPN service providers

 ## Quick links

- [Setup](#setup)
- [Features](#features)
+- [Setup](#Setup)
+- [Features](#Features)
 - Problem?
-  - Check the Wiki [common errors](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/tree/main/errors) and [faq](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/tree/main/faq)
+  - [Check the Wiki](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki)
  - [Start a discussion](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/discussions)
  - [Fix the Unraid template](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/discussions/550)
 - Suggestion?
  - [Create an issue](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/issues)
+  - [Join the Slack channel](https://join.slack.com/t/qdm12/shared_invite/enQtOTE0NjcxNTM1ODc5LTYyZmVlOTM3MGI4ZWU0YmJkMjUxNmQ4ODQ2OTAwYzMxMTlhY2Q1MWQyOWUyNjc2ODliNjFjMDUxNWNmNzk5MDk)
 - Happy?
  - Sponsor me on [github.com/sponsors/qdm12](https://github.com/sponsors/qdm12)
  - Donate to [paypal.me/qmcgaw](https://www.paypal.me/qmcgaw)
  - Drop me [an email](mailto:quentin.mcgaw@gmail.com)
- **Want to add a VPN provider?** check [the development page](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/contributing/development.md) and [add a provider page](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/contributing/add-a-provider.md)
+- **Want to add a VPN provider?** check [Development](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Development) and [Add a provider](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Add-a-provider)
 - Video:

  [![Video Gif](https://i.imgur.com/CetWunc.gif)](https://youtu.be/0F6I03LQcI4)
@@ -56,24 +57,24 @@ Lightweight swiss-knife-like VPN client to multiple VPN service providers

 ## Features

- Based on Alpine 3.20 for a small Docker image of 35.6MB
+- Based on Alpine 3.17 for a small Docker image of 42MB
 - Supports: **AirVPN**, **Cyberghost**, **ExpressVPN**, **FastestVPN**, **HideMyAss**, **IPVanish**, **IVPN**, **Mullvad**, **NordVPN**, **Perfect Privacy**, **Privado**, **Private Internet Access**, **PrivateVPN**, **ProtonVPN**, **PureVPN**,  **SlickVPN**, **Surfshark**, **TorGuard**, **VPNSecure.me**, **VPNUnlimited**, **Vyprvpn**, **WeVPN**, **Windscribe** servers
 - Supports OpenVPN for all providers listed
 - Supports Wireguard both kernelspace and userspace
-  - For **AirVPN**, **FastestVPN**, **Ivpn**, **Mullvad**, **NordVPN**, **Perfect privacy**, **ProtonVPN**, **Surfshark** and **Windscribe**
-  - For **Cyberghost**, **Private Internet Access**, **PrivateVPN**, **PureVPN**, **Torguard**, **VPN Unlimited**, **VyprVPN** and **WeVPN** using [the custom provider](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/providers/custom.md)
-  - For custom Wireguard configurations using [the custom provider](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/providers/custom.md)
+  - For **Mullvad**, **Ivpn**, **Surfshark** and **Windscribe**
+  - For **ProtonVPN**, **PureVPN**, **Torguard**, **VPN Unlimited** and **WeVPN** using [the custom provider](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Custom-provider)
+  - For custom Wireguard configurations using [the custom provider](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Custom-provider)
  - More in progress, see [#134](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/issues/134)
 - DNS over TLS baked in with service provider(s) of your choice
 - DNS fine blocking of malicious/ads/surveillance hostnames and IP addresses, with live update every 24 hours
 - Choose the vpn network protocol, `udp` or `tcp`
 - Built in firewall kill switch to allow traffic only with needed the VPN servers and LAN devices
- Built in Shadowsocks proxy server (protocol based on SOCKS5 with an encryption layer, tunnels TCP+UDP)
+- Built in Shadowsocks proxy (protocol based on SOCKS5 with an encryption layer, tunnels TCP+UDP)
 - Built in HTTP proxy (tunnels HTTP and HTTPS through TCP)
- [Connect other containers to it](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/connect-a-container-to-gluetun.md)
- [Connect LAN devices to it](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/connect-a-lan-device-to-gluetun.md)
+- [Connect other containers to it](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Connect-a-container-to-gluetun)
+- [Connect LAN devices to it](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Connect-a-LAN-device-to-gluetun)
 - Compatible with amd64, i686 (32 bit), **ARM** 64 bit, ARM 32 bit v6 and v7, and even ppc64le 🎆
- Custom VPN server side port forwarding for [Perfect Privacy](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/providers/perfect-privacy.md#vpn-server-port-forwarding), [Private Internet Access](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/providers/private-internet-access.md#vpn-server-port-forwarding) and [ProtonVPN](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/providers/protonvpn.md#vpn-server-port-forwarding)
+- [Custom VPN server side port forwarding for Private Internet Access](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Private-internet-access#vpn-server-port-forwarding)
 - Possibility of split horizon DNS by selecting multiple DNS over TLS providers
 - Unbound subprogram drops root privileges once launched
 - Can work as a Kubernetes sidecar container, thanks @rorph
@@ -82,9 +83,9 @@ Lightweight swiss-knife-like VPN client to multiple VPN service providers

 🎉 There are now instructions specific to each VPN provider with examples to help you get started as quickly as possible!

-Go to the [Wiki](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki)!
+Go to the [Wiki](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki)!

-[🐛 Found a bug in the Wiki?!](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/issues/new/choose)
+[🐛 Found a bug in the Wiki?!](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/issues/new?assignees=&labels=%F0%9F%93%84+Wiki+issue&template=wiki+issue.yml&title=Wiki+issue%3A+)

 Here's a docker-compose.yml for the laziest:

@@ -94,8 +95,7 @@ services:
  gluetun:
    image: qmcgaw/gluetun
    # container_name: gluetun
-    # line above must be uncommented to allow external containers to connect.
-    # See https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/connect-a-container-to-gluetun.md#external-container-to-gluetun
+    # line above must be uncommented to allow external containers to connect. See https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Connect-a-container-to-gluetun#external-container-to-gluetun
    cap_add:
      - NET_ADMIN
    devices:
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ services:
    volumes:
      - /yourpath:/gluetun
    environment:
-      # See https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/tree/main/setup#setup
+      # See https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki
      - VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=ivpn
      - VPN_TYPE=openvpn
      # OpenVPN:
@@ -118,13 +118,13 @@ services:
      # - WIREGUARD_ADDRESSES=10.64.222.21/32
      # Timezone for accurate log times
      - TZ=
-      # Server list updater
-      # See https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/servers.md#update-the-vpn-servers-list
+      # Server list updater. See https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Updating-Servers#periodic-update
      - UPDATER_PERIOD=
+      - UPDATER_VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDERS=
 ```

 🆕 Image also available as `ghcr.io/qdm12/gluetun`

 ## License

-[![MIT](https://img.shields.io/github/license/qdm12/gluetun)](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/blob/master/LICENSE)
+[![MIT](https://img.shields.io/github/license/qdm12/gluetun)](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/master/LICENSE)
--- a/cmd/gluetun/main.go
+++ b/cmd/gluetun/main.go
@@ -17,7 +17,9 @@ import (
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/alpine"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/cli"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/sources/env"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/sources/files"
+	mux "github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/sources/merge"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/sources/secrets"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/dns"
@@ -32,7 +34,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/pprof"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/provider"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/publicip"
-	pubipapi "github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/publicip/api"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/publicip/ipinfo"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/routing"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/server"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/shadowsocks"
@@ -43,8 +45,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/updater/unzip"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/vpn"
 	"github.com/qdm12/golibs/command"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader/sources/env"
 	"github.com/qdm12/goshutdown"
 	"github.com/qdm12/goshutdown/goroutine"
 	"github.com/qdm12/goshutdown/group"
@@ -82,21 +82,14 @@ func main() {
 	cli := cli.New()
 	cmder := command.NewCmder()

-	reader := reader.New(reader.Settings{
-		Sources: []reader.Source{
-			secrets.New(logger),
-			files.New(logger),
-			env.New(env.Settings{}),
-		},
-		HandleDeprecatedKey: func(source, deprecatedKey, currentKey string) {
-			logger.Warn("You are using the old " + source + " " + deprecatedKey +
-				", please consider changing it to " + currentKey)
-		},
-	})
+	envReader := env.New(logger)
+	filesReader := files.New()
+	secretsReader := secrets.New()
+	muxReader := mux.New(envReader, filesReader, secretsReader)

 	errorCh := make(chan error)
 	go func() {
-		errorCh <- _main(ctx, buildInfo, args, logger, reader, tun, netLinker, cmder, cli)
+		errorCh <- _main(ctx, buildInfo, args, logger, muxReader, tun, netLinker, cmder, cli)
 	}()

 	var err error
@@ -146,29 +139,27 @@ var (

 //nolint:gocognit,gocyclo,maintidx
 func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
-	args []string, logger log.LoggerInterface, reader *reader.Reader,
+	args []string, logger log.LoggerInterface, source Source,
 	tun Tun, netLinker netLinker, cmder command.RunStarter,
 	cli clier) error {
 	if len(args) > 1 { // cli operation
 		switch args[1] {
 		case "healthcheck":
-			return cli.HealthCheck(ctx, reader, logger)
+			return cli.HealthCheck(ctx, source, logger)
 		case "clientkey":
 			return cli.ClientKey(args[2:])
 		case "openvpnconfig":
-			return cli.OpenvpnConfig(logger, reader, netLinker)
+			return cli.OpenvpnConfig(logger, source, netLinker)
 		case "update":
 			return cli.Update(ctx, args[2:], logger)
 		case "format-servers":
 			return cli.FormatServers(args[2:])
-		case "genkey":
-			return cli.GenKey(args[2:])
 		default:
 			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", errCommandUnknown, args[1])
 		}
 	}

-	announcementExp, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, "2024-12-01T00:00:00Z")
+	announcementExp, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, "2021-02-15T00:00:00Z")
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -178,8 +169,8 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 		Emails:       []string{"quentin.mcgaw@gmail.com"},
 		Version:      buildInfo.Version,
 		Commit:       buildInfo.Commit,
-		Created:      buildInfo.Created,
-		Announcement: "All control server routes will become private by default after the v3.41.0 release",
+		BuildDate:    buildInfo.Created,
+		Announcement: "Large settings parsing refactoring merged on 2022-01-06, please report any issue!",
 		AnnounceExp:  announcementExp,
 		// Sponsor information
 		PaypalUser:    "qmcgaw",
@@ -189,22 +180,17 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 		fmt.Println(line)
 	}

-	var allSettings settings.Settings
-	err = allSettings.Read(reader)
+	allSettings, err := source.Read()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	allSettings.SetDefaults()

 	// Note: no need to validate minimal settings for the firewall:
-	// - global log level is parsed below
+	// - global log level is parsed from source
 	// - firewall Debug and Enabled are booleans parsed from source
-	logLevel, err := log.ParseLevel(allSettings.Log.Level)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("log level: %w", err)
-	}
-	logger.Patch(log.SetLevel(logLevel))
-	netLinker.PatchLoggerLevel(logLevel)
+
+	logger.Patch(log.SetLevel(*allSettings.Log.Level))
+	netLinker.PatchLoggerLevel(*allSettings.Log.Level)

 	routingLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("routing"))
 	if *allSettings.Firewall.Debug { // To remove in v4
@@ -278,10 +264,12 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,

 	err = printVersions(ctx, logger, []printVersionElement{
 		{name: "Alpine", getVersion: alpineConf.Version},
+		{name: "OpenVPN 2.4", getVersion: ovpnConf.Version24},
 		{name: "OpenVPN 2.5", getVersion: ovpnConf.Version25},
-		{name: "OpenVPN 2.6", getVersion: ovpnConf.Version26},
 		{name: "Unbound", getVersion: dnsConf.Version},
-		{name: "IPtables", getVersion: firewallConf.Version},
+		{name: "IPtables", getVersion: func(ctx context.Context) (version string, err error) {
+			return firewall.Version(ctx, cmder)
+		}},
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -343,15 +331,11 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 	}

 	const tunDevice = "/dev/net/tun"
-	err = tun.Check(tunDevice)
-	if err != nil {
-		if !errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
-			return fmt.Errorf("checking TUN device: %w (see the Wiki errors/tun page)", err)
-		}
+	if err := tun.Check(tunDevice); err != nil {
 		logger.Info(err.Error() + "; creating it...")
 		err = tun.Create(tunDevice)
 		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("creating tun device: %w", err)
+			return err
 		}
 	}

@@ -392,13 +376,12 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,

 	portForwardLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("port forwarding"))
 	portForwardLooper := portforward.NewLoop(allSettings.VPN.Provider.PortForwarding,
-		routingConf, httpClient, firewallConf, portForwardLogger, puid, pgid)
-	portForwardRunError, err := portForwardLooper.Start(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("starting port forwarding loop: %w", err)
-	}
+		httpClient, firewallConf, portForwardLogger, puid, pgid)
+	portForwardHandler, portForwardCtx, portForwardDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
+		"port forwarding", goroutine.OptionTimeout(time.Second))
+	go portForwardLooper.Run(portForwardCtx, portForwardDone)

-	unboundLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("dns"))
+	unboundLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("dns over tls"))
 	unboundLooper := dns.NewLoop(dnsConf, allSettings.DNS, httpClient,
 		unboundLogger)
 	dnsHandler, dnsCtx, dnsDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
@@ -412,18 +395,19 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 	go unboundLooper.RunRestartTicker(dnsTickerCtx, dnsTickerDone)
 	controlGroupHandler.Add(dnsTickerHandler)

-	publicipAPI, _ := pubipapi.ParseProvider(allSettings.PublicIP.API)
-	ipFetcher, err := pubipapi.New(publicipAPI, httpClient, *allSettings.PublicIP.APIToken)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("creating public IP API client: %w", err)
-	}
+	ipFetcher := ipinfo.New(httpClient)
 	publicIPLooper := publicip.NewLoop(ipFetcher,
 		logger.New(log.SetComponent("ip getter")),
 		allSettings.PublicIP, puid, pgid)
-	publicIPRunError, err := publicIPLooper.Start(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("starting public ip loop: %w", err)
-	}
+	pubIPHandler, pubIPCtx, pubIPDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
+		"public IP", goroutine.OptionTimeout(defaultShutdownTimeout))
+	go publicIPLooper.Run(pubIPCtx, pubIPDone)
+	otherGroupHandler.Add(pubIPHandler)
+
+	pubIPTickerHandler, pubIPTickerCtx, pubIPTickerDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
+		"public IP", goroutine.OptionTimeout(defaultShutdownTimeout))
+	go publicIPLooper.RunRestartTicker(pubIPTickerCtx, pubIPTickerDone)
+	tickersGroupHandler.Add(pubIPTickerHandler)

 	updaterLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("updater"))

@@ -476,7 +460,6 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 		"http server", goroutine.OptionTimeout(defaultShutdownTimeout))
 	httpServer, err := server.New(httpServerCtx, controlServerAddress, controlServerLogging,
 		logger.New(log.SetComponent("http server")),
-		allSettings.ControlServer.AuthFilePath,
 		buildInfo, vpnLooper, portForwardLooper, unboundLooper, updaterLooper, publicIPLooper,
 		storage, ipv6Supported)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -498,31 +481,13 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 		order.OptionOnSuccess(defaultShutdownOnSuccess),
 		order.OptionOnFailure(defaultShutdownOnFailure))
 	orderHandler.Append(controlGroupHandler, tickersGroupHandler, healthServerHandler,
-		vpnHandler, otherGroupHandler)
+		vpnHandler, portForwardHandler, otherGroupHandler)

 	// Start VPN for the first time in a blocking call
 	// until the VPN is launched
 	_, _ = vpnLooper.ApplyStatus(ctx, constants.Running) // TODO option to disable with variable

-	select {
-	case <-ctx.Done():
-		stoppers := []interface {
-			String() string
-			Stop() error
-		}{
-			portForwardLooper, publicIPLooper,
-		}
-		for _, stopper := range stoppers {
-			err := stopper.Stop()
-			if err != nil {
-				logger.Error(fmt.Sprintf("stopping %s: %s", stopper, err))
-			}
-		}
-	case err := <-portForwardRunError:
-		logger.Errorf("port forwarding loop crashed: %s", err)
-	case err := <-publicIPRunError:
-		logger.Errorf("public IP loop crashed: %s", err)
-	}
+	<-ctx.Done()

 	return orderHandler.Shutdown(context.Background())
 }
@@ -566,42 +531,48 @@ type netLinker interface {
 type Addresser interface {
 	AddrList(link netlink.Link, family int) (
 		addresses []netlink.Addr, err error)
-	AddrReplace(link netlink.Link, addr netlink.Addr) error
+	AddrAdd(link netlink.Link, addr *netlink.Addr) error
 }

 type Router interface {
-	RouteList(family int) (routes []netlink.Route, err error)
-	RouteAdd(route netlink.Route) error
-	RouteDel(route netlink.Route) error
-	RouteReplace(route netlink.Route) error
+	RouteList(link netlink.Link, family int) (
+		routes []netlink.Route, err error)
+	RouteAdd(route *netlink.Route) error
+	RouteDel(route *netlink.Route) error
+	RouteReplace(route *netlink.Route) error
 }

 type Ruler interface {
 	RuleList(family int) (rules []netlink.Rule, err error)
-	RuleAdd(rule netlink.Rule) error
-	RuleDel(rule netlink.Rule) error
+	RuleAdd(rule *netlink.Rule) error
+	RuleDel(rule *netlink.Rule) error
 }

 type Linker interface {
 	LinkList() (links []netlink.Link, err error)
 	LinkByName(name string) (link netlink.Link, err error)
 	LinkByIndex(index int) (link netlink.Link, err error)
-	LinkAdd(link netlink.Link) (linkIndex int, err error)
+	LinkAdd(link netlink.Link) (err error)
 	LinkDel(link netlink.Link) (err error)
-	LinkSetUp(link netlink.Link) (linkIndex int, err error)
+	LinkSetUp(link netlink.Link) (err error)
 	LinkSetDown(link netlink.Link) (err error)
 }

 type clier interface {
 	ClientKey(args []string) error
 	FormatServers(args []string) error
-	OpenvpnConfig(logger cli.OpenvpnConfigLogger, reader *reader.Reader, ipv6Checker cli.IPv6Checker) error
-	HealthCheck(ctx context.Context, reader *reader.Reader, warner cli.Warner) error
+	OpenvpnConfig(logger cli.OpenvpnConfigLogger, source cli.Source, ipv6Checker cli.IPv6Checker) error
+	HealthCheck(ctx context.Context, source cli.Source, warner cli.Warner) error
 	Update(ctx context.Context, args []string, logger cli.UpdaterLogger) error
-	GenKey(args []string) error
 }

 type Tun interface {
 	Check(tunDevice string) error
 	Create(tunDevice string) error
 }
+
+type Source interface {
+	Read() (settings settings.Settings, err error)
+	ReadHealth() (health settings.Health, err error)
+	String() string
+}
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -1,57 +1,50 @@
 module github.com/qdm12/gluetun

-go 1.22
+go 1.20

 require (
-	github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.2.17
-	github.com/fatih/color v1.17.0
+	github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.2.10
+	github.com/fatih/color v1.15.0
 	github.com/golang/mock v1.6.0
-	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.8
-	github.com/klauspost/pgzip v1.2.6
-	github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.2
 	github.com/qdm12/dns v1.11.0
 	github.com/qdm12/golibs v0.0.0-20210822203818-5c568b0777b6
-	github.com/qdm12/gosettings v0.4.2
 	github.com/qdm12/goshutdown v0.3.0
-	github.com/qdm12/gosplash v0.2.0
+	github.com/qdm12/gosplash v0.1.0
 	github.com/qdm12/gotree v0.2.0
+	github.com/qdm12/govalid v0.1.0
 	github.com/qdm12/log v0.1.0
-	github.com/qdm12/ss-server v0.6.0
+	github.com/qdm12/ss-server v0.4.0
 	github.com/qdm12/updated v0.0.0-20210603204757-205acfe6937e
-	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0
-	github.com/ulikunitz/xz v0.5.11
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.2
 	github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.2.1-beta.2
 	github.com/youmark/pkcs8 v0.0.0-20201027041543-1326539a0a0a
-	golang.org/x/net v0.25.0
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.20.0
-	golang.org/x/text v0.15.0
-	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20231211153847-12269c276173
-	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl v0.0.0-20230429144221-925a1e7659e6
-	gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.67.0
+	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230519143937-03e91628a987
+	golang.org/x/net v0.10.0
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0
+	golang.org/x/text v0.9.0
+	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20230325221338-052af4a8072b
+	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl v0.0.0-20230215201556-9c5414ab4bde
 	inet.af/netaddr v0.0.0-20220811202034-502d2d690317
 )

 require (
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.9 // indirect
-	github.com/josharian/native v1.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/josharian/native v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/mattn/go-colorable v0.1.13 // indirect
-	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20 // indirect
-	github.com/mdlayher/genetlink v1.3.2 // indirect
-	github.com/mdlayher/netlink v1.7.2 // indirect
-	github.com/mdlayher/socket v0.4.1 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.17 // indirect
+	github.com/mdlayher/genetlink v1.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/mdlayher/netlink v1.6.2 // indirect
+	github.com/mdlayher/socket v0.2.3 // indirect
 	github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.40 // indirect
 	github.com/mr-tron/base58 v1.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/riobard/go-bloom v0.0.0-20200614022211-cdc8013cb5b3 // indirect
 	github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.0-20200728191858-db3c7e526aae // indirect
 	go4.org/intern v0.0.0-20211027215823-ae77deb06f29 // indirect
-	go4.org/unsafe/assume-no-moving-gc v0.0.0-20230525183740-e7c30c78aeb2 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.23.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20231110203233-9a3e6036ecaa // indirect
+	go4.org/unsafe/assume-no-moving-gc v0.0.0-20230221090011-e4bae7ad2296 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.6.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sync v0.1.0 // indirect
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wintun v0.0.0-20230126152724-0fa3db229ce2 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
-	kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/security/libcap/cap v1.2.69 // indirect
-	kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/security/libcap/psx v1.2.69 // indirect
 )
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ github.com/alcortesm/tgz v0.0.0-20161220082320-9c5fe88206d7/go.mod h1:6zEj6s6u/g
 github.com/anmitsu/go-shlex v0.0.0-20161002113705-648efa622239/go.mod h1:2FmKhYUyUczH0OGQWaF5ceTx0UBShxjsH6f8oGKYe2c=
 github.com/armon/go-socks5 v0.0.0-20160902184237-e75332964ef5/go.mod h1:wHh0iHkYZB8zMSxRWpUBQtwG5a7fFgvEO+odwuTv2gs=
 github.com/asaskevich/govalidator v0.0.0-20180720115003-f9ffefc3facf/go.mod h1:lB+ZfQJz7igIIfQNfa7Ml4HSf2uFQQRzpGGRXenZAgY=
-github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.2.17 h1:0/M2BE2Apw0qEJCXDOkaiu7d5Sx5ObNfe1BkImJ4u1I=
-github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.2.17/go.mod h1:S/PKh+4d1HUn4HQovEB8hPJZO6pUZYrIhmXBhsegfXw=
+github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.2.10 h1:UGVZ193UTSUASpGtg6pbDwzOd7XQP+at0Ssg1/2E4h8=
+github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.2.10/go.mod h1:24FDtzYMpqIeYC7QzaE8VPRQaFZU5TIUDlyk8qwjD88=
 github.com/creack/pty v1.1.7/go.mod h1:lj5s0c3V2DBrqTV7llrYr5NG6My20zk30Fl46Y7DoTY=
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@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ github.com/docker/go-units v0.3.3/go.mod h1:fgPhTUdO+D/Jk86RDLlptpiXQzgHJF7gydDD
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@@ -37,21 +37,18 @@ github.com/golang/mock v1.6.0 h1:ErTB+efbowRARo13NNdxyJji2egdxLGQhRaY+DUumQc=
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@@ -65,26 +62,25 @@ github.com/mattn/go-colorable v0.1.13 h1:fFA4WZxdEF4tXPZVKMLwD8oUnCTTo08duU7wxec
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@@ -95,18 +91,18 @@ github.com/qdm12/golibs v0.0.0-20210603202746-e5494e9c2ebb/go.mod h1:15RBzkun0i8
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@@ -117,18 +113,14 @@ github.com/stretchr/objx v0.1.0/go.mod h1:HFkY916IF+rwdDfMAkV7OtwuqBVzrE8GR6GFx+
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@@ -146,8 +138,8 @@ go4.org/unsafe/assume-no-moving-gc v0.0.0-20201222175341-b30ae309168e/go.mod h1:
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 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190219172222-a4c6cb3142f2/go.mod h1:6SG95UA2DQfeDnfUPMdvaQW0Q7yPrPDi9nlGo2tz2b4=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190308221718-c2843e01d9a2/go.mod h1:djNgcEr1/C05ACkg1iLfiJU5Ep61QUkGW8qpdssI0+w=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190701094942-4def268fd1a4/go.mod h1:yigFU9vqHzYiE8UmvKecakEJjdnWj3jj499lnFckfCI=
@@ -156,26 +148,31 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20200302210943-78000ba7a073/go.mod h1:LzIPMQfyMNhhGPh
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20200622213623-75b288015ac9/go.mod h1:LzIPMQfyMNhhGPhUkYOs5KpL4U8rLKemX1yGLhDgUto=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210513164829-c07d793c2f9a/go.mod h1:P+XmwS30IXTQdn5tA2iutPOUgjI07+tq3H3K9MVA1s8=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210711020723-a769d52b0f97/go.mod h1:GvvjBRRGRdwPK5ydBHafDWAxML/pGHZbMvKqRZ5+Abc=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.23.0 h1:dIJU/v2J8Mdglj/8rJ6UUOM3Zc9zLZxVZwwxMooUSAI=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.23.0/go.mod h1:CKFgDieR+mRhux2Lsu27y0fO304Db0wZe70UKqHu0v8=
-golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20231110203233-9a3e6036ecaa h1:FRnLl4eNAQl8hwxVVC17teOw8kdjVDVAiFMtgUdTSRQ=
-golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20231110203233-9a3e6036ecaa/go.mod h1:zk2irFbV9DP96SEBUUAy67IdHUaZuSnrz1n472HUCLE=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.6.0 h1:qfktjS5LUO+fFKeJXZ+ikTRijMmljikvG68fpMMruSc=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.6.0/go.mod h1:OFC/31mSvZgRz0V1QTNCzfAI1aIRzbiufJtkMIlEp58=
+golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230519143937-03e91628a987 h1:3xJIFvzUFbu4ls0BTBYcgbCGhA63eAOEMxIHugyXJqA=
+golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230519143937-03e91628a987/go.mod h1:V1LtkGg67GoY2N1AnLN78QLrzxkLyJw7RJb1gzOOz9w=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.1.1-0.20191105210325-c90efee705ee/go.mod h1:QqPTAvyqsEbceGzBzNggFXnrqF1CaUcvgkdR5Ot7KZg=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.3.0/go.mod h1:s0Qsj1ACt9ePp/hMypM3fl4fZqREWJwdYDEqhRiZZUA=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.4.2/go.mod h1:s0Qsj1ACt9ePp/hMypM3fl4fZqREWJwdYDEqhRiZZUA=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20181005035420-146acd28ed58/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190404232315-eb5bcb51f2a3/go.mod h1:t9HGtf8HONx5eT2rtn7q6eTqICYqUVnKs3thJo3Qplg=
+golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190503192946-f4e77d36d62c/go.mod h1:t9HGtf8HONx5eT2rtn7q6eTqICYqUVnKs3thJo3Qplg=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190620200207-3b0461eec859/go.mod h1:z5CRVTTTmAJ677TzLLGU+0bjPO0LkuOLi4/5GtJWs/s=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190724013045-ca1201d0de80/go.mod h1:z5CRVTTTmAJ677TzLLGU+0bjPO0LkuOLi4/5GtJWs/s=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190923162816-aa69164e4478/go.mod h1:z5CRVTTTmAJ677TzLLGU+0bjPO0LkuOLi4/5GtJWs/s=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20201021035429-f5854403a974/go.mod h1:sp8m0HH+o8qH0wwXwYZr8TS3Oi6o0r6Gce1SSxlDquU=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210226172049-e18ecbb05110/go.mod h1:m0MpNAwzfU5UDzcl9v0D8zg8gWTRqZa9RBIspLL5mdg=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210405180319-a5a99cb37ef4/go.mod h1:p54w0d4576C0XHj96bSt6lcn1PtDYWL6XObtHCRCNQM=
-golang.org/x/net v0.25.0 h1:d/OCCoBEUq33pjydKrGQhw7IlUPI2Oylr+8qLx49kac=
-golang.org/x/net v0.25.0/go.mod h1:JkAGAh7GEvH74S6FOH42FLoXpXbE/aqXSrIQjXgsiwM=
+golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210928044308-7d9f5e0b762b/go.mod h1:9nx3DQGgdP8bBQD5qxJ1jj9UTztislL4KSBs9R2vV5Y=
+golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20220127200216-cd36cc0744dd/go.mod h1:CfG3xpIq0wQ8r1q4Su4UZFWDARRcnwPjda9FqA0JpMk=
+golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20220923203811-8be639271d50/go.mod h1:YDH+HFinaLZZlnHAfSS6ZXJJ9M9t4Dl22yv3iI2vPwk=
+golang.org/x/net v0.10.0 h1:X2//UzNDwYmtCLn7To6G58Wr6f5ahEAQgKNzv9Y951M=
+golang.org/x/net v0.10.0/go.mod h1:0qNGK6F8kojg2nk9dLZ2mShWaEBan6FAoqfSigmmuDg=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20190423024810-112230192c58/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20201020160332-67f06af15bc9/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20210220032951-036812b2e83c/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20220923202941-7f9b1623fab7/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.1.0 h1:wsuoTGHzEhffawBOhz5CYhcrV4IdKZbEyZjBMuTp12o=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.1.0/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190215142949-d0b11bdaac8a/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
@@ -191,20 +188,27 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20200930185726-fdedc70b468f/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7w
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20201119102817-f84b799fce68/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210119212857-b64e53b001e4/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210330210617-4fbd30eecc44/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210423082822-04245dca01da/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210510120138-977fb7262007/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210615035016-665e8c7367d1/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210927094055-39ccf1dd6fa6/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20211216021012-1d35b9e2eb4e/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220128215802-99c3d69c2c27/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220319134239-a9b59b0215f8/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220728004956-3c1f35247d10/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220811171246-fbc7d0a398ab/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.6.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.20.0 h1:Od9JTbYCk261bKm4M/mw7AklTlFYIa0bIp9BgSm1S8Y=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.20.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0 h1:EBmGv8NaZBZTWvrbjNoL6HVt+IVy3QDQpJs7VRIw3tU=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1/go.mod h1:bj7SfCRtBDWHUb9snDiAeCFNEtKQo2Wmx5Cou7ajbmo=
+golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20210927222741-03fcf44c2211/go.mod h1:jbD1KX2456YbFQfuXm/mYQcufACuNUgVhRMnK/tPxf8=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.2/go.mod h1:bEr9sfX3Q8Zfm5fL9x+3itogRgK3+ptLWKqgva+5dAk=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.3/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
-golang.org/x/text v0.15.0 h1:h1V/4gjBv8v9cjcR6+AR5+/cIYK5N/WAgiv4xlsEtAk=
-golang.org/x/text v0.15.0/go.mod h1:18ZOQIKpY8NJVqYksKHtTdi31H5itFRjB5/qKTNYzSU=
-golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20220210224613-90d013bbcef8 h1:vVKdlvoWBphwdxWKrFZEuM0kGgGLxUOYcY4U/2Vjg44=
-golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20220210224613-90d013bbcef8/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
+golang.org/x/text v0.3.6/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
+golang.org/x/text v0.3.7/go.mod h1:u+2+/6zg+i71rQMx5EYifcz6MCKuco9NR6JIITiCfzQ=
+golang.org/x/text v0.9.0 h1:2sjJmO8cDvYveuX97RDLsxlyUxLl+GHoLxBiRdHllBE=
+golang.org/x/text v0.9.0/go.mod h1:e1OnstbJyHTd6l/uOt8jFFHp6TRDWZR/bV3emEE/zU8=
+golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20191024005414-555d28b269f0 h1:/5xXl8Y5W96D+TtHSlonuFqGHIWVuyCkGJLwGh9JJFs=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20180917221912-90fa682c2a6e/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20190729092621-ff9f1409240a/go.mod h1:jcCCGcm9btYwXyDqrUWc6MKQKKGJCWEQ3AfLSRIbEuI=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20191119224855-298f0cb1881e/go.mod h1:b+2E5dAYhXwXZwtnZ6UAqBI28+e2cm9otk0dWdXHAEo=
@@ -213,18 +217,17 @@ golang.org/x/tools v0.1.0/go.mod h1:xkSsbof2nBLbhDlRMhhhyNLN/zl3eTqcnHD5viDpcZ0=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.1.1/go.mod h1:o0xws9oXOQQZyjljx8fwUC0k7L1pTE6eaCbjGeHmOkk=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20190717185122-a985d3407aa7/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191011141410-1b5146add898/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
+golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191204190536-9bdfabe68543/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20200804184101-5ec99f83aff1/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.zx2c4.com/wintun v0.0.0-20230126152724-0fa3db229ce2 h1:B82qJJgjvYKsXS9jeunTOisW56dUokqW/FOteYJJ/yg=
 golang.zx2c4.com/wintun v0.0.0-20230126152724-0fa3db229ce2/go.mod h1:deeaetjYA+DHMHg+sMSMI58GrEteJUUzzw7en6TJQcI=
-golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20231211153847-12269c276173 h1:/jFs0duh4rdb8uIfPMv78iAJGcPKDeqAFnaLBropIC4=
-golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20231211153847-12269c276173/go.mod h1:tkCQ4FQXmpAgYVh++1cq16/dH4QJtmvpRv19DWGAHSA=
-golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl v0.0.0-20230429144221-925a1e7659e6 h1:CawjfCvYQH2OU3/TnxLx97WDSUDRABfT18pCOYwc2GE=
-golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl v0.0.0-20230429144221-925a1e7659e6/go.mod h1:3rxYc4HtVcSG9gVaTs2GEBdehh+sYPOwKtyUWEOTb80=
+golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20230325221338-052af4a8072b h1:J1CaxgLerRR5lgx3wnr6L04cJFbWoceSK9JWBdglINo=
+golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20230325221338-052af4a8072b/go.mod h1:tqur9LnfstdR9ep2LaJT4lFUl0EjlHtge+gAjmsHUG4=
+golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl v0.0.0-20230215201556-9c5414ab4bde h1:ybF7AMzIUikL9x4LgwEmzhXtzRpKNqngme1VGDWz+Nk=
+golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl v0.0.0-20230215201556-9c5414ab4bde/go.mod h1:mQqgjkW8GQQcJQsbBvK890TKqUK1DfKWkuBGbOkuMHQ=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20180628173108-788fd7840127 h1:qIbj1fsPNlZgppZ+VLlY7N33q108Sa+fhmuc+sWQYwY=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20180628173108-788fd7840127/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
-gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.67.0 h1:Dgnx+6+nfE+IfzjUEISNeydPJh9AXNNsWbGP9KzCsOA=
-gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.67.0/go.mod h1:pNLf8WUiyNEtQjuu5G5vTm06TEv9tsIgeAvK8hOrP4k=
 gopkg.in/src-d/go-billy.v4 v4.3.2/go.mod h1:nDjArDMp+XMs1aFAESLRjfGSgfvoYN0hDfzEk0GjC98=
 gopkg.in/src-d/go-git-fixtures.v3 v3.5.0/go.mod h1:dLBcvytrw/TYZsNTWCnkNF2DSIlzWYqTe3rJR56Ac7g=
 gopkg.in/src-d/go-git.v4 v4.13.1/go.mod h1:nx5NYcxdKxq5fpltdHnPa2Exj4Sx0EclMWZQbYDu2z8=
@@ -234,12 +237,7 @@ gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.2/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
-gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20230927004350-cbd86285d259 h1:TbRPT0HtzFP3Cno1zZo7yPzEEnfu8EjLfl6IU9VfqkQ=
-gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20230927004350-cbd86285d259/go.mod h1:AVgIgHMwK63XvmAzWG9vLQ41YnVHN0du0tEC46fI7yY=
+gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20221203005347-703fd9b7fbc0 h1:Wobr37noukisGxpKo5jAsLREcpj61RxrWYzD8uwveOY=
 inet.af/netaddr v0.0.0-20210511181906-37180328850c/go.mod h1:z0nx+Dh+7N7CC8V5ayHtHGpZpxLQZZxkIaaz6HN65Ls=
 inet.af/netaddr v0.0.0-20220811202034-502d2d690317 h1:U2fwK6P2EqmopP/hFLTOAjWTki0qgd4GMJn5X8wOleU=
 inet.af/netaddr v0.0.0-20220811202034-502d2d690317/go.mod h1:OIezDfdzOgFhuw4HuWapWq2e9l0H9tK4F1j+ETRtF3k=
-kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/security/libcap/cap v1.2.69 h1:N0m3tKYbkRMmDobh/47ngz+AWeV7PcfXMDi8xu3Vrag=
-kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/security/libcap/cap v1.2.69/go.mod h1:Tk5Ip2TuxaWGpccL7//rAsLRH6RQ/jfqTGxuN/+i/FQ=
-kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/security/libcap/psx v1.2.69 h1:IdrOs1ZgwGw5CI+BH6GgVVlOt+LAXoPyh7enr8lfaXs=
-kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/security/libcap/psx v1.2.69/go.mod h1:+l6Ee2F59XiJ2I6WR5ObpC1utCQJZ/VLsEbQCD8RG24=
--- a/internal/cli/clientkey.go
+++ b/internal/cli/clientkey.go
@@ -6,12 +6,13 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/sources/files"
 )

 func (c *CLI) ClientKey(args []string) error {
 	flagSet := flag.NewFlagSet("clientkey", flag.ExitOnError)
-	const openVPNClientKeyPath = "/gluetun/client.key" // TODO deduplicate?
-	filepath := flagSet.String("path", openVPNClientKeyPath, "file path to the client.key file")
+	filepath := flagSet.String("path", files.OpenVPNClientKeyPath, "file path to the client.key file")
 	if err := flagSet.Parse(args); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
--- a/internal/cli/formatservers.go
+++ b/internal/cli/formatservers.go
@@ -33,20 +33,15 @@ func addProviderFlag(flagSet *flag.FlagSet, providerToFormat map[string]*bool,
 func (c *CLI) FormatServers(args []string) error {
 	var format, output string
 	allProviders := providers.All()
-	allProviderFlags := make([]string, len(allProviders))
-	for i, provider := range allProviders {
-		allProviderFlags[i] = strings.ReplaceAll(provider, " ", "-")
-	}
-
 	providersToFormat := make(map[string]*bool, len(allProviders))
-	for _, provider := range allProviderFlags {
+	for _, provider := range allProviders {
 		providersToFormat[provider] = new(bool)
 	}
-	flagSet := flag.NewFlagSet("format-servers", flag.ExitOnError)
+	flagSet := flag.NewFlagSet("markdown", flag.ExitOnError)
 	flagSet.StringVar(&format, "format", "markdown", "Format to use which can be: 'markdown'")
 	flagSet.StringVar(&output, "output", "/dev/stdout", "Output file to write the formatted data to")
 	titleCaser := cases.Title(language.English)
-	for _, provider := range allProviderFlags {
+	for _, provider := range allProviders {
 		addProviderFlag(flagSet, providersToFormat, provider, titleCaser)
 	}
 	if err := flagSet.Parse(args); err != nil {
@@ -73,13 +68,7 @@ func (c *CLI) FormatServers(args []string) error {
 			ErrMultipleProvidersToFormat, len(providers),
 			strings.Join(providers, ", "))
 	}
-
-	var providerToFormat string
-	for _, providerToFormat = range allProviders {
-		if strings.ReplaceAll(providerToFormat, " ", "-") == providers[0] {
-			break
-		}
-	}
+	providerToFormat := providers[0]

 	logger := newNoopLogger()
 	storage, err := storage.New(logger, constants.ServersData)
--- a/internal/cli/genkey.go
+++ b/internal/cli/genkey.go
@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-package cli
-
-import (
-	"crypto/rand"
-	"flag"
-	"fmt"
-)
-
-func (c *CLI) GenKey(args []string) (err error) {
-	flagSet := flag.NewFlagSet("genkey", flag.ExitOnError)
-	err = flagSet.Parse(args)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("parsing flags: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	const keyLength = 128 / 8
-	keyBytes := make([]byte, keyLength)
-
-	_, _ = rand.Read(keyBytes)
-
-	key := base58Encode(keyBytes)
-	fmt.Println(key)
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func base58Encode(data []byte) string {
-	const alphabet = "123456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnopqrstuvwxyz"
-	const radix = 58
-
-	zcount := 0
-	for zcount < len(data) && data[zcount] == 0 {
-		zcount++
-	}
-
-	// integer simplification of ceil(log(256)/log(58))
-	ceilLog256Div58 := (len(data)-zcount)*555/406 + 1 //nolint:gomnd
-	size := zcount + ceilLog256Div58
-
-	output := make([]byte, size)
-
-	high := size - 1
-	for _, b := range data {
-		i := size - 1
-		for carry := uint32(b); i > high || carry != 0; i-- {
-			carry += 256 * uint32(output[i]) //nolint:gomnd
-			output[i] = byte(carry % radix)
-			carry /= radix
-		}
-		high = i
-	}
-
-	// Determine the additional "zero-gap" in the output buffer
-	additionalZeroGapEnd := zcount
-	for additionalZeroGapEnd < size && output[additionalZeroGapEnd] == 0 {
-		additionalZeroGapEnd++
-	}
-
-	val := output[additionalZeroGapEnd-zcount:]
-	size = len(val)
-	for i := range val {
-		output[i] = alphabet[val[i]]
-	}
-
-	return string(output[:size])
-}
--- a/internal/cli/healthcheck.go
+++ b/internal/cli/healthcheck.go
@@ -6,15 +6,12 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/healthcheck"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
 )

-func (c *CLI) HealthCheck(ctx context.Context, reader *reader.Reader, _ Warner) (err error) {
+func (c *CLI) HealthCheck(ctx context.Context, source Source, _ Warner) error {
 	// Extract the health server port from the configuration.
-	var config settings.Health
-	err = config.Read(reader)
+	config, err := source.ReadHealth()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
--- a/internal/cli/openvpnconfig.go
+++ b/internal/cli/openvpnconfig.go
@@ -8,14 +8,12 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/openvpn/extract"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/provider"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/publicip/ipinfo"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/storage"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/updater/resolver"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
 )

 type OpenvpnConfigLogger interface {
@@ -34,22 +32,21 @@ type ParallelResolver interface {
 }

 type IPFetcher interface {
-	FetchInfo(ctx context.Context, ip netip.Addr) (data models.PublicIP, err error)
+	FetchMultiInfo(ctx context.Context, ips []netip.Addr) (data []ipinfo.Response, err error)
 }

 type IPv6Checker interface {
 	IsIPv6Supported() (supported bool, err error)
 }

-func (c *CLI) OpenvpnConfig(logger OpenvpnConfigLogger, reader *reader.Reader,
+func (c *CLI) OpenvpnConfig(logger OpenvpnConfigLogger, source Source,
 	ipv6Checker IPv6Checker) error {
 	storage, err := storage.New(logger, constants.ServersData)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	var allSettings settings.Settings
-	err = allSettings.Read(reader)
+	allSettings, err := source.Read()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -73,7 +70,7 @@ func (c *CLI) OpenvpnConfig(logger OpenvpnConfigLogger, reader *reader.Reader,

 	providers := provider.NewProviders(storage, time.Now, warner, client,
 		unzipper, parallelResolver, ipFetcher, openvpnFileExtractor)
-	providerConf := providers.Get(allSettings.VPN.Provider.Name)
+	providerConf := providers.Get(*allSettings.VPN.Provider.Name)
 	connection, err := providerConf.GetConnection(
 		allSettings.VPN.Provider.ServerSelection, ipv6Supported)
 	if err != nil {
--- a/internal/cli/update.go
+++ b/internal/cli/update.go
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/openvpn/extract"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/provider"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/publicip/api"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/publicip/ipinfo"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/storage"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/updater"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/updater/resolver"
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ type UpdaterLogger interface {
 func (c *CLI) Update(ctx context.Context, args []string, logger UpdaterLogger) error {
 	options := settings.Updater{}
 	var endUserMode, maintainerMode, updateAll bool
-	var csvProviders, ipToken string
+	var csvProviders string
 	flagSet := flag.NewFlagSet("update", flag.ExitOnError)
 	flagSet.BoolVar(&endUserMode, "enduser", false, "Write results to /gluetun/servers.json (for end users)")
 	flagSet.BoolVar(&maintainerMode, "maintainer", false,
@@ -46,7 +46,6 @@ func (c *CLI) Update(ctx context.Context, args []string, logger UpdaterLogger) e
 		"Minimum ratio of servers to find for the update to succeed")
 	flagSet.BoolVar(&updateAll, "all", false, "Update servers for all VPN providers")
 	flagSet.StringVar(&csvProviders, "providers", "", "CSV string of VPN providers to update server data for")
-	flagSet.StringVar(&ipToken, "ip-token", "", "IP data service token (e.g. ipinfo.io) to use")
 	if err := flagSet.Parse(args); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -80,10 +79,7 @@ func (c *CLI) Update(ctx context.Context, args []string, logger UpdaterLogger) e
 	httpClient := &http.Client{Timeout: clientTimeout}
 	unzipper := unzip.New(httpClient)
 	parallelResolver := resolver.NewParallelResolver(options.DNSAddress)
-	ipFetcher, err := api.New(api.IPInfo, httpClient, ipToken)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("creating public IP API client: %w", err)
-	}
+	ipFetcher := ipinfo.New(httpClient)
 	openvpnFileExtractor := extract.New()

 	providers := provider.NewProviders(storage, time.Now, logger, httpClient,
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/dns.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/dns.go
@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net/netip"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -17,14 +16,10 @@ type DNS struct {
 	// DoT server. It cannot be the zero value in the internal
 	// state.
 	ServerAddress netip.Addr
-	// KeepNameserver is true if the existing DNS server
-	// found in /etc/resolv.conf should be used
-	// Note setting this to true will likely DNS traffic
-	// outside the VPN tunnel since it would go through
-	// the local DNS server of your Docker/Kubernetes
-	// configuration, which is likely not going through the tunnel.
-	// This will also disable the DNS over TLS server and the
-	// `ServerAddress` field will be ignored.
+	// KeepNameserver is true if the Docker DNS server
+	// found in /etc/resolv.conf should be kept.
+	// Note settings this to true will go around the
+	// DoT server blocking.
 	// It defaults to false and cannot be nil in the
 	// internal state.
 	KeepNameserver *bool
@@ -45,24 +40,32 @@ func (d DNS) validate() (err error) {
 func (d *DNS) Copy() (copied DNS) {
 	return DNS{
 		ServerAddress:  d.ServerAddress,
-		KeepNameserver: gosettings.CopyPointer(d.KeepNameserver),
+		KeepNameserver: helpers.CopyPointer(d.KeepNameserver),
 		DoT:            d.DoT.copy(),
 	}
 }

+// mergeWith merges the other settings into any
+// unset field of the receiver settings object.
+func (d *DNS) mergeWith(other DNS) {
+	d.ServerAddress = helpers.MergeWithIP(d.ServerAddress, other.ServerAddress)
+	d.KeepNameserver = helpers.MergeWithPointer(d.KeepNameserver, other.KeepNameserver)
+	d.DoT.mergeWith(other.DoT)
+}
+
 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (d *DNS) overrideWith(other DNS) {
-	d.ServerAddress = gosettings.OverrideWithValidator(d.ServerAddress, other.ServerAddress)
-	d.KeepNameserver = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(d.KeepNameserver, other.KeepNameserver)
+	d.ServerAddress = helpers.OverrideWithIP(d.ServerAddress, other.ServerAddress)
+	d.KeepNameserver = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(d.KeepNameserver, other.KeepNameserver)
 	d.DoT.overrideWith(other.DoT)
 }

 func (d *DNS) setDefaults() {
 	localhost := netip.AddrFrom4([4]byte{127, 0, 0, 1})
-	d.ServerAddress = gosettings.DefaultValidator(d.ServerAddress, localhost)
-	d.KeepNameserver = gosettings.DefaultPointer(d.KeepNameserver, false)
+	d.ServerAddress = helpers.DefaultIP(d.ServerAddress, localhost)
+	d.KeepNameserver = helpers.DefaultPointer(d.KeepNameserver, false)
 	d.DoT.setDefaults()
 }

@@ -72,30 +75,8 @@ func (d DNS) String() string {

 func (d DNS) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("DNS settings:")
-	node.Appendf("Keep existing nameserver(s): %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(d.KeepNameserver))
-	if *d.KeepNameserver {
-		return node
-	}
 	node.Appendf("DNS server address to use: %s", d.ServerAddress)
+	node.Appendf("Keep existing nameserver(s): %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(d.KeepNameserver))
 	node.AppendNode(d.DoT.toLinesNode())
 	return node
 }
-
-func (d *DNS) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	d.ServerAddress, err = r.NetipAddr("DNS_ADDRESS", reader.RetroKeys("DNS_PLAINTEXT_ADDRESS"))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	d.KeepNameserver, err = r.BoolPtr("DNS_KEEP_NAMESERVER")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	err = d.DoT.read(r)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("DNS over TLS settings: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/dnsblacklist.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/dnsblacklist.go
@@ -7,8 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"regexp"

 	"github.com/qdm12/dns/pkg/blacklist"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -24,9 +23,9 @@ type DNSBlacklist struct {
 }

 func (b *DNSBlacklist) setDefaults() {
-	b.BlockMalicious = gosettings.DefaultPointer(b.BlockMalicious, true)
-	b.BlockAds = gosettings.DefaultPointer(b.BlockAds, false)
-	b.BlockSurveillance = gosettings.DefaultPointer(b.BlockSurveillance, true)
+	b.BlockMalicious = helpers.DefaultPointer(b.BlockMalicious, true)
+	b.BlockAds = helpers.DefaultPointer(b.BlockAds, false)
+	b.BlockSurveillance = helpers.DefaultPointer(b.BlockSurveillance, true)
 }

 var hostRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`^([a-zA-Z0-9]|[a-zA-Z0-9_][a-zA-Z0-9\-_]{0,61}[a-zA-Z0-9_])(\.([a-zA-Z0-9]|[a-zA-Z0-9_][a-zA-Z0-9\-_]{0,61}[a-zA-Z0-9]))*$`) //nolint:lll
@@ -54,24 +53,34 @@ func (b DNSBlacklist) validate() (err error) {

 func (b DNSBlacklist) copy() (copied DNSBlacklist) {
 	return DNSBlacklist{
-		BlockMalicious:       gosettings.CopyPointer(b.BlockMalicious),
-		BlockAds:             gosettings.CopyPointer(b.BlockAds),
-		BlockSurveillance:    gosettings.CopyPointer(b.BlockSurveillance),
-		AllowedHosts:         gosettings.CopySlice(b.AllowedHosts),
-		AddBlockedHosts:      gosettings.CopySlice(b.AddBlockedHosts),
-		AddBlockedIPs:        gosettings.CopySlice(b.AddBlockedIPs),
-		AddBlockedIPPrefixes: gosettings.CopySlice(b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes),
+		BlockMalicious:       helpers.CopyPointer(b.BlockMalicious),
+		BlockAds:             helpers.CopyPointer(b.BlockAds),
+		BlockSurveillance:    helpers.CopyPointer(b.BlockSurveillance),
+		AllowedHosts:         helpers.CopySlice(b.AllowedHosts),
+		AddBlockedHosts:      helpers.CopySlice(b.AddBlockedHosts),
+		AddBlockedIPs:        helpers.CopySlice(b.AddBlockedIPs),
+		AddBlockedIPPrefixes: helpers.CopySlice(b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes),
 	}
 }

+func (b *DNSBlacklist) mergeWith(other DNSBlacklist) {
+	b.BlockMalicious = helpers.MergeWithPointer(b.BlockMalicious, other.BlockMalicious)
+	b.BlockAds = helpers.MergeWithPointer(b.BlockAds, other.BlockAds)
+	b.BlockSurveillance = helpers.MergeWithPointer(b.BlockSurveillance, other.BlockSurveillance)
+	b.AllowedHosts = helpers.MergeSlices(b.AllowedHosts, other.AllowedHosts)
+	b.AddBlockedHosts = helpers.MergeSlices(b.AddBlockedHosts, other.AddBlockedHosts)
+	b.AddBlockedIPs = helpers.MergeSlices(b.AddBlockedIPs, other.AddBlockedIPs)
+	b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes = helpers.MergeSlices(b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes, other.AddBlockedIPPrefixes)
+}
+
 func (b *DNSBlacklist) overrideWith(other DNSBlacklist) {
-	b.BlockMalicious = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(b.BlockMalicious, other.BlockMalicious)
-	b.BlockAds = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(b.BlockAds, other.BlockAds)
-	b.BlockSurveillance = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(b.BlockSurveillance, other.BlockSurveillance)
-	b.AllowedHosts = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(b.AllowedHosts, other.AllowedHosts)
-	b.AddBlockedHosts = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(b.AddBlockedHosts, other.AddBlockedHosts)
-	b.AddBlockedIPs = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(b.AddBlockedIPs, other.AddBlockedIPs)
-	b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes, other.AddBlockedIPPrefixes)
+	b.BlockMalicious = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(b.BlockMalicious, other.BlockMalicious)
+	b.BlockAds = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(b.BlockAds, other.BlockAds)
+	b.BlockSurveillance = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(b.BlockSurveillance, other.BlockSurveillance)
+	b.AllowedHosts = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(b.AllowedHosts, other.AllowedHosts)
+	b.AddBlockedHosts = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(b.AddBlockedHosts, other.AddBlockedHosts)
+	b.AddBlockedIPs = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(b.AddBlockedIPs, other.AddBlockedIPs)
+	b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes, other.AddBlockedIPPrefixes)
 }

 func (b DNSBlacklist) ToBlacklistFormat() (settings blacklist.BuilderSettings, err error) {
@@ -93,9 +102,9 @@ func (b DNSBlacklist) String() string {
 func (b DNSBlacklist) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("DNS filtering settings:")

-	node.Appendf("Block malicious: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(b.BlockMalicious))
-	node.Appendf("Block ads: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(b.BlockAds))
-	node.Appendf("Block surveillance: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(b.BlockSurveillance))
+	node.Appendf("Block malicious: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(b.BlockMalicious))
+	node.Appendf("Block ads: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(b.BlockAds))
+	node.Appendf("Block surveillance: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(b.BlockSurveillance))

 	if len(b.AllowedHosts) > 0 {
 		allowedHostsNode := node.Appendf("Allowed hosts:")
@@ -127,66 +136,3 @@ func (b DNSBlacklist) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {

 	return node
 }
-
-func (b *DNSBlacklist) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	b.BlockMalicious, err = r.BoolPtr("BLOCK_MALICIOUS")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	b.BlockSurveillance, err = r.BoolPtr("BLOCK_SURVEILLANCE",
-		reader.RetroKeys("BLOCK_NSA"))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	b.BlockAds, err = r.BoolPtr("BLOCK_ADS")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	b.AddBlockedIPs, b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes,
-		err = readDoTPrivateAddresses(r) // TODO v4 split in 2
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	b.AllowedHosts = r.CSV("UNBLOCK") // TODO v4 change name
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-var (
-	ErrPrivateAddressNotValid = errors.New("private address is not a valid IP or CIDR range")
-)
-
-func readDoTPrivateAddresses(reader *reader.Reader) (ips []netip.Addr,
-	ipPrefixes []netip.Prefix, err error) {
-	privateAddresses := reader.CSV("DOT_PRIVATE_ADDRESS")
-	if len(privateAddresses) == 0 {
-		return nil, nil, nil
-	}
-
-	ips = make([]netip.Addr, 0, len(privateAddresses))
-	ipPrefixes = make([]netip.Prefix, 0, len(privateAddresses))
-
-	for _, privateAddress := range privateAddresses {
-		ip, err := netip.ParseAddr(privateAddress)
-		if err == nil {
-			ips = append(ips, ip)
-			continue
-		}
-
-		ipPrefix, err := netip.ParsePrefix(privateAddress)
-		if err == nil {
-			ipPrefixes = append(ipPrefixes, ipPrefix)
-			continue
-		}
-
-		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf(
-			"environment variable DOT_PRIVATE_ADDRESS: %w: %s",
-			ErrPrivateAddressNotValid, privateAddress)
-	}
-
-	return ips, ipPrefixes, nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/dot.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/dot.go
@@ -5,8 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -55,27 +54,36 @@ func (d DoT) validate() (err error) {

 func (d *DoT) copy() (copied DoT) {
 	return DoT{
-		Enabled:      gosettings.CopyPointer(d.Enabled),
-		UpdatePeriod: gosettings.CopyPointer(d.UpdatePeriod),
+		Enabled:      helpers.CopyPointer(d.Enabled),
+		UpdatePeriod: helpers.CopyPointer(d.UpdatePeriod),
 		Unbound:      d.Unbound.copy(),
 		Blacklist:    d.Blacklist.copy(),
 	}
 }

+// mergeWith merges the other settings into any
+// unset field of the receiver settings object.
+func (d *DoT) mergeWith(other DoT) {
+	d.Enabled = helpers.MergeWithPointer(d.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	d.UpdatePeriod = helpers.MergeWithPointer(d.UpdatePeriod, other.UpdatePeriod)
+	d.Unbound.mergeWith(other.Unbound)
+	d.Blacklist.mergeWith(other.Blacklist)
+}
+
 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (d *DoT) overrideWith(other DoT) {
-	d.Enabled = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(d.Enabled, other.Enabled)
-	d.UpdatePeriod = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(d.UpdatePeriod, other.UpdatePeriod)
+	d.Enabled = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(d.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	d.UpdatePeriod = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(d.UpdatePeriod, other.UpdatePeriod)
 	d.Unbound.overrideWith(other.Unbound)
 	d.Blacklist.overrideWith(other.Blacklist)
 }

 func (d *DoT) setDefaults() {
-	d.Enabled = gosettings.DefaultPointer(d.Enabled, true)
+	d.Enabled = helpers.DefaultPointer(d.Enabled, true)
 	const defaultUpdatePeriod = 24 * time.Hour
-	d.UpdatePeriod = gosettings.DefaultPointer(d.UpdatePeriod, defaultUpdatePeriod)
+	d.UpdatePeriod = helpers.DefaultPointer(d.UpdatePeriod, defaultUpdatePeriod)
 	d.Unbound.setDefaults()
 	d.Blacklist.setDefaults()
 }
@@ -87,12 +95,12 @@ func (d DoT) String() string {
 func (d DoT) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("DNS over TLS settings:")

-	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(d.Enabled))
+	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(d.Enabled))
 	if !*d.Enabled {
 		return node
 	}

-	update := "disabled" //nolint:goconst
+	update := "disabled"
 	if *d.UpdatePeriod > 0 {
 		update = "every " + d.UpdatePeriod.String()
 	}
@@ -103,27 +111,3 @@ func (d DoT) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {

 	return node
 }
-
-func (d *DoT) read(reader *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	d.Enabled, err = reader.BoolPtr("DOT")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	d.UpdatePeriod, err = reader.DurationPtr("DNS_UPDATE_PERIOD")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	err = d.Unbound.read(reader)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	err = d.Blacklist.read(reader)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/errors.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/errors.go
@@ -3,14 +3,11 @@ package settings
 import "errors"

 var (
-	ErrValueUnknown                    = errors.New("value is unknown")
 	ErrCityNotValid                    = errors.New("the city specified is not valid")
 	ErrControlServerPrivilegedPort     = errors.New("cannot use privileged port without running as root")
-	ErrCategoryNotValid                = errors.New("the category specified is not valid")
 	ErrCountryNotValid                 = errors.New("the country specified is not valid")
 	ErrFilepathMissing                 = errors.New("filepath is missing")
-	ErrFirewallZeroPort                = errors.New("cannot have a zero port")
-	ErrFirewallPublicOutboundSubnet    = errors.New("outbound subnet has an unspecified address")
+	ErrFirewallZeroPort                = errors.New("cannot have a zero port to block")
 	ErrHostnameNotValid                = errors.New("the hostname specified is not valid")
 	ErrISPNotValid                     = errors.New("the ISP specified is not valid")
 	ErrMinRatioNotValid                = errors.New("minimum ratio is not valid")
@@ -28,8 +25,6 @@ var (
 	ErrOpenVPNVerbosityIsOutOfBounds   = errors.New("verbosity value is out of bounds")
 	ErrOpenVPNVersionIsNotValid        = errors.New("version is not valid")
 	ErrPortForwardingEnabled           = errors.New("port forwarding cannot be enabled")
-	ErrPortForwardingUserEmpty         = errors.New("port forwarding username is empty")
-	ErrPortForwardingPasswordEmpty     = errors.New("port forwarding password is empty")
 	ErrPublicIPPeriodTooShort          = errors.New("public IP address check period is too short")
 	ErrRegionNotValid                  = errors.New("the region specified is not valid")
 	ErrServerAddressNotValid           = errors.New("server listening address is not valid")
@@ -39,8 +34,6 @@ var (
 	ErrUpdaterPeriodTooSmall           = errors.New("VPN server data updater period is too small")
 	ErrVPNProviderNameNotValid         = errors.New("VPN provider name is not valid")
 	ErrVPNTypeNotValid                 = errors.New("VPN type is not valid")
-	ErrWireguardAllowedIPNotSet        = errors.New("allowed IP is not set")
-	ErrWireguardAllowedIPsNotSet       = errors.New("allowed IPs is not set")
 	ErrWireguardEndpointIPNotSet       = errors.New("endpoint IP is not set")
 	ErrWireguardEndpointPortNotAllowed = errors.New("endpoint port is not allowed")
 	ErrWireguardEndpointPortNotSet     = errors.New("endpoint port is not set")
@@ -52,6 +45,5 @@ var (
 	ErrWireguardPrivateKeyNotSet       = errors.New("private key is not set")
 	ErrWireguardPublicKeyNotSet        = errors.New("public key is not set")
 	ErrWireguardPublicKeyNotValid      = errors.New("public key is not valid")
-	ErrWireguardKeepAliveNegative      = errors.New("persistent keep alive interval is negative")
 	ErrWireguardImplementationNotValid = errors.New("implementation is not valid")
 )
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/firewall.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/firewall.go
@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net/netip"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -27,12 +26,6 @@ func (f Firewall) validate() (err error) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("input ports: %w", ErrFirewallZeroPort)
 	}

-	for _, subnet := range f.OutboundSubnets {
-		if subnet.Addr().IsUnspecified() {
-			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrFirewallPublicOutboundSubnet, subnet)
-		}
-	}
-
 	return nil
 }

@@ -47,28 +40,40 @@ func hasZeroPort(ports []uint16) (has bool) {

 func (f *Firewall) copy() (copied Firewall) {
 	return Firewall{
-		VPNInputPorts:   gosettings.CopySlice(f.VPNInputPorts),
-		InputPorts:      gosettings.CopySlice(f.InputPorts),
-		OutboundSubnets: gosettings.CopySlice(f.OutboundSubnets),
-		Enabled:         gosettings.CopyPointer(f.Enabled),
-		Debug:           gosettings.CopyPointer(f.Debug),
+		VPNInputPorts:   helpers.CopySlice(f.VPNInputPorts),
+		InputPorts:      helpers.CopySlice(f.InputPorts),
+		OutboundSubnets: helpers.CopySlice(f.OutboundSubnets),
+		Enabled:         helpers.CopyPointer(f.Enabled),
+		Debug:           helpers.CopyPointer(f.Debug),
 	}
 }

+// mergeWith merges the other settings into any
+// unset field of the receiver settings object.
+// It merges values of slices together, even if they
+// are set in the receiver settings.
+func (f *Firewall) mergeWith(other Firewall) {
+	f.VPNInputPorts = helpers.MergeSlices(f.VPNInputPorts, other.VPNInputPorts)
+	f.InputPorts = helpers.MergeSlices(f.InputPorts, other.InputPorts)
+	f.OutboundSubnets = helpers.MergeSlices(f.OutboundSubnets, other.OutboundSubnets)
+	f.Enabled = helpers.MergeWithPointer(f.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	f.Debug = helpers.MergeWithPointer(f.Debug, other.Debug)
+}
+
 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (f *Firewall) overrideWith(other Firewall) {
-	f.VPNInputPorts = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(f.VPNInputPorts, other.VPNInputPorts)
-	f.InputPorts = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(f.InputPorts, other.InputPorts)
-	f.OutboundSubnets = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(f.OutboundSubnets, other.OutboundSubnets)
-	f.Enabled = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(f.Enabled, other.Enabled)
-	f.Debug = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(f.Debug, other.Debug)
+	f.VPNInputPorts = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(f.VPNInputPorts, other.VPNInputPorts)
+	f.InputPorts = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(f.InputPorts, other.InputPorts)
+	f.OutboundSubnets = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(f.OutboundSubnets, other.OutboundSubnets)
+	f.Enabled = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(f.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	f.Debug = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(f.Debug, other.Debug)
 }

 func (f *Firewall) setDefaults() {
-	f.Enabled = gosettings.DefaultPointer(f.Enabled, true)
-	f.Debug = gosettings.DefaultPointer(f.Debug, false)
+	f.Enabled = helpers.DefaultPointer(f.Enabled, true)
+	f.Debug = helpers.DefaultPointer(f.Debug, false)
 }

 func (f Firewall) String() string {
@@ -78,7 +83,7 @@ func (f Firewall) String() string {
 func (f Firewall) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("Firewall settings:")

-	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(f.Enabled))
+	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(f.Enabled))
 	if !*f.Enabled {
 		return node
 	}
@@ -111,33 +116,3 @@ func (f Firewall) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {

 	return node
 }
-
-func (f *Firewall) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	f.VPNInputPorts, err = r.CSVUint16("FIREWALL_VPN_INPUT_PORTS")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	f.InputPorts, err = r.CSVUint16("FIREWALL_INPUT_PORTS")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	f.OutboundSubnets, err = r.CSVNetipPrefixes(
-		"FIREWALL_OUTBOUND_SUBNETS", reader.RetroKeys("EXTRA_SUBNETS"))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	f.Enabled, err = r.BoolPtr("FIREWALL_ENABLED_DISABLING_IT_SHOOTS_YOU_IN_YOUR_FOOT")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	f.Debug, err = r.BoolPtr("FIREWALL_DEBUG")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/firewall_test.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/firewall_test.go
@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-package settings
-
-import (
-	"net/netip"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-)
-
-func Test_Firewall_validate(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	testCases := map[string]struct {
-		firewall   Firewall
-		errWrapped error
-		errMessage string
-	}{
-		"empty": {},
-		"zero_vpn_input_port": {
-			firewall: Firewall{
-				VPNInputPorts: []uint16{0},
-			},
-			errWrapped: ErrFirewallZeroPort,
-			errMessage: "VPN input ports: cannot have a zero port",
-		},
-		"zero_input_port": {
-			firewall: Firewall{
-				InputPorts: []uint16{0},
-			},
-			errWrapped: ErrFirewallZeroPort,
-			errMessage: "input ports: cannot have a zero port",
-		},
-		"unspecified_outbound_subnet": {
-			firewall: Firewall{
-				OutboundSubnets: []netip.Prefix{
-					netip.MustParsePrefix("0.0.0.0/0"),
-				},
-			},
-			errWrapped: ErrFirewallPublicOutboundSubnet,
-			errMessage: "outbound subnet has an unspecified address: 0.0.0.0/0",
-		},
-		"public_outbound_subnet": {
-			firewall: Firewall{
-				OutboundSubnets: []netip.Prefix{
-					netip.MustParsePrefix("1.2.3.4/32"),
-				},
-			},
-		},
-		"valid_settings": {
-			firewall: Firewall{
-				VPNInputPorts: []uint16{100, 101},
-				InputPorts:    []uint16{200, 201},
-				OutboundSubnets: []netip.Prefix{
-					netip.MustParsePrefix("192.168.1.0/24"),
-					netip.MustParsePrefix("10.10.1.1/32"),
-				},
-			},
-		},
-	}
-
-	for name, testCase := range testCases {
-		testCase := testCase
-		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			t.Parallel()
-
-			err := testCase.firewall.validate()
-
-			assert.ErrorIs(t, err, testCase.errWrapped)
-			if testCase.errWrapped != nil {
-				assert.EqualError(t, err, testCase.errMessage)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/health.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/health.go
@@ -5,10 +5,9 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/validate"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
+	"github.com/qdm12/govalid/address"
 )

 // Health contains settings for the healthcheck and health server.
@@ -37,7 +36,9 @@ type Health struct {
 }

 func (h Health) Validate() (err error) {
-	err = validate.ListeningAddress(h.ServerAddress, os.Getuid())
+	uid := os.Getuid()
+	_, err = address.Validate(h.ServerAddress,
+		address.OptionListening(uid))
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("server listening address is not valid: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -61,27 +62,38 @@ func (h *Health) copy() (copied Health) {
 	}
 }

+// MergeWith merges the other settings into any
+// unset field of the receiver settings object.
+func (h *Health) MergeWith(other Health) {
+	h.ServerAddress = helpers.MergeWithString(h.ServerAddress, other.ServerAddress)
+	h.ReadHeaderTimeout = helpers.MergeWithNumber(h.ReadHeaderTimeout, other.ReadHeaderTimeout)
+	h.ReadTimeout = helpers.MergeWithNumber(h.ReadTimeout, other.ReadTimeout)
+	h.TargetAddress = helpers.MergeWithString(h.TargetAddress, other.TargetAddress)
+	h.SuccessWait = helpers.MergeWithNumber(h.SuccessWait, other.SuccessWait)
+	h.VPN.mergeWith(other.VPN)
+}
+
 // OverrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (h *Health) OverrideWith(other Health) {
-	h.ServerAddress = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(h.ServerAddress, other.ServerAddress)
-	h.ReadHeaderTimeout = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(h.ReadHeaderTimeout, other.ReadHeaderTimeout)
-	h.ReadTimeout = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(h.ReadTimeout, other.ReadTimeout)
-	h.TargetAddress = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(h.TargetAddress, other.TargetAddress)
-	h.SuccessWait = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(h.SuccessWait, other.SuccessWait)
+	h.ServerAddress = helpers.OverrideWithString(h.ServerAddress, other.ServerAddress)
+	h.ReadHeaderTimeout = helpers.OverrideWithNumber(h.ReadHeaderTimeout, other.ReadHeaderTimeout)
+	h.ReadTimeout = helpers.OverrideWithNumber(h.ReadTimeout, other.ReadTimeout)
+	h.TargetAddress = helpers.OverrideWithString(h.TargetAddress, other.TargetAddress)
+	h.SuccessWait = helpers.OverrideWithNumber(h.SuccessWait, other.SuccessWait)
 	h.VPN.overrideWith(other.VPN)
 }

 func (h *Health) SetDefaults() {
-	h.ServerAddress = gosettings.DefaultComparable(h.ServerAddress, "127.0.0.1:9999")
+	h.ServerAddress = helpers.DefaultString(h.ServerAddress, "127.0.0.1:9999")
 	const defaultReadHeaderTimeout = 100 * time.Millisecond
-	h.ReadHeaderTimeout = gosettings.DefaultComparable(h.ReadHeaderTimeout, defaultReadHeaderTimeout)
+	h.ReadHeaderTimeout = helpers.DefaultNumber(h.ReadHeaderTimeout, defaultReadHeaderTimeout)
 	const defaultReadTimeout = 500 * time.Millisecond
-	h.ReadTimeout = gosettings.DefaultComparable(h.ReadTimeout, defaultReadTimeout)
-	h.TargetAddress = gosettings.DefaultComparable(h.TargetAddress, "cloudflare.com:443")
+	h.ReadTimeout = helpers.DefaultNumber(h.ReadTimeout, defaultReadTimeout)
+	h.TargetAddress = helpers.DefaultString(h.TargetAddress, "cloudflare.com:443")
 	const defaultSuccessWait = 5 * time.Second
-	h.SuccessWait = gosettings.DefaultComparable(h.SuccessWait, defaultSuccessWait)
+	h.SuccessWait = helpers.DefaultNumber(h.SuccessWait, defaultSuccessWait)
 	h.VPN.setDefaults()
 }

@@ -99,21 +111,3 @@ func (h Health) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node.AppendNode(h.VPN.toLinesNode("VPN"))
 	return node
 }
-
-func (h *Health) Read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	h.ServerAddress = r.String("HEALTH_SERVER_ADDRESS")
-	h.TargetAddress = r.String("HEALTH_TARGET_ADDRESS",
-		reader.RetroKeys("HEALTH_ADDRESS_TO_PING"))
-
-	h.SuccessWait, err = r.Duration("HEALTH_SUCCESS_WAIT_DURATION")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	err = h.VPN.read(r)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("VPN health settings: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/healthywait.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/healthywait.go
@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@ package settings
 import (
 	"time"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -24,26 +23,35 @@ func (h HealthyWait) validate() (err error) {
 	return nil
 }

+// mergeWith merges the other settings into any
+// unset field of the receiver settings object.
 func (h *HealthyWait) copy() (copied HealthyWait) {
 	return HealthyWait{
-		Initial:  gosettings.CopyPointer(h.Initial),
-		Addition: gosettings.CopyPointer(h.Addition),
+		Initial:  helpers.CopyPointer(h.Initial),
+		Addition: helpers.CopyPointer(h.Addition),
 	}
 }

+// mergeWith merges the other settings into any
+// unset field of the receiver settings object.
+func (h *HealthyWait) mergeWith(other HealthyWait) {
+	h.Initial = helpers.MergeWithPointer(h.Initial, other.Initial)
+	h.Addition = helpers.MergeWithPointer(h.Addition, other.Addition)
+}
+
 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (h *HealthyWait) overrideWith(other HealthyWait) {
-	h.Initial = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(h.Initial, other.Initial)
-	h.Addition = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(h.Addition, other.Addition)
+	h.Initial = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(h.Initial, other.Initial)
+	h.Addition = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(h.Addition, other.Addition)
 }

 func (h *HealthyWait) setDefaults() {
 	const initialDurationDefault = 6 * time.Second
 	const additionDurationDefault = 5 * time.Second
-	h.Initial = gosettings.DefaultPointer(h.Initial, initialDurationDefault)
-	h.Addition = gosettings.DefaultPointer(h.Addition, additionDurationDefault)
+	h.Initial = helpers.DefaultPointer(h.Initial, initialDurationDefault)
+	h.Addition = helpers.DefaultPointer(h.Addition, additionDurationDefault)
 }

 func (h HealthyWait) String() string {
@@ -56,21 +64,3 @@ func (h HealthyWait) toLinesNode(kind string) (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node.Appendf("Additional duration: %s", *h.Addition)
 	return node
 }
-
-func (h *HealthyWait) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	h.Initial, err = r.DurationPtr(
-		"HEALTH_VPN_DURATION_INITIAL",
-		reader.RetroKeys("HEALTH_OPENVPN_DURATION_INITIAL"))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	h.Addition, err = r.DurationPtr(
-		"HEALTH_VPN_DURATION_ADDITION",
-		reader.RetroKeys("HEALTH_OPENVPN_DURATION_ADDITION"))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers.go
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-package settings
-
-func ptrTo[T any](value T) *T {
-	return &value
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/belong.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/belong.go
@@ -1,6 +1,12 @@
 package helpers

-func IsOneOf[T comparable](value T, choices ...T) (ok bool) {
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+func IsOneOf(value string, choices ...string) (ok bool) {
 	for _, choice := range choices {
 		if value == choice {
 			return true
@@ -8,3 +14,39 @@ func IsOneOf[T comparable](value T, choices ...T) (ok bool) {
 	}
 	return false
 }
+
+var (
+	ErrNoChoice      = errors.New("one or more values is set but there is no possible value available")
+	ErrValueNotOneOf = errors.New("value is not one of the possible choices")
+)
+
+func AreAllOneOf(values, choices []string) (err error) {
+	if len(values) > 0 && len(choices) == 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrNoChoice)
+	}
+
+	set := make(map[string]struct{}, len(choices))
+	for _, choice := range choices {
+		choice = strings.ToLower(choice)
+		set[choice] = struct{}{}
+	}
+
+	for _, value := range values {
+		_, ok := set[value]
+		if !ok {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: value %q, choices available are %s",
+				ErrValueNotOneOf, value, strings.Join(choices, ", "))
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func Uint16IsOneOf(port uint16, choices []uint16) (ok bool) {
+	for _, choice := range choices {
+		if port == choice {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/copy.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/copy.go
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+package helpers
+
+import (
+	"net/netip"
+
+	"golang.org/x/exp/slices"
+)
+
+func CopyPointer[T any](original *T) (copied *T) {
+	if original == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	copied = new(T)
+	*copied = *original
+	return copied
+}
+
+func CopySlice[T string | uint16 | netip.Addr | netip.Prefix](original []T) (copied []T) {
+	return slices.Clone(original)
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/default.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/default.go
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+package helpers
+
+import (
+	"net/netip"
+)
+
+func DefaultPointer[T any](existing *T, defaultValue T) (
+	result *T) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = new(T)
+	*result = defaultValue
+	return result
+}
+
+func DefaultString(existing string, defaultValue string) (
+	result string) {
+	if existing != "" {
+		return existing
+	}
+	return defaultValue
+}
+
+func DefaultNumber[T Number](existing T, defaultValue T) ( //nolint:ireturn
+	result T) {
+	if existing != 0 {
+		return existing
+	}
+	return defaultValue
+}
+
+func DefaultIP(existing netip.Addr, defaultValue netip.Addr) (
+	result netip.Addr) {
+	if existing.IsValid() {
+		return existing
+	}
+	return defaultValue
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/files.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/files.go
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+package helpers
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrFileDoesNotExist = errors.New("file does not exist")
+	ErrFileRead         = errors.New("cannot read file")
+	ErrFileClose        = errors.New("cannot close file")
+)
+
+func FileExists(path string) (err error) {
+	path = filepath.Clean(path)
+
+	f, err := os.Open(path)
+	if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrFileDoesNotExist, path)
+	} else if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrFileRead, err)
+	}
+
+	if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrFileClose, err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/generics.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/generics.go
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+package helpers
+
+import "time"
+
+type Number interface {
+	uint8 | uint16 | uint32 | uint64 | uint |
+		int8 | int16 | int32 | int64 | int |
+		float32 | float64 |
+		time.Duration
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/merge.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/merge.go
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+package helpers
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"net/netip"
+)
+
+func MergeWithPointer[T any](existing, other *T) (result *T) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	} else if other == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	result = new(T)
+	*result = *other
+	return result
+}
+
+func MergeWithString(existing, other string) (result string) {
+	if existing != "" {
+		return existing
+	}
+	return other
+}
+
+func MergeWithNumber[T Number](existing, other T) (result T) { //nolint:ireturn
+	if existing != 0 {
+		return existing
+	}
+	return other
+}
+
+func MergeWithIP(existing, other netip.Addr) (result netip.Addr) {
+	if existing.IsValid() {
+		return existing
+	}
+	return other
+}
+
+func MergeWithHTTPHandler(existing, other http.Handler) (result http.Handler) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	return other
+}
+
+func MergeSlices[T comparable](a, b []T) (result []T) {
+	if a == nil && b == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	seen := make(map[T]struct{}, len(a)+len(b))
+	result = make([]T, 0, len(a)+len(b))
+	for _, s := range a {
+		if _, ok := seen[s]; ok {
+			continue // duplicate
+		}
+		result = append(result, s)
+		seen[s] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	for _, s := range b {
+		if _, ok := seen[s]; ok {
+			continue // duplicate
+		}
+		result = append(result, s)
+		seen[s] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	return result
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/messages.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/messages.go
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+package helpers
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+func ChoicesOrString(choices []string) string {
+	return strings.Join(
+		choices[:len(choices)-1], ", ") +
+		" or " + choices[len(choices)-1]
+}
+
+func PortChoicesOrString(ports []uint16) (s string) {
+	switch len(ports) {
+	case 0:
+		return "there is no allowed port"
+	case 1:
+		return "allowed port is " + fmt.Sprint(ports[0])
+	}
+
+	s = "allowed ports are "
+	portStrings := make([]string, len(ports))
+	for i := range ports {
+		portStrings[i] = fmt.Sprint(ports[i])
+	}
+	s += ChoicesOrString(portStrings)
+	return s
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/obfuscate.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/obfuscate.go
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+package helpers
+
+func ObfuscateWireguardKey(fullKey string) (obfuscatedKey string) {
+	const minKeyLength = 10
+	if len(fullKey) < minKeyLength {
+		return "(too short)"
+	}
+
+	lastIndex := len(fullKey) - 1
+	return fullKey[0:2] + "..." + fullKey[lastIndex-2:]
+}
+
+func ObfuscatePassword(password string) (obfuscatedPassword string) {
+	if password != "" {
+		return "[set]"
+	}
+	return "[not set]"
+}
+
+func ObfuscateData(data string) (obfuscated string) {
+	if data != "" {
+		return "[set]"
+	}
+	return "[not set]"
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/override.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/override.go
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+package helpers
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"net/netip"
+)
+
+func OverrideWithPointer[T any](existing, other *T) (result *T) {
+	if other == nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = new(T)
+	*result = *other
+	return result
+}
+
+func OverrideWithString(existing, other string) (result string) {
+	if other == "" {
+		return existing
+	}
+	return other
+}
+
+func OverrideWithNumber[T Number](existing, other T) (result T) { //nolint:ireturn
+	if other == 0 {
+		return existing
+	}
+	return other
+}
+
+func OverrideWithIP(existing, other netip.Addr) (result netip.Addr) {
+	if !other.IsValid() {
+		return existing
+	}
+	return other
+}
+
+func OverrideWithHTTPHandler(existing, other http.Handler) (result http.Handler) {
+	if other != nil {
+		return other
+	}
+	return existing
+}
+
+func OverrideWithSlice[T any](existing, other []T) (result []T) {
+	if other == nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = make([]T, len(other))
+	copy(result, other)
+	return result
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/string.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/string.go
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+package helpers
+
+func BoolPtrToYesNo(b *bool) string {
+	if *b {
+		return "yes"
+	}
+	return "no"
+}
+
+func TCPPtrToString(tcp *bool) string {
+	if *tcp {
+		return "TCP"
+	}
+	return "UDP"
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/httpproxy.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/httpproxy.go
@@ -3,13 +3,11 @@ package settings
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
-	"strings"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/validate"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
+	"github.com/qdm12/govalid/address"
 )

 // HTTPProxy contains settings to configure the HTTP proxy.
@@ -46,7 +44,9 @@ type HTTPProxy struct {

 func (h HTTPProxy) validate() (err error) {
 	// Do not validate user and password
-	err = validate.ListeningAddress(h.ListeningAddress, os.Getuid())
+
+	uid := os.Getuid()
+	_, err = address.Validate(h.ListeningAddress, address.OptionListening(uid))
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrServerAddressNotValid, h.ListeningAddress)
 	}
@@ -56,42 +56,55 @@ func (h HTTPProxy) validate() (err error) {

 func (h *HTTPProxy) copy() (copied HTTPProxy) {
 	return HTTPProxy{
-		User:              gosettings.CopyPointer(h.User),
-		Password:          gosettings.CopyPointer(h.Password),
+		User:              helpers.CopyPointer(h.User),
+		Password:          helpers.CopyPointer(h.Password),
 		ListeningAddress:  h.ListeningAddress,
-		Enabled:           gosettings.CopyPointer(h.Enabled),
-		Stealth:           gosettings.CopyPointer(h.Stealth),
-		Log:               gosettings.CopyPointer(h.Log),
+		Enabled:           helpers.CopyPointer(h.Enabled),
+		Stealth:           helpers.CopyPointer(h.Stealth),
+		Log:               helpers.CopyPointer(h.Log),
 		ReadHeaderTimeout: h.ReadHeaderTimeout,
 		ReadTimeout:       h.ReadTimeout,
 	}
 }

+// mergeWith merges the other settings into any
+// unset field of the receiver settings object.
+func (h *HTTPProxy) mergeWith(other HTTPProxy) {
+	h.User = helpers.MergeWithPointer(h.User, other.User)
+	h.Password = helpers.MergeWithPointer(h.Password, other.Password)
+	h.ListeningAddress = helpers.MergeWithString(h.ListeningAddress, other.ListeningAddress)
+	h.Enabled = helpers.MergeWithPointer(h.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	h.Stealth = helpers.MergeWithPointer(h.Stealth, other.Stealth)
+	h.Log = helpers.MergeWithPointer(h.Log, other.Log)
+	h.ReadHeaderTimeout = helpers.MergeWithNumber(h.ReadHeaderTimeout, other.ReadHeaderTimeout)
+	h.ReadTimeout = helpers.MergeWithNumber(h.ReadTimeout, other.ReadTimeout)
+}
+
 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (h *HTTPProxy) overrideWith(other HTTPProxy) {
-	h.User = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(h.User, other.User)
-	h.Password = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(h.Password, other.Password)
-	h.ListeningAddress = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(h.ListeningAddress, other.ListeningAddress)
-	h.Enabled = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(h.Enabled, other.Enabled)
-	h.Stealth = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(h.Stealth, other.Stealth)
-	h.Log = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(h.Log, other.Log)
-	h.ReadHeaderTimeout = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(h.ReadHeaderTimeout, other.ReadHeaderTimeout)
-	h.ReadTimeout = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(h.ReadTimeout, other.ReadTimeout)
+	h.User = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(h.User, other.User)
+	h.Password = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(h.Password, other.Password)
+	h.ListeningAddress = helpers.OverrideWithString(h.ListeningAddress, other.ListeningAddress)
+	h.Enabled = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(h.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	h.Stealth = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(h.Stealth, other.Stealth)
+	h.Log = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(h.Log, other.Log)
+	h.ReadHeaderTimeout = helpers.OverrideWithNumber(h.ReadHeaderTimeout, other.ReadHeaderTimeout)
+	h.ReadTimeout = helpers.OverrideWithNumber(h.ReadTimeout, other.ReadTimeout)
 }

 func (h *HTTPProxy) setDefaults() {
-	h.User = gosettings.DefaultPointer(h.User, "")
-	h.Password = gosettings.DefaultPointer(h.Password, "")
-	h.ListeningAddress = gosettings.DefaultComparable(h.ListeningAddress, ":8888")
-	h.Enabled = gosettings.DefaultPointer(h.Enabled, false)
-	h.Stealth = gosettings.DefaultPointer(h.Stealth, false)
-	h.Log = gosettings.DefaultPointer(h.Log, false)
+	h.User = helpers.DefaultPointer(h.User, "")
+	h.Password = helpers.DefaultPointer(h.Password, "")
+	h.ListeningAddress = helpers.DefaultString(h.ListeningAddress, ":8888")
+	h.Enabled = helpers.DefaultPointer(h.Enabled, false)
+	h.Stealth = helpers.DefaultPointer(h.Stealth, false)
+	h.Log = helpers.DefaultPointer(h.Log, false)
 	const defaultReadHeaderTimeout = time.Second
-	h.ReadHeaderTimeout = gosettings.DefaultComparable(h.ReadHeaderTimeout, defaultReadHeaderTimeout)
+	h.ReadHeaderTimeout = helpers.DefaultNumber(h.ReadHeaderTimeout, defaultReadHeaderTimeout)
 	const defaultReadTimeout = 3 * time.Second
-	h.ReadTimeout = gosettings.DefaultComparable(h.ReadTimeout, defaultReadTimeout)
+	h.ReadTimeout = helpers.DefaultNumber(h.ReadTimeout, defaultReadTimeout)
 }

 func (h HTTPProxy) String() string {
@@ -100,83 +113,18 @@ func (h HTTPProxy) String() string {

 func (h HTTPProxy) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("HTTP proxy settings:")
-	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(h.Enabled))
+	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(h.Enabled))
 	if !*h.Enabled {
 		return node
 	}

 	node.Appendf("Listening address: %s", h.ListeningAddress)
 	node.Appendf("User: %s", *h.User)
-	node.Appendf("Password: %s", gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*h.Password))
-	node.Appendf("Stealth mode: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(h.Stealth))
-	node.Appendf("Log: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(h.Log))
+	node.Appendf("Password: %s", helpers.ObfuscatePassword(*h.Password))
+	node.Appendf("Stealth mode: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(h.Stealth))
+	node.Appendf("Log: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(h.Log))
 	node.Appendf("Read header timeout: %s", h.ReadHeaderTimeout)
 	node.Appendf("Read timeout: %s", h.ReadTimeout)

 	return node
 }
-
-func (h *HTTPProxy) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	h.User = r.Get("HTTPPROXY_USER",
-		reader.RetroKeys("PROXY_USER", "TINYPROXY_USER"),
-		reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-
-	h.Password = r.Get("HTTPPROXY_PASSWORD",
-		reader.RetroKeys("PROXY_PASSWORD", "TINYPROXY_PASSWORD"),
-		reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-
-	h.ListeningAddress, err = readHTTProxyListeningAddress(r)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	h.Enabled, err = r.BoolPtr("HTTPPROXY", reader.RetroKeys("PROXY", "TINYPROXY"))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	h.Stealth, err = r.BoolPtr("HTTPPROXY_STEALTH")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	h.Log, err = readHTTProxyLog(r)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func readHTTProxyListeningAddress(r *reader.Reader) (listeningAddress string, err error) {
-	// Retro-compatible keys using a port only
-	port, err := r.Uint16Ptr("",
-		reader.RetroKeys("HTTPPROXY_PORT", "TINYPROXY_PORT", "PROXY_PORT"),
-		reader.IsRetro("HTTPPROXY_LISTENING_ADDRESS"))
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	} else if port != nil {
-		return fmt.Sprintf(":%d", *port), nil
-	}
-	const currentKey = "HTTPPROXY_LISTENING_ADDRESS"
-	return r.String(currentKey), nil
-}
-
-func readHTTProxyLog(r *reader.Reader) (enabled *bool, err error) {
-	const currentKey = "HTTPPROXY_LOG"
-	// Retro-compatible keys using different boolean verbs
-	value := r.String("",
-		reader.RetroKeys("PROXY_LOG", "TINYPROXY_LOG"),
-		reader.IsRetro(currentKey))
-	switch strings.ToLower(value) {
-	case "":
-		return r.BoolPtr(currentKey)
-	case "on", "info", "connect", "notice":
-		return ptrTo(true), nil
-	case "disabled", "no", "off":
-		return ptrTo(false), nil
-	default:
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("HTTP retro-compatible proxy log setting: %w: %s",
-			ErrValueUnknown, value)
-	}
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/log.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/log.go
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 package settings

 import (
-	"fmt"
-
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 	"github.com/qdm12/log"
 )
@@ -12,33 +9,35 @@ import (
 // Log contains settings to configure the logger.
 type Log struct {
 	// Level is the log level of the logger.
-	// It cannot be empty in the internal state.
-	Level string
+	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
+	Level *log.Level
 }

 func (l Log) validate() (err error) {
-	_, err = log.ParseLevel(l.Level)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("level: %w", err)
-	}
 	return nil
 }

 func (l *Log) copy() (copied Log) {
 	return Log{
-		Level: l.Level,
+		Level: helpers.CopyPointer(l.Level),
 	}
 }

+// mergeWith merges the other settings into any
+// unset field of the receiver settings object.
+func (l *Log) mergeWith(other Log) {
+	l.Level = helpers.MergeWithPointer(l.Level, other.Level)
+}
+
 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (l *Log) overrideWith(other Log) {
-	l.Level = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(l.Level, other.Level)
+	l.Level = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(l.Level, other.Level)
 }

 func (l *Log) setDefaults() {
-	l.Level = gosettings.DefaultComparable(l.Level, log.LevelInfo.String())
+	l.Level = helpers.DefaultPointer(l.Level, log.LevelInfo)
 }

 func (l Log) String() string {
@@ -47,11 +46,6 @@ func (l Log) String() string {

 func (l Log) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("Log settings:")
-	node.Appendf("Log level: %s", l.Level)
+	node.Appendf("Log level: %s", l.Level.String())
 	return node
 }
-
-func (l *Log) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	l.Level = r.String("LOG_LEVEL")
-	return nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/nordvpn_retro.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/nordvpn_retro.go
@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-package settings
-
-// Retro-compatibility because SERVER_REGIONS changed to SERVER_COUNTRIES
-// and SERVER_REGIONS is now the continent field for servers.
-// TODO v4 remove.
-func nordvpnRetroRegion(selection ServerSelection, validRegions, validCountries []string) (
-	updatedSelection ServerSelection) {
-	validRegionsMap := stringSliceToMap(validRegions)
-	validCountriesMap := stringSliceToMap(validCountries)
-
-	updatedSelection = selection.copy()
-	updatedSelection.Regions = make([]string, 0, len(selection.Regions))
-	for _, region := range selection.Regions {
-		_, isValid := validRegionsMap[region]
-		if isValid {
-			updatedSelection.Regions = append(updatedSelection.Regions, region)
-			continue
-		}
-
-		_, isValid = validCountriesMap[region]
-		if !isValid {
-			// Region is not valid for the country or region
-			// just leave it to the validation to fail it later
-			continue
-		}
-
-		// Region is not valid for a region, but is a valid country
-		// Handle retro-compatibility and transfer the value to the
-		// country field.
-		updatedSelection.Countries = append(updatedSelection.Countries, region)
-	}
-
-	return updatedSelection
-}
-
-func stringSliceToMap(slice []string) (m map[string]struct{}) {
-	m = make(map[string]struct{}, len(slice))
-	for _, s := range slice {
-		m[s] = struct{}{}
-	}
-	return m
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/openvpn.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/openvpn.go
@@ -6,93 +6,92 @@ import (
 	"regexp"
 	"strings"

+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/openvpn"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/openvpn/extract"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/provider/privateinternetaccess/presets"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/validate"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

 // OpenVPN contains settings to configure the OpenVPN client.
 type OpenVPN struct {
 	// Version is the OpenVPN version to run.
-	// It can only be "2.5" or "2.6".
-	Version string `json:"version"`
+	// It can only be "2.4" or "2.5".
+	Version string
 	// User is the OpenVPN authentication username.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state if OpenVPN is used.
 	// It is usually required but in some cases can be the empty string
 	// to indicate no user+password authentication is needed.
-	User *string `json:"user"`
+	User *string
 	// Password is the OpenVPN authentication password.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state if OpenVPN is used.
 	// It is usually required but in some cases can be the empty string
 	// to indicate no user+password authentication is needed.
-	Password *string `json:"password"`
+	Password *string
 	// ConfFile is a custom OpenVPN configuration file path.
 	// It can be set to the empty string for it to be ignored.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	ConfFile *string `json:"config_file_path"`
+	ConfFile *string
 	// Ciphers is a list of ciphers to use for OpenVPN,
 	// different from the ones specified by the VPN
 	// service provider configuration files.
-	Ciphers []string `json:"ciphers"`
+	Ciphers []string
 	// Auth is an auth algorithm to use in OpenVPN instead
 	// of the one specified by the VPN service provider.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
 	// It is ignored if it is set to the empty string.
-	Auth *string `json:"auth"`
+	Auth *string
 	// Cert is the base64 encoded DER of an OpenVPN certificate for the <cert> block.
 	// This is notably used by Cyberghost and VPN secure.
 	// It can be set to the empty string to be ignored.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	Cert *string `json:"cert"`
+	Cert *string
 	// Key is the base64 encoded DER of an OpenVPN key.
 	// This is used by Cyberghost and VPN Unlimited.
 	// It can be set to the empty string to be ignored.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	Key *string `json:"key"`
+	Key *string
 	// EncryptedKey is the base64 encoded DER of an encrypted key for OpenVPN.
 	// It is used by VPN secure.
 	// It defaults to the empty string meaning it is not
 	// to be used. KeyPassphrase must be set if this one is set.
-	EncryptedKey *string `json:"encrypted_key"`
+	EncryptedKey *string
 	// KeyPassphrase is the key passphrase to be used by OpenVPN
 	// to decrypt the EncryptedPrivateKey. It defaults to the
 	// empty string and must be set if EncryptedPrivateKey is set.
-	KeyPassphrase *string `json:"key_passphrase"`
+	KeyPassphrase *string
 	// PIAEncPreset is the encryption preset for
 	// Private Internet Access. It can be set to an
 	// empty string for other providers.
-	PIAEncPreset *string `json:"pia_encryption_preset"`
+	PIAEncPreset *string
 	// MSSFix is the value (1 to 10000) to set for the
 	// mssfix option for OpenVPN. It is ignored if set to 0.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	MSSFix *uint16 `json:"mssfix"`
+	MSSFix *uint16
 	// Interface is the OpenVPN device interface name.
 	// It cannot be an empty string in the internal state.
-	Interface string `json:"interface"`
+	Interface string
 	// ProcessUser is the OpenVPN process OS username
 	// to use. It cannot be empty in the internal state.
 	// It defaults to 'root'.
-	ProcessUser string `json:"process_user"`
+	ProcessUser string
 	// Verbosity is the OpenVPN verbosity level from 0 to 6.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	Verbosity *int `json:"verbosity"`
+	Verbosity *int
 	// Flags is a slice of additional flags to be passed
 	// to the OpenVPN program.
-	Flags []string `json:"flags"`
+	Flags []string
 }

 var ivpnAccountID = regexp.MustCompile(`^(i|ivpn)\-[a-zA-Z0-9]{4}\-[a-zA-Z0-9]{4}\-[a-zA-Z0-9]{4}$`)

 func (o OpenVPN) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 	// Validate version
-	validVersions := []string{openvpn.Openvpn25, openvpn.Openvpn26}
-	if err = validate.IsOneOf(o.Version, validVersions...); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrOpenVPNVersionIsNotValid, err)
+	validVersions := []string{openvpn.Openvpn24, openvpn.Openvpn25}
+	if !helpers.IsOneOf(o.Version, validVersions...) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %q can only be one of %s",
+			ErrOpenVPNVersionIsNotValid, o.Version, strings.Join(validVersions, ", "))
 	}

 	isCustom := vpnProvider == providers.Custom
@@ -164,7 +163,7 @@ func validateOpenVPNConfigFilepath(isCustom bool,
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrFilepathMissing)
 	}

-	err = validate.FileExists(confFile)
+	err = helpers.FileExists(confFile)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -245,71 +244,92 @@ func validateOpenVPNEncryptedKey(vpnProvider,
 func (o *OpenVPN) copy() (copied OpenVPN) {
 	return OpenVPN{
 		Version:       o.Version,
-		User:          gosettings.CopyPointer(o.User),
-		Password:      gosettings.CopyPointer(o.Password),
-		ConfFile:      gosettings.CopyPointer(o.ConfFile),
-		Ciphers:       gosettings.CopySlice(o.Ciphers),
-		Auth:          gosettings.CopyPointer(o.Auth),
-		Cert:          gosettings.CopyPointer(o.Cert),
-		Key:           gosettings.CopyPointer(o.Key),
-		EncryptedKey:  gosettings.CopyPointer(o.EncryptedKey),
-		KeyPassphrase: gosettings.CopyPointer(o.KeyPassphrase),
-		PIAEncPreset:  gosettings.CopyPointer(o.PIAEncPreset),
-		MSSFix:        gosettings.CopyPointer(o.MSSFix),
+		User:          helpers.CopyPointer(o.User),
+		Password:      helpers.CopyPointer(o.Password),
+		ConfFile:      helpers.CopyPointer(o.ConfFile),
+		Ciphers:       helpers.CopySlice(o.Ciphers),
+		Auth:          helpers.CopyPointer(o.Auth),
+		Cert:          helpers.CopyPointer(o.Cert),
+		Key:           helpers.CopyPointer(o.Key),
+		EncryptedKey:  helpers.CopyPointer(o.EncryptedKey),
+		KeyPassphrase: helpers.CopyPointer(o.KeyPassphrase),
+		PIAEncPreset:  helpers.CopyPointer(o.PIAEncPreset),
+		MSSFix:        helpers.CopyPointer(o.MSSFix),
 		Interface:     o.Interface,
 		ProcessUser:   o.ProcessUser,
-		Verbosity:     gosettings.CopyPointer(o.Verbosity),
-		Flags:         gosettings.CopySlice(o.Flags),
+		Verbosity:     helpers.CopyPointer(o.Verbosity),
+		Flags:         helpers.CopySlice(o.Flags),
 	}
 }

+// mergeWith merges the other settings into any
+// unset field of the receiver settings object.
+func (o *OpenVPN) mergeWith(other OpenVPN) {
+	o.Version = helpers.MergeWithString(o.Version, other.Version)
+	o.User = helpers.MergeWithPointer(o.User, other.User)
+	o.Password = helpers.MergeWithPointer(o.Password, other.Password)
+	o.ConfFile = helpers.MergeWithPointer(o.ConfFile, other.ConfFile)
+	o.Ciphers = helpers.MergeSlices(o.Ciphers, other.Ciphers)
+	o.Auth = helpers.MergeWithPointer(o.Auth, other.Auth)
+	o.Cert = helpers.MergeWithPointer(o.Cert, other.Cert)
+	o.Key = helpers.MergeWithPointer(o.Key, other.Key)
+	o.EncryptedKey = helpers.MergeWithPointer(o.EncryptedKey, other.EncryptedKey)
+	o.KeyPassphrase = helpers.MergeWithPointer(o.KeyPassphrase, other.KeyPassphrase)
+	o.PIAEncPreset = helpers.MergeWithPointer(o.PIAEncPreset, other.PIAEncPreset)
+	o.MSSFix = helpers.MergeWithPointer(o.MSSFix, other.MSSFix)
+	o.Interface = helpers.MergeWithString(o.Interface, other.Interface)
+	o.ProcessUser = helpers.MergeWithString(o.ProcessUser, other.ProcessUser)
+	o.Verbosity = helpers.MergeWithPointer(o.Verbosity, other.Verbosity)
+	o.Flags = helpers.MergeSlices(o.Flags, other.Flags)
+}
+
 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (o *OpenVPN) overrideWith(other OpenVPN) {
-	o.Version = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(o.Version, other.Version)
-	o.User = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.User, other.User)
-	o.Password = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.Password, other.Password)
-	o.ConfFile = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.ConfFile, other.ConfFile)
-	o.Ciphers = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(o.Ciphers, other.Ciphers)
-	o.Auth = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.Auth, other.Auth)
-	o.Cert = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.Cert, other.Cert)
-	o.Key = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.Key, other.Key)
-	o.EncryptedKey = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.EncryptedKey, other.EncryptedKey)
-	o.KeyPassphrase = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.KeyPassphrase, other.KeyPassphrase)
-	o.PIAEncPreset = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.PIAEncPreset, other.PIAEncPreset)
-	o.MSSFix = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.MSSFix, other.MSSFix)
-	o.Interface = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(o.Interface, other.Interface)
-	o.ProcessUser = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(o.ProcessUser, other.ProcessUser)
-	o.Verbosity = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.Verbosity, other.Verbosity)
-	o.Flags = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(o.Flags, other.Flags)
+	o.Version = helpers.OverrideWithString(o.Version, other.Version)
+	o.User = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(o.User, other.User)
+	o.Password = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(o.Password, other.Password)
+	o.ConfFile = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(o.ConfFile, other.ConfFile)
+	o.Ciphers = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(o.Ciphers, other.Ciphers)
+	o.Auth = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(o.Auth, other.Auth)
+	o.Cert = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(o.Cert, other.Cert)
+	o.Key = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(o.Key, other.Key)
+	o.EncryptedKey = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(o.EncryptedKey, other.EncryptedKey)
+	o.KeyPassphrase = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(o.KeyPassphrase, other.KeyPassphrase)
+	o.PIAEncPreset = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(o.PIAEncPreset, other.PIAEncPreset)
+	o.MSSFix = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(o.MSSFix, other.MSSFix)
+	o.Interface = helpers.OverrideWithString(o.Interface, other.Interface)
+	o.ProcessUser = helpers.OverrideWithString(o.ProcessUser, other.ProcessUser)
+	o.Verbosity = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(o.Verbosity, other.Verbosity)
+	o.Flags = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(o.Flags, other.Flags)
 }

 func (o *OpenVPN) setDefaults(vpnProvider string) {
-	o.Version = gosettings.DefaultComparable(o.Version, openvpn.Openvpn26)
-	o.User = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.User, "")
+	o.Version = helpers.DefaultString(o.Version, openvpn.Openvpn25)
+	o.User = helpers.DefaultPointer(o.User, "")
 	if vpnProvider == providers.Mullvad {
-		o.Password = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.Password, "m")
+		o.Password = helpers.DefaultPointer(o.Password, "m")
 	} else {
-		o.Password = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.Password, "")
+		o.Password = helpers.DefaultPointer(o.Password, "")
 	}

-	o.ConfFile = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.ConfFile, "")
-	o.Auth = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.Auth, "")
-	o.Cert = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.Cert, "")
-	o.Key = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.Key, "")
-	o.EncryptedKey = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.EncryptedKey, "")
-	o.KeyPassphrase = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.KeyPassphrase, "")
+	o.ConfFile = helpers.DefaultPointer(o.ConfFile, "")
+	o.Auth = helpers.DefaultPointer(o.Auth, "")
+	o.Cert = helpers.DefaultPointer(o.Cert, "")
+	o.Key = helpers.DefaultPointer(o.Key, "")
+	o.EncryptedKey = helpers.DefaultPointer(o.EncryptedKey, "")
+	o.KeyPassphrase = helpers.DefaultPointer(o.KeyPassphrase, "")

 	var defaultEncPreset string
 	if vpnProvider == providers.PrivateInternetAccess {
 		defaultEncPreset = presets.Strong
 	}
-	o.PIAEncPreset = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.PIAEncPreset, defaultEncPreset)
-	o.MSSFix = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.MSSFix, 0)
-	o.Interface = gosettings.DefaultComparable(o.Interface, "tun0")
-	o.ProcessUser = gosettings.DefaultComparable(o.ProcessUser, "root")
-	o.Verbosity = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.Verbosity, 1)
+	o.PIAEncPreset = helpers.DefaultPointer(o.PIAEncPreset, defaultEncPreset)
+	o.MSSFix = helpers.DefaultPointer(o.MSSFix, 0)
+	o.Interface = helpers.DefaultString(o.Interface, "tun0")
+	o.ProcessUser = helpers.DefaultString(o.ProcessUser, "root")
+	o.Verbosity = helpers.DefaultPointer(o.Verbosity, 1)
 }

 func (o OpenVPN) String() string {
@@ -319,8 +339,8 @@ func (o OpenVPN) String() string {
 func (o OpenVPN) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("OpenVPN settings:")
 	node.Appendf("OpenVPN version: %s", o.Version)
-	node.Appendf("User: %s", gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*o.User))
-	node.Appendf("Password: %s", gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*o.Password))
+	node.Appendf("User: %s", helpers.ObfuscatePassword(*o.User))
+	node.Appendf("Password: %s", helpers.ObfuscatePassword(*o.Password))

 	if *o.ConfFile != "" {
 		node.Appendf("Custom configuration file: %s", *o.ConfFile)
@@ -335,16 +355,16 @@ func (o OpenVPN) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	}

 	if *o.Cert != "" {
-		node.Appendf("Client crt: %s", gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*o.Cert))
+		node.Appendf("Client crt: %s", helpers.ObfuscateData(*o.Cert))
 	}

 	if *o.Key != "" {
-		node.Appendf("Client key: %s", gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*o.Key))
+		node.Appendf("Client key: %s", helpers.ObfuscateData(*o.Key))
 	}

 	if *o.EncryptedKey != "" {
 		node.Appendf("Encrypted key: %s (key passhrapse %s)",
-			gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*o.EncryptedKey), gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*o.KeyPassphrase))
+			helpers.ObfuscateData(*o.EncryptedKey), helpers.ObfuscatePassword(*o.KeyPassphrase))
 	}

 	if *o.PIAEncPreset != "" {
@@ -376,58 +396,3 @@ func (o OpenVPN) WithDefaults(provider string) OpenVPN {
 	o.setDefaults(provider)
 	return o
 }
-
-func (o *OpenVPN) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	o.Version = r.String("OPENVPN_VERSION")
-	o.User = r.Get("OPENVPN_USER", reader.RetroKeys("USER"), reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-	o.Password = r.Get("OPENVPN_PASSWORD", reader.RetroKeys("PASSWORD"), reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-	o.ConfFile = r.Get("OPENVPN_CUSTOM_CONFIG", reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-	o.Ciphers = r.CSV("OPENVPN_CIPHERS", reader.RetroKeys("OPENVPN_CIPHER"))
-	o.Auth = r.Get("OPENVPN_AUTH")
-	o.Cert = r.Get("OPENVPN_CERT", reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-	o.Key = r.Get("OPENVPN_KEY", reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-	o.EncryptedKey = r.Get("OPENVPN_ENCRYPTED_KEY", reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-	o.KeyPassphrase = r.Get("OPENVPN_KEY_PASSPHRASE", reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-	o.PIAEncPreset = r.Get("PRIVATE_INTERNET_ACCESS_OPENVPN_ENCRYPTION_PRESET",
-		reader.RetroKeys("ENCRYPTION", "PIA_ENCRYPTION"))
-
-	o.MSSFix, err = r.Uint16Ptr("OPENVPN_MSSFIX")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	o.Interface = r.String("VPN_INTERFACE",
-		reader.RetroKeys("OPENVPN_INTERFACE"), reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-
-	o.ProcessUser, err = readOpenVPNProcessUser(r)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	o.Verbosity, err = r.IntPtr("OPENVPN_VERBOSITY")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	flagsPtr := r.Get("OPENVPN_FLAGS", reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-	if flagsPtr != nil {
-		o.Flags = strings.Fields(*flagsPtr)
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func readOpenVPNProcessUser(r *reader.Reader) (processUser string, err error) {
-	value, err := r.BoolPtr("OPENVPN_ROOT") // Retro-compatibility
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	} else if value != nil {
-		if *value {
-			return "root", nil
-		}
-		const defaultNonRootUser = "nonrootuser"
-		return defaultNonRootUser, nil
-	}
-
-	return r.String("OPENVPN_PROCESS_USER"), nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/openvpnselection.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/openvpnselection.go
@@ -2,15 +2,10 @@ package settings

 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"strings"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/provider/privateinternetaccess/presets"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/validate"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -19,40 +14,36 @@ type OpenVPNSelection struct {
 	// It can be set to an empty string to indicate to
 	// NOT use a custom configuration file.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	ConfFile *string `json:"config_file_path"`
-	// Protocol is the OpenVPN network protocol to use,
-	// and can be udp or tcp. It cannot be the empty string
-	// in the internal state.
-	Protocol string `json:"protocol"`
+	ConfFile *string
+	// TCP is true if the OpenVPN protocol is TCP,
+	// and false for UDP.
+	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
+	TCP *bool
 	// CustomPort is the OpenVPN server endpoint port.
 	// It can be set to 0 to indicate no custom port should
 	// be used. It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	CustomPort *uint16 `json:"custom_port"`
+	CustomPort *uint16 // HideMyAss, Mullvad, PIA, ProtonVPN, WeVPN, Windscribe
 	// PIAEncPreset is the encryption preset for
 	// Private Internet Access. It can be set to an
 	// empty string for other providers.
-	PIAEncPreset *string `json:"pia_encryption_preset"`
+	PIAEncPreset *string
 }

 func (o OpenVPNSelection) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 	// Validate ConfFile
 	if confFile := *o.ConfFile; confFile != "" {
-		err := validate.FileExists(confFile)
+		err := helpers.FileExists(confFile)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("configuration file: %w", err)
 		}
 	}

-	err = validate.IsOneOf(o.Protocol, constants.UDP, constants.TCP)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("network protocol: %w", err)
-	}
-
 	// Validate TCP
-	if o.Protocol == constants.TCP && helpers.IsOneOf(vpnProvider,
+	if *o.TCP && helpers.IsOneOf(vpnProvider,
 		providers.Ipvanish,
 		providers.Perfectprivacy,
 		providers.Privado,
+		providers.VPNUnlimited,
 		providers.Vyprvpn,
 	) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s",
@@ -63,7 +54,7 @@ func (o OpenVPNSelection) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 	if *o.CustomPort != 0 {
 		switch vpnProvider {
 		// no restriction on port
-		case providers.Custom, providers.Cyberghost, providers.HideMyAss,
+		case providers.Cyberghost, providers.HideMyAss,
 			providers.Privatevpn, providers.Torguard:
 		// no custom port allowed
 		case providers.Expressvpn, providers.Fastestvpn,
@@ -106,18 +97,16 @@ func (o OpenVPNSelection) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 			case providers.Windscribe:
 				allowedTCP = []uint16{21, 22, 80, 123, 143, 443, 587, 1194, 3306, 8080, 54783}
 				allowedUDP = []uint16{53, 80, 123, 443, 1194, 54783}
-			default:
-				panic(fmt.Sprintf("VPN provider %s has no registered allowed ports", vpnProvider))
 			}

-			allowedPorts := allowedUDP
-			if o.Protocol == constants.TCP {
-				allowedPorts = allowedTCP
-			}
-			err = validate.IsOneOf(*o.CustomPort, allowedPorts...)
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s: %w",
-					ErrOpenVPNCustomPortNotAllowed, vpnProvider, err)
+			if *o.TCP && !helpers.Uint16IsOneOf(*o.CustomPort, allowedTCP) {
+				return fmt.Errorf("%w: %d for VPN service provider %s; %s",
+					ErrOpenVPNCustomPortNotAllowed, o.CustomPort, vpnProvider,
+					helpers.PortChoicesOrString(allowedTCP))
+			} else if !*o.TCP && !helpers.Uint16IsOneOf(*o.CustomPort, allowedUDP) {
+				return fmt.Errorf("%w: %d for VPN service provider %s; %s",
+					ErrOpenVPNCustomPortNotAllowed, o.CustomPort, vpnProvider,
+					helpers.PortChoicesOrString(allowedUDP))
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -129,8 +118,10 @@ func (o OpenVPNSelection) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 			presets.Normal,
 			presets.Strong,
 		}
-		if err = validate.IsOneOf(*o.PIAEncPreset, validEncryptionPresets...); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrOpenVPNEncryptionPresetNotValid, err)
+		if !helpers.IsOneOf(*o.PIAEncPreset, validEncryptionPresets...) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s; valid presets are %s",
+				ErrOpenVPNEncryptionPresetNotValid, *o.PIAEncPreset,
+				helpers.ChoicesOrString(validEncryptionPresets))
 		}
 	}

@@ -139,30 +130,37 @@ func (o OpenVPNSelection) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {

 func (o *OpenVPNSelection) copy() (copied OpenVPNSelection) {
 	return OpenVPNSelection{
-		ConfFile:     gosettings.CopyPointer(o.ConfFile),
-		Protocol:     o.Protocol,
-		CustomPort:   gosettings.CopyPointer(o.CustomPort),
-		PIAEncPreset: gosettings.CopyPointer(o.PIAEncPreset),
+		ConfFile:     helpers.CopyPointer(o.ConfFile),
+		TCP:          helpers.CopyPointer(o.TCP),
+		CustomPort:   helpers.CopyPointer(o.CustomPort),
+		PIAEncPreset: helpers.CopyPointer(o.PIAEncPreset),
 	}
 }

+func (o *OpenVPNSelection) mergeWith(other OpenVPNSelection) {
+	o.ConfFile = helpers.MergeWithPointer(o.ConfFile, other.ConfFile)
+	o.TCP = helpers.MergeWithPointer(o.TCP, other.TCP)
+	o.CustomPort = helpers.MergeWithPointer(o.CustomPort, other.CustomPort)
+	o.PIAEncPreset = helpers.MergeWithPointer(o.PIAEncPreset, other.PIAEncPreset)
+}
+
 func (o *OpenVPNSelection) overrideWith(other OpenVPNSelection) {
-	o.ConfFile = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.ConfFile, other.ConfFile)
-	o.Protocol = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(o.Protocol, other.Protocol)
-	o.CustomPort = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.CustomPort, other.CustomPort)
-	o.PIAEncPreset = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.PIAEncPreset, other.PIAEncPreset)
+	o.ConfFile = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(o.ConfFile, other.ConfFile)
+	o.TCP = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(o.TCP, other.TCP)
+	o.CustomPort = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(o.CustomPort, other.CustomPort)
+	o.PIAEncPreset = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(o.PIAEncPreset, other.PIAEncPreset)
 }

 func (o *OpenVPNSelection) setDefaults(vpnProvider string) {
-	o.ConfFile = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.ConfFile, "")
-	o.Protocol = gosettings.DefaultComparable(o.Protocol, constants.UDP)
-	o.CustomPort = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.CustomPort, 0)
+	o.ConfFile = helpers.DefaultPointer(o.ConfFile, "")
+	o.TCP = helpers.DefaultPointer(o.TCP, false)
+	o.CustomPort = helpers.DefaultPointer(o.CustomPort, 0)

 	var defaultEncPreset string
 	if vpnProvider == providers.PrivateInternetAccess {
 		defaultEncPreset = presets.Strong
 	}
-	o.PIAEncPreset = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.PIAEncPreset, defaultEncPreset)
+	o.PIAEncPreset = helpers.DefaultPointer(o.PIAEncPreset, defaultEncPreset)
 }

 func (o OpenVPNSelection) String() string {
@@ -171,7 +169,7 @@ func (o OpenVPNSelection) String() string {

 func (o OpenVPNSelection) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("OpenVPN server selection settings:")
-	node.Appendf("Protocol: %s", strings.ToUpper(o.Protocol))
+	node.Appendf("Protocol: %s", helpers.TCPPtrToString(o.TCP))

 	if *o.CustomPort != 0 {
 		node.Appendf("Custom port: %d", *o.CustomPort)
@@ -187,23 +185,3 @@ func (o OpenVPNSelection) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {

 	return node
 }
-
-func (o *OpenVPNSelection) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	o.ConfFile = r.Get("OPENVPN_CUSTOM_CONFIG", reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-
-	o.Protocol = r.String("OPENVPN_PROTOCOL", reader.RetroKeys("PROTOCOL"))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	o.CustomPort, err = r.Uint16Ptr("OPENVPN_ENDPOINT_PORT",
-		reader.RetroKeys("PORT", "OPENVPN_PORT", "VPN_ENDPOINT_PORT"))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	o.PIAEncPreset = r.Get("PRIVATE_INTERNET_ACCESS_OPENVPN_ENCRYPTION_PRESET",
-		reader.RetroKeys("ENCRYPTION", "PIA_ENCRYPTION"))
-
-	return nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/portforward.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/portforward.go
@@ -3,11 +3,10 @@ package settings
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"

+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/validate"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -15,47 +14,24 @@ import (
 type PortForwarding struct {
 	// Enabled is true if port forwarding should be activated.
 	// It cannot be nil for the internal state.
-	Enabled *bool `json:"enabled"`
-	// Provider is set to specify which custom port forwarding code
-	// should be used. This is especially necessary for the custom
-	// provider using Wireguard for a provider where Wireguard is not
-	// natively supported but custom port forwarding code is available.
-	// It defaults to the empty string, meaning the current provider
-	// should be the one used for port forwarding.
-	// It cannot be nil for the internal state.
-	Provider *string `json:"provider"`
+	Enabled *bool
 	// Filepath is the port forwarding status file path
 	// to use. It can be the empty string to indicate not
 	// to write to a file. It cannot be nil for the
 	// internal state
-	Filepath *string `json:"status_file_path"`
-	// ListeningPort is the port traffic would be redirected to from the
-	// forwarded port. The redirection is disabled if it is set to 0, which
-	// is its default as well.
-	ListeningPort *uint16 `json:"listening_port"`
-	// Username is only used for Private Internet Access port forwarding.
-	Username string `json:"username"`
-	// Password is only used for Private Internet Access port forwarding.
-	Password string `json:"password"`
+	Filepath *string
 }

-func (p PortForwarding) Validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
+func (p PortForwarding) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 	if !*p.Enabled {
 		return nil
 	}

-	// Validate current provider or custom provider specified
-	providerSelected := vpnProvider
-	if *p.Provider != "" {
-		providerSelected = *p.Provider
-	}
-	validProviders := []string{
-		providers.Perfectprivacy,
-		providers.PrivateInternetAccess,
-		providers.Protonvpn,
-	}
-	if err = validate.IsOneOf(providerSelected, validProviders...); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrPortForwardingEnabled, err)
+	// Validate Enabled
+	validProviders := []string{providers.PrivateInternetAccess}
+	if !helpers.IsOneOf(vpnProvider, validProviders...) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: for provider %s, it is only available for %s",
+			ErrPortForwardingEnabled, vpnProvider, strings.Join(validProviders, ", "))
 	}

 	// Validate Filepath
@@ -66,43 +42,29 @@ func (p PortForwarding) Validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 		}
 	}

-	if providerSelected == providers.PrivateInternetAccess {
-		switch {
-		case p.Username == "":
-			return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrPortForwardingUserEmpty)
-		case p.Password == "":
-			return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrPortForwardingPasswordEmpty)
-		}
-	}
-
 	return nil
 }

-func (p *PortForwarding) Copy() (copied PortForwarding) {
+func (p *PortForwarding) copy() (copied PortForwarding) {
 	return PortForwarding{
-		Enabled:       gosettings.CopyPointer(p.Enabled),
-		Provider:      gosettings.CopyPointer(p.Provider),
-		Filepath:      gosettings.CopyPointer(p.Filepath),
-		ListeningPort: gosettings.CopyPointer(p.ListeningPort),
-		Username:      p.Username,
-		Password:      p.Password,
+		Enabled:  helpers.CopyPointer(p.Enabled),
+		Filepath: helpers.CopyPointer(p.Filepath),
 	}
 }

-func (p *PortForwarding) OverrideWith(other PortForwarding) {
-	p.Enabled = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(p.Enabled, other.Enabled)
-	p.Provider = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(p.Provider, other.Provider)
-	p.Filepath = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(p.Filepath, other.Filepath)
-	p.ListeningPort = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(p.ListeningPort, other.ListeningPort)
-	p.Username = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(p.Username, other.Username)
-	p.Password = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(p.Password, other.Password)
+func (p *PortForwarding) mergeWith(other PortForwarding) {
+	p.Enabled = helpers.MergeWithPointer(p.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	p.Filepath = helpers.MergeWithPointer(p.Filepath, other.Filepath)
+}
+
+func (p *PortForwarding) overrideWith(other PortForwarding) {
+	p.Enabled = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(p.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	p.Filepath = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(p.Filepath, other.Filepath)
 }

 func (p *PortForwarding) setDefaults() {
-	p.Enabled = gosettings.DefaultPointer(p.Enabled, false)
-	p.Provider = gosettings.DefaultPointer(p.Provider, "")
-	p.Filepath = gosettings.DefaultPointer(p.Filepath, "/tmp/gluetun/forwarded_port")
-	p.ListeningPort = gosettings.DefaultPointer(p.ListeningPort, 0)
+	p.Enabled = helpers.DefaultPointer(p.Enabled, false)
+	p.Filepath = helpers.DefaultPointer(p.Filepath, "/tmp/gluetun/forwarded_port")
 }

 func (p PortForwarding) String() string {
@@ -115,18 +77,7 @@ func (p PortForwarding) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	}

 	node = gotree.New("Automatic port forwarding settings:")
-
-	listeningPort := "disabled"
-	if *p.ListeningPort != 0 {
-		listeningPort = fmt.Sprintf("%d", *p.ListeningPort)
-	}
-	node.Appendf("Redirection listening port: %s", listeningPort)
-
-	if *p.Provider == "" {
-		node.Appendf("Use port forwarding code for current provider")
-	} else {
-		node.Appendf("Use code for provider: %s", *p.Provider)
-	}
+	node.Appendf("Enabled: yes")

 	filepath := *p.Filepath
 	if filepath == "" {
@@ -134,54 +85,5 @@ func (p PortForwarding) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	}
 	node.Appendf("Forwarded port file path: %s", filepath)

-	if p.Username != "" {
-		credentialsNode := node.Appendf("Credentials:")
-		credentialsNode.Appendf("Username: %s", p.Username)
-		credentialsNode.Appendf("Password: %s", gosettings.ObfuscateKey(p.Password))
-	}
-
 	return node
 }
-
-func (p *PortForwarding) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	p.Enabled, err = r.BoolPtr("VPN_PORT_FORWARDING",
-		reader.RetroKeys(
-			"PORT_FORWARDING",
-			"PRIVATE_INTERNET_ACCESS_VPN_PORT_FORWARDING",
-		))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	p.Provider = r.Get("VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_PROVIDER")
-
-	p.Filepath = r.Get("VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_STATUS_FILE",
-		reader.ForceLowercase(false),
-		reader.RetroKeys(
-			"PORT_FORWARDING_STATUS_FILE",
-			"PRIVATE_INTERNET_ACCESS_VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_STATUS_FILE",
-		))
-
-	p.ListeningPort, err = r.Uint16Ptr("VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_LISTENING_PORT")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	usernameKeys := []string{"VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_USERNAME", "OPENVPN_USER", "USER"}
-	for _, key := range usernameKeys {
-		p.Username = r.String(key, reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-		if p.Username != "" {
-			break
-		}
-	}
-
-	passwordKeys := []string{"VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_PASSWORD", "OPENVPN_PASSWORD", "PASSWORD"}
-	for _, key := range passwordKeys {
-		p.Password = r.String(key, reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-		if p.Password != "" {
-			break
-		}
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/provider.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/provider.go
@@ -2,26 +2,23 @@ package settings

 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"strings"

+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/vpn"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/validate"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

 // Provider contains settings specific to a VPN provider.
 type Provider struct {
 	// Name is the VPN service provider name.
-	// It cannot be the empty string in the internal state.
-	Name string `json:"name"`
+	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
+	Name *string
 	// ServerSelection is the settings to
 	// select the VPN server.
-	ServerSelection ServerSelection `json:"server_selection"`
+	ServerSelection ServerSelection
 	// PortForwarding is the settings about port forwarding.
-	PortForwarding PortForwarding `json:"port_forwarding"`
+	PortForwarding PortForwarding
 }

 // TODO v4 remove pointer for receiver (because of Surfshark).
@@ -35,25 +32,23 @@ func (p *Provider) validate(vpnType string, storage Storage) (err error) {
 		validNames = []string{
 			providers.Airvpn,
 			providers.Custom,
-			providers.Fastestvpn,
 			providers.Ivpn,
 			providers.Mullvad,
-			providers.Nordvpn,
-			providers.Protonvpn,
 			providers.Surfshark,
 			providers.Windscribe,
 		}
 	}
-	if err = validate.IsOneOf(p.Name, validNames...); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w for Wireguard: %w", ErrVPNProviderNameNotValid, err)
+	if !helpers.IsOneOf(*p.Name, validNames...) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w for Wireguard: %q can only be one of %s",
+			ErrVPNProviderNameNotValid, *p.Name, helpers.ChoicesOrString(validNames))
 	}

-	err = p.ServerSelection.validate(p.Name, storage)
+	err = p.ServerSelection.validate(*p.Name, storage)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("server selection: %w", err)
 	}

-	err = p.PortForwarding.Validate(p.Name)
+	err = p.PortForwarding.validate(*p.Name)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("port forwarding: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -63,22 +58,28 @@ func (p *Provider) validate(vpnType string, storage Storage) (err error) {

 func (p *Provider) copy() (copied Provider) {
 	return Provider{
-		Name:            p.Name,
+		Name:            helpers.CopyPointer(p.Name),
 		ServerSelection: p.ServerSelection.copy(),
-		PortForwarding:  p.PortForwarding.Copy(),
+		PortForwarding:  p.PortForwarding.copy(),
 	}
 }

+func (p *Provider) mergeWith(other Provider) {
+	p.Name = helpers.MergeWithPointer(p.Name, other.Name)
+	p.ServerSelection.mergeWith(other.ServerSelection)
+	p.PortForwarding.mergeWith(other.PortForwarding)
+}
+
 func (p *Provider) overrideWith(other Provider) {
-	p.Name = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(p.Name, other.Name)
+	p.Name = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(p.Name, other.Name)
 	p.ServerSelection.overrideWith(other.ServerSelection)
-	p.PortForwarding.OverrideWith(other.PortForwarding)
+	p.PortForwarding.overrideWith(other.PortForwarding)
 }

 func (p *Provider) setDefaults() {
-	p.Name = gosettings.DefaultComparable(p.Name, providers.PrivateInternetAccess)
+	p.Name = helpers.DefaultPointer(p.Name, providers.PrivateInternetAccess)
+	p.ServerSelection.setDefaults(*p.Name)
 	p.PortForwarding.setDefaults()
-	p.ServerSelection.setDefaults(p.Name, *p.PortForwarding.Enabled)
 }

 func (p Provider) String() string {
@@ -87,42 +88,8 @@ func (p Provider) String() string {

 func (p Provider) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("VPN provider settings:")
-	node.Appendf("Name: %s", p.Name)
+	node.Appendf("Name: %s", *p.Name)
 	node.AppendNode(p.ServerSelection.toLinesNode())
 	node.AppendNode(p.PortForwarding.toLinesNode())
 	return node
 }
-
-func (p *Provider) read(r *reader.Reader, vpnType string) (err error) {
-	p.Name = readVPNServiceProvider(r, vpnType)
-
-	err = p.ServerSelection.read(r, p.Name, vpnType)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("server selection: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	err = p.PortForwarding.read(r)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("port forwarding: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func readVPNServiceProvider(r *reader.Reader, vpnType string) (vpnProvider string) {
-	vpnProvider = r.String("VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER", reader.RetroKeys("VPNSP"))
-	if vpnProvider == "" {
-		if vpnType != vpn.Wireguard && r.Get("OPENVPN_CUSTOM_CONFIG") != nil {
-			// retro compatibility
-			return providers.Custom
-		}
-		return ""
-	}
-
-	vpnProvider = strings.ToLower(vpnProvider)
-	if vpnProvider == "pia" { // retro compatibility
-		return providers.PrivateInternetAccess
-	}
-
-	return vpnProvider
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/publicip.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/publicip.go
@@ -5,9 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/publicip/api"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -23,28 +21,6 @@ type PublicIP struct {
 	// to write to a file. It cannot be nil for the
 	// internal state
 	IPFilepath *string
-	// API is the API name to use to fetch public IP information.
-	// It can be ipinfo or ip2location. It defaults to ipinfo.
-	API string
-	// APIToken is the token to use for the IP data service
-	// such as ipinfo.io. It can be the empty string to
-	// indicate not to use a token. It cannot be nil for the
-	// internal state.
-	APIToken *string
-}
-
-// UpdateWith deep copies the receiving settings, overrides the copy with
-// fields set in the partialUpdate argument, validates the new settings
-// and returns them if they are valid, or returns an error otherwise.
-// In all cases, the receiving settings are unmodified.
-func (p PublicIP) UpdateWith(partialUpdate PublicIP) (updatedSettings PublicIP, err error) {
-	updatedSettings = p.copy()
-	updatedSettings.overrideWith(partialUpdate)
-	err = updatedSettings.validate()
-	if err != nil {
-		return updatedSettings, fmt.Errorf("validating updated settings: %w", err)
-	}
-	return updatedSettings, nil
 }

 func (p PublicIP) validate() (err error) {
@@ -61,36 +37,30 @@ func (p PublicIP) validate() (err error) {
 		}
 	}

-	_, err = api.ParseProvider(p.API)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("API name: %w", err)
-	}
-
 	return nil
 }

 func (p *PublicIP) copy() (copied PublicIP) {
 	return PublicIP{
-		Period:     gosettings.CopyPointer(p.Period),
-		IPFilepath: gosettings.CopyPointer(p.IPFilepath),
-		API:        p.API,
-		APIToken:   gosettings.CopyPointer(p.APIToken),
+		Period:     helpers.CopyPointer(p.Period),
+		IPFilepath: helpers.CopyPointer(p.IPFilepath),
 	}
 }

+func (p *PublicIP) mergeWith(other PublicIP) {
+	p.Period = helpers.MergeWithPointer(p.Period, other.Period)
+	p.IPFilepath = helpers.MergeWithPointer(p.IPFilepath, other.IPFilepath)
+}
+
 func (p *PublicIP) overrideWith(other PublicIP) {
-	p.Period = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(p.Period, other.Period)
-	p.IPFilepath = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(p.IPFilepath, other.IPFilepath)
-	p.API = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(p.API, other.API)
-	p.APIToken = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(p.APIToken, other.APIToken)
+	p.Period = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(p.Period, other.Period)
+	p.IPFilepath = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(p.IPFilepath, other.IPFilepath)
 }

 func (p *PublicIP) setDefaults() {
 	const defaultPeriod = 12 * time.Hour
-	p.Period = gosettings.DefaultPointer(p.Period, defaultPeriod)
-	p.IPFilepath = gosettings.DefaultPointer(p.IPFilepath, "/tmp/gluetun/ip")
-	p.API = gosettings.DefaultComparable(p.API, "ipinfo")
-	p.APIToken = gosettings.DefaultPointer(p.APIToken, "")
+	p.Period = helpers.DefaultPointer(p.Period, defaultPeriod)
+	p.IPFilepath = helpers.DefaultPointer(p.IPFilepath, "/tmp/gluetun/ip")
 }

 func (p PublicIP) String() string {
@@ -115,24 +85,5 @@ func (p PublicIP) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 		node.Appendf("IP file path: %s", *p.IPFilepath)
 	}

-	node.Appendf("Public IP data API: %s", p.API)
-
-	if *p.APIToken != "" {
-		node.Appendf("API token: %s", gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*p.APIToken))
-	}
-
 	return node
 }
-
-func (p *PublicIP) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	p.Period, err = r.DurationPtr("PUBLICIP_PERIOD")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	p.IPFilepath = r.Get("PUBLICIP_FILE",
-		reader.ForceLowercase(false), reader.RetroKeys("IP_STATUS_FILE"))
-	p.API = r.String("PUBLICIP_API")
-	p.APIToken = r.Get("PUBLICIP_API_TOKEN")
-	return nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/server.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/server.go
@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"strconv"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -19,11 +18,6 @@ type ControlServer struct {
 	// Log can be true or false to enable logging on requests.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
 	Log *bool
-	// AuthFilePath is the path to the file containing the authentication
-	// configuration for the middleware.
-	// It cannot be empty in the internal state and defaults to
-	// /gluetun/auth/config.toml.
-	AuthFilePath string
 }

 func (c ControlServer) validate() (err error) {
@@ -49,25 +43,29 @@ func (c ControlServer) validate() (err error) {

 func (c *ControlServer) copy() (copied ControlServer) {
 	return ControlServer{
-		Address:      gosettings.CopyPointer(c.Address),
-		Log:          gosettings.CopyPointer(c.Log),
-		AuthFilePath: c.AuthFilePath,
+		Address: helpers.CopyPointer(c.Address),
+		Log:     helpers.CopyPointer(c.Log),
 	}
 }

+// mergeWith merges the other settings into any
+// unset field of the receiver settings object.
+func (c *ControlServer) mergeWith(other ControlServer) {
+	c.Address = helpers.MergeWithPointer(c.Address, other.Address)
+	c.Log = helpers.MergeWithPointer(c.Log, other.Log)
+}
+
 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (c *ControlServer) overrideWith(other ControlServer) {
-	c.Address = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(c.Address, other.Address)
-	c.Log = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(c.Log, other.Log)
-	c.AuthFilePath = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(c.AuthFilePath, other.AuthFilePath)
+	c.Address = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(c.Address, other.Address)
+	c.Log = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(c.Log, other.Log)
 }

 func (c *ControlServer) setDefaults() {
-	c.Address = gosettings.DefaultPointer(c.Address, ":8000")
-	c.Log = gosettings.DefaultPointer(c.Log, true)
-	c.AuthFilePath = gosettings.DefaultComparable(c.AuthFilePath, "/gluetun/auth/config.toml")
+	c.Address = helpers.DefaultPointer(c.Address, ":8000")
+	c.Log = helpers.DefaultPointer(c.Log, true)
 }

 func (c ControlServer) String() string {
@@ -77,20 +75,6 @@ func (c ControlServer) String() string {
 func (c ControlServer) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("Control server settings:")
 	node.Appendf("Listening address: %s", *c.Address)
-	node.Appendf("Logging: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(c.Log))
-	node.Appendf("Authentication file path: %s", c.AuthFilePath)
+	node.Appendf("Logging: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(c.Log))
 	return node
 }
-
-func (c *ControlServer) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	c.Log, err = r.BoolPtr("HTTP_CONTROL_SERVER_LOG")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	c.Address = r.Get("HTTP_CONTROL_SERVER_ADDRESS")
-
-	c.AuthFilePath = r.String("HTTP_CONTROL_SERVER_AUTH_CONFIG_FILEPATH")
-
-	return nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/serverselection.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/serverselection.go
@@ -11,9 +11,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/vpn"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/validate"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -21,73 +18,59 @@ type ServerSelection struct { //nolint:maligned
 	// VPN is the VPN type which can be 'openvpn'
 	// or 'wireguard'. It cannot be the empty string
 	// in the internal state.
-	VPN string `json:"vpn"`
+	VPN string
 	// TargetIP is the server endpoint IP address to use.
 	// It will override any IP address from the picked
 	// built-in server. It cannot be the empty value in the internal
 	// state, and can be set to the unspecified address to indicate
 	// there is not target IP address to use.
-	TargetIP netip.Addr `json:"target_ip"`
-	// Countries is the list of countries to filter VPN servers with.
-	Countries []string `json:"countries"`
-	// Categories is the list of categories to filter VPN servers with.
-	Categories []string `json:"categories"`
+	TargetIP netip.Addr
+	// Counties is the list of countries to filter VPN servers with.
+	Countries []string
 	// Regions is the list of regions to filter VPN servers with.
-	Regions []string `json:"regions"`
+	Regions []string
 	// Cities is the list of cities to filter VPN servers with.
-	Cities []string `json:"cities"`
+	Cities []string
 	// ISPs is the list of ISP names to filter VPN servers with.
-	ISPs []string `json:"isps"`
+	ISPs []string
 	// Names is the list of server names to filter VPN servers with.
-	Names []string `json:"names"`
+	Names []string
 	// Numbers is the list of server numbers to filter VPN servers with.
-	Numbers []uint16 `json:"numbers"`
+	Numbers []uint16
 	// Hostnames is the list of hostnames to filter VPN servers with.
-	Hostnames []string `json:"hostnames"`
+	Hostnames []string
 	// OwnedOnly is true if VPN provider servers that are not owned
 	// should be filtered. This is used with Mullvad.
-	OwnedOnly *bool `json:"owned_only"`
+	OwnedOnly *bool
 	// FreeOnly is true if VPN servers that are not free should
 	// be filtered. This is used with ProtonVPN and VPN Unlimited.
-	FreeOnly *bool `json:"free_only"`
+	FreeOnly *bool
 	// PremiumOnly is true if VPN servers that are not premium should
 	// be filtered. This is used with VPN Secure.
 	// TODO extend to providers using FreeOnly.
-	PremiumOnly *bool `json:"premium_only"`
+	PremiumOnly *bool
 	// StreamOnly is true if VPN servers not for streaming should
-	// be filtered. This is used with ProtonVPN and VPNUnlimited.
-	StreamOnly *bool `json:"stream_only"`
+	// be filtered. This is used with VPNUnlimited.
+	StreamOnly *bool
 	// MultiHopOnly is true if VPN servers that are not multihop
 	// should be filtered. This is used with Surfshark.
-	MultiHopOnly *bool `json:"multi_hop_only"`
-	// PortForwardOnly is true if VPN servers that don't support
-	// port forwarding should be filtered. This is used with PIA
-	// and ProtonVPN.
-	PortForwardOnly *bool `json:"port_forward_only"`
-	// SecureCoreOnly is true if VPN servers without secure core should
-	// be filtered. This is used with ProtonVPN.
-	SecureCoreOnly *bool `json:"secure_core_only"`
-	// TorOnly is true if VPN servers without tor should
-	// be filtered. This is used with ProtonVPN.
-	TorOnly *bool `json:"tor_only"`
+	MultiHopOnly *bool
+
 	// OpenVPN contains settings to select OpenVPN servers
 	// and the final connection.
-	OpenVPN OpenVPNSelection `json:"openvpn"`
+	OpenVPN OpenVPNSelection
 	// Wireguard contains settings to select Wireguard servers
 	// and the final connection.
-	Wireguard WireguardSelection `json:"wireguard"`
+	Wireguard WireguardSelection
 }

 var (
-	ErrOwnedOnlyNotSupported       = errors.New("owned only filter is not supported")
-	ErrFreeOnlyNotSupported        = errors.New("free only filter is not supported")
-	ErrPremiumOnlyNotSupported     = errors.New("premium only filter is not supported")
-	ErrStreamOnlyNotSupported      = errors.New("stream only filter is not supported")
-	ErrMultiHopOnlyNotSupported    = errors.New("multi hop only filter is not supported")
-	ErrPortForwardOnlyNotSupported = errors.New("port forwarding only filter is not supported")
-	ErrFreePremiumBothSet          = errors.New("free only and premium only filters are both set")
-	ErrSecureCoreOnlyNotSupported  = errors.New("secure core only filter is not supported")
-	ErrTorOnlyNotSupported         = errors.New("tor only filter is not supported")
+	ErrOwnedOnlyNotSupported    = errors.New("owned only filter is not supported")
+	ErrFreeOnlyNotSupported     = errors.New("free only filter is not supported")
+	ErrPremiumOnlyNotSupported  = errors.New("premium only filter is not supported")
+	ErrStreamOnlyNotSupported   = errors.New("stream only filter is not supported")
+	ErrMultiHopOnlyNotSupported = errors.New("multi hop only filter is not supported")
+	ErrFreePremiumBothSet       = errors.New("free only and premium only filters are both set")
 )

 func (ss *ServerSelection) validate(vpnServiceProvider string,
@@ -103,27 +86,54 @@ func (ss *ServerSelection) validate(vpnServiceProvider string,
 		return err // already wrapped error
 	}

-	// Retro-compatibility
-	switch vpnServiceProvider {
-	case providers.Nordvpn:
-		*ss = nordvpnRetroRegion(*ss, filterChoices.Regions, filterChoices.Countries)
-	case providers.Surfshark:
-		*ss = surfsharkRetroRegion(*ss)
+	err = validateServerFilters(*ss, filterChoices)
+	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, helpers.ErrNoChoice) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("for VPN service provider %s: %w", vpnServiceProvider, err)
+		}
+		return err // already wrapped error
 	}

-	err = validateServerFilters(*ss, filterChoices, vpnServiceProvider)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("for VPN service provider %s: %w", vpnServiceProvider, err)
+	if *ss.OwnedOnly &&
+		vpnServiceProvider != providers.Mullvad {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s",
+			ErrOwnedOnlyNotSupported, vpnServiceProvider)
 	}

-	err = validateSubscriptionTierFilters(*ss, vpnServiceProvider)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("for VPN service provider %s: %w", vpnServiceProvider, err)
+	if *ss.FreeOnly &&
+		!helpers.IsOneOf(vpnServiceProvider,
+			providers.Protonvpn,
+			providers.VPNUnlimited,
+		) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s",
+			ErrFreeOnlyNotSupported, vpnServiceProvider)
 	}

-	err = validateFeatureFilters(*ss, vpnServiceProvider)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("for VPN service provider %s: %w", vpnServiceProvider, err)
+	if *ss.PremiumOnly &&
+		!helpers.IsOneOf(vpnServiceProvider,
+			providers.VPNSecure,
+		) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s",
+			ErrPremiumOnlyNotSupported, vpnServiceProvider)
+	}
+
+	if *ss.FreeOnly && *ss.PremiumOnly {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrFreePremiumBothSet)
+	}
+
+	if *ss.StreamOnly &&
+		!helpers.IsOneOf(vpnServiceProvider,
+			providers.Protonvpn,
+			providers.VPNUnlimited,
+		) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s",
+			ErrStreamOnlyNotSupported, vpnServiceProvider)
+	}
+
+	if *ss.MultiHopOnly &&
+		vpnServiceProvider != providers.Surfshark {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s",
+			ErrMultiHopOnlyNotSupported, vpnServiceProvider)
 	}

 	if ss.VPN == vpn.OpenVPN {
@@ -149,14 +159,11 @@ func getLocationFilterChoices(vpnServiceProvider string,
 	if vpnServiceProvider == providers.Surfshark {
 		// // Retro compatibility
 		// TODO v4 remove
-		newAndRetroRegions := append(filterChoices.Regions, validation.SurfsharkRetroLocChoices()...) //nolint:gocritic
-		err := validate.AreAllOneOfCaseInsensitive(ss.Regions, newAndRetroRegions)
-		if err != nil {
-			// Only return error comparing with newer regions, we don't want to confuse the user
-			// with the retro regions in the error message.
-			err = validate.AreAllOneOfCaseInsensitive(ss.Regions, filterChoices.Regions)
-			return models.FilterChoices{}, fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrRegionNotValid, err)
+		filterChoices.Regions = append(filterChoices.Regions, validation.SurfsharkRetroLocChoices()...)
+		if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(ss.Regions, filterChoices.Regions); err != nil {
+			return models.FilterChoices{}, fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrRegionNotValid, err)
 		}
+		*ss = surfsharkRetroRegion(*ss)
 	}

 	return filterChoices, nil
@@ -164,162 +171,102 @@ func getLocationFilterChoices(vpnServiceProvider string,

 // validateServerFilters validates filters against the choices given as arguments.
 // Set an argument to nil to pass the check for a particular filter.
-func validateServerFilters(settings ServerSelection, filterChoices models.FilterChoices,
-	vpnServiceProvider string) (err error) {
-	err = validate.AreAllOneOfCaseInsensitive(settings.Countries, filterChoices.Countries)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrCountryNotValid, err)
+func validateServerFilters(settings ServerSelection, filterChoices models.FilterChoices) (err error) {
+	if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(settings.Countries, filterChoices.Countries); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrCountryNotValid, err)
 	}

-	err = validate.AreAllOneOfCaseInsensitive(settings.Regions, filterChoices.Regions)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrRegionNotValid, err)
+	if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(settings.Regions, filterChoices.Regions); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrRegionNotValid, err)
 	}

-	err = validate.AreAllOneOfCaseInsensitive(settings.Cities, filterChoices.Cities)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrCityNotValid, err)
+	if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(settings.Cities, filterChoices.Cities); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrCityNotValid, err)
 	}

-	err = validate.AreAllOneOfCaseInsensitive(settings.ISPs, filterChoices.ISPs)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrISPNotValid, err)
+	if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(settings.ISPs, filterChoices.ISPs); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrISPNotValid, err)
 	}

-	err = validate.AreAllOneOfCaseInsensitive(settings.Hostnames, filterChoices.Hostnames)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrHostnameNotValid, err)
+	if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(settings.Hostnames, filterChoices.Hostnames); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrHostnameNotValid, err)
 	}

-	if vpnServiceProvider == providers.Custom {
-		switch len(settings.Names) {
-		case 0:
-		case 1:
-			// Allow a single name to be specified for the custom provider in case
-			// the user wants to use VPN server side port forwarding with PIA
-			// which requires a server name for TLS verification.
-			filterChoices.Names = settings.Names
-		default:
-			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %d names specified instead of "+
-				"0 or 1 for the custom provider",
-				ErrNameNotValid, len(settings.Names))
-		}
-	}
-	err = validate.AreAllOneOfCaseInsensitive(settings.Names, filterChoices.Names)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrNameNotValid, err)
-	}
-
-	err = validate.AreAllOneOfCaseInsensitive(settings.Categories, filterChoices.Categories)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrCategoryNotValid, err)
+	if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(settings.Names, filterChoices.Names); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrNameNotValid, err)
 	}

 	return nil
 }

-func validateSubscriptionTierFilters(settings ServerSelection, vpnServiceProvider string) error {
-	switch {
-	case *settings.FreeOnly &&
-		!helpers.IsOneOf(vpnServiceProvider, providers.Protonvpn, providers.VPNUnlimited):
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrFreeOnlyNotSupported)
-	case *settings.PremiumOnly &&
-		!helpers.IsOneOf(vpnServiceProvider, providers.VPNSecure):
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrPremiumOnlyNotSupported)
-	case *settings.FreeOnly && *settings.PremiumOnly:
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrFreePremiumBothSet)
-	default:
-		return nil
-	}
-}
-
-func validateFeatureFilters(settings ServerSelection, vpnServiceProvider string) error {
-	switch {
-	case *settings.OwnedOnly && vpnServiceProvider != providers.Mullvad:
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrOwnedOnlyNotSupported)
-	case vpnServiceProvider == providers.Protonvpn && *settings.FreeOnly && *settings.PortForwardOnly:
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: together with free only filter", ErrPortForwardOnlyNotSupported)
-	case *settings.StreamOnly &&
-		!helpers.IsOneOf(vpnServiceProvider, providers.Protonvpn, providers.VPNUnlimited):
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrStreamOnlyNotSupported)
-	case *settings.MultiHopOnly && vpnServiceProvider != providers.Surfshark:
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrMultiHopOnlyNotSupported)
-	case *settings.PortForwardOnly &&
-		!helpers.IsOneOf(vpnServiceProvider, providers.PrivateInternetAccess, providers.Protonvpn):
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrPortForwardOnlyNotSupported)
-	case *settings.SecureCoreOnly && vpnServiceProvider != providers.Protonvpn:
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrSecureCoreOnlyNotSupported)
-	case *settings.TorOnly && vpnServiceProvider != providers.Protonvpn:
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrTorOnlyNotSupported)
-	default:
-		return nil
-	}
-}
-
 func (ss *ServerSelection) copy() (copied ServerSelection) {
 	return ServerSelection{
-		VPN:             ss.VPN,
-		TargetIP:        ss.TargetIP,
-		Countries:       gosettings.CopySlice(ss.Countries),
-		Categories:      gosettings.CopySlice(ss.Categories),
-		Regions:         gosettings.CopySlice(ss.Regions),
-		Cities:          gosettings.CopySlice(ss.Cities),
-		ISPs:            gosettings.CopySlice(ss.ISPs),
-		Hostnames:       gosettings.CopySlice(ss.Hostnames),
-		Names:           gosettings.CopySlice(ss.Names),
-		Numbers:         gosettings.CopySlice(ss.Numbers),
-		OwnedOnly:       gosettings.CopyPointer(ss.OwnedOnly),
-		FreeOnly:        gosettings.CopyPointer(ss.FreeOnly),
-		PremiumOnly:     gosettings.CopyPointer(ss.PremiumOnly),
-		StreamOnly:      gosettings.CopyPointer(ss.StreamOnly),
-		SecureCoreOnly:  gosettings.CopyPointer(ss.SecureCoreOnly),
-		TorOnly:         gosettings.CopyPointer(ss.TorOnly),
-		PortForwardOnly: gosettings.CopyPointer(ss.PortForwardOnly),
-		MultiHopOnly:    gosettings.CopyPointer(ss.MultiHopOnly),
-		OpenVPN:         ss.OpenVPN.copy(),
-		Wireguard:       ss.Wireguard.copy(),
+		VPN:          ss.VPN,
+		TargetIP:     ss.TargetIP,
+		Countries:    helpers.CopySlice(ss.Countries),
+		Regions:      helpers.CopySlice(ss.Regions),
+		Cities:       helpers.CopySlice(ss.Cities),
+		ISPs:         helpers.CopySlice(ss.ISPs),
+		Hostnames:    helpers.CopySlice(ss.Hostnames),
+		Names:        helpers.CopySlice(ss.Names),
+		Numbers:      helpers.CopySlice(ss.Numbers),
+		OwnedOnly:    helpers.CopyPointer(ss.OwnedOnly),
+		FreeOnly:     helpers.CopyPointer(ss.FreeOnly),
+		PremiumOnly:  helpers.CopyPointer(ss.PremiumOnly),
+		StreamOnly:   helpers.CopyPointer(ss.StreamOnly),
+		MultiHopOnly: helpers.CopyPointer(ss.MultiHopOnly),
+		OpenVPN:      ss.OpenVPN.copy(),
+		Wireguard:    ss.Wireguard.copy(),
 	}
 }

+func (ss *ServerSelection) mergeWith(other ServerSelection) {
+	ss.VPN = helpers.MergeWithString(ss.VPN, other.VPN)
+	ss.TargetIP = helpers.MergeWithIP(ss.TargetIP, other.TargetIP)
+	ss.Countries = helpers.MergeSlices(ss.Countries, other.Countries)
+	ss.Regions = helpers.MergeSlices(ss.Regions, other.Regions)
+	ss.Cities = helpers.MergeSlices(ss.Cities, other.Cities)
+	ss.ISPs = helpers.MergeSlices(ss.ISPs, other.ISPs)
+	ss.Hostnames = helpers.MergeSlices(ss.Hostnames, other.Hostnames)
+	ss.Names = helpers.MergeSlices(ss.Names, other.Names)
+	ss.Numbers = helpers.MergeSlices(ss.Numbers, other.Numbers)
+	ss.OwnedOnly = helpers.MergeWithPointer(ss.OwnedOnly, other.OwnedOnly)
+	ss.FreeOnly = helpers.MergeWithPointer(ss.FreeOnly, other.FreeOnly)
+	ss.PremiumOnly = helpers.MergeWithPointer(ss.PremiumOnly, other.PremiumOnly)
+	ss.StreamOnly = helpers.MergeWithPointer(ss.StreamOnly, other.StreamOnly)
+	ss.MultiHopOnly = helpers.MergeWithPointer(ss.MultiHopOnly, other.MultiHopOnly)
+
+	ss.OpenVPN.mergeWith(other.OpenVPN)
+	ss.Wireguard.mergeWith(other.Wireguard)
+}
+
 func (ss *ServerSelection) overrideWith(other ServerSelection) {
-	ss.VPN = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(ss.VPN, other.VPN)
-	ss.TargetIP = gosettings.OverrideWithValidator(ss.TargetIP, other.TargetIP)
-	ss.Countries = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Countries, other.Countries)
-	ss.Categories = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Categories, other.Categories)
-	ss.Regions = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Regions, other.Regions)
-	ss.Cities = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Cities, other.Cities)
-	ss.ISPs = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(ss.ISPs, other.ISPs)
-	ss.Hostnames = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Hostnames, other.Hostnames)
-	ss.Names = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Names, other.Names)
-	ss.Numbers = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Numbers, other.Numbers)
-	ss.OwnedOnly = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(ss.OwnedOnly, other.OwnedOnly)
-	ss.FreeOnly = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(ss.FreeOnly, other.FreeOnly)
-	ss.PremiumOnly = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(ss.PremiumOnly, other.PremiumOnly)
-	ss.StreamOnly = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(ss.StreamOnly, other.StreamOnly)
-	ss.SecureCoreOnly = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(ss.SecureCoreOnly, other.SecureCoreOnly)
-	ss.TorOnly = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(ss.TorOnly, other.TorOnly)
-	ss.MultiHopOnly = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(ss.MultiHopOnly, other.MultiHopOnly)
-	ss.PortForwardOnly = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(ss.PortForwardOnly, other.PortForwardOnly)
+	ss.VPN = helpers.OverrideWithString(ss.VPN, other.VPN)
+	ss.TargetIP = helpers.OverrideWithIP(ss.TargetIP, other.TargetIP)
+	ss.Countries = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Countries, other.Countries)
+	ss.Regions = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Regions, other.Regions)
+	ss.Cities = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Cities, other.Cities)
+	ss.ISPs = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(ss.ISPs, other.ISPs)
+	ss.Hostnames = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Hostnames, other.Hostnames)
+	ss.Names = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Names, other.Names)
+	ss.Numbers = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Numbers, other.Numbers)
+	ss.OwnedOnly = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(ss.OwnedOnly, other.OwnedOnly)
+	ss.FreeOnly = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(ss.FreeOnly, other.FreeOnly)
+	ss.PremiumOnly = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(ss.PremiumOnly, other.PremiumOnly)
+	ss.StreamOnly = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(ss.StreamOnly, other.StreamOnly)
+	ss.MultiHopOnly = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(ss.MultiHopOnly, other.MultiHopOnly)
 	ss.OpenVPN.overrideWith(other.OpenVPN)
 	ss.Wireguard.overrideWith(other.Wireguard)
 }

-func (ss *ServerSelection) setDefaults(vpnProvider string, portForwardingEnabled bool) {
-	ss.VPN = gosettings.DefaultComparable(ss.VPN, vpn.OpenVPN)
-	ss.TargetIP = gosettings.DefaultValidator(ss.TargetIP, netip.IPv4Unspecified())
-	ss.OwnedOnly = gosettings.DefaultPointer(ss.OwnedOnly, false)
-	ss.FreeOnly = gosettings.DefaultPointer(ss.FreeOnly, false)
-	ss.PremiumOnly = gosettings.DefaultPointer(ss.PremiumOnly, false)
-	ss.StreamOnly = gosettings.DefaultPointer(ss.StreamOnly, false)
-	ss.SecureCoreOnly = gosettings.DefaultPointer(ss.SecureCoreOnly, false)
-	ss.TorOnly = gosettings.DefaultPointer(ss.TorOnly, false)
-	ss.MultiHopOnly = gosettings.DefaultPointer(ss.MultiHopOnly, false)
-	defaultPortForwardOnly := false
-	if portForwardingEnabled && helpers.IsOneOf(vpnProvider,
-		providers.PrivateInternetAccess, providers.Protonvpn) {
-		defaultPortForwardOnly = true
-	}
-	ss.PortForwardOnly = gosettings.DefaultPointer(ss.PortForwardOnly, defaultPortForwardOnly)
+func (ss *ServerSelection) setDefaults(vpnProvider string) {
+	ss.VPN = helpers.DefaultString(ss.VPN, vpn.OpenVPN)
+	ss.TargetIP = helpers.DefaultIP(ss.TargetIP, netip.IPv4Unspecified())
+	ss.OwnedOnly = helpers.DefaultPointer(ss.OwnedOnly, false)
+	ss.FreeOnly = helpers.DefaultPointer(ss.FreeOnly, false)
+	ss.PremiumOnly = helpers.DefaultPointer(ss.PremiumOnly, false)
+	ss.StreamOnly = helpers.DefaultPointer(ss.StreamOnly, false)
+	ss.MultiHopOnly = helpers.DefaultPointer(ss.MultiHopOnly, false)
 	ss.OpenVPN.setDefaults(vpnProvider)
 	ss.Wireguard.setDefaults()
 }
@@ -339,10 +286,6 @@ func (ss ServerSelection) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 		node.Appendf("Countries: %s", strings.Join(ss.Countries, ", "))
 	}

-	if len(ss.Categories) > 0 {
-		node.Appendf("Categories: %s", strings.Join(ss.Categories, ", "))
-	}
-
 	if len(ss.Regions) > 0 {
 		node.Appendf("Regions: %s", strings.Join(ss.Regions, ", "))
 	}
@@ -386,22 +329,10 @@ func (ss ServerSelection) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 		node.Appendf("Stream only servers: yes")
 	}

-	if *ss.SecureCoreOnly {
-		node.Appendf("Secure Core only servers: yes")
-	}
-
-	if *ss.TorOnly {
-		node.Appendf("Tor only servers: yes")
-	}
-
 	if *ss.MultiHopOnly {
 		node.Appendf("Multi-hop only servers: yes")
 	}

-	if *ss.PortForwardOnly {
-		node.Appendf("Port forwarding only servers: yes")
-	}
-
 	if ss.VPN == vpn.OpenVPN {
 		node.AppendNode(ss.OpenVPN.toLinesNode())
 	} else {
@@ -414,95 +345,6 @@ func (ss ServerSelection) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 // WithDefaults is a shorthand using setDefaults.
 // It's used in unit tests in other packages.
 func (ss ServerSelection) WithDefaults(provider string) ServerSelection {
-	const portForwardingEnabled = false
-	ss.setDefaults(provider, portForwardingEnabled)
+	ss.setDefaults(provider)
 	return ss
 }
-
-func (ss *ServerSelection) read(r *reader.Reader,
-	vpnProvider, vpnType string) (err error) {
-	ss.VPN = vpnType
-
-	ss.TargetIP, err = r.NetipAddr("OPENVPN_ENDPOINT_IP",
-		reader.RetroKeys("OPENVPN_TARGET_IP", "VPN_ENDPOINT_IP"))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	countriesRetroKeys := []string{"COUNTRY"}
-	if vpnProvider == providers.Cyberghost {
-		countriesRetroKeys = append(countriesRetroKeys, "REGION")
-	}
-	ss.Countries = r.CSV("SERVER_COUNTRIES", reader.RetroKeys(countriesRetroKeys...))
-
-	ss.Regions = r.CSV("SERVER_REGIONS", reader.RetroKeys("REGION"))
-	ss.Cities = r.CSV("SERVER_CITIES", reader.RetroKeys("CITY"))
-	ss.ISPs = r.CSV("ISP")
-	ss.Hostnames = r.CSV("SERVER_HOSTNAMES", reader.RetroKeys("SERVER_HOSTNAME"))
-	ss.Names = r.CSV("SERVER_NAMES", reader.RetroKeys("SERVER_NAME"))
-	ss.Numbers, err = r.CSVUint16("SERVER_NUMBER")
-	ss.Categories = r.CSV("SERVER_CATEGORIES")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// Mullvad only
-	ss.OwnedOnly, err = r.BoolPtr("OWNED_ONLY", reader.RetroKeys("OWNED"))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// VPNUnlimited and ProtonVPN only
-	ss.FreeOnly, err = r.BoolPtr("FREE_ONLY")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// VPNSecure only
-	ss.PremiumOnly, err = r.BoolPtr("PREMIUM_ONLY")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// Surfshark only
-	ss.MultiHopOnly, err = r.BoolPtr("MULTIHOP_ONLY")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// VPNUnlimited and ProtonVPN only
-	ss.StreamOnly, err = r.BoolPtr("STREAM_ONLY")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// ProtonVPN only
-	ss.SecureCoreOnly, err = r.BoolPtr("SECURE_CORE_ONLY")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// ProtonVPN only
-	ss.TorOnly, err = r.BoolPtr("TOR_ONLY")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// PIA and ProtonVPN only
-	ss.PortForwardOnly, err = r.BoolPtr("PORT_FORWARD_ONLY")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	err = ss.OpenVPN.read(r)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	err = ss.Wireguard.read(r)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/settings.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/settings.go
@@ -2,14 +2,13 @@ package settings

 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"net/netip"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/openvpn"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/vpn"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/pprof"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -83,6 +82,22 @@ func (s *Settings) copy() (copied Settings) {
 	}
 }

+func (s *Settings) MergeWith(other Settings) {
+	s.ControlServer.mergeWith(other.ControlServer)
+	s.DNS.mergeWith(other.DNS)
+	s.Firewall.mergeWith(other.Firewall)
+	s.Health.MergeWith(other.Health)
+	s.HTTPProxy.mergeWith(other.HTTPProxy)
+	s.Log.mergeWith(other.Log)
+	s.PublicIP.mergeWith(other.PublicIP)
+	s.Shadowsocks.mergeWith(other.Shadowsocks)
+	s.System.mergeWith(other.System)
+	s.Updater.mergeWith(other.Updater)
+	s.Version.mergeWith(other.Version)
+	s.VPN.mergeWith(other.VPN)
+	s.Pprof.MergeWith(other.Pprof)
+}
+
 func (s *Settings) OverrideWith(other Settings,
 	storage Storage, ipv6Supported bool) (err error) {
 	patchedSettings := s.copy()
@@ -119,7 +134,7 @@ func (s *Settings) SetDefaults() {
 	s.System.setDefaults()
 	s.Version.setDefaults()
 	s.VPN.setDefaults()
-	s.Updater.SetDefaults(s.VPN.Provider.Name)
+	s.Updater.SetDefaults(*s.VPN.Provider.Name)
 	s.Pprof.SetDefaults()
 }

@@ -148,58 +163,35 @@ func (s Settings) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 }

 func (s Settings) Warnings() (warnings []string) {
-	if s.VPN.Provider.Name == providers.HideMyAss {
+	if *s.VPN.Provider.Name == providers.HideMyAss {
 		warnings = append(warnings, "HideMyAss dropped support for Linux OpenVPN "+
 			" so this will likely not work anymore. See https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/issues/1498.")
 	}

-	if helpers.IsOneOf(s.VPN.Provider.Name, providers.SlickVPN) &&
+	if helpers.IsOneOf(*s.VPN.Provider.Name, providers.SlickVPN) &&
 		s.VPN.Type == vpn.OpenVPN {
-		warnings = append(warnings, "OpenVPN 2.5 and 2.6 use OpenSSL 3 "+
-			"which prohibits the usage of weak security in today's standards. "+
-			s.VPN.Provider.Name+" uses weak security which is out "+
-			"of Gluetun's control so the only workaround is to allow such weaknesses "+
-			`using the OpenVPN option tls-cipher "DEFAULT:@SECLEVEL=0". `+
-			"You might want to reach to your provider so they upgrade their certificates. "+
-			"Once this is done, you will have to let the Gluetun maintainers know "+
-			"by creating an issue, attaching the new certificate and we will update Gluetun.")
+		if s.VPN.OpenVPN.Version == openvpn.Openvpn24 {
+			warnings = append(warnings, "OpenVPN 2.4 uses OpenSSL 1.1.1 "+
+				"which allows the usage of weak security in today's standards. "+
+				"This can be ok if good security is enforced by the VPN provider. "+
+				"However, "+*s.VPN.Provider.Name+" uses weak security so you should use "+
+				"OpenVPN 2.5 to enforce good security practices.")
+		} else {
+			warnings = append(warnings, "OpenVPN 2.5 uses OpenSSL 3 "+
+				"which prohibits the usage of weak security in today's standards. "+
+				*s.VPN.Provider.Name+" uses weak security which is out "+
+				"of Gluetun's control so the only workaround is to allow such weaknesses "+
+				`using the OpenVPN option tls-cipher "DEFAULT:@SECLEVEL=0". `+
+				"You might want to reach to your provider so they upgrade their certificates. "+
+				"Once this is done, you will have to let the Gluetun maintainers know "+
+				"by creating an issue, attaching the new certificate and we will update Gluetun.")
+		}
 	}

-	// TODO remove in v4
-	if s.DNS.ServerAddress.Unmap().Compare(netip.AddrFrom4([4]byte{127, 0, 0, 1})) != 0 {
-		warnings = append(warnings, "DNS address is set to "+s.DNS.ServerAddress.String()+
-			" so the DNS over TLS (DoT) server will not be used."+
-			" The default value changed to 127.0.0.1 so it uses the internal DoT serves."+
-			" If the DoT server fails to start, the IPv4 address of the first plaintext DNS server"+
-			" corresponding to the first DoT provider chosen is used.")
+	if s.VPN.OpenVPN.Version == openvpn.Openvpn24 {
+		warnings = append(warnings, "OpenVPN 2.4 will be removed in release v3.34.0 (around June 2023). "+
+			"Please create an issue if you have a compelling reason to keep it.")
 	}

 	return warnings
 }
-
-func (s *Settings) Read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	readFunctions := map[string]func(r *reader.Reader) error{
-		"control server": s.ControlServer.read,
-		"DNS":            s.DNS.read,
-		"firewall":       s.Firewall.read,
-		"health":         s.Health.Read,
-		"http proxy":     s.HTTPProxy.read,
-		"log":            s.Log.read,
-		"public ip":      s.PublicIP.read,
-		"shadowsocks":    s.Shadowsocks.read,
-		"system":         s.System.read,
-		"updater":        s.Updater.read,
-		"version":        s.Version.read,
-		"VPN":            s.VPN.read,
-		"profiling":      s.Pprof.Read,
-	}
-
-	for name, read := range readFunctions {
-		err = read(r)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("reading %s settings: %w", name, err)
-		}
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/settings_test.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/settings_test.go
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ func Test_Settings_String(t *testing.T) {
 |   |           ├── Protocol: UDP
 |   |           └── Private Internet Access encryption preset: strong
 |   └── OpenVPN settings:
-|       ├── OpenVPN version: 2.6
+|       ├── OpenVPN version: 2.5
 |       ├── User: [not set]
 |       ├── Password: [not set]
 |       ├── Private Internet Access encryption preset: strong
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ func Test_Settings_String(t *testing.T) {
 |       ├── Run OpenVPN as: root
 |       └── Verbosity level: 1
 ├── DNS settings:
-|   ├── Keep existing nameserver(s): no
 |   ├── DNS server address to use: 127.0.0.1
+|   ├── Keep existing nameserver(s): no
 |   └── DNS over TLS settings:
 |       ├── Enabled: yes
 |       ├── Update period: every 24h0m0s
@@ -78,15 +78,13 @@ func Test_Settings_String(t *testing.T) {
 |   └── Enabled: no
 ├── Control server settings:
 |   ├── Listening address: :8000
-|   ├── Logging: yes
-|   └── Authentication file path: /gluetun/auth/config.toml
+|   └── Logging: yes
 ├── OS Alpine settings:
 |   ├── Process UID: 1000
 |   └── Process GID: 1000
 ├── Public IP settings:
 |   ├── Fetching: every 12h0m0s
-|   ├── IP file path: /tmp/gluetun/ip
-|   └── Public IP data API: ipinfo
+|   └── IP file path: /tmp/gluetun/ip
 └── Version settings:
    └── Enabled: yes`,
 		},
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/shadowsocks.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/shadowsocks.go
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 package settings

 import (
-	"fmt"
-
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 	"github.com/qdm12/ss-server/pkg/tcpudp"
 )
@@ -24,21 +21,28 @@ func (s Shadowsocks) validate() (err error) {

 func (s *Shadowsocks) copy() (copied Shadowsocks) {
 	return Shadowsocks{
-		Enabled:  gosettings.CopyPointer(s.Enabled),
+		Enabled:  helpers.CopyPointer(s.Enabled),
 		Settings: s.Settings.Copy(),
 	}
 }

+// mergeWith merges the other settings into any
+// unset field of the receiver settings object.
+func (s *Shadowsocks) mergeWith(other Shadowsocks) {
+	s.Enabled = helpers.MergeWithPointer(s.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	s.Settings.MergeWith(other.Settings)
+}
+
 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (s *Shadowsocks) overrideWith(other Shadowsocks) {
-	s.Enabled = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(s.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	s.Enabled = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(s.Enabled, other.Enabled)
 	s.Settings.OverrideWith(other.Settings)
 }

 func (s *Shadowsocks) setDefaults() {
-	s.Enabled = gosettings.DefaultPointer(s.Enabled, false)
+	s.Enabled = helpers.DefaultPointer(s.Enabled, false)
 	s.Settings.SetDefaults()
 }

@@ -49,50 +53,16 @@ func (s Shadowsocks) String() string {
 func (s Shadowsocks) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("Shadowsocks server settings:")

-	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(s.Enabled))
+	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(s.Enabled))
 	if !*s.Enabled {
 		return node
 	}

 	// TODO have ToLinesNode in qdm12/ss-server
-	node.Appendf("Listening address: %s", *s.Settings.Address)
-	node.Appendf("Cipher: %s", s.Settings.CipherName)
-	node.Appendf("Password: %s", gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*s.Settings.Password))
-	node.Appendf("Log addresses: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(s.Settings.LogAddresses))
+	node.Appendf("Listening address: %s", s.Address)
+	node.Appendf("Cipher: %s", s.CipherName)
+	node.Appendf("Password: %s", helpers.ObfuscatePassword(*s.Password))
+	node.Appendf("Log addresses: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(s.LogAddresses))

 	return node
 }
-
-func (s *Shadowsocks) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	s.Enabled, err = r.BoolPtr("SHADOWSOCKS")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	s.Settings.Address, err = readShadowsocksAddress(r)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	s.Settings.LogAddresses, err = r.BoolPtr("SHADOWSOCKS_LOG")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	s.Settings.CipherName = r.String("SHADOWSOCKS_CIPHER",
-		reader.RetroKeys("SHADOWSOCKS_METHOD"))
-	s.Settings.Password = r.Get("SHADOWSOCKS_PASSWORD",
-		reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func readShadowsocksAddress(r *reader.Reader) (address *string, err error) {
-	const currentKey = "SHADOWSOCKS_LISTENING_ADDRESS"
-	port, err := r.Uint16Ptr("SHADOWSOCKS_PORT", reader.IsRetro(currentKey)) // retro-compatibility
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	} else if port != nil {
-		return ptrTo(fmt.Sprintf(":%d", *port)), nil
-	}
-
-	return r.Get(currentKey), nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/system.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/system.go
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 package settings

 import (
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -20,22 +19,28 @@ func (s System) validate() (err error) {

 func (s *System) copy() (copied System) {
 	return System{
-		PUID:     gosettings.CopyPointer(s.PUID),
-		PGID:     gosettings.CopyPointer(s.PGID),
+		PUID:     helpers.CopyPointer(s.PUID),
+		PGID:     helpers.CopyPointer(s.PGID),
 		Timezone: s.Timezone,
 	}
 }

+func (s *System) mergeWith(other System) {
+	s.PUID = helpers.MergeWithPointer(s.PUID, other.PUID)
+	s.PGID = helpers.MergeWithPointer(s.PGID, other.PGID)
+	s.Timezone = helpers.MergeWithString(s.Timezone, other.Timezone)
+}
+
 func (s *System) overrideWith(other System) {
-	s.PUID = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(s.PUID, other.PUID)
-	s.PGID = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(s.PGID, other.PGID)
-	s.Timezone = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(s.Timezone, other.Timezone)
+	s.PUID = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(s.PUID, other.PUID)
+	s.PGID = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(s.PGID, other.PGID)
+	s.Timezone = helpers.OverrideWithString(s.Timezone, other.Timezone)
 }

 func (s *System) setDefaults() {
 	const defaultID = 1000
-	s.PUID = gosettings.DefaultPointer(s.PUID, defaultID)
-	s.PGID = gosettings.DefaultPointer(s.PGID, defaultID)
+	s.PUID = helpers.DefaultPointer(s.PUID, defaultID)
+	s.PGID = helpers.DefaultPointer(s.PGID, defaultID)
 }

 func (s System) String() string {
@@ -54,18 +59,3 @@ func (s System) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {

 	return node
 }
-
-func (s *System) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	s.PUID, err = r.Uint32Ptr("PUID", reader.RetroKeys("UID"))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	s.PGID, err = r.Uint32Ptr("PGID", reader.RetroKeys("GID"))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	s.Timezone = r.String("TZ")
-	return nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/unbound.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/unbound.go
@@ -7,21 +7,20 @@ import (

 	"github.com/qdm12/dns/pkg/provider"
 	"github.com/qdm12/dns/pkg/unbound"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

 // Unbound is settings for the Unbound program.
 type Unbound struct {
-	Providers             []string       `json:"providers"`
-	Caching               *bool          `json:"caching"`
-	IPv6                  *bool          `json:"ipv6"`
-	VerbosityLevel        *uint8         `json:"verbosity_level"`
-	VerbosityDetailsLevel *uint8         `json:"verbosity_details_level"`
-	ValidationLogLevel    *uint8         `json:"validation_log_level"`
-	Username              string         `json:"username"`
-	Allowed               []netip.Prefix `json:"allowed"`
+	Providers             []string
+	Caching               *bool
+	IPv6                  *bool
+	VerbosityLevel        *uint8
+	VerbosityDetailsLevel *uint8
+	ValidationLogLevel    *uint8
+	Username              string
+	Allowed               []netip.Prefix
 }

 func (u *Unbound) setDefaults() {
@@ -31,17 +30,17 @@ func (u *Unbound) setDefaults() {
 		}
 	}

-	u.Caching = gosettings.DefaultPointer(u.Caching, true)
-	u.IPv6 = gosettings.DefaultPointer(u.IPv6, false)
+	u.Caching = helpers.DefaultPointer(u.Caching, true)
+	u.IPv6 = helpers.DefaultPointer(u.IPv6, false)

 	const defaultVerbosityLevel = 1
-	u.VerbosityLevel = gosettings.DefaultPointer(u.VerbosityLevel, defaultVerbosityLevel)
+	u.VerbosityLevel = helpers.DefaultPointer(u.VerbosityLevel, defaultVerbosityLevel)

 	const defaultVerbosityDetailsLevel = 0
-	u.VerbosityDetailsLevel = gosettings.DefaultPointer(u.VerbosityDetailsLevel, defaultVerbosityDetailsLevel)
+	u.VerbosityDetailsLevel = helpers.DefaultPointer(u.VerbosityDetailsLevel, defaultVerbosityDetailsLevel)

 	const defaultValidationLogLevel = 0
-	u.ValidationLogLevel = gosettings.DefaultPointer(u.ValidationLogLevel, defaultValidationLogLevel)
+	u.ValidationLogLevel = helpers.DefaultPointer(u.ValidationLogLevel, defaultValidationLogLevel)

 	if u.Allowed == nil {
 		u.Allowed = []netip.Prefix{
@@ -50,7 +49,7 @@ func (u *Unbound) setDefaults() {
 		}
 	}

-	u.Username = gosettings.DefaultComparable(u.Username, "root")
+	u.Username = helpers.DefaultString(u.Username, "root")
 }

 var (
@@ -95,26 +94,37 @@ func (u Unbound) validate() (err error) {

 func (u Unbound) copy() (copied Unbound) {
 	return Unbound{
-		Providers:             gosettings.CopySlice(u.Providers),
-		Caching:               gosettings.CopyPointer(u.Caching),
-		IPv6:                  gosettings.CopyPointer(u.IPv6),
-		VerbosityLevel:        gosettings.CopyPointer(u.VerbosityLevel),
-		VerbosityDetailsLevel: gosettings.CopyPointer(u.VerbosityDetailsLevel),
-		ValidationLogLevel:    gosettings.CopyPointer(u.ValidationLogLevel),
+		Providers:             helpers.CopySlice(u.Providers),
+		Caching:               helpers.CopyPointer(u.Caching),
+		IPv6:                  helpers.CopyPointer(u.IPv6),
+		VerbosityLevel:        helpers.CopyPointer(u.VerbosityLevel),
+		VerbosityDetailsLevel: helpers.CopyPointer(u.VerbosityDetailsLevel),
+		ValidationLogLevel:    helpers.CopyPointer(u.ValidationLogLevel),
 		Username:              u.Username,
-		Allowed:               gosettings.CopySlice(u.Allowed),
+		Allowed:               helpers.CopySlice(u.Allowed),
 	}
 }

+func (u *Unbound) mergeWith(other Unbound) {
+	u.Providers = helpers.MergeSlices(u.Providers, other.Providers)
+	u.Caching = helpers.MergeWithPointer(u.Caching, other.Caching)
+	u.IPv6 = helpers.MergeWithPointer(u.IPv6, other.IPv6)
+	u.VerbosityLevel = helpers.MergeWithPointer(u.VerbosityLevel, other.VerbosityLevel)
+	u.VerbosityDetailsLevel = helpers.MergeWithPointer(u.VerbosityDetailsLevel, other.VerbosityDetailsLevel)
+	u.ValidationLogLevel = helpers.MergeWithPointer(u.ValidationLogLevel, other.ValidationLogLevel)
+	u.Username = helpers.MergeWithString(u.Username, other.Username)
+	u.Allowed = helpers.MergeSlices(u.Allowed, other.Allowed)
+}
+
 func (u *Unbound) overrideWith(other Unbound) {
-	u.Providers = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(u.Providers, other.Providers)
-	u.Caching = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(u.Caching, other.Caching)
-	u.IPv6 = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(u.IPv6, other.IPv6)
-	u.VerbosityLevel = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(u.VerbosityLevel, other.VerbosityLevel)
-	u.VerbosityDetailsLevel = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(u.VerbosityDetailsLevel, other.VerbosityDetailsLevel)
-	u.ValidationLogLevel = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(u.ValidationLogLevel, other.ValidationLogLevel)
-	u.Username = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(u.Username, other.Username)
-	u.Allowed = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(u.Allowed, other.Allowed)
+	u.Providers = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(u.Providers, other.Providers)
+	u.Caching = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(u.Caching, other.Caching)
+	u.IPv6 = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(u.IPv6, other.IPv6)
+	u.VerbosityLevel = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(u.VerbosityLevel, other.VerbosityLevel)
+	u.VerbosityDetailsLevel = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(u.VerbosityDetailsLevel, other.VerbosityDetailsLevel)
+	u.ValidationLogLevel = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(u.ValidationLogLevel, other.ValidationLogLevel)
+	u.Username = helpers.OverrideWithString(u.Username, other.Username)
+	u.Allowed = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(u.Allowed, other.Allowed)
 }

 func (u Unbound) ToUnboundFormat() (settings unbound.Settings, err error) {
@@ -176,8 +186,8 @@ func (u Unbound) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 		authServers.Appendf(provider)
 	}

-	node.Appendf("Caching: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(u.Caching))
-	node.Appendf("IPv6: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(u.IPv6))
+	node.Appendf("Caching: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(u.Caching))
+	node.Appendf("IPv6: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(u.IPv6))
 	node.Appendf("Verbosity level: %d", *u.VerbosityLevel)
 	node.Appendf("Verbosity details level: %d", *u.VerbosityDetailsLevel)
 	node.Appendf("Validation log level: %d", *u.ValidationLogLevel)
@@ -190,34 +200,3 @@ func (u Unbound) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {

 	return node
 }
-
-func (u *Unbound) read(reader *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	u.Providers = reader.CSV("DOT_PROVIDERS")
-
-	u.Caching, err = reader.BoolPtr("DOT_CACHING")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	u.IPv6, err = reader.BoolPtr("DOT_IPV6")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	u.VerbosityLevel, err = reader.Uint8Ptr("DOT_VERBOSITY")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	u.VerbosityDetailsLevel, err = reader.Uint8Ptr("DOT_VERBOSITY_DETAILS")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	u.ValidationLogLevel, err = reader.Uint8Ptr("DOT_VALIDATION_LOGLEVEL")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/unbound_test.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/unbound_test.go
@@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ func Test_Unbound_JSON(t *testing.T) {
 	b, err := json.Marshal(settings)
 	require.NoError(t, err)

-	const expected = `{"providers":["cloudflare"],"caching":true,"ipv6":false,` +
-		`"verbosity_level":1,"verbosity_details_level":null,"validation_log_level":0,` +
-		`"username":"user","allowed":["0.0.0.0/0","::/0"]}`
+	const expected = `{"Providers":["cloudflare"],"Caching":true,"IPv6":false,` +
+		`"VerbosityLevel":1,"VerbosityDetailsLevel":null,"ValidationLogLevel":0,` +
+		`"Username":"user","Allowed":["0.0.0.0/0","::/0"]}`

 	assert.Equal(t, expected, string(b))

--- a/internal/configuration/settings/updater.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/updater.go
@@ -5,10 +5,8 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"

+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/validate"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -47,9 +45,16 @@ func (u Updater) Validate() (err error) {

 	validProviders := providers.All()
 	for _, provider := range u.Providers {
-		err = validate.IsOneOf(provider, validProviders...)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrVPNProviderNameNotValid, err)
+		valid := false
+		for _, validProvider := range validProviders {
+			if provider == validProvider {
+				valid = true
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		if !valid {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %q can only be one of %s",
+				ErrVPNProviderNameNotValid, provider, helpers.ChoicesOrString(validProviders))
 		}
 	}

@@ -58,26 +63,35 @@ func (u Updater) Validate() (err error) {

 func (u *Updater) copy() (copied Updater) {
 	return Updater{
-		Period:     gosettings.CopyPointer(u.Period),
+		Period:     helpers.CopyPointer(u.Period),
 		DNSAddress: u.DNSAddress,
 		MinRatio:   u.MinRatio,
-		Providers:  gosettings.CopySlice(u.Providers),
+		Providers:  helpers.CopySlice(u.Providers),
 	}
 }

+// mergeWith merges the other settings into any
+// unset field of the receiver settings object.
+func (u *Updater) mergeWith(other Updater) {
+	u.Period = helpers.MergeWithPointer(u.Period, other.Period)
+	u.DNSAddress = helpers.MergeWithString(u.DNSAddress, other.DNSAddress)
+	u.MinRatio = helpers.MergeWithNumber(u.MinRatio, other.MinRatio)
+	u.Providers = helpers.MergeSlices(u.Providers, other.Providers)
+}
+
 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (u *Updater) overrideWith(other Updater) {
-	u.Period = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(u.Period, other.Period)
-	u.DNSAddress = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(u.DNSAddress, other.DNSAddress)
-	u.MinRatio = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(u.MinRatio, other.MinRatio)
-	u.Providers = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(u.Providers, other.Providers)
+	u.Period = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(u.Period, other.Period)
+	u.DNSAddress = helpers.OverrideWithString(u.DNSAddress, other.DNSAddress)
+	u.MinRatio = helpers.OverrideWithNumber(u.MinRatio, other.MinRatio)
+	u.Providers = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(u.Providers, other.Providers)
 }

 func (u *Updater) SetDefaults(vpnProvider string) {
-	u.Period = gosettings.DefaultPointer(u.Period, 0)
-	u.DNSAddress = gosettings.DefaultComparable(u.DNSAddress, "1.1.1.1:53")
+	u.Period = helpers.DefaultPointer(u.Period, 0)
+	u.DNSAddress = helpers.DefaultString(u.DNSAddress, "1.1.1.1:53")

 	if u.MinRatio == 0 {
 		const defaultMinRatio = 0.8
@@ -106,33 +120,3 @@ func (u Updater) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {

 	return node
 }
-
-func (u *Updater) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	u.Period, err = r.DurationPtr("UPDATER_PERIOD")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	u.DNSAddress, err = readUpdaterDNSAddress()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	u.MinRatio, err = r.Float64("UPDATER_MIN_RATIO")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	u.Providers = r.CSV("UPDATER_VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDERS")
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func readUpdaterDNSAddress() (address string, err error) {
-	// TODO this is currently using Cloudflare in
-	// plaintext to not be blocked by DNS over TLS by default.
-	// If a plaintext address is set in the DNS settings, this one will be used.
-	// use custom future encrypted DNS written in Go without blocking
-	// as it's too much trouble to start another parallel unbound instance for now.
-	return "", nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/validation/servers.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/validation/servers.go
@@ -33,28 +33,6 @@ func ExtractCountries(servers []models.Server) (values []string) {
 	return values
 }

-func ExtractCategories(servers []models.Server) (values []string) {
-	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(servers))
-	values = make([]string, 0, len(servers))
-	for _, server := range servers {
-		categories := server.Categories
-		if len(categories) == 0 {
-			continue
-		}
-
-		for _, value := range categories {
-			_, alreadySeen := seen[value]
-			if alreadySeen {
-				continue
-			}
-			seen[value] = struct{}{}
-
-			values = sortedInsert(values, value)
-		}
-	}
-	return values
-}
-
 func ExtractRegions(servers []models.Server) (values []string) {
 	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(servers))
 	values = make([]string, 0, len(servers))
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/validation/surfshark.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/validation/surfshark.go
@@ -10,9 +10,6 @@ func SurfsharkRetroLocChoices() (choices []string) {
 	choices = make([]string, 0, len(locationData))
 	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(locationData))
 	for _, data := range locationData {
-		if data.RetroLoc == "" {
-			continue
-		}
 		if _, ok := seen[data.RetroLoc]; ok {
 			continue
 		}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/version.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/version.go
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 package settings

 import (
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -20,19 +19,25 @@ func (v Version) validate() (err error) {

 func (v *Version) copy() (copied Version) {
 	return Version{
-		Enabled: gosettings.CopyPointer(v.Enabled),
+		Enabled: helpers.CopyPointer(v.Enabled),
 	}
 }

+// mergeWith merges the other settings into any
+// unset field of the receiver settings object.
+func (v *Version) mergeWith(other Version) {
+	v.Enabled = helpers.MergeWithPointer(v.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+}
+
 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (v *Version) overrideWith(other Version) {
-	v.Enabled = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(v.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	v.Enabled = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(v.Enabled, other.Enabled)
 }

 func (v *Version) setDefaults() {
-	v.Enabled = gosettings.DefaultPointer(v.Enabled, true)
+	v.Enabled = helpers.DefaultPointer(v.Enabled, true)
 }

 func (v Version) String() string {
@@ -42,16 +47,7 @@ func (v Version) String() string {
 func (v Version) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("Version settings:")

-	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(v.Enabled))
+	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(v.Enabled))

 	return node
 }
-
-func (v *Version) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	v.Enabled, err = r.BoolPtr("VERSION_INFORMATION")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/vpn.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/vpn.go
@@ -2,11 +2,10 @@ package settings

 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"strings"

+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/vpn"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/validate"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -14,18 +13,19 @@ type VPN struct {
 	// Type is the VPN type and can only be
 	// 'openvpn' or 'wireguard'. It cannot be the
 	// empty string in the internal state.
-	Type      string    `json:"type"`
-	Provider  Provider  `json:"provider"`
-	OpenVPN   OpenVPN   `json:"openvpn"`
-	Wireguard Wireguard `json:"wireguard"`
+	Type      string
+	Provider  Provider
+	OpenVPN   OpenVPN
+	Wireguard Wireguard
 }

 // TODO v4 remove pointer for receiver (because of Surfshark).
 func (v *VPN) Validate(storage Storage, ipv6Supported bool) (err error) {
 	// Validate Type
 	validVPNTypes := []string{vpn.OpenVPN, vpn.Wireguard}
-	if err = validate.IsOneOf(v.Type, validVPNTypes...); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrVPNTypeNotValid, err)
+	if !helpers.IsOneOf(v.Type, validVPNTypes...) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %q and can only be one of %s",
+			ErrVPNTypeNotValid, v.Type, strings.Join(validVPNTypes, ", "))
 	}

 	err = v.Provider.validate(v.Type, storage)
@@ -34,12 +34,12 @@ func (v *VPN) Validate(storage Storage, ipv6Supported bool) (err error) {
 	}

 	if v.Type == vpn.OpenVPN {
-		err := v.OpenVPN.validate(v.Provider.Name)
+		err := v.OpenVPN.validate(*v.Provider.Name)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("OpenVPN settings: %w", err)
 		}
 	} else {
-		err := v.Wireguard.validate(v.Provider.Name, ipv6Supported)
+		err := v.Wireguard.validate(*v.Provider.Name, ipv6Supported)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("Wireguard settings: %w", err)
 		}
@@ -57,18 +57,25 @@ func (v *VPN) Copy() (copied VPN) {
 	}
 }

+func (v *VPN) mergeWith(other VPN) {
+	v.Type = helpers.MergeWithString(v.Type, other.Type)
+	v.Provider.mergeWith(other.Provider)
+	v.OpenVPN.mergeWith(other.OpenVPN)
+	v.Wireguard.mergeWith(other.Wireguard)
+}
+
 func (v *VPN) OverrideWith(other VPN) {
-	v.Type = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(v.Type, other.Type)
+	v.Type = helpers.OverrideWithString(v.Type, other.Type)
 	v.Provider.overrideWith(other.Provider)
 	v.OpenVPN.overrideWith(other.OpenVPN)
 	v.Wireguard.overrideWith(other.Wireguard)
 }

 func (v *VPN) setDefaults() {
-	v.Type = gosettings.DefaultComparable(v.Type, vpn.OpenVPN)
+	v.Type = helpers.DefaultString(v.Type, vpn.OpenVPN)
 	v.Provider.setDefaults()
-	v.OpenVPN.setDefaults(v.Provider.Name)
-	v.Wireguard.setDefaults(v.Provider.Name)
+	v.OpenVPN.setDefaults(*v.Provider.Name)
+	v.Wireguard.setDefaults()
 }

 func (v VPN) String() string {
@@ -88,24 +95,3 @@ func (v VPN) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {

 	return node
 }
-
-func (v *VPN) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	v.Type = r.String("VPN_TYPE")
-
-	err = v.Provider.read(r, v.Type)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("VPN provider: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	err = v.OpenVPN.read(r)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("OpenVPN: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	err = v.Wireguard.read(r)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("wireguard: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/wireguard.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/wireguard.go
@@ -4,14 +4,9 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net/netip"
 	"regexp"
-	"strings"
-	"time"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/validate"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl/wgtypes"
 )
@@ -20,34 +15,23 @@ import (
 type Wireguard struct {
 	// PrivateKey is the Wireguard client peer private key.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	PrivateKey *string `json:"private_key"`
+	PrivateKey *string
 	// PreSharedKey is the Wireguard pre-shared key.
 	// It can be the empty string to indicate there
 	// is no pre-shared key.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	PreSharedKey *string `json:"pre_shared_key"`
+	PreSharedKey *string
 	// Addresses are the Wireguard interface addresses.
-	Addresses []netip.Prefix `json:"addresses"`
-	// AllowedIPs are the Wireguard allowed IPs.
-	// If left unset, they default to "0.0.0.0/0"
-	// and, if IPv6 is supported, "::0".
-	AllowedIPs []netip.Prefix `json:"allowed_ips"`
+	Addresses []netip.Prefix
 	// Interface is the name of the Wireguard interface
 	// to create. It cannot be the empty string in the
 	// internal state.
-	Interface                   string         `json:"interface"`
-	PersistentKeepaliveInterval *time.Duration `json:"persistent_keep_alive_interval"`
-	// Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) of the Wireguard interface.
-	// It cannot be zero in the internal state, and defaults to
-	// 1400. Note it is not the wireguard-go MTU default of 1420
-	// because this impacts bandwidth a lot on some VPN providers,
-	// see https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/issues/1650.
-	MTU uint16 `json:"mtu"`
+	Interface string
 	// Implementation is the Wireguard implementation to use.
 	// It can be "auto", "userspace" or "kernelspace".
 	// It defaults to "auto" and cannot be the empty string
 	// in the internal state.
-	Implementation string `json:"implementation"`
+	Implementation string
 }

 var regexpInterfaceName = regexp.MustCompile(`^[a-zA-Z0-9_]+$`)
@@ -56,13 +40,9 @@ var regexpInterfaceName = regexp.MustCompile(`^[a-zA-Z0-9_]+$`)
 // It should only be ran if the VPN type chosen is Wireguard.
 func (w Wireguard) validate(vpnProvider string, ipv6Supported bool) (err error) {
 	if !helpers.IsOneOf(vpnProvider,
-		providers.Airvpn,
 		providers.Custom,
-		providers.Fastestvpn,
 		providers.Ivpn,
 		providers.Mullvad,
-		providers.Nordvpn,
-		providers.Protonvpn,
 		providers.Surfshark,
 		providers.Windscribe,
 	) {
@@ -76,12 +56,7 @@ func (w Wireguard) validate(vpnProvider string, ipv6Supported bool) (err error)
 	}
 	_, err = wgtypes.ParseKey(*w.PrivateKey)
 	if err != nil {
-		err = fmt.Errorf("private key is not valid: %w", err)
-		if vpnProvider == providers.Nordvpn &&
-			err.Error() == "wgtypes: incorrect key size: 48" {
-			err = fmt.Errorf("%w - you might be using your access token instead of the Wireguard private key", err)
-		}
-		return err
+		return fmt.Errorf("private key is not valid: %w", err)
 	}

 	if vpnProvider == providers.Airvpn {
@@ -104,34 +79,16 @@ func (w Wireguard) validate(vpnProvider string, ipv6Supported bool) (err error)
 	}
 	for i, ipNet := range w.Addresses {
 		if !ipNet.IsValid() {
-			return fmt.Errorf("%w: for address at index %d",
-				ErrWireguardInterfaceAddressNotSet, i)
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: for address at index %d: %s",
+				ErrWireguardInterfaceAddressNotSet, i, ipNet.String())
 		}

 		if !ipv6Supported && ipNet.Addr().Is6() {
 			return fmt.Errorf("%w: address %s",
-				ErrWireguardInterfaceAddressIPv6, ipNet.String())
+				ErrWireguardInterfaceAddressIPv6, ipNet)
 		}
 	}

-	// Validate AllowedIPs
-	// WARNING: do not check for IPv6 networks in the allowed IPs,
-	// the wireguard code will take care to ignore it.
-	if len(w.AllowedIPs) == 0 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrWireguardAllowedIPsNotSet)
-	}
-	for i, allowedIP := range w.AllowedIPs {
-		if !allowedIP.IsValid() {
-			return fmt.Errorf("%w: for allowed ip %d of %d",
-				ErrWireguardAllowedIPNotSet, i+1, len(w.AllowedIPs))
-		}
-	}
-
-	if *w.PersistentKeepaliveInterval < 0 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrWireguardKeepAliveNegative,
-			*w.PersistentKeepaliveInterval)
-	}
-
 	// Validate interface
 	if !regexpInterfaceName.MatchString(w.Interface) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: '%s' does not match regex '%s'",
@@ -139,8 +96,9 @@ func (w Wireguard) validate(vpnProvider string, ipv6Supported bool) (err error)
 	}

 	validImplementations := []string{"auto", "userspace", "kernelspace"}
-	if err := validate.IsOneOf(w.Implementation, validImplementations...); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrWireguardImplementationNotValid, err)
+	if !helpers.IsOneOf(w.Implementation, validImplementations...) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s must be one of %s", ErrWireguardImplementationNotValid,
+			w.Implementation, helpers.ChoicesOrString(validImplementations))
 	}

 	return nil
@@ -148,52 +106,35 @@ func (w Wireguard) validate(vpnProvider string, ipv6Supported bool) (err error)

 func (w *Wireguard) copy() (copied Wireguard) {
 	return Wireguard{
-		PrivateKey:                  gosettings.CopyPointer(w.PrivateKey),
-		PreSharedKey:                gosettings.CopyPointer(w.PreSharedKey),
-		Addresses:                   gosettings.CopySlice(w.Addresses),
-		AllowedIPs:                  gosettings.CopySlice(w.AllowedIPs),
-		PersistentKeepaliveInterval: gosettings.CopyPointer(w.PersistentKeepaliveInterval),
-		Interface:                   w.Interface,
-		MTU:                         w.MTU,
-		Implementation:              w.Implementation,
+		PrivateKey:     helpers.CopyPointer(w.PrivateKey),
+		PreSharedKey:   helpers.CopyPointer(w.PreSharedKey),
+		Addresses:      helpers.CopySlice(w.Addresses),
+		Interface:      w.Interface,
+		Implementation: w.Implementation,
 	}
 }

+func (w *Wireguard) mergeWith(other Wireguard) {
+	w.PrivateKey = helpers.MergeWithPointer(w.PrivateKey, other.PrivateKey)
+	w.PreSharedKey = helpers.MergeWithPointer(w.PreSharedKey, other.PreSharedKey)
+	w.Addresses = helpers.MergeSlices(w.Addresses, other.Addresses)
+	w.Interface = helpers.MergeWithString(w.Interface, other.Interface)
+	w.Implementation = helpers.MergeWithString(w.Implementation, other.Implementation)
+}
+
 func (w *Wireguard) overrideWith(other Wireguard) {
-	w.PrivateKey = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(w.PrivateKey, other.PrivateKey)
-	w.PreSharedKey = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(w.PreSharedKey, other.PreSharedKey)
-	w.Addresses = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(w.Addresses, other.Addresses)
-	w.AllowedIPs = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(w.AllowedIPs, other.AllowedIPs)
-	w.PersistentKeepaliveInterval = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(w.PersistentKeepaliveInterval,
-		other.PersistentKeepaliveInterval)
-	w.Interface = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(w.Interface, other.Interface)
-	w.MTU = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(w.MTU, other.MTU)
-	w.Implementation = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(w.Implementation, other.Implementation)
+	w.PrivateKey = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(w.PrivateKey, other.PrivateKey)
+	w.PreSharedKey = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(w.PreSharedKey, other.PreSharedKey)
+	w.Addresses = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(w.Addresses, other.Addresses)
+	w.Interface = helpers.OverrideWithString(w.Interface, other.Interface)
+	w.Implementation = helpers.OverrideWithString(w.Implementation, other.Implementation)
 }

-func (w *Wireguard) setDefaults(vpnProvider string) {
-	w.PrivateKey = gosettings.DefaultPointer(w.PrivateKey, "")
-	w.PreSharedKey = gosettings.DefaultPointer(w.PreSharedKey, "")
-	switch vpnProvider {
-	case providers.Nordvpn:
-		defaultNordVPNAddress := netip.AddrFrom4([4]byte{10, 5, 0, 2})
-		defaultNordVPNPrefix := netip.PrefixFrom(defaultNordVPNAddress, defaultNordVPNAddress.BitLen())
-		w.Addresses = gosettings.DefaultSlice(w.Addresses, []netip.Prefix{defaultNordVPNPrefix})
-	case providers.Protonvpn:
-		defaultAddress := netip.AddrFrom4([4]byte{10, 2, 0, 2})
-		defaultPrefix := netip.PrefixFrom(defaultAddress, defaultAddress.BitLen())
-		w.Addresses = gosettings.DefaultSlice(w.Addresses, []netip.Prefix{defaultPrefix})
-	}
-	defaultAllowedIPs := []netip.Prefix{
-		netip.PrefixFrom(netip.IPv4Unspecified(), 0),
-		netip.PrefixFrom(netip.IPv6Unspecified(), 0),
-	}
-	w.AllowedIPs = gosettings.DefaultSlice(w.AllowedIPs, defaultAllowedIPs)
-	w.PersistentKeepaliveInterval = gosettings.DefaultPointer(w.PersistentKeepaliveInterval, 0)
-	w.Interface = gosettings.DefaultComparable(w.Interface, "wg0")
-	const defaultMTU = 1400
-	w.MTU = gosettings.DefaultComparable(w.MTU, defaultMTU)
-	w.Implementation = gosettings.DefaultComparable(w.Implementation, "auto")
+func (w *Wireguard) setDefaults() {
+	w.PrivateKey = helpers.DefaultPointer(w.PrivateKey, "")
+	w.PreSharedKey = helpers.DefaultPointer(w.PreSharedKey, "")
+	w.Interface = helpers.DefaultString(w.Interface, "wg0")
+	w.Implementation = helpers.DefaultString(w.Implementation, "auto")
 }

 func (w Wireguard) String() string {
@@ -204,12 +145,12 @@ func (w Wireguard) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("Wireguard settings:")

 	if *w.PrivateKey != "" {
-		s := gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*w.PrivateKey)
+		s := helpers.ObfuscateWireguardKey(*w.PrivateKey)
 		node.Appendf("Private key: %s", s)
 	}

 	if *w.PreSharedKey != "" {
-		s := gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*w.PreSharedKey)
+		s := helpers.ObfuscateWireguardKey(*w.PreSharedKey)
 		node.Appendf("Pre-shared key: %s", s)
 	}

@@ -218,17 +159,7 @@ func (w Wireguard) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 		addressesNode.Appendf(address.String())
 	}

-	allowedIPsNode := node.Appendf("Allowed IPs:")
-	for _, allowedIP := range w.AllowedIPs {
-		allowedIPsNode.Appendf(allowedIP.String())
-	}
-
-	if *w.PersistentKeepaliveInterval > 0 {
-		node.Appendf("Persistent keepalive interval: %s", w.PersistentKeepaliveInterval)
-	}
-
-	interfaceNode := node.Appendf("Network interface: %s", w.Interface)
-	interfaceNode.Appendf("MTU: %d", w.MTU)
+	node.Appendf("Network interface: %s", w.Interface)

 	if w.Implementation != "auto" {
 		node.Appendf("Implementation: %s", w.Implementation)
@@ -236,44 +167,3 @@ func (w Wireguard) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {

 	return node
 }
-
-func (w *Wireguard) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	w.PrivateKey = r.Get("WIREGUARD_PRIVATE_KEY", reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-	w.PreSharedKey = r.Get("WIREGUARD_PRESHARED_KEY", reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-	w.Interface = r.String("VPN_INTERFACE",
-		reader.RetroKeys("WIREGUARD_INTERFACE"), reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-	w.Implementation = r.String("WIREGUARD_IMPLEMENTATION")
-
-	addressStrings := r.CSV("WIREGUARD_ADDRESSES", reader.RetroKeys("WIREGUARD_ADDRESS"))
-	// WARNING: do not initialize w.Addresses to an empty slice
-	// or the defaults for nordvpn will not work.
-	for _, addressString := range addressStrings {
-		if !strings.ContainsRune(addressString, '/') {
-			addressString += "/32"
-		}
-		addressString = strings.TrimSpace(addressString)
-		address, err := netip.ParsePrefix(addressString)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("parsing address: %w", err)
-		}
-		w.Addresses = append(w.Addresses, address)
-	}
-
-	w.AllowedIPs, err = r.CSVNetipPrefixes("WIREGUARD_ALLOWED_IPS")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err // already wrapped
-	}
-
-	w.PersistentKeepaliveInterval, err = r.DurationPtr("WIREGUARD_PERSISTENT_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	mtuPtr, err := r.Uint16Ptr("WIREGUARD_MTU")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	} else if mtuPtr != nil {
-		w.MTU = *mtuPtr
-	}
-	return nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/wireguardselection.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/wireguardselection.go
@@ -4,10 +4,8 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net/netip"

+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/validate"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl/wgtypes"
 )
@@ -17,20 +15,20 @@ type WireguardSelection struct {
 	// It is only used with VPN providers generating Wireguard
 	// configurations specific to each server and user.
 	// To indicate it should not be used, it should be set
-	// to netip.IPv4Unspecified(). It can never be the zero value
+	// to netaddr.IPv4Unspecified(). It can never be the zero value
 	// in the internal state.
-	EndpointIP netip.Addr `json:"endpoint_ip"`
+	EndpointIP netip.Addr
 	// EndpointPort is a the server port to use for the VPN server.
 	// It is optional for VPN providers IVPN, Mullvad, Surfshark
 	// and Windscribe, and compulsory for the others.
 	// When optional, it can be set to 0 to indicate not use
 	// a custom endpoint port. It cannot be nil in the internal
 	// state.
-	EndpointPort *uint16 `json:"endpoint_port"`
+	EndpointPort *uint16
 	// PublicKey is the server public key.
 	// It is only used with VPN providers generating Wireguard
 	// configurations specific to each server and user.
-	PublicKey string `json:"public_key"`
+	PublicKey string
 }

 // Validate validates WireguardSelection settings.
@@ -38,8 +36,7 @@ type WireguardSelection struct {
 func (w WireguardSelection) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 	// Validate EndpointIP
 	switch vpnProvider {
-	case providers.Airvpn, providers.Fastestvpn, providers.Ivpn,
-		providers.Mullvad, providers.Nordvpn, providers.Protonvpn,
+	case providers.Airvpn, providers.Ivpn, providers.Mullvad,
 		providers.Surfshark, providers.Windscribe:
 		// endpoint IP addresses are baked in
 	case providers.Custom:
@@ -57,8 +54,7 @@ func (w WireguardSelection) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 			return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrWireguardEndpointPortNotSet)
 		}
 	// EndpointPort cannot be set
-	case providers.Fastestvpn, providers.Nordvpn,
-		providers.Protonvpn, providers.Surfshark:
+	case providers.Surfshark:
 		if *w.EndpointPort != 0 {
 			return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrWireguardEndpointPortSet)
 		}
@@ -80,18 +76,18 @@ func (w WireguardSelection) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 			allowed = []uint16{53, 80, 123, 443, 1194, 65142}
 		}

-		err = validate.IsOneOf(*w.EndpointPort, allowed...)
-		if err == nil {
+		if helpers.Uint16IsOneOf(*w.EndpointPort, allowed) {
 			break
 		}
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s: %w",
-			ErrWireguardEndpointPortNotAllowed, vpnProvider, err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %d for VPN service provider %s; %s",
+			ErrWireguardEndpointPortNotAllowed, w.EndpointPort, vpnProvider,
+			helpers.PortChoicesOrString(allowed))
 	default: // Providers not supporting Wireguard
 	}

 	// Validate PublicKey
 	switch vpnProvider {
-	case providers.Fastestvpn, providers.Ivpn, providers.Mullvad,
+	case providers.Ivpn, providers.Mullvad,
 		providers.Surfshark, providers.Windscribe:
 		// public keys are baked in
 	case providers.Custom:
@@ -114,20 +110,26 @@ func (w WireguardSelection) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 func (w *WireguardSelection) copy() (copied WireguardSelection) {
 	return WireguardSelection{
 		EndpointIP:   w.EndpointIP,
-		EndpointPort: gosettings.CopyPointer(w.EndpointPort),
+		EndpointPort: helpers.CopyPointer(w.EndpointPort),
 		PublicKey:    w.PublicKey,
 	}
 }

+func (w *WireguardSelection) mergeWith(other WireguardSelection) {
+	w.EndpointIP = helpers.MergeWithIP(w.EndpointIP, other.EndpointIP)
+	w.EndpointPort = helpers.MergeWithPointer(w.EndpointPort, other.EndpointPort)
+	w.PublicKey = helpers.MergeWithString(w.PublicKey, other.PublicKey)
+}
+
 func (w *WireguardSelection) overrideWith(other WireguardSelection) {
-	w.EndpointIP = gosettings.OverrideWithValidator(w.EndpointIP, other.EndpointIP)
-	w.EndpointPort = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(w.EndpointPort, other.EndpointPort)
-	w.PublicKey = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(w.PublicKey, other.PublicKey)
+	w.EndpointIP = helpers.OverrideWithIP(w.EndpointIP, other.EndpointIP)
+	w.EndpointPort = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(w.EndpointPort, other.EndpointPort)
+	w.PublicKey = helpers.OverrideWithString(w.PublicKey, other.PublicKey)
 }

 func (w *WireguardSelection) setDefaults() {
-	w.EndpointIP = gosettings.DefaultValidator(w.EndpointIP, netip.IPv4Unspecified())
-	w.EndpointPort = gosettings.DefaultPointer(w.EndpointPort, 0)
+	w.EndpointIP = helpers.DefaultIP(w.EndpointIP, netip.IPv4Unspecified())
+	w.EndpointPort = helpers.DefaultPointer(w.EndpointPort, 0)
 }

 func (w WireguardSelection) String() string {
@@ -151,18 +153,3 @@ func (w WireguardSelection) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {

 	return node
 }
-
-func (w *WireguardSelection) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	w.EndpointIP, err = r.NetipAddr("WIREGUARD_ENDPOINT_IP", reader.RetroKeys("VPN_ENDPOINT_IP"))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	w.EndpointPort, err = r.Uint16Ptr("WIREGUARD_ENDPOINT_PORT", reader.RetroKeys("VPN_ENDPOINT_PORT"))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	w.PublicKey = r.String("WIREGUARD_PUBLIC_KEY", reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-	return nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/dns.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/dns.go
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+package env
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"net/netip"
+
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
+)
+
+func (s *Source) readDNS() (dns settings.DNS, err error) {
+	dns.ServerAddress, err = s.readDNSServerAddress()
+	if err != nil {
+		return dns, err
+	}
+
+	dns.KeepNameserver, err = envToBoolPtr("DNS_KEEP_NAMESERVER")
+	if err != nil {
+		return dns, fmt.Errorf("environment variable DNS_KEEP_NAMESERVER: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	dns.DoT, err = s.readDoT()
+	if err != nil {
+		return dns, fmt.Errorf("DoT settings: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return dns, nil
+}
+
+func (s *Source) readDNSServerAddress() (address netip.Addr, err error) {
+	key, value := s.getEnvWithRetro("DNS_ADDRESS", "DNS_PLAINTEXT_ADDRESS")
+	if value == "" {
+		return address, nil
+	}
+
+	address, err = netip.ParseAddr(value)
+	if err != nil {
+		return address, fmt.Errorf("environment variable %s: %w", key, err)
+	}
+
+	// TODO remove in v4
+	if address.Unmap().Compare(netip.AddrFrom4([4]byte{127, 0, 0, 1})) != 0 {
+		s.warner.Warn(key + " is set to " + value +
+			" so the DNS over TLS (DoT) server will not be used." +
+			" The default value changed to 127.0.0.1 so it uses the internal DoT serves." +
+			" If the DoT server fails to start, the IPv4 address of the first plaintext DNS server" +
+			" corresponding to the first DoT provider chosen is used.")
+	}
+
+	return address, nil
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/dnsblacklist.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/dnsblacklist.go
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+package env
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/netip"
+
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/govalid/binary"
+)
+
+func (s *Source) readDNSBlacklist() (blacklist settings.DNSBlacklist, err error) {
+	blacklist.BlockMalicious, err = envToBoolPtr("BLOCK_MALICIOUS")
+	if err != nil {
+		return blacklist, fmt.Errorf("environment variable BLOCK_MALICIOUS: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	blacklist.BlockSurveillance, err = s.readBlockSurveillance()
+	if err != nil {
+		return blacklist, err
+	}
+
+	blacklist.BlockAds, err = envToBoolPtr("BLOCK_ADS")
+	if err != nil {
+		return blacklist, fmt.Errorf("environment variable BLOCK_ADS: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	blacklist.AddBlockedIPs, blacklist.AddBlockedIPPrefixes,
+		err = readDoTPrivateAddresses() // TODO v4 split in 2
+	if err != nil {
+		return blacklist, err
+	}
+
+	blacklist.AllowedHosts = envToCSV("UNBLOCK") // TODO v4 change name
+
+	return blacklist, nil
+}
+
+func (s *Source) readBlockSurveillance() (blocked *bool, err error) {
+	key, value := s.getEnvWithRetro("BLOCK_SURVEILLANCE", "BLOCK_NSA")
+	if value == "" {
+		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
+	}
+
+	blocked = new(bool)
+	*blocked, err = binary.Validate(value)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable %s: %w", key, err)
+	}
+
+	return blocked, nil
+}
+
+var (
+	ErrPrivateAddressNotValid = errors.New("private address is not a valid IP or CIDR range")
+)
+
+func readDoTPrivateAddresses() (ips []netip.Addr,
+	ipPrefixes []netip.Prefix, err error) {
+	privateAddresses := envToCSV("DOT_PRIVATE_ADDRESS")
+	if len(privateAddresses) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil, nil
+	}
+
+	ips = make([]netip.Addr, 0, len(privateAddresses))
+	ipPrefixes = make([]netip.Prefix, 0, len(privateAddresses))
+
+	for _, privateAddress := range privateAddresses {
+		ip, err := netip.ParseAddr(privateAddress)
+		if err == nil {
+			ips = append(ips, ip)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		ipPrefix, err := netip.ParsePrefix(privateAddress)
+		if err == nil {
+			ipPrefixes = append(ipPrefixes, ipPrefix)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf(
+			"environment variable DOT_PRIVATE_ADDRESS: %w: %s",
+			ErrPrivateAddressNotValid, privateAddress)
+	}
+
+	return ips, ipPrefixes, nil
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/dot.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/dot.go
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+package env
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
+)
+
+func (s *Source) readDoT() (dot settings.DoT, err error) {
+	dot.Enabled, err = envToBoolPtr("DOT")
+	if err != nil {
+		return dot, fmt.Errorf("environment variable DOT: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	dot.UpdatePeriod, err = envToDurationPtr("DNS_UPDATE_PERIOD")
+	if err != nil {
+		return dot, fmt.Errorf("environment variable DNS_UPDATE_PERIOD: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	dot.Unbound, err = readUnbound()
+	if err != nil {
+		return dot, err
+	}
+
+	dot.Blacklist, err = s.readDNSBlacklist()
+	if err != nil {
+		return dot, err
+	}
+
+	return dot, nil
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/firewall.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/firewall.go
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+package env
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/netip"
+	"strconv"
+
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
+)
+
+func (s *Source) readFirewall() (firewall settings.Firewall, err error) {
+	vpnInputPortStrings := envToCSV("FIREWALL_VPN_INPUT_PORTS")
+	firewall.VPNInputPorts, err = stringsToPorts(vpnInputPortStrings)
+	if err != nil {
+		return firewall, fmt.Errorf("environment variable FIREWALL_VPN_INPUT_PORTS: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	inputPortStrings := envToCSV("FIREWALL_INPUT_PORTS")
+	firewall.InputPorts, err = stringsToPorts(inputPortStrings)
+	if err != nil {
+		return firewall, fmt.Errorf("environment variable FIREWALL_INPUT_PORTS: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	outboundSubnetsKey, _ := s.getEnvWithRetro("FIREWALL_OUTBOUND_SUBNETS", "EXTRA_SUBNETS")
+	outboundSubnetStrings := envToCSV(outboundSubnetsKey)
+	firewall.OutboundSubnets, err = stringsToNetipPrefixes(outboundSubnetStrings)
+	if err != nil {
+		return firewall, fmt.Errorf("environment variable %s: %w", outboundSubnetsKey, err)
+	}
+
+	firewall.Enabled, err = envToBoolPtr("FIREWALL")
+	if err != nil {
+		return firewall, fmt.Errorf("environment variable FIREWALL: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	firewall.Debug, err = envToBoolPtr("FIREWALL_DEBUG")
+	if err != nil {
+		return firewall, fmt.Errorf("environment variable FIREWALL_DEBUG: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return firewall, nil
+}
+
+var (
+	ErrPortParsing = errors.New("cannot parse port")
+	ErrPortValue   = errors.New("port value is not valid")
+)
+
+func stringsToPorts(ss []string) (ports []uint16, err error) {
+	if len(ss) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	ports = make([]uint16, len(ss))
+	for i, s := range ss {
+		port, err := strconv.Atoi(s)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: %s: %s", ErrPortParsing, s, err)
+		} else if port < 1 || port > 65535 {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: must be between 1 and 65535: %d",
+				ErrPortValue, port)
+		}
+		ports[i] = uint16(port)
+	}
+	return ports, nil
+}
+
+func stringsToNetipPrefixes(ss []string) (ipPrefixes []netip.Prefix, err error) {
+	if len(ss) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	ipPrefixes = make([]netip.Prefix, len(ss))
+	for i, s := range ss {
+		ipPrefixes[i], err = netip.ParsePrefix(s)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("parsing IP network %q: %w", s, err)
+		}
+	}
+	return ipPrefixes, nil
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/health.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/health.go
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+package env
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
+)
+
+func (s *Source) ReadHealth() (health settings.Health, err error) {
+	health.ServerAddress = getCleanedEnv("HEALTH_SERVER_ADDRESS")
+	_, health.TargetAddress = s.getEnvWithRetro("HEALTH_TARGET_ADDRESS", "HEALTH_ADDRESS_TO_PING")
+
+	successWaitPtr, err := envToDurationPtr("HEALTH_SUCCESS_WAIT_DURATION")
+	if err != nil {
+		return health, fmt.Errorf("environment variable HEALTH_SUCCESS_WAIT_DURATION: %w", err)
+	} else if successWaitPtr != nil {
+		health.SuccessWait = *successWaitPtr
+	}
+
+	health.VPN.Initial, err = s.readDurationWithRetro(
+		"HEALTH_VPN_DURATION_INITIAL",
+		"HEALTH_OPENVPN_DURATION_INITIAL")
+	if err != nil {
+		return health, err
+	}
+
+	health.VPN.Addition, err = s.readDurationWithRetro(
+		"HEALTH_VPN_DURATION_ADDITION",
+		"HEALTH_OPENVPN_DURATION_ADDITION")
+	if err != nil {
+		return health, err
+	}
+
+	return health, nil
+}
+
+func (s *Source) readDurationWithRetro(envKey, retroEnvKey string) (d *time.Duration, err error) {
+	envKey, value := s.getEnvWithRetro(envKey, retroEnvKey)
+	if value == "" {
+		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
+	}
+
+	d = new(time.Duration)
+	*d, err = time.ParseDuration(value)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable %s: %w", envKey, err)
+	}
+
+	return d, nil
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/helpers.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/helpers.go
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+package env
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/qdm12/govalid/binary"
+	"github.com/qdm12/govalid/integer"
+)
+
+// getCleanedEnv returns an environment variable value with
+// surrounding spaces and trailing new line characters removed.
+func getCleanedEnv(envKey string) (value string) {
+	value = os.Getenv(envKey)
+	value = strings.TrimSpace(value)
+	value = strings.TrimSuffix(value, "\r\n")
+	value = strings.TrimSuffix(value, "\n")
+	return value
+}
+
+func envToCSV(envKey string) (values []string) {
+	csv := getCleanedEnv(envKey)
+	if csv == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return lowerAndSplit(csv)
+}
+
+func envToFloat64(envKey string) (f float64, err error) {
+	s := getCleanedEnv(envKey)
+	if s == "" {
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+	const bits = 64
+	return strconv.ParseFloat(s, bits)
+}
+
+func envToStringPtr(envKey string) (stringPtr *string) {
+	s := getCleanedEnv(envKey)
+	if s == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return &s
+}
+
+func envToBoolPtr(envKey string) (boolPtr *bool, err error) {
+	s := getCleanedEnv(envKey)
+	if s == "" {
+		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
+	}
+	value, err := binary.Validate(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &value, nil
+}
+
+func envToIntPtr(envKey string) (intPtr *int, err error) {
+	s := getCleanedEnv(envKey)
+	if s == "" {
+		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
+	}
+	value, err := strconv.Atoi(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &value, nil
+}
+
+func envToUint8Ptr(envKey string) (uint8Ptr *uint8, err error) {
+	s := getCleanedEnv(envKey)
+	if s == "" {
+		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
+	}
+
+	const min, max = 0, 255
+	value, err := integer.Validate(s, integer.OptionRange(min, max))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	uint8Ptr = new(uint8)
+	*uint8Ptr = uint8(value)
+	return uint8Ptr, nil
+}
+
+func envToUint16Ptr(envKey string) (uint16Ptr *uint16, err error) {
+	s := getCleanedEnv(envKey)
+	if s == "" {
+		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
+	}
+
+	const min, max = 0, 65535
+	value, err := integer.Validate(s, integer.OptionRange(min, max))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	uint16Ptr = new(uint16)
+	*uint16Ptr = uint16(value)
+	return uint16Ptr, nil
+}
+
+func envToDurationPtr(envKey string) (durationPtr *time.Duration, err error) {
+	s := getCleanedEnv(envKey)
+	if s == "" {
+		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
+	}
+
+	durationPtr = new(time.Duration)
+	*durationPtr, err = time.ParseDuration(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return durationPtr, nil
+}
+
+func lowerAndSplit(csv string) (values []string) {
+	csv = strings.ToLower(csv)
+	return strings.Split(csv, ",")
+}
+
+func unsetEnvKeys(envKeys []string, err error) (newErr error) {
+	newErr = err
+	for _, envKey := range envKeys {
+		unsetErr := os.Unsetenv(envKey)
+		if unsetErr != nil && newErr == nil {
+			newErr = fmt.Errorf("unsetting environment variable %s: %w", envKey, unsetErr)
+		}
+	}
+	return newErr
+}
+
+func stringPtr(s string) *string { return &s }
+func uint32Ptr(n uint32) *uint32 { return &n }
+func boolPtr(b bool) *bool       { return &b }
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/helpers_test.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/helpers_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+package env
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+// setTestEnv is used to set environment variables in
+// parallel tests.
+func setTestEnv(t *testing.T, key, value string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	existing := os.Getenv(key)
+	err := os.Setenv(key, value) //nolint:tenv
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		err = os.Setenv(key, existing)
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+	})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/httproxy.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/httproxy.go
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+package env
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/govalid/binary"
+)
+
+func (s *Source) readHTTPProxy() (httpProxy settings.HTTPProxy, err error) {
+	httpProxy.User = s.readHTTProxyUser()
+	httpProxy.Password = s.readHTTProxyPassword()
+	httpProxy.ListeningAddress = s.readHTTProxyListeningAddress()
+
+	httpProxy.Enabled, err = s.readHTTProxyEnabled()
+	if err != nil {
+		return httpProxy, err
+	}
+
+	httpProxy.Stealth, err = envToBoolPtr("HTTPPROXY_STEALTH")
+	if err != nil {
+		return httpProxy, fmt.Errorf("environment variable HTTPPROXY_STEALTH: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	httpProxy.Log, err = s.readHTTProxyLog()
+	if err != nil {
+		return httpProxy, err
+	}
+
+	return httpProxy, nil
+}
+
+func (s *Source) readHTTProxyUser() (user *string) {
+	_, value := s.getEnvWithRetro("HTTPPROXY_USER", "PROXY_USER", "TINYPROXY_USER")
+	if value != "" {
+		return &value
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *Source) readHTTProxyPassword() (user *string) {
+	_, value := s.getEnvWithRetro("HTTPPROXY_PASSWORD", "PROXY_PASSWORD", "TINYPROXY_PASSWORD")
+	if value != "" {
+		return &value
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *Source) readHTTProxyListeningAddress() (listeningAddress string) {
+	key, value := s.getEnvWithRetro("HTTPPROXY_LISTENING_ADDRESS", "PROXY_PORT", "TINYPROXY_PORT", "HTTPPROXY_PORT")
+	if key == "HTTPPROXY_LISTENING_ADDRESS" {
+		return value
+	}
+	return ":" + value
+}
+
+func (s *Source) readHTTProxyEnabled() (enabled *bool, err error) {
+	key, value := s.getEnvWithRetro("HTTPPROXY", "PROXY", "TINYPROXY")
+	if value == "" {
+		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
+	}
+
+	enabled = new(bool)
+	*enabled, err = binary.Validate(value)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable %s: %w", key, err)
+	}
+
+	return enabled, nil
+}
+
+func (s *Source) readHTTProxyLog() (enabled *bool, err error) {
+	key, value := s.getEnvWithRetro("HTTPPROXY_LOG", "PROXY_LOG_LEVEL", "TINYPROXY_LOG")
+	if value == "" {
+		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
+	}
+
+	var binaryOptions []binary.Option
+	if key != "HTTPROXY_LOG" {
+		retroOption := binary.OptionEnabled("on", "info", "connect", "notice")
+		binaryOptions = append(binaryOptions, retroOption)
+	}
+
+	enabled = new(bool)
+	*enabled, err = binary.Validate(value, binaryOptions...)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable %s: %w", key, err)
+	}
+
+	return enabled, nil
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/log.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/log.go
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+package env
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/log"
+)
+
+func readLog() (log settings.Log, err error) {
+	log.Level, err = readLogLevel()
+	if err != nil {
+		return log, err
+	}
+
+	return log, nil
+}
+
+func readLogLevel() (level *log.Level, err error) {
+	s := getCleanedEnv("LOG_LEVEL")
+	if s == "" {
+		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
+	}
+
+	level = new(log.Level)
+	*level, err = parseLogLevel(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable LOG_LEVEL: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return level, nil
+}
+
+var ErrLogLevelUnknown = errors.New("log level is unknown")
+
+func parseLogLevel(s string) (level log.Level, err error) {
+	switch strings.ToLower(s) {
+	case "debug":
+		return log.LevelDebug, nil
+	case "info":
+		return log.LevelInfo, nil
+	case "warning":
+		return log.LevelWarn, nil
+	case "error":
+		return log.LevelError, nil
+	default:
+		return level, fmt.Errorf(
+			"%w: %q is not valid and can be one of debug, info, warning or error",
+			ErrLogLevelUnknown, s)
+	}
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/openvpn.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/openvpn.go
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+package env
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/govalid/binary"
+)
+
+func (s *Source) readOpenVPN() (
+	openVPN settings.OpenVPN, err error) {
+	defer func() {
+		err = unsetEnvKeys([]string{"OPENVPN_KEY", "OPENVPN_CERT",
+			"OPENVPN_KEY_PASSPHRASE", "OPENVPN_ENCRYPTED_KEY"}, err)
+	}()
+
+	openVPN.Version = getCleanedEnv("OPENVPN_VERSION")
+	openVPN.User = s.readOpenVPNUser()
+	openVPN.Password = s.readOpenVPNPassword()
+	confFile := getCleanedEnv("OPENVPN_CUSTOM_CONFIG")
+	if confFile != "" {
+		openVPN.ConfFile = &confFile
+	}
+
+	ciphersKey, _ := s.getEnvWithRetro("OPENVPN_CIPHERS", "OPENVPN_CIPHER")
+	openVPN.Ciphers = envToCSV(ciphersKey)
+
+	auth := getCleanedEnv("OPENVPN_AUTH")
+	if auth != "" {
+		openVPN.Auth = &auth
+	}
+
+	openVPN.Cert = envToStringPtr("OPENVPN_CERT")
+	openVPN.Key = envToStringPtr("OPENVPN_KEY")
+	openVPN.EncryptedKey = envToStringPtr("OPENVPN_ENCRYPTED_KEY")
+
+	openVPN.KeyPassphrase = s.readOpenVPNKeyPassphrase()
+
+	openVPN.PIAEncPreset = s.readPIAEncryptionPreset()
+
+	openVPN.MSSFix, err = envToUint16Ptr("OPENVPN_MSSFIX")
+	if err != nil {
+		return openVPN, fmt.Errorf("environment variable OPENVPN_MSSFIX: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	_, openVPN.Interface = s.getEnvWithRetro("VPN_INTERFACE", "OPENVPN_INTERFACE")
+
+	openVPN.ProcessUser, err = s.readOpenVPNProcessUser()
+	if err != nil {
+		return openVPN, err
+	}
+
+	openVPN.Verbosity, err = envToIntPtr("OPENVPN_VERBOSITY")
+	if err != nil {
+		return openVPN, fmt.Errorf("environment variable OPENVPN_VERBOSITY: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	flagsStr := getCleanedEnv("OPENVPN_FLAGS")
+	if flagsStr != "" {
+		openVPN.Flags = strings.Fields(flagsStr)
+	}
+
+	return openVPN, nil
+}
+
+func (s *Source) readOpenVPNUser() (user *string) {
+	user = new(string)
+	_, *user = s.getEnvWithRetro("OPENVPN_USER", "USER")
+	if *user == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Remove spaces in user ID to simplify user's life, thanks @JeordyR
+	*user = strings.ReplaceAll(*user, " ", "")
+	return user
+}
+
+func (s *Source) readOpenVPNPassword() (password *string) {
+	password = new(string)
+	_, *password = s.getEnvWithRetro("OPENVPN_PASSWORD", "PASSWORD")
+	if *password == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	return password
+}
+
+func (s *Source) readOpenVPNKeyPassphrase() (passphrase *string) {
+	passphrase = new(string)
+	*passphrase = getCleanedEnv("OPENVPN_KEY_PASSPHRASE")
+	if *passphrase == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return passphrase
+}
+
+func (s *Source) readPIAEncryptionPreset() (presetPtr *string) {
+	_, preset := s.getEnvWithRetro(
+		"PRIVATE_INTERNET_ACCESS_OPENVPN_ENCRYPTION_PRESET",
+		"PIA_ENCRYPTION", "ENCRYPTION")
+	if preset != "" {
+		return &preset
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *Source) readOpenVPNProcessUser() (processUser string, err error) {
+	key, value := s.getEnvWithRetro("OPENVPN_PROCESS_USER", "OPENVPN_ROOT")
+	if key == "OPENVPN_PROCESS_USER" {
+		return value, nil
+	}
+
+	// Retro-compatibility
+	if value == "" {
+		return "", nil
+	}
+	root, err := binary.Validate(value)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("environment variable %s: %w", key, err)
+	}
+	if root {
+		return "root", nil
+	}
+	const defaultNonRootUser = "nonrootuser"
+	return defaultNonRootUser, nil
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/openvpnselection.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/openvpnselection.go
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+package env
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
+	"github.com/qdm12/govalid/port"
+)
+
+func (s *Source) readOpenVPNSelection() (
+	selection settings.OpenVPNSelection, err error) {
+	confFile := getCleanedEnv("OPENVPN_CUSTOM_CONFIG")
+	if confFile != "" {
+		selection.ConfFile = &confFile
+	}
+
+	selection.TCP, err = s.readOpenVPNProtocol()
+	if err != nil {
+		return selection, err
+	}
+
+	selection.CustomPort, err = s.readOpenVPNCustomPort()
+	if err != nil {
+		return selection, err
+	}
+
+	selection.PIAEncPreset = s.readPIAEncryptionPreset()
+
+	return selection, nil
+}
+
+var ErrOpenVPNProtocolNotValid = errors.New("OpenVPN protocol is not valid")
+
+func (s *Source) readOpenVPNProtocol() (tcp *bool, err error) {
+	envKey, protocol := s.getEnvWithRetro("OPENVPN_PROTOCOL", "PROTOCOL")
+
+	switch strings.ToLower(protocol) {
+	case "":
+		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
+	case constants.UDP:
+		return boolPtr(false), nil
+	case constants.TCP:
+		return boolPtr(true), nil
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable %s: %w: %s",
+			envKey, ErrOpenVPNProtocolNotValid, protocol)
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *Source) readOpenVPNCustomPort() (customPort *uint16, err error) {
+	key, value := s.getEnvWithRetro("VPN_ENDPOINT_PORT", "PORT", "OPENVPN_PORT")
+	if value == "" {
+		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
+	}
+
+	customPort = new(uint16)
+	*customPort, err = port.Validate(value)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable %s: %w", key, err)
+	}
+
+	return customPort, nil
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/portforward.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/portforward.go
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+package env
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
+)
+
+func (s *Source) readPortForward() (
+	portForwarding settings.PortForwarding, err error) {
+	key, _ := s.getEnvWithRetro(
+		"VPN_PORT_FORWARDING",
+		"PRIVATE_INTERNET_ACCESS_VPN_PORT_FORWARDING",
+		"PORT_FORWARDING")
+	portForwarding.Enabled, err = envToBoolPtr(key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return portForwarding, fmt.Errorf("environment variable %s: %w", key, err)
+	}
+
+	_, value := s.getEnvWithRetro(
+		"VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_STATUS_FILE",
+		"PRIVATE_INTERNET_ACCESS_VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_STATUS_FILE",
+		"PORT_FORWARDING_STATUS_FILE")
+	if value != "" {
+		portForwarding.Filepath = stringPtr(value)
+	}
+
+	return portForwarding, nil
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/pprof.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/pprof.go
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+package env
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/pprof"
+)
+
+func readPprof() (settings pprof.Settings, err error) {
+	settings.Enabled, err = envToBoolPtr("PPROF_ENABLED")
+	if err != nil {
+		return settings, fmt.Errorf("environment variable PPROF_ENABLED: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	settings.BlockProfileRate, err = envToIntPtr("PPROF_BLOCK_PROFILE_RATE")
+	if err != nil {
+		return settings, fmt.Errorf("environment variable PPROF_BLOCK_PROFILE_RATE: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	settings.MutexProfileRate, err = envToIntPtr("PPROF_MUTEX_PROFILE_RATE")
+	if err != nil {
+		return settings, fmt.Errorf("environment variable PPROF_MUTEX_PROFILE_RATE: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	settings.HTTPServer.Address = getCleanedEnv("PPROF_HTTP_SERVER_ADDRESS")
+
+	return settings, nil
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/provider.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/provider.go
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+package env
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/vpn"
+)
+
+func (s *Source) readProvider(vpnType string) (provider settings.Provider, err error) {
+	provider.Name = s.readVPNServiceProvider(vpnType)
+	var providerName string
+	if provider.Name != nil {
+		providerName = *provider.Name
+	}
+
+	provider.ServerSelection, err = s.readServerSelection(providerName, vpnType)
+	if err != nil {
+		return provider, fmt.Errorf("server selection: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	provider.PortForwarding, err = s.readPortForward()
+	if err != nil {
+		return provider, fmt.Errorf("port forwarding: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return provider, nil
+}
+
+func (s *Source) readVPNServiceProvider(vpnType string) (vpnProviderPtr *string) {
+	_, value := s.getEnvWithRetro("VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER", "VPNSP")
+	if value == "" {
+		if vpnType != vpn.Wireguard && getCleanedEnv("OPENVPN_CUSTOM_CONFIG") != "" {
+			// retro compatibility
+			return stringPtr(providers.Custom)
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	value = strings.ToLower(value)
+	if value == "pia" { // retro compatibility
+		return stringPtr(providers.PrivateInternetAccess)
+	}
+
+	return stringPtr(value)
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/publicip.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/publicip.go
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+package env
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
+)
+
+func (s *Source) readPublicIP() (publicIP settings.PublicIP, err error) {
+	publicIP.Period, err = readPublicIPPeriod()
+	if err != nil {
+		return publicIP, err
+	}
+
+	publicIP.IPFilepath = s.readPublicIPFilepath()
+
+	return publicIP, nil
+}
+
+func readPublicIPPeriod() (period *time.Duration, err error) {
+	s := getCleanedEnv("PUBLICIP_PERIOD")
+	if s == "" {
+		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
+	}
+
+	period = new(time.Duration)
+	*period, err = time.ParseDuration(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable PUBLICIP_PERIOD: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return period, nil
+}
+
+func (s *Source) readPublicIPFilepath() (filepath *string) {
+	_, value := s.getEnvWithRetro("PUBLICIP_FILE", "IP_STATUS_FILE")
+	if value != "" {
+		return &value
+	}
+	return nil
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/reader.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/reader.go
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+package env
+
+import (
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
+)
+
+type Source struct {
+	warner Warner
+}
+
+type Warner interface {
+	Warn(s string)
+}
+
+func New(warner Warner) *Source {
+	return &Source{
+		warner: warner,
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *Source) String() string { return "environment variables" }
+
+func (s *Source) Read() (settings settings.Settings, err error) {
+	settings.VPN, err = s.readVPN()
+	if err != nil {
+		return settings, err
+	}
+
+	settings.Firewall, err = s.readFirewall()
+	if err != nil {
+		return settings, err
+	}
+
+	settings.System, err = s.readSystem()
+	if err != nil {
+		return settings, err
+	}
+
+	settings.Health, err = s.ReadHealth()
+	if err != nil {
+		return settings, err
+	}
+
+	settings.HTTPProxy, err = s.readHTTPProxy()
+	if err != nil {
+		return settings, err
+	}
+
+	settings.Log, err = readLog()
+	if err != nil {
+		return settings, err
+	}
+
+	settings.PublicIP, err = s.readPublicIP()
+	if err != nil {
+		return settings, err
+	}
+
+	settings.Updater, err = readUpdater()
+	if err != nil {
+		return settings, err
+	}
+
+	settings.Version, err = readVersion()
+	if err != nil {
+		return settings, err
+	}
+
+	settings.Shadowsocks, err = s.readShadowsocks()
+	if err != nil {
+		return settings, err
+	}
+
+	settings.DNS, err = s.readDNS()
+	if err != nil {
+		return settings, err
+	}
+
+	settings.ControlServer, err = s.readControlServer()
+	if err != nil {
+		return settings, err
+	}
+
+	settings.Pprof, err = readPprof()
+	if err != nil {
+		return settings, err
+	}
+
+	return settings, nil
+}
+
+func (s *Source) onRetroActive(oldKey, newKey string) {
+	s.warner.Warn(
+		"You are using the old environment variable " + oldKey +
+			", please consider changing it to " + newKey)
+}
+
+// getEnvWithRetro returns the first environment variable
+// key and corresponding non empty value from the environment
+// variable keys given. It first goes through the retroKeys
+// and end on returning the value corresponding to the currentKey.
+// Note retroKeys should be in order from oldest to most
+// recent retro-compatibility key.
+func (s *Source) getEnvWithRetro(currentKey string,
+	retroKeys ...string) (key, value string) {
+	// We check retro-compatibility keys first since
+	// the current key might be set in the Dockerfile.
+	for _, key = range retroKeys {
+		value = getCleanedEnv(key)
+		if value != "" {
+			s.onRetroActive(key, currentKey)
+			return key, value
+		}
+	}
+
+	return currentKey, getCleanedEnv(currentKey)
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/server.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/server.go
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+package env
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/govalid/binary"
+)
+
+func (s *Source) readControlServer() (controlServer settings.ControlServer, err error) {
+	controlServer.Log, err = readControlServerLog()
+	if err != nil {
+		return controlServer, err
+	}
+
+	controlServer.Address = s.readControlServerAddress()
+
+	return controlServer, nil
+}
+
+func readControlServerLog() (enabled *bool, err error) {
+	s := getCleanedEnv("HTTP_CONTROL_SERVER_LOG")
+	if s == "" {
+		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
+	}
+
+	log, err := binary.Validate(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable HTTP_CONTROL_SERVER_LOG: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return &log, nil
+}
+
+func (s *Source) readControlServerAddress() (address *string) {
+	key, value := s.getEnvWithRetro("HTTP_CONTROL_SERVER_ADDRESS", "HTTP_CONTROL_SERVER_PORT")
+	if value == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if key == "HTTP_CONTROL_SERVER_ADDRESS" {
+		return &value
+	}
+
+	address = new(string)
+	*address = ":" + value
+	return address
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/serverselection.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/serverselection.go
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+package env
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/netip"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrServerNumberNotValid = errors.New("server number is not valid")
+)
+
+func (s *Source) readServerSelection(vpnProvider, vpnType string) (
+	ss settings.ServerSelection, err error) {
+	ss.VPN = vpnType
+
+	ss.TargetIP, err = s.readOpenVPNTargetIP()
+	if err != nil {
+		return ss, err
+	}
+
+	countriesKey, _ := s.getEnvWithRetro("SERVER_COUNTRIES", "COUNTRY")
+	ss.Countries = envToCSV(countriesKey)
+	if vpnProvider == providers.Cyberghost && len(ss.Countries) == 0 {
+		// Retro-compatibility for Cyberghost using the REGION variable
+		ss.Countries = envToCSV("REGION")
+		if len(ss.Countries) > 0 {
+			s.onRetroActive("REGION", "SERVER_COUNTRIES")
+		}
+	}
+
+	regionsKey, _ := s.getEnvWithRetro("SERVER_REGIONS", "REGION")
+	ss.Regions = envToCSV(regionsKey)
+
+	citiesKey, _ := s.getEnvWithRetro("SERVER_CITIES", "CITY")
+	ss.Cities = envToCSV(citiesKey)
+
+	ss.ISPs = envToCSV("ISP")
+
+	hostnamesKey, _ := s.getEnvWithRetro("SERVER_HOSTNAMES", "SERVER_HOSTNAME")
+	ss.Hostnames = envToCSV(hostnamesKey)
+
+	serverNamesKey, _ := s.getEnvWithRetro("SERVER_NAMES", "SERVER_NAME")
+	ss.Names = envToCSV(serverNamesKey)
+
+	if csv := getCleanedEnv("SERVER_NUMBER"); csv != "" {
+		numbersStrings := strings.Split(csv, ",")
+		numbers := make([]uint16, len(numbersStrings))
+		for i, numberString := range numbersStrings {
+			const base, bitSize = 10, 16
+			number, err := strconv.ParseInt(numberString, base, bitSize)
+			if err != nil {
+				return ss, fmt.Errorf("%w: %s",
+					ErrServerNumberNotValid, numberString)
+			} else if number < 0 || number > 65535 {
+				return ss, fmt.Errorf("%w: %d must be between 0 and 65535",
+					ErrServerNumberNotValid, number)
+			}
+			numbers[i] = uint16(number)
+		}
+		ss.Numbers = numbers
+	}
+
+	// Mullvad only
+	ss.OwnedOnly, err = s.readOwnedOnly()
+	if err != nil {
+		return ss, err
+	}
+
+	// VPNUnlimited and ProtonVPN only
+	ss.FreeOnly, err = envToBoolPtr("FREE_ONLY")
+	if err != nil {
+		return ss, fmt.Errorf("environment variable FREE_ONLY: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// VPNSecure only
+	ss.PremiumOnly, err = envToBoolPtr("PREMIUM_ONLY")
+	if err != nil {
+		return ss, fmt.Errorf("environment variable PREMIUM_ONLY: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// VPNUnlimited only
+	ss.MultiHopOnly, err = envToBoolPtr("MULTIHOP_ONLY")
+	if err != nil {
+		return ss, fmt.Errorf("environment variable MULTIHOP_ONLY: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// VPNUnlimited only
+	ss.MultiHopOnly, err = envToBoolPtr("STREAM_ONLY")
+	if err != nil {
+		return ss, fmt.Errorf("environment variable STREAM_ONLY: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	ss.OpenVPN, err = s.readOpenVPNSelection()
+	if err != nil {
+		return ss, err
+	}
+
+	ss.Wireguard, err = s.readWireguardSelection()
+	if err != nil {
+		return ss, err
+	}
+
+	return ss, nil
+}
+
+var (
+	ErrInvalidIP = errors.New("invalid IP address")
+)
+
+func (s *Source) readOpenVPNTargetIP() (ip netip.Addr, err error) {
+	envKey, value := s.getEnvWithRetro("VPN_ENDPOINT_IP", "OPENVPN_TARGET_IP")
+	if value == "" {
+		return ip, nil
+	}
+
+	ip, err = netip.ParseAddr(value)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ip, fmt.Errorf("environment variable %s: %w", envKey, err)
+	}
+
+	return ip, nil
+}
+
+func (s *Source) readOwnedOnly() (ownedOnly *bool, err error) {
+	envKey, _ := s.getEnvWithRetro("OWNED_ONLY", "OWNED")
+	ownedOnly, err = envToBoolPtr(envKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable %s: %w", envKey, err)
+	}
+	return ownedOnly, nil
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/shadowsocks.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/shadowsocks.go
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+package env
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
+)
+
+func (s *Source) readShadowsocks() (shadowsocks settings.Shadowsocks, err error) {
+	shadowsocks.Enabled, err = envToBoolPtr("SHADOWSOCKS")
+	if err != nil {
+		return shadowsocks, fmt.Errorf("environment variable SHADOWSOCKS: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	shadowsocks.Address = s.readShadowsocksAddress()
+	shadowsocks.LogAddresses, err = envToBoolPtr("SHADOWSOCKS_LOG")
+	if err != nil {
+		return shadowsocks, fmt.Errorf("environment variable SHADOWSOCKS_LOG: %w", err)
+	}
+	shadowsocks.CipherName = s.readShadowsocksCipher()
+	shadowsocks.Password = envToStringPtr("SHADOWSOCKS_PASSWORD")
+
+	return shadowsocks, nil
+}
+
+func (s *Source) readShadowsocksAddress() (address string) {
+	key, value := s.getEnvWithRetro("SHADOWSOCKS_LISTENING_ADDRESS", "SHADOWSOCKS_PORT")
+	if value == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	if key == "SHADOWSOCKS_LISTENING_ADDRESS" {
+		return value
+	}
+
+	// Retro-compatibility
+	return ":" + value
+}
+
+func (s *Source) readShadowsocksCipher() (cipher string) {
+	_, cipher = s.getEnvWithRetro("SHADOWSOCKS_CIPHER", "SHADOWSOCKS_METHOD")
+	return strings.ToLower(cipher)
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/system.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/system.go
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+package env
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"strconv"
+
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrSystemPUIDNotValid     = errors.New("PUID is not valid")
+	ErrSystemPGIDNotValid     = errors.New("PGID is not valid")
+	ErrSystemTimezoneNotValid = errors.New("timezone is not valid")
+)
+
+func (s *Source) readSystem() (system settings.System, err error) {
+	system.PUID, err = s.readID("PUID", "UID")
+	if err != nil {
+		return system, err
+	}
+
+	system.PGID, err = s.readID("PGID", "GID")
+	if err != nil {
+		return system, err
+	}
+
+	system.Timezone = getCleanedEnv("TZ")
+
+	return system, nil
+}
+
+var ErrSystemIDNotValid = errors.New("system ID is not valid")
+
+func (s *Source) readID(key, retroKey string) (
+	id *uint32, err error) {
+	idEnvKey, idString := s.getEnvWithRetro(key, retroKey)
+	if idString == "" {
+		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
+	}
+
+	const base = 10
+	const bitSize = 64
+	const max = uint64(^uint32(0))
+	idUint64, err := strconv.ParseUint(idString, base, bitSize)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable %s: %w: %s",
+			idEnvKey, ErrSystemIDNotValid, err)
+	} else if idUint64 > max {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable %s: %w: %d: must be between 0 and %d",
+			idEnvKey, ErrSystemIDNotValid, idUint64, max)
+	}
+
+	return uint32Ptr(uint32(idUint64)), nil
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/system_test.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/system_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+package env
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func Test_Reader_readID(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	testCases := map[string]struct {
+		keyPrefix      string
+		keyValue       string
+		retroKeyPrefix string
+		retroValue     string
+		id             *uint32
+		errWrapped     error
+		errMessage     string
+	}{
+		"empty string": {
+			keyPrefix:      "ID",
+			retroKeyPrefix: "RETRO_ID",
+		},
+		"invalid string": {
+			keyPrefix:      "ID",
+			keyValue:       "invalid",
+			retroKeyPrefix: "RETRO_ID",
+			errWrapped:     ErrSystemIDNotValid,
+			errMessage: `environment variable IDTest_Reader_readID/invalid_string: ` +
+				`system ID is not valid: ` +
+				`strconv.ParseUint: parsing "invalid": invalid syntax`,
+		},
+		"negative number": {
+			keyPrefix:      "ID",
+			keyValue:       "-1",
+			retroKeyPrefix: "RETRO_ID",
+			errWrapped:     ErrSystemIDNotValid,
+			errMessage: `environment variable IDTest_Reader_readID/negative_number: ` +
+				`system ID is not valid: ` +
+				`strconv.ParseUint: parsing "-1": invalid syntax`,
+		},
+		"id 1000": {
+			keyPrefix:      "ID",
+			keyValue:       "1000",
+			retroKeyPrefix: "RETRO_ID",
+			id:             uint32Ptr(1000),
+		},
+		"max id": {
+			keyPrefix:      "ID",
+			keyValue:       "4294967295",
+			retroKeyPrefix: "RETRO_ID",
+			id:             uint32Ptr(4294967295),
+		},
+		"above max id": {
+			keyPrefix:      "ID",
+			keyValue:       "4294967296",
+			retroKeyPrefix: "RETRO_ID",
+			errWrapped:     ErrSystemIDNotValid,
+			errMessage: `environment variable IDTest_Reader_readID/above_max_id: ` +
+				`system ID is not valid: 4294967296: must be between 0 and 4294967295`,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for name, testCase := range testCases {
+		testCase := testCase
+		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			suffix := t.Name()
+			key := testCase.keyPrefix + suffix
+			retroKey := testCase.retroKeyPrefix + suffix
+
+			setTestEnv(t, key, testCase.keyValue)
+			setTestEnv(t, retroKey, testCase.retroValue)
+
+			source := &Source{}
+			id, err := source.readID(key, retroKey)
+
+			assert.ErrorIs(t, err, testCase.errWrapped)
+			if err != nil {
+				assert.EqualError(t, err, testCase.errMessage)
+			}
+
+			assert.Equal(t, testCase.id, id)
+		})
+	}
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/unbound.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/unbound.go
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+package env
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
+)
+
+func readUnbound() (unbound settings.Unbound, err error) {
+	unbound.Providers = envToCSV("DOT_PROVIDERS")
+
+	unbound.Caching, err = envToBoolPtr("DOT_CACHING")
+	if err != nil {
+		return unbound, fmt.Errorf("environment variable DOT_CACHING: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	unbound.IPv6, err = envToBoolPtr("DOT_IPV6")
+	if err != nil {
+		return unbound, fmt.Errorf("environment variable DOT_IPV6: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	unbound.VerbosityLevel, err = envToUint8Ptr("DOT_VERBOSITY")
+	if err != nil {
+		return unbound, fmt.Errorf("environment variable DOT_VERBOSITY: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	unbound.VerbosityDetailsLevel, err = envToUint8Ptr("DOT_VERBOSITY_DETAILS")
+	if err != nil {
+		return unbound, fmt.Errorf("environment variable DOT_VERBOSITY_DETAILS: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	unbound.ValidationLogLevel, err = envToUint8Ptr("DOT_VALIDATION_LOGLEVEL")
+	if err != nil {
+		return unbound, fmt.Errorf("environment variable DOT_VALIDATION_LOGLEVEL: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return unbound, nil
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/updater.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/updater.go
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+package env
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
+)
+
+func readUpdater() (updater settings.Updater, err error) {
+	updater.Period, err = readUpdaterPeriod()
+	if err != nil {
+		return updater, err
+	}
+
+	updater.DNSAddress, err = readUpdaterDNSAddress()
+	if err != nil {
+		return updater, err
+	}
+
+	updater.MinRatio, err = envToFloat64("UPDATER_MIN_RATIO")
+	if err != nil {
+		return updater, fmt.Errorf("environment variable UPDATER_MIN_RATIO: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	updater.Providers = envToCSV("UPDATER_VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDERS")
+
+	return updater, nil
+}
+
+func readUpdaterPeriod() (period *time.Duration, err error) {
+	s := getCleanedEnv("UPDATER_PERIOD")
+	if s == "" {
+		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
+	}
+	period = new(time.Duration)
+	*period, err = time.ParseDuration(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable UPDATER_PERIOD: %w", err)
+	}
+	return period, nil
+}
+
+func readUpdaterDNSAddress() (address string, err error) {
+	// TODO this is currently using Cloudflare in
+	// plaintext to not be blocked by DNS over TLS by default.
+	// If a plaintext address is set in the DNS settings, this one will be used.
+	// use custom future encrypted DNS written in Go without blocking
+	// as it's too much trouble to start another parallel unbound instance for now.
+	return "", nil
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/version.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/version.go
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+package env
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/govalid/binary"
+)
+
+func readVersion() (version settings.Version, err error) {
+	version.Enabled, err = readVersionEnabled()
+	if err != nil {
+		return version, err
+	}
+
+	return version, nil
+}
+
+func readVersionEnabled() (enabled *bool, err error) {
+	s := getCleanedEnv("VERSION_INFORMATION")
+	if s == "" {
+		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
+	}
+
+	enabled = new(bool)
+	*enabled, err = binary.Validate(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable VERSION_INFORMATION: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return enabled, nil
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/vpn.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/vpn.go
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+package env
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
+)
+
+func (s *Source) readVPN() (vpn settings.VPN, err error) {
+	vpn.Type = strings.ToLower(getCleanedEnv("VPN_TYPE"))
+
+	vpn.Provider, err = s.readProvider(vpn.Type)
+	if err != nil {
+		return vpn, fmt.Errorf("VPN provider: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	vpn.OpenVPN, err = s.readOpenVPN()
+	if err != nil {
+		return vpn, fmt.Errorf("OpenVPN: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	vpn.Wireguard, err = s.readWireguard()
+	if err != nil {
+		return vpn, fmt.Errorf("wireguard: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return vpn, nil
+}
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Quentin McGaw	42caa64743	fix(httpproxy): redirect from http to https	2023-05-29 09:40:37 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	6d48f9c2ba	fix(routing): net.IPNet to netip.Prefix conversion	2023-05-22 05:56:27 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	f712d77642	fix(firewall): prevent IP family mix in `acceptOutputFromIPToSubnet`	2023-05-21 18:06:18 +00:00