fix(httpproxy): redirect from http to https

fix(routing): net.IPNet to netip.Prefix conversion
fix(firewall): prevent IP family mix in acceptOutputFromIPToSubnet
2023-05-29 09:40:37 +00:00 · 2023-05-22 05:56:27 +00:00 · 2023-05-21 18:06:18 +00:00
637 changed files with 67614 additions and 226701 deletions
--- a/.devcontainer/.dockerignore
+++ b/.devcontainer/.dockerignore
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 .dockerignore
 devcontainer.json
+docker-compose.yml
 Dockerfile
 README.md
--- a/.devcontainer/Dockerfile
+++ b/.devcontainer/Dockerfile
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-FROM qmcgaw/godevcontainer:v0.20-alpine
+FROM qmcgaw/godevcontainer
 RUN apk add wireguard-tools htop openssl
--- a/.devcontainer/README.md
+++ b/.devcontainer/README.md
@@ -2,47 +2,68 @@

 Development container that can be used with VSCode.

-It works on Linux, Windows (WSL2) and OSX.
+It works on Linux, Windows and OSX.

 ## Requirements

 - [VS code](https://code.visualstudio.com/download) installed
- [VS code dev containers extension](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=ms-vscode-remote.remote-containers) installed
+- [VS code remote containers extension](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=ms-vscode-remote.remote-containers) installed
 - [Docker](https://www.docker.com/products/docker-desktop) installed and running
+    - If you don't use Linux or WSL 2, share your home directory `~/` and the directory of your project with Docker Desktop
+- [Docker Compose](https://docs.docker.com/compose/install/) installed
+- Ensure your host has the following and that they are accessible by Docker:
+    - `~/.ssh` directory
+    - `~/.gitconfig` file (can be empty)

 ## Setup

-1. Create the following files and directory on your host if you don't have them:
-
-    ```sh
-    touch ~/.gitconfig ~/.zsh_history
-    mkdir -p ~/.ssh
-    ```
-
-1. **For Docker on OSX**: ensure the project directory and your home directory `~` are accessible by Docker.
 1. Open the command palette in Visual Studio Code (CTRL+SHIFT+P).
-1. Select `Dev Containers: Open Folder in Container...` and choose the project directory.
+1. Select `Remote-Containers: Open Folder in Container...` and choose the project directory.
+1. For Docker running on Windows HyperV, if you want to use SSH keys, bind mount them at `/tmp/.ssh` by changing the `volumes` section in the [docker-compose.yml](docker-compose.yml).

 ## Customization

-For any customization to take effect, you should "rebuild and reopen":
+### Customize the image

-1. Open the command palette in Visual Studio Code (CTRL+SHIFT+P)
-2. Select `Dev Containers: Rebuild Container`
+You can make changes to the [Dockerfile](Dockerfile) and then rebuild the image. For example, your Dockerfile could be:

-Changes you can make are notably:
+```Dockerfile
+FROM qmcgaw/godevcontainer
+USER root
+RUN apk add curl
+USER vscode
+```

- Changes to the Docker image in [Dockerfile](Dockerfile)
- Changes to VSCode **settings** and **extensions** in [devcontainer.json](devcontainer.json).
- Change the entrypoint script by adding a bind mount in [devcontainer.json](devcontainer.json) of a shell script to `/root/.welcome.sh` to replace the [current welcome script](https://github.com/qdm12/godevcontainer/blob/master/shell/.welcome.sh). For example:
+Note that you may need to use `USER root` to build as root, and then change back to `USER vscode`.

-    ```json
-    // Welcome script
-    {
-        "source": "/yourpath/.welcome.sh",
-        "target": "/root/.welcome.sh",
-        "type": "bind"
-    },
+To rebuild the image, either:
+
+- With VSCode through the command palette, select `Remote-Containers: Rebuild and reopen in container`
+- With a terminal, go to this directory and `docker-compose build`
+
+### Customize VS code settings
+
+You can customize **settings** and **extensions** in the [devcontainer.json](devcontainer.json) definition file.
+
+### Entrypoint script
+
+You can bind mount a shell script to `/home/vscode/.welcome.sh` to replace the [current welcome script](shell/.welcome.sh).
+
+### Publish a port
+
+To access a port from your host to your development container, publish a port in [docker-compose.yml](docker-compose.yml).
+
+### Run other services
+
+1. Modify [docker-compose.yml](docker-compose.yml) to launch other services at the same time as this development container, such as a test database:
+
+    ```yml
+      database:
+        image: postgres
+        restart: always
+        environment:
+          POSTGRES_PASSWORD: password
    ```

- More options are documented in the [devcontainer.json reference](https://containers.dev/implementors/json_reference/).
+1. In [devcontainer.json](devcontainer.json), change the line `"runServices": ["vscode"],` to `"runServices": ["vscode", "database"],`.
+1. In the VS code command palette, rebuild the container.
--- a/.devcontainer/devcontainer.json
+++ b/.devcontainer/devcontainer.json
@@ -1,108 +1,82 @@
-{
-    "name": "gluetun-dev",
-    // User defined settings
-    "containerEnv": {
-        "TZ": ""
-    },
-    // Fixed settings
-    "build": {
-        "dockerfile": "./Dockerfile"
-    },
-    "postCreateCommand": "~/.windows.sh && go mod download",
-    "capAdd": [
-        "NET_ADMIN", // Gluetun specific
-        "SYS_PTRACE" // for dlv Go debugging
-    ],
-    "securityOpt": [
-        "seccomp=unconfined" // for dlv Go debugging
-    ],
-    "mounts": [
-        // Zsh commands history persistence
-        {
-            "source": "${localEnv:HOME}/.zsh_history",
-            "target": "/root/.zsh_history",
-            "type": "bind"
-        },
-        // Git configuration file
-        {
-            "source": "${localEnv:HOME}/.gitconfig",
-            "target": "/root/.gitconfig",
-            "type": "bind"
-        },
-        // SSH directory for Linux, OSX and WSL
-        // On Linux and OSX, a symlink /mnt/ssh <-> ~/.ssh is
-        // created in the container. On Windows, files are copied
-        // from /mnt/ssh to ~/.ssh to fix permissions.
-        {
-            "source": "${localEnv:HOME}/.ssh",
-            "target": "/mnt/ssh",
-            "type": "bind"
-        },
-        // Docker socket to access the host Docker server
-        {
-            "source": "/var/run/docker.sock",
-            "target": "/var/run/docker.sock",
-            "type": "bind"
-        }
-    ],
-    "customizations": {
-        "vscode": {
-            "extensions": [
-                "golang.go",
-                "eamodio.gitlens", // IDE Git information
-                "davidanson.vscode-markdownlint",
-                "ms-azuretools.vscode-docker", // Docker integration and linting
-                "shardulm94.trailing-spaces", // Show trailing spaces
-                "Gruntfuggly.todo-tree", // Highlights TODO comments
-                "bierner.emojisense", // Emoji sense for markdown
-                "stkb.rewrap", // rewrap comments after n characters on one line
-                "vscode-icons-team.vscode-icons", // Better file extension icons
-                "github.vscode-pull-request-github", // Github interaction
-                "redhat.vscode-yaml", // Kubernetes, Drone syntax highlighting
-                "bajdzis.vscode-database", // Supports connections to mysql or postgres, over SSL, socked
-                "IBM.output-colorizer", // Colorize your output/test logs
-                "github.copilot" // AI code completion
-            ],
-            "settings": {
-                "files.eol": "\n",
-                "remote.extensionKind": {
-                    "ms-azuretools.vscode-docker": "workspace"
-                },
-                "go.useLanguageServer": true,
-                "[go]": {
-                    "editor.codeActionsOnSave": {
-                        "source.organizeImports": "explicit"
-                    }
-                },
-                "[go.mod]": {
-                    "editor.codeActionsOnSave": {
-                        "source.organizeImports": "explicit"
-                    }
-                },
-                "gopls": {
-                    "usePlaceholders": false,
-                    "staticcheck": true,
-                    "formatting.gofumpt": true,
-                },
-                "go.lintTool": "golangci-lint",
-                "go.lintOnSave": "package",
-                "editor.formatOnSave": true,
-                "go.buildTags": "linux",
-                "go.toolsEnvVars": {
-                    "CGO_ENABLED": "0"
-                },
-                "go.testEnvVars": {
-                    "CGO_ENABLED": "1"
-                },
-                "go.testFlags": [
-                    "-v",
-                    "-race"
-                ],
-                "go.testTimeout": "10s",
-                "go.coverOnSingleTest": true,
-                "go.coverOnSingleTestFile": true,
-                "go.coverOnTestPackage": true
-            }
-        }
-    }
+{
+    "name": "gluetun-dev",
+    "dockerComposeFile": [
+        "docker-compose.yml"
+    ],
+    "service": "vscode",
+    "runServices": [
+        "vscode"
+    ],
+    "shutdownAction": "stopCompose",
+    "postCreateCommand": "source ~/.windows.sh && go mod download && go mod tidy",
+    "workspaceFolder": "/workspace",
+    "extensions": [
+        "golang.go",
+        "eamodio.gitlens", // IDE Git information
+        "davidanson.vscode-markdownlint",
+        "ms-azuretools.vscode-docker", // Docker integration and linting
+        "shardulm94.trailing-spaces", // Show trailing spaces
+        "Gruntfuggly.todo-tree", // Highlights TODO comments
+        "bierner.emojisense", // Emoji sense for markdown
+        "stkb.rewrap", // rewrap comments after n characters on one line
+        "vscode-icons-team.vscode-icons", // Better file extension icons
+        "github.vscode-pull-request-github", // Github interaction
+        "redhat.vscode-yaml", // Kubernetes, Drone syntax highlighting
+        "bajdzis.vscode-database", // Supports connections to mysql or postgres, over SSL, socked
+        "IBM.output-colorizer", // Colorize your output/test logs
+        "mohsen1.prettify-json", // Prettify JSON data
+        "github.copilot",
+    ],
+    "settings": {
+        "files.eol": "\n",
+        "remote.extensionKind": {
+            "ms-azuretools.vscode-docker": "workspace"
+        },
+        "editor.codeActionsOnSaveTimeout": 3000,
+        "go.useLanguageServer": true,
+        "[go]": {
+            "editor.formatOnSave": true,
+            "editor.codeActionsOnSave": {
+                "source.organizeImports": true,
+            },
+            // Optional: Disable snippets, as they conflict with completion ranking.
+            "editor.snippetSuggestions": "none"
+        },
+        "[go.mod]": {
+            "editor.formatOnSave": true,
+            "editor.codeActionsOnSave": {
+                "source.organizeImports": true,
+            },
+        },
+        "gopls": {
+            "usePlaceholders": false,
+            "staticcheck": true
+        },
+        "go.autocompleteUnimportedPackages": true,
+        "go.gotoSymbol.includeImports": true,
+        "go.gotoSymbol.includeGoroot": true,
+        "go.lintTool": "golangci-lint",
+        "go.buildOnSave": "workspace",
+        "go.lintOnSave": "workspace",
+        "go.vetOnSave": "workspace",
+        "editor.formatOnSave": true,
+        "go.toolsEnvVars": {
+            "GOFLAGS": "-tags=",
+            // "CGO_ENABLED": 1 // for the race detector
+        },
+        "gopls.env": {
+            "GOFLAGS": "-tags="
+        },
+        "go.testEnvVars": {
+            "": ""
+        },
+        "go.testFlags": [
+            "-v",
+            // "-race"
+        ],
+        "go.testTimeout": "10s",
+        "go.coverOnSingleTest": true,
+        "go.coverOnSingleTestFile": true,
+        "go.coverOnTestPackage": true
+    }
 }
--- a/.devcontainer/docker-compose.yml
+++ b/.devcontainer/docker-compose.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+version: "3.7"
+
+services:
+  vscode:
+    build: .
+    devices:
+      - /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun
+    volumes:
+      - ../:/workspace
+      # Docker socket to access Docker server
+      - /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock
+      # Docker configuration
+      - ~/.docker:/root/.docker
+      # SSH directory for Linux, OSX and WSL
+      # On Linux and OSX, a symlink /mnt/ssh <-> ~/.ssh is
+      # created in the container. On Windows, files are copied
+      # from /mnt/ssh to ~/.ssh to fix permissions.
+      - ~/.ssh:/mnt/ssh
+      # Shell history persistence
+      - ~/.zsh_history:/root/.zsh_history
+    environment:
+      - TZ=
+    cap_add:
+      # For debugging with dlv
+      # - SYS_PTRACE
+      - NET_ADMIN
+    security_opt:
+      # For debugging with dlv
+      - seccomp:unconfined
+    entrypoint: zsh -c "while sleep 1000; do :; done"
--- a/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -13,6 +13,6 @@ Contributions are [released](https://help.github.com/articles/github-terms-of-se

 ## Resources

- [Gluetun guide on development](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/contributing/development.md)
+- [Gluetun guide on development](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Development)
 - [Using Pull Requests](https://help.github.com/articles/about-pull-requests/)
 - [How to Contribute to Open Source](https://opensource.guide/how-to-contribute/)
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug.yml
@@ -7,18 +7,13 @@ body:
    attributes:
      value: |
        Thanks for taking the time to fill out this bug report!
-
-        ⚠️ Your issue will be instantly closed as not planned WITHOUT explanation if:
-        - you do not fill out **the title of the issue** ☝️
-        - you do not provide the **Gluetun version** as requested below
-        - you provide **less than 10 lines of logs** as requested below
  - type: dropdown
    id: urgent
    attributes:
      label: Is this urgent?
      description: |
        Is this a critical bug, or do you need this fixed urgently?
-        If this is urgent, note you can use one of the [image tags available](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/docker-image-tags.md) if that can help.
+        If this is urgent, note you can use one of the [image tags available](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Docker-image-tags) if that can help.
      options:
        - "No"
        - "Yes"
@@ -50,7 +45,6 @@ body:
        - Cyberghost
        - ExpressVPN
        - FastestVPN
-        - Giganews
        - HideMyAss
        - IPVanish
        - IVPN
@@ -81,7 +75,6 @@ body:
        - Portainer
        - Kubernetes
        - Podman
-        - Unraid
        - Other
    validations:
      required: true
@@ -91,7 +84,7 @@ body:
      label: What is the version of Gluetun
      description: |
        Copy paste the version line at the top of your logs.
-        It MUST be in the form `Running version latest built on 2020-03-13T01:30:06Z (commit d0f678c)`.
+        It should be in the form `Running version latest built on 2020-03-13T01:30:06Z (commit d0f678c)`.
    validations:
      required: true
  - type: textarea
@@ -104,7 +97,7 @@ body:
  - type: textarea
    id: logs
    attributes:
-      label: Share your logs (at least 10 lines)
+      label: Share your logs
      description: No sensitive information is logged out except when running with `LOG_LEVEL=debug`.
      render: plain text
    validations:
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
-blank_issues_enabled: false
 contact_links:
-  - name: Report a Wiki issue
-    url: https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/issues/new/choose
-    about: Please create an issue on the gluetun-wiki repository.
  - name: Configuration help?
-    url: https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/discussions/new/choose
+    url: https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/discussions/new
    about: Please create a Github discussion.
  - name: Unraid template issue
    url: https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/discussions/550
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/provider.md
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/provider.md
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ One of the following is required:

 If the list of servers requires to login **or** is hidden behind an interactive configurator,
 you can only use a custom Openvpn configuration file.
-[The Wiki's OpenVPN configuration file page](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/openvpn-configuration-file.md) describes how to do so.
+[The Wiki](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Openvpn-file) describes how to do so.
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/wiki
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/wiki
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+name: Wiki issue
+description: Report a Wiki issue
+title: "Wiki issue: "
+labels: ["📄 Wiki issue"]
+body:
+  - type: input
+    id: url
+    attributes:
+      label: "URL to the Wiki page"
+      placeholder: "https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/OpenVPN-options"
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: textarea
+    id: description
+    attributes:
+      label: "What's the issue?"
+    validations:
+      required: true
--- a/.github/labels.yml
+++ b/.github/labels.yml
@@ -1,152 +1,121 @@
- name: "Status: 🗯️ Waiting for feedback"
-  color: "f7d692"
- name: "Status: 🔴 Blocked"
-  color: "f7d692"
+# Temporary status
+- name: "🗯️ Waiting for feedback"
+  color: "aadefa"
+  description: ""
+- name: "🔴 Blocked"
+  color: "ff3f14"
  description: "Blocked by another issue or pull request"
- name: "Status: 📌 Before next release"
-  color: "f7d692"
-  description: "Has to be done before the next release"
- name: "Status: 🔒 After next release"
-  color: "f7d692"
+- name: "🔒 After next release"
+  color: "e8f274"
  description: "Will be done after the next release"
- name: "Status: 🟡 Nearly resolved"
-  color: "f7d692"
-  description: "This might be resolved or is about to be resolved"

- name: "Closed: ⚰️ Inactive"
-  color: "959a9c"
-  description: "No answer was received for weeks"
- name: "Closed: 👥 Duplicate"
-  color: "959a9c"
-  description: "Issue duplicates an existing issue"
- name: "Closed: 🗑️ Bad issue"
-  color: "959a9c"
- name: "Closed: ☠️ cannot be done"
-  color: "959a9c"
+# Priority
+- name: "🚨 Urgent"
+  color: "d5232f"
+  description: ""
+- name: "💤 Low priority"
+  color: "4285f4"
+  description: ""

- name: "Priority: 🚨 Urgent"
-  color: "03adfc"
- name: "Priority: 💤 Low priority"
-  color: "03adfc"
-
- name: "Complexity: ☣️ Hard to do"
-  color: "ff9efc"
- name: "Complexity: 🟩 Easy to do"
-  color: "ff9efc"
-
- name: "Popularity: ❤️‍🔥 extreme"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Popularity: ❤️ high"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
+# Complexity
+- name: "☣️ Hard to do"
+  color: "7d0008"
+  description: ""
+- name: "🟩 Easy to do"
+  color: "34cf43"
+  description: ""

 # VPN providers
- name: "☁️ AirVPN"
+- name: ":cloud: AirVPN"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ Custom"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: Cyberghost"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ Cyberghost"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: HideMyAss"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ Giganews"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: IPVanish"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ HideMyAss"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: IVPN"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ IPVanish"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: ExpressVPN"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ IVPN"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: FastestVPN"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ ExpressVPN"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: Mullvad"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ FastestVPN"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: NordVPN"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ Mullvad"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: Perfect Privacy"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ NordVPN"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: PIA"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ Perfect Privacy"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: Privado"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ PIA"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: PrivateVPN"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ Privado"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: ProtonVPN"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ PrivateVPN"
+- name: ":cloud: PureVPN"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ ProtonVPN"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: SlickVPN"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ PureVPN"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: Surfshark"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ SlickVPN"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: Torguard"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ Surfshark"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: VPNSecure.me"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ Torguard"
+- name: ":cloud: VPNUnlimited"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ VPNSecure.me"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: Vyprvpn"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ VPNUnlimited"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: WeVPN"
  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ Vyprvpn"
-  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ WeVPN"
-  color: "cfe8d4"
- name: "☁️ Windscribe"
+  description: ""
+- name: ":cloud: Windscribe"
  color: "cfe8d4"
+  description: ""

- name: "Category: User error 🤦"
-  from_name: "Category: Config problem 📝"
+# Problem category
+- name: "Openvpn"
  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: Healthcheck 🩺"
+  description: ""
+- name: "Wireguard"
  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: Documentation ✒️"
-  description: "A problem with the readme or a code comment."
+  description: ""
+- name: "Unbound (DNS over TLS)"
  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: Maintenance ⛓️"
-  description: "Anything related to code or other maintenance"
+  description: ""
+- name: "Firewall"
  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: Logs 📚"
-  description: "Something to change in logs"
+  description: ""
+- name: "HTTP proxy"
  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: Good idea 🎯"
-  description: "This is a good idea, judged by the maintainers"
+  description: ""
+- name: "Shadowsocks"
  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: Motivated! 🙌"
-  description: "Your pumpness makes me pumped! The issue or PR shows great motivation!"
+  description: ""
+- name: "Healthcheck server"
  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: Foolproof settings 👼"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: Label missing ❗"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: updater ♻️"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
-  description: "Concerns the code to update servers data"
- name: "Category: New provider 🆕"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: OpenVPN 🔐"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: Wireguard 🔐"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: DNS 📠"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: Firewall ⛓️"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: Routing 🛤️"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: IPv6 🛰️"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: VPN port forwarding 📥"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: HTTP proxy 🔁"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: Shadowsocks 🔁"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: control server ⚙️"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: kernel 🧠"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: public IP service 💬"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: servers storage 📦"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: Performance 🚀"
-  color: "ffc7ea"
- name: "Category: Investigation 🔍"
+  description: ""
+- name: "Control server"
  color: "ffc7ea"
+  description: ""
--- a/.github/workflows/ci-skip.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci-skip.yml
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ on:
      - go.mod
      - go.sum
  pull_request:
+    branches:
+      - master
    paths-ignore:
      - .github/workflows/ci.yml
      - cmd/**
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ on:
      - go.mod
      - go.sum
  pull_request:
+    branches:
+      - master
    paths:
      - .github/workflows/ci.yml
      - cmd/**
@@ -37,7 +39,7 @@ jobs:
    env:
      DOCKER_BUILDKIT: "1"
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3

      - uses: reviewdog/action-misspell@v1
        with:
@@ -45,7 +47,6 @@ jobs:
          level: error
          exclude: |
            ./internal/storage/servers.json
-            *.md

      - name: Linting
        run: docker build --target lint .
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ jobs:
      - name: Run tests in test container
        run: |
          touch coverage.txt
-          docker run --rm --device /dev/net/tun \
+          docker run --rm \
          -v "$(pwd)/coverage.txt:/tmp/gobuild/coverage.txt" \
          test-container

@@ -73,15 +74,12 @@ jobs:
      contents: read
      security-events: write
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
-        with:
-          go-version: "^1.23"
-      - uses: github/codeql-action/init@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: github/codeql-action/init@v2
        with:
          languages: go
-      - uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@v3
-      - uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@v3
+      - uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@v2
+      - uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@v2

  publish:
    if: |
@@ -98,13 +96,13 @@ jobs:
      packages: write
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3

      # extract metadata (tags, labels) for Docker
      # https://github.com/docker/metadata-action
      - name: Extract Docker metadata
        id: meta
-        uses: docker/metadata-action@v5
+        uses: docker/metadata-action@v4
        with:
          flavor: |
            latest=${{ github.ref == format('refs/heads/{0}', github.event.repository.default_branch) }}
@@ -119,15 +117,15 @@ jobs:
            type=semver,pattern=v{{major}},enable=${{ !startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v0.') }}
            type=raw,value=latest,enable=${{ github.ref == format('refs/heads/{0}', github.event.repository.default_branch) }}

-      - uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
-      - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
+      - uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
+      - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2

-      - uses: docker/login-action@v3
+      - uses: docker/login-action@v2
        with:
          username: qmcgaw
          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_PASSWORD }}

-      - uses: docker/login-action@v3
+      - uses: docker/login-action@v2
        with:
          registry: ghcr.io
          username: qdm12
@@ -138,7 +136,7 @@ jobs:
        run: echo "::set-output name=value::$(git rev-parse --short HEAD)"

      - name: Build and push final image
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@v6
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v4.0.0
        with:
          platforms: linux/amd64,linux/386,linux/arm64,linux/arm/v6,linux/arm/v7,linux/ppc64le
          labels: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.labels }}
--- a/.github/workflows/closed-issue.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/closed-issue.yml
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-name: Closed issue
-on:
-  issues:
-    types: [closed]
-
-jobs:
-  comment:
-    permissions:
-      issues: write
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: peter-evans/create-or-update-comment@v4
-        with:
-          token: ${{ github.token }}
-          issue-number: ${{ github.event.issue.number }}
-          body: |
-            Closed issues are **NOT** monitored, so commenting here is likely to be not seen.
-            If you think this is *still unresolved* and have **more information** to bring, please create another issue.
-
-            This is an automated comment setup because @qdm12 is the sole maintainer of this project
-            which became too popular to monitor issues closed.
--- a/.github/workflows/configs/mlc-config.json
+++ b/.github/workflows/configs/mlc-config.json
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "ignorePatterns": [
-    {
-      "pattern": "^https://console.substack.com/p/console-72$"
-    }
-  ],
-  "timeout": "20s",
-  "retryOn429": false,
-  "fallbackRetryDelay": "30s",
-  "aliveStatusCodes": [
-    200
-  ]
-}
--- a/.github/workflows/dockerhub-description.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/dockerhub-description.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+name: Docker Hub description
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - master
+    paths:
+      - README.md
+      - .github/workflows/dockerhub-description.yml
+jobs:
+  docker-hub-description:
+    if: github.repository == 'qdm12/gluetun'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      actions: read
+      contents: read
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+
+      - uses: peter-evans/dockerhub-description@v3
+        with:
+          username: qmcgaw
+          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_PASSWORD }}
+          repository: qmcgaw/gluetun
+          short-description: Lightweight Swiss-knife VPN client to connect to several VPN providers
+          readme-filepath: README.md
--- a/.github/workflows/labels.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/labels.yml
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ jobs:
      issues: write
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - uses: crazy-max/ghaction-github-labeler@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: crazy-max/ghaction-github-labeler@v4
        with:
          yaml-file: .github/labels.yml
--- a/.github/workflows/markdown-skip.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/markdown-skip.yml
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-name: Markdown
-on:
-  push:
-    branches:
-      - master
-    paths-ignore:
-      - "**.md"
-      - .github/workflows/markdown.yml
-  pull_request:
-    paths-ignore:
-      - "**.md"
-      - .github/workflows/markdown.yml
-
-jobs:
-  markdown:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    permissions:
-      actions: read
-    steps:
-      - name: No trigger path triggered for required markdown workflow.
-        run: exit 0
--- a/.github/workflows/markdown.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/markdown.yml
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-name: Markdown
-on:
-  push:
-    branches:
-      - master
-    paths:
-      - "**.md"
-      - .github/workflows/markdown.yml
-  pull_request:
-    paths:
-      - "**.md"
-      - .github/workflows/markdown.yml
-
-jobs:
-  markdown:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    permissions:
-      actions: read
-      contents: read
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-
-      - uses: DavidAnson/markdownlint-cli2-action@v18
-        with:
-          globs: "**.md"
-          config: .markdownlint.json
-
-      - uses: reviewdog/action-misspell@v1
-        with:
-          locale: "US"
-          level: error
-          pattern: |
-            *.md
-
-      - uses: gaurav-nelson/github-action-markdown-link-check@v1
-        with:
-          use-quiet-mode: yes
-          config-file: .github/workflows/configs/mlc-config.json
-
-      - uses: peter-evans/dockerhub-description@v4
-        if: github.repository == 'qdm12/gluetun' && github.event_name == 'push'
-        with:
-          username: qmcgaw
-          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_PASSWORD }}
-          repository: qmcgaw/gluetun
-          short-description: Lightweight Swiss-knife VPN client to connect to several VPN providers
-          readme-filepath: README.md
--- a/.github/workflows/opened-issue.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/opened-issue.yml
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-name: Opened issue
-on:
-  issues:
-    types: [opened]
-
-jobs:
-  comment:
-    permissions:
-      issues: write
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: peter-evans/create-or-update-comment@v4
-        with:
-          token: ${{ github.token }}
-          issue-number: ${{ github.event.issue.number }}
-          body: |
-            @qdm12 is more or less the only maintainer of this project and works on it in his free time.
-            Please:
-            - **do not** ask for updates, be patient
-            - :+1: the issue to show your support instead of commenting
-            @qdm12 usually checks issues at least once a week, if this is a new urgent bug,
-            [revert to an older tagged container image](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/docker-image-tags.md)
--- a/.golangci.yml
+++ b/.golangci.yml
@@ -7,12 +7,25 @@ issues:
    - path: _test\.go
      linters:
        - dupl
-        - err113
+        - goerr113
        - containedctx
-        - maintidx
    - path: "internal\\/server\\/.+\\.go"
      linters:
        - dupl
+    - path: "internal\\/configuration\\/settings\\/.+\\.go"
+      linters:
+        - dupl
+    - text: "^mnd: Magic number: 0[0-9]{3}, in <argument> detected$"
+      source: "^.+= os\\.OpenFile\\(.+, .+, 0[0-9]{3}\\)"
+      linters:
+        - gomnd
+    - text: "^mnd: Magic number: 0[0-9]{3}, in <argument> detected$"
+      source: "^.+= os\\.MkdirAll\\(.+, 0[0-9]{3}\\)"
+      linters:
+        - gomnd
+    - linters:
+        - lll
+      source: "^//go:generate .+$"
    - text: "returns interface \\(github\\.com\\/vishvananda\\/netlink\\.Link\\)"
      linters:
        - ireturn
@@ -30,20 +43,17 @@ linters:
    - bidichk
    - bodyclose
    - containedctx
-    - copyloopvar
    - decorder
    - dogsled
    - dupl
-    - dupword
    - durationcheck
-    - err113
    - errchkjson
    - errname
+    - execinquery
    - exhaustive
-    - fatcontext
+    - exportloopref
    - forcetypeassert
    - gci
-    - gocheckcompilerdirectives
    - gochecknoglobals
    - gochecknoinits
    - gocognit
@@ -51,25 +61,21 @@ linters:
    - gocritic
    - gocyclo
    - godot
-    - gofumpt
+    - goerr113
    - goheader
    - goimports
+    - gomnd
    - gomoddirectives
    - goprintffuncname
    - gosec
-    - gosmopolitan
    - grouper
    - importas
    - interfacebloat
-    - intrange
    - ireturn
    - lll
    - maintidx
    - makezero
-    - mirror
    - misspell
-    - mnd
-    - musttag
    - nakedret
    - nestif
    - nilerr
@@ -77,7 +83,6 @@ linters:
    - noctx
    - nolintlint
    - nosprintfhostport
-    - paralleltest
    - prealloc
    - predeclared
    - promlinter
@@ -85,7 +90,6 @@ linters:
    - revive
    - rowserrcheck
    - sqlclosecheck
-    - tagalign
    - tenv
    - thelper
    - tparallel
@@ -94,4 +98,9 @@ linters:
    - usestdlibvars
    - wastedassign
    - whitespace
-    - zerologlint
+
+run:
+  skip-dirs:
+    - .devcontainer
+    - .github
+    - doc
--- a/.markdownlint.json
+++ b/.markdownlint.json
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "MD013": false
-}
--- a/.vscode/extensions.json
+++ b/.vscode/extensions.json
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-{
-  // This list should be kept to the strict minimum
-  // to develop this project.
-  "recommendations": [
-    "golang.go",
-    "davidanson.vscode-markdownlint",
-  ],
-}
--- a/.vscode/settings.json
+++ b/.vscode/settings.json
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-{
-  // The settings should be kept to the strict minimum
-  // to develop this project.
-  "files.eol": "\n",
-  "editor.formatOnSave": true,
-  "go.buildTags": "linux",
-  "go.toolsEnvVars": {
-    "CGO_ENABLED": "0"
-  },
-  "go.testEnvVars": {
-    "CGO_ENABLED": "1"
-  },
-  "go.testFlags": [
-    "-v",
-    "-race"
-  ],
-  "go.testTimeout": "10s",
-  "go.coverOnSingleTest": true,
-  "go.coverOnSingleTestFile": true,
-  "go.coverOnTestPackage": true,
-  "go.useLanguageServer": true,
-  "[go]": {
-    "editor.codeActionsOnSave": {
-      "source.organizeImports": "explicit"
-    }
-  },
-  "go.lintTool": "golangci-lint",
-  "go.lintOnSave": "package"
-}
--- a/71
+++ b/71
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-ARG ALPINE_VERSION=3.20
-ARG GO_ALPINE_VERSION=3.20
-ARG GO_VERSION=1.23
+ARG ALPINE_VERSION=3.17
+ARG GO_ALPINE_VERSION=3.17
+ARG GO_VERSION=1.20
 ARG XCPUTRANSLATE_VERSION=v0.6.0
-ARG GOLANGCI_LINT_VERSION=v1.61.0
+ARG GOLANGCI_LINT_VERSION=v1.52.2
 ARG MOCKGEN_VERSION=v1.6.0
 ARG BUILDPLATFORM=linux/amd64

@@ -76,57 +76,40 @@ LABEL \
 ENV VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=pia \
    VPN_TYPE=openvpn \
    # Common VPN options
+    VPN_ENDPOINT_IP= \
+    VPN_ENDPOINT_PORT= \
    VPN_INTERFACE=tun0 \
    # OpenVPN
-    OPENVPN_ENDPOINT_IP= \
-    OPENVPN_ENDPOINT_PORT= \
    OPENVPN_PROTOCOL=udp \
    OPENVPN_USER= \
    OPENVPN_PASSWORD= \
    OPENVPN_USER_SECRETFILE=/run/secrets/openvpn_user \
    OPENVPN_PASSWORD_SECRETFILE=/run/secrets/openvpn_password \
-    OPENVPN_VERSION=2.6 \
+    OPENVPN_VERSION=2.5 \
    OPENVPN_VERBOSITY=1 \
    OPENVPN_FLAGS= \
    OPENVPN_CIPHERS= \
    OPENVPN_AUTH= \
-    OPENVPN_PROCESS_USER=root \
-    OPENVPN_MSSFIX= \
+    OPENVPN_PROCESS_USER= \
    OPENVPN_CUSTOM_CONFIG= \
    # Wireguard
-    WIREGUARD_ENDPOINT_IP= \
-    WIREGUARD_ENDPOINT_PORT= \
-    WIREGUARD_CONF_SECRETFILE=/run/secrets/wg0.conf \
    WIREGUARD_PRIVATE_KEY= \
-    WIREGUARD_PRIVATE_KEY_SECRETFILE=/run/secrets/wireguard_private_key \
    WIREGUARD_PRESHARED_KEY= \
-    WIREGUARD_PRESHARED_KEY_SECRETFILE=/run/secrets/wireguard_preshared_key \
    WIREGUARD_PUBLIC_KEY= \
-    WIREGUARD_ALLOWED_IPS= \
-    WIREGUARD_PERSISTENT_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL=0 \
    WIREGUARD_ADDRESSES= \
-    WIREGUARD_ADDRESSES_SECRETFILE=/run/secrets/wireguard_addresses \
-    WIREGUARD_MTU=1320 \
    WIREGUARD_IMPLEMENTATION=auto \
    # VPN server filtering
    SERVER_REGIONS= \
    SERVER_COUNTRIES= \
    SERVER_CITIES= \
    SERVER_HOSTNAMES= \
-    SERVER_CATEGORIES= \
    # # Mullvad only:
    ISP= \
    OWNED_ONLY=no \
    # # Private Internet Access only:
    PRIVATE_INTERNET_ACCESS_OPENVPN_ENCRYPTION_PRESET= \
    VPN_PORT_FORWARDING=off \
-    VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_LISTENING_PORT=0 \
-    VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_PROVIDER= \
    VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_STATUS_FILE="/tmp/gluetun/forwarded_port" \
-    VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_USERNAME= \
-    VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_PASSWORD= \
-    VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_UP_COMMAND= \
-    VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_DOWN_COMMAND= \
    # # Cyberghost only:
    OPENVPN_CERT= \
    OPENVPN_KEY= \
@@ -141,20 +124,14 @@ ENV VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=pia \
    SERVER_NUMBER= \
    # # PIA only:
    SERVER_NAMES= \
-    # # VPNUnlimited and ProtonVPN only:
-    STREAM_ONLY= \
-    FREE_ONLY= \
    # # ProtonVPN only:
-    SECURE_CORE_ONLY= \
-    TOR_ONLY= \
+    FREE_ONLY= \
    # # Surfshark only:
    MULTIHOP_ONLY= \
    # # VPN Secure only:
    PREMIUM_ONLY= \
-    # # PIA and ProtonVPN only:
-    PORT_FORWARD_ONLY= \
    # Firewall
-    FIREWALL_ENABLED_DISABLING_IT_SHOOTS_YOU_IN_YOUR_FOOT=on \
+    FIREWALL=on \
    FIREWALL_VPN_INPUT_PORTS= \
    FIREWALL_INPUT_PORTS= \
    FIREWALL_OUTBOUND_SUBNETS= \
@@ -171,6 +148,9 @@ ENV VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=pia \
    DOT=on \
    DOT_PROVIDERS=cloudflare \
    DOT_PRIVATE_ADDRESS=127.0.0.1/8,10.0.0.0/8,172.16.0.0/12,192.168.0.0/16,169.254.0.0/16,::1/128,fc00::/7,fe80::/10,::ffff:7f00:1/104,::ffff:a00:0/104,::ffff:a9fe:0/112,::ffff:ac10:0/108,::ffff:c0a8:0/112 \
+    DOT_VERBOSITY=1 \
+    DOT_VERBOSITY_DETAILS=0 \
+    DOT_VALIDATION_LOGLEVEL=0 \
    DOT_CACHING=on \
    DOT_IPV6=off \
    BLOCK_MALICIOUS=on \
@@ -184,7 +164,6 @@ ENV VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=pia \
    HTTPPROXY= \
    HTTPPROXY_LOG=off \
    HTTPPROXY_LISTENING_ADDRESS=":8888" \
-    HTTPPROXY_STEALTH=off \
    HTTPPROXY_USER= \
    HTTPPROXY_PASSWORD= \
    HTTPPROXY_USER_SECRETFILE=/run/secrets/httpproxy_user \
@@ -197,20 +176,14 @@ ENV VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=pia \
    SHADOWSOCKS_PASSWORD_SECRETFILE=/run/secrets/shadowsocks_password \
    SHADOWSOCKS_CIPHER=chacha20-ietf-poly1305 \
    # Control server
-    HTTP_CONTROL_SERVER_LOG=on \
    HTTP_CONTROL_SERVER_ADDRESS=":8000" \
-    HTTP_CONTROL_SERVER_AUTH_CONFIG_FILEPATH=/gluetun/auth/config.toml \
    # Server data updater
    UPDATER_PERIOD=0 \
    UPDATER_MIN_RATIO=0.8 \
    UPDATER_VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDERS= \
    # Public IP
    PUBLICIP_FILE="/tmp/gluetun/ip" \
-    PUBLICIP_ENABLED=on \
-    PUBLICIP_API=ipinfo,ifconfigco,ip2location,cloudflare \
-    PUBLICIP_API_TOKEN= \
-    # Storage
-    STORAGE_FILEPATH=/gluetun/servers.json \
+    PUBLICIP_PERIOD=12h \
    # Pprof
    PPROF_ENABLED=no \
    PPROF_BLOCK_PROFILE_RATE=0 \
@@ -223,15 +196,19 @@ ENV VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=pia \
    PGID=
 ENTRYPOINT ["/gluetun-entrypoint"]
 EXPOSE 8000/tcp 8888/tcp 8388/tcp 8388/udp
-HEALTHCHECK --interval=5s --timeout=5s --start-period=10s --retries=3 CMD /gluetun-entrypoint healthcheck
+HEALTHCHECK --interval=5s --timeout=5s --start-period=10s --retries=1 CMD /gluetun-entrypoint healthcheck
 ARG TARGETPLATFORM
 RUN apk add --no-cache --update -l wget && \
-    apk add --no-cache --update -X "https://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/v3.17/main" openvpn\~2.5 && \
-    mv /usr/sbin/openvpn /usr/sbin/openvpn2.5 && \
+    apk add --no-cache --update -X "https://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/v3.12/main" openvpn==2.4.12-r0 && \
+    apk add --no-cache --update -X "https://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/v3.16/main" openssl\~1.1 && \
+    mv /usr/sbin/openvpn /usr/sbin/openvpn2.4 && \
    apk del openvpn && \
-    apk add --no-cache --update openvpn ca-certificates iptables iptables-legacy tzdata && \
-    mv /usr/sbin/openvpn /usr/sbin/openvpn2.6 && \
-    rm -rf /var/cache/apk/* /etc/openvpn/*.sh /usr/lib/openvpn/plugins/openvpn-plugin-down-root.so && \
+    apk add --no-cache --update openvpn ca-certificates iptables ip6tables unbound tzdata && \
+    mv /usr/sbin/openvpn /usr/sbin/openvpn2.5 && \
+    # Fix vulnerability issue
+    apk add --no-cache --update busybox && \
+    rm -rf /var/cache/apk/* /etc/unbound/* /usr/sbin/unbound-* /etc/openvpn/*.sh /usr/lib/openvpn/plugins/openvpn-plugin-down-root.so && \
    deluser openvpn && \
+    deluser unbound && \
    mkdir /gluetun
 COPY --from=build /tmp/gobuild/entrypoint /gluetun-entrypoint
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -35,19 +35,20 @@ Lightweight swiss-knife-like VPN client to multiple VPN service providers

 ## Quick links

- [Setup](#setup)
- [Features](#features)
+- [Setup](#Setup)
+- [Features](#Features)
 - Problem?
-  - Check the Wiki [common errors](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/tree/main/errors) and [faq](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/tree/main/faq)
+  - [Check the Wiki](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki)
  - [Start a discussion](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/discussions)
  - [Fix the Unraid template](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/discussions/550)
 - Suggestion?
  - [Create an issue](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/issues)
+  - [Join the Slack channel](https://join.slack.com/t/qdm12/shared_invite/enQtOTE0NjcxNTM1ODc5LTYyZmVlOTM3MGI4ZWU0YmJkMjUxNmQ4ODQ2OTAwYzMxMTlhY2Q1MWQyOWUyNjc2ODliNjFjMDUxNWNmNzk5MDk)
 - Happy?
  - Sponsor me on [github.com/sponsors/qdm12](https://github.com/sponsors/qdm12)
  - Donate to [paypal.me/qmcgaw](https://www.paypal.me/qmcgaw)
  - Drop me [an email](mailto:quentin.mcgaw@gmail.com)
- **Want to add a VPN provider?** check [the development page](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/contributing/development.md) and [add a provider page](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/contributing/add-a-provider.md)
+- **Want to add a VPN provider?** check [Development](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Development) and [Add a provider](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Add-a-provider)
 - Video:

  [![Video Gif](https://i.imgur.com/CetWunc.gif)](https://youtu.be/0F6I03LQcI4)
@@ -56,34 +57,35 @@ Lightweight swiss-knife-like VPN client to multiple VPN service providers

 ## Features

- Based on Alpine 3.20 for a small Docker image of 35.6MB
- Supports: **AirVPN**, **Cyberghost**, **ExpressVPN**, **FastestVPN**, **Giganews**, **HideMyAss**, **IPVanish**, **IVPN**, **Mullvad**, **NordVPN**, **Perfect Privacy**, **Privado**, **Private Internet Access**, **PrivateVPN**, **ProtonVPN**, **PureVPN**,  **SlickVPN**, **Surfshark**, **TorGuard**, **VPNSecure.me**, **VPNUnlimited**, **Vyprvpn**, **WeVPN**, **Windscribe** servers
+- Based on Alpine 3.17 for a small Docker image of 42MB
+- Supports: **AirVPN**, **Cyberghost**, **ExpressVPN**, **FastestVPN**, **HideMyAss**, **IPVanish**, **IVPN**, **Mullvad**, **NordVPN**, **Perfect Privacy**, **Privado**, **Private Internet Access**, **PrivateVPN**, **ProtonVPN**, **PureVPN**,  **SlickVPN**, **Surfshark**, **TorGuard**, **VPNSecure.me**, **VPNUnlimited**, **Vyprvpn**, **WeVPN**, **Windscribe** servers
 - Supports OpenVPN for all providers listed
 - Supports Wireguard both kernelspace and userspace
-  - For **AirVPN**, **FastestVPN**, **Ivpn**, **Mullvad**, **NordVPN**, **Perfect privacy**, **ProtonVPN**, **Surfshark** and **Windscribe**
-  - For **Cyberghost**, **Private Internet Access**, **PrivateVPN**, **PureVPN**, **Torguard**, **VPN Unlimited**, **VyprVPN** and **WeVPN** using [the custom provider](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/providers/custom.md)
-  - For custom Wireguard configurations using [the custom provider](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/providers/custom.md)
+  - For **Mullvad**, **Ivpn**, **Surfshark** and **Windscribe**
+  - For **ProtonVPN**, **PureVPN**, **Torguard**, **VPN Unlimited** and **WeVPN** using [the custom provider](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Custom-provider)
+  - For custom Wireguard configurations using [the custom provider](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Custom-provider)
  - More in progress, see [#134](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/issues/134)
 - DNS over TLS baked in with service provider(s) of your choice
 - DNS fine blocking of malicious/ads/surveillance hostnames and IP addresses, with live update every 24 hours
 - Choose the vpn network protocol, `udp` or `tcp`
 - Built in firewall kill switch to allow traffic only with needed the VPN servers and LAN devices
- Built in Shadowsocks proxy server (protocol based on SOCKS5 with an encryption layer, tunnels TCP+UDP)
+- Built in Shadowsocks proxy (protocol based on SOCKS5 with an encryption layer, tunnels TCP+UDP)
 - Built in HTTP proxy (tunnels HTTP and HTTPS through TCP)
- [Connect other containers to it](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/connect-a-container-to-gluetun.md)
- [Connect LAN devices to it](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/connect-a-lan-device-to-gluetun.md)
+- [Connect other containers to it](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Connect-a-container-to-gluetun)
+- [Connect LAN devices to it](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Connect-a-LAN-device-to-gluetun)
 - Compatible with amd64, i686 (32 bit), **ARM** 64 bit, ARM 32 bit v6 and v7, and even ppc64le 🎆
- Custom VPN server side port forwarding for [Perfect Privacy](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/providers/perfect-privacy.md#vpn-server-port-forwarding), [Private Internet Access](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/providers/private-internet-access.md#vpn-server-port-forwarding), [PrivateVPN](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/providers/privatevpn.md#vpn-server-port-forwarding) and [ProtonVPN](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/providers/protonvpn.md#vpn-server-port-forwarding)
+- [Custom VPN server side port forwarding for Private Internet Access](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Private-internet-access#vpn-server-port-forwarding)
 - Possibility of split horizon DNS by selecting multiple DNS over TLS providers
+- Unbound subprogram drops root privileges once launched
 - Can work as a Kubernetes sidecar container, thanks @rorph

 ## Setup

 🎉 There are now instructions specific to each VPN provider with examples to help you get started as quickly as possible!

-Go to the [Wiki](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki)!
+Go to the [Wiki](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki)!

-[🐛 Found a bug in the Wiki?!](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/issues/new/choose)
+[🐛 Found a bug in the Wiki?!](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/issues/new?assignees=&labels=%F0%9F%93%84+Wiki+issue&template=wiki+issue.yml&title=Wiki+issue%3A+)

 Here's a docker-compose.yml for the laziest:

@@ -93,8 +95,7 @@ services:
  gluetun:
    image: qmcgaw/gluetun
    # container_name: gluetun
-    # line above must be uncommented to allow external containers to connect.
-    # See https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/connect-a-container-to-gluetun.md#external-container-to-gluetun
+    # line above must be uncommented to allow external containers to connect. See https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Connect-a-container-to-gluetun#external-container-to-gluetun
    cap_add:
      - NET_ADMIN
    devices:
@@ -106,7 +107,7 @@ services:
    volumes:
      - /yourpath:/gluetun
    environment:
-      # See https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/tree/main/setup#setup
+      # See https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki
      - VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=ivpn
      - VPN_TYPE=openvpn
      # OpenVPN:
@@ -117,13 +118,13 @@ services:
      # - WIREGUARD_ADDRESSES=10.64.222.21/32
      # Timezone for accurate log times
      - TZ=
-      # Server list updater
-      # See https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun-wiki/blob/main/setup/servers.md#update-the-vpn-servers-list
+      # Server list updater. See https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Updating-Servers#periodic-update
      - UPDATER_PERIOD=
+      - UPDATER_VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDERS=
 ```

 🆕 Image also available as `ghcr.io/qdm12/gluetun`

 ## License

-[![MIT](https://img.shields.io/github/license/qdm12/gluetun)](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/blob/master/LICENSE)
+[![MIT](https://img.shields.io/github/license/qdm12/gluetun)](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/master/LICENSE)
--- a/cmd/gluetun/main.go
+++ b/cmd/gluetun/main.go
@@ -4,10 +4,8 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/fs"
 	"net/http"
 	"os"
-	"os/exec"
 	"os/signal"
 	"strings"
 	"syscall"
@@ -15,11 +13,13 @@ import (
 	_ "time/tzdata"

 	_ "github.com/breml/rootcerts"
+	"github.com/qdm12/dns/pkg/unbound"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/alpine"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/cli"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/command"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/sources/env"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/sources/files"
+	mux "github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/sources/merge"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/sources/secrets"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/dns"
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/pprof"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/provider"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/publicip"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/publicip/ipinfo"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/routing"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/server"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/shadowsocks"
@@ -43,14 +44,14 @@ import (
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/updater/resolver"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/updater/unzip"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/vpn"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader/sources/env"
+	"github.com/qdm12/golibs/command"
 	"github.com/qdm12/goshutdown"
 	"github.com/qdm12/goshutdown/goroutine"
 	"github.com/qdm12/goshutdown/group"
 	"github.com/qdm12/goshutdown/order"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gosplash"
 	"github.com/qdm12/log"
+	"github.com/qdm12/updated/pkg/dnscrypto"
 )

 //nolint:gochecknoglobals
@@ -79,32 +80,23 @@ func main() {
 	netLinkDebugLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("netlink"))
 	netLinker := netlink.New(netLinkDebugLogger)
 	cli := cli.New()
-	cmder := command.New()
+	cmder := command.NewCmder()

-	reader := reader.New(reader.Settings{
-		Sources: []reader.Source{
-			secrets.New(logger),
-			files.New(logger),
-			env.New(env.Settings{}),
-		},
-		HandleDeprecatedKey: func(source, deprecatedKey, currentKey string) {
-			logger.Warn("You are using the old " + source + " " + deprecatedKey +
-				", please consider changing it to " + currentKey)
-		},
-	})
+	envReader := env.New(logger)
+	filesReader := files.New()
+	secretsReader := secrets.New()
+	muxReader := mux.New(envReader, filesReader, secretsReader)

 	errorCh := make(chan error)
 	go func() {
-		errorCh <- _main(ctx, buildInfo, args, logger, reader, tun, netLinker, cmder, cli)
+		errorCh <- _main(ctx, buildInfo, args, logger, muxReader, tun, netLinker, cmder, cli)
 	}()

-	// Wait for OS signal or run error
 	var err error
 	select {
-	case receivedSignal := <-signalCh:
-		signal.Stop(signalCh)
+	case signal := <-signalCh:
 		fmt.Println("")
-		logger.Warn("Caught OS signal " + receivedSignal.String() + ", shutting down")
+		logger.Warn("Caught OS signal " + signal.String() + ", shutting down")
 		cancel()
 	case err = <-errorCh:
 		close(errorCh)
@@ -115,14 +107,15 @@ func main() {
 		cancel()
 	}

-	// Shutdown timed sequence, and force exit on second OS signal
 	const shutdownGracePeriod = 5 * time.Second
 	timer := time.NewTimer(shutdownGracePeriod)
 	select {
 	case shutdownErr := <-errorCh:
-		timer.Stop()
+		if !timer.Stop() {
+			<-timer.C
+		}
 		if shutdownErr != nil {
-			logger.Warnf("Shutdown failed: %s", shutdownErr)
+			logger.Warnf("Shutdown not completed gracefully: %s", shutdownErr)
 			os.Exit(1)
 		}

@@ -134,37 +127,39 @@ func main() {
 	case <-timer.C:
 		logger.Warn("Shutdown timed out")
 		os.Exit(1)
+	case signal := <-signalCh:
+		logger.Warn("Caught OS signal " + signal.String() + ", forcing shut down")
+		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 }

-var errCommandUnknown = errors.New("command is unknown")
+var (
+	errCommandUnknown = errors.New("command is unknown")
+)

 //nolint:gocognit,gocyclo,maintidx
 func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
-	args []string, logger log.LoggerInterface, reader *reader.Reader,
-	tun Tun, netLinker netLinker, cmder RunStarter,
-	cli clier,
-) error {
+	args []string, logger log.LoggerInterface, source Source,
+	tun Tun, netLinker netLinker, cmder command.RunStarter,
+	cli clier) error {
 	if len(args) > 1 { // cli operation
 		switch args[1] {
 		case "healthcheck":
-			return cli.HealthCheck(ctx, reader, logger)
+			return cli.HealthCheck(ctx, source, logger)
 		case "clientkey":
 			return cli.ClientKey(args[2:])
 		case "openvpnconfig":
-			return cli.OpenvpnConfig(logger, reader, netLinker)
+			return cli.OpenvpnConfig(logger, source, netLinker)
 		case "update":
 			return cli.Update(ctx, args[2:], logger)
 		case "format-servers":
 			return cli.FormatServers(args[2:])
-		case "genkey":
-			return cli.GenKey(args[2:])
 		default:
 			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", errCommandUnknown, args[1])
 		}
 	}

-	announcementExp, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, "2024-12-01T00:00:00Z")
+	announcementExp, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, "2021-02-15T00:00:00Z")
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -174,8 +169,8 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 		Emails:       []string{"quentin.mcgaw@gmail.com"},
 		Version:      buildInfo.Version,
 		Commit:       buildInfo.Commit,
-		Created:      buildInfo.Created,
-		Announcement: "All control server routes will become private by default after the v3.41.0 release",
+		BuildDate:    buildInfo.Created,
+		Announcement: "Large settings parsing refactoring merged on 2022-01-06, please report any issue!",
 		AnnounceExp:  announcementExp,
 		// Sponsor information
 		PaypalUser:    "qmcgaw",
@@ -185,22 +180,17 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 		fmt.Println(line)
 	}

-	var allSettings settings.Settings
-	err = allSettings.Read(reader, logger)
+	allSettings, err := source.Read()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	allSettings.SetDefaults()

 	// Note: no need to validate minimal settings for the firewall:
-	// - global log level is parsed below
+	// - global log level is parsed from source
 	// - firewall Debug and Enabled are booleans parsed from source
-	logLevel, err := log.ParseLevel(allSettings.Log.Level)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("log level: %w", err)
-	}
-	logger.Patch(log.SetLevel(logLevel))
-	netLinker.PatchLoggerLevel(logLevel)
+
+	logger.Patch(log.SetLevel(*allSettings.Log.Level))
+	netLinker.PatchLoggerLevel(*allSettings.Log.Level)

 	routingLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("routing"))
 	if *allSettings.Firewall.Debug { // To remove in v4
@@ -237,7 +227,7 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,

 	// TODO run this in a loop or in openvpn to reload from file without restarting
 	storageLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("storage"))
-	storage, err := storage.New(storageLogger, *allSettings.Storage.Filepath)
+	storage, err := storage.New(storageLogger, constants.ServersData)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -247,7 +237,7 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 		return fmt.Errorf("checking for IPv6 support: %w", err)
 	}

-	err = allSettings.Validate(storage, ipv6Supported, logger)
+	err = allSettings.Validate(storage, ipv6Supported)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -267,12 +257,19 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 	ovpnConf := openvpn.New(
 		logger.New(log.SetComponent("openvpn configurator")),
 		cmder, puid, pgid)
+	dnsCrypto := dnscrypto.New(httpClient, "", "")
+	const cacertsPath = "/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt"
+	dnsConf := unbound.NewConfigurator(nil, cmder, dnsCrypto,
+		"/etc/unbound", "/usr/sbin/unbound", cacertsPath)

 	err = printVersions(ctx, logger, []printVersionElement{
 		{name: "Alpine", getVersion: alpineConf.Version},
+		{name: "OpenVPN 2.4", getVersion: ovpnConf.Version24},
 		{name: "OpenVPN 2.5", getVersion: ovpnConf.Version25},
-		{name: "OpenVPN 2.6", getVersion: ovpnConf.Version26},
-		{name: "IPtables", getVersion: firewallConf.Version},
+		{name: "Unbound", getVersion: dnsConf.Version},
+		{name: "IPtables", getVersion: func(ctx context.Context) (version string, err error) {
+			return firewall.Version(ctx, cmder)
+		}},
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -284,13 +281,10 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 		logger.Warn(warning)
 	}

-	const permission = fs.FileMode(0o644)
-	err = os.MkdirAll("/tmp/gluetun", permission)
-	if err != nil {
+	if err := os.MkdirAll("/tmp/gluetun", 0644); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	err = os.MkdirAll("/gluetun", permission)
-	if err != nil {
+	if err := os.MkdirAll("/gluetun", 0644); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

@@ -302,8 +296,15 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 	if nonRootUsername != defaultUsername {
 		logger.Info("using existing username " + nonRootUsername + " corresponding to user id " + fmt.Sprint(puid))
 	}
+	// set it for Unbound
+	// TODO remove this when migrating to qdm12/dns v2
+	allSettings.DNS.DoT.Unbound.Username = nonRootUsername
 	allSettings.VPN.OpenVPN.ProcessUser = nonRootUsername

+	if err := os.Chown("/etc/unbound", puid, pgid); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	if err := routingConf.Setup(); err != nil {
 		if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "operation not permitted") {
 			logger.Warn("💡 Tip: Are you passing NET_ADMIN capability to gluetun?")
@@ -330,15 +331,11 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 	}

 	const tunDevice = "/dev/net/tun"
-	err = tun.Check(tunDevice)
-	if err != nil {
-		if !errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
-			return fmt.Errorf("checking TUN device: %w (see the Wiki errors/tun page)", err)
-		}
+	if err := tun.Check(tunDevice); err != nil {
 		logger.Info(err.Error() + "; creating it...")
 		err = tun.Create(tunDevice)
 		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("creating tun device: %w", err)
+			return err
 		}
 	}

@@ -362,8 +359,7 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 	}
 	defaultGroupOptions := []group.Option{
 		group.OptionTimeout(defaultShutdownTimeout),
-		group.OptionOnSuccess(defaultShutdownOnSuccess),
-	}
+		group.OptionOnSuccess(defaultShutdownOnSuccess)}

 	controlGroupHandler := goshutdown.NewGroupHandler("control", defaultGroupOptions...)
 	tickersGroupHandler := goshutdown.NewGroupHandler("tickers", defaultGroupOptions...)
@@ -380,39 +376,38 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,

 	portForwardLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("port forwarding"))
 	portForwardLooper := portforward.NewLoop(allSettings.VPN.Provider.PortForwarding,
-		routingConf, httpClient, firewallConf, portForwardLogger, cmder, puid, pgid)
-	portForwardRunError, err := portForwardLooper.Start(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("starting port forwarding loop: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	dnsLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("dns"))
-	dnsLooper, err := dns.NewLoop(allSettings.DNS, httpClient,
-		dnsLogger)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("creating DNS loop: %w", err)
-	}
+		httpClient, firewallConf, portForwardLogger, puid, pgid)
+	portForwardHandler, portForwardCtx, portForwardDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
+		"port forwarding", goroutine.OptionTimeout(time.Second))
+	go portForwardLooper.Run(portForwardCtx, portForwardDone)

+	unboundLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("dns over tls"))
+	unboundLooper := dns.NewLoop(dnsConf, allSettings.DNS, httpClient,
+		unboundLogger)
 	dnsHandler, dnsCtx, dnsDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
-		"dns", goroutine.OptionTimeout(defaultShutdownTimeout))
-	// wait for dnsLooper.Restart or its ticker launched with RunRestartTicker
-	go dnsLooper.Run(dnsCtx, dnsDone)
+		"unbound", goroutine.OptionTimeout(defaultShutdownTimeout))
+	// wait for unboundLooper.Restart or its ticker launched with RunRestartTicker
+	go unboundLooper.Run(dnsCtx, dnsDone)
 	otherGroupHandler.Add(dnsHandler)

 	dnsTickerHandler, dnsTickerCtx, dnsTickerDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
 		"dns ticker", goroutine.OptionTimeout(defaultShutdownTimeout))
-	go dnsLooper.RunRestartTicker(dnsTickerCtx, dnsTickerDone)
+	go unboundLooper.RunRestartTicker(dnsTickerCtx, dnsTickerDone)
 	controlGroupHandler.Add(dnsTickerHandler)

-	publicIPLooper, err := publicip.NewLoop(allSettings.PublicIP, puid, pgid, httpClient,
-		logger.New(log.SetComponent("ip getter")))
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("creating public ip loop: %w", err)
-	}
-	publicIPRunError, err := publicIPLooper.Start(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("starting public ip loop: %w", err)
-	}
+	ipFetcher := ipinfo.New(httpClient)
+	publicIPLooper := publicip.NewLoop(ipFetcher,
+		logger.New(log.SetComponent("ip getter")),
+		allSettings.PublicIP, puid, pgid)
+	pubIPHandler, pubIPCtx, pubIPDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
+		"public IP", goroutine.OptionTimeout(defaultShutdownTimeout))
+	go publicIPLooper.Run(pubIPCtx, pubIPDone)
+	otherGroupHandler.Add(pubIPHandler)
+
+	pubIPTickerHandler, pubIPTickerCtx, pubIPTickerDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
+		"public IP", goroutine.OptionTimeout(defaultShutdownTimeout))
+	go publicIPLooper.RunRestartTicker(pubIPTickerCtx, pubIPTickerDone)
+	tickersGroupHandler.Add(pubIPTickerHandler)

 	updaterLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("updater"))

@@ -420,12 +415,12 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 	parallelResolver := resolver.NewParallelResolver(allSettings.Updater.DNSAddress)
 	openvpnFileExtractor := extract.New()
 	providers := provider.NewProviders(storage, time.Now, updaterLogger,
-		httpClient, unzipper, parallelResolver, publicIPLooper.Fetcher(), openvpnFileExtractor)
+		httpClient, unzipper, parallelResolver, ipFetcher, openvpnFileExtractor)

 	vpnLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("vpn"))
 	vpnLooper := vpn.NewLoop(allSettings.VPN, ipv6Supported, allSettings.Firewall.VPNInputPorts,
 		providers, storage, ovpnConf, netLinker, firewallConf, routingConf, portForwardLooper,
-		cmder, publicIPLooper, dnsLooper, vpnLogger, httpClient,
+		cmder, publicIPLooper, unboundLooper, vpnLogger, httpClient,
 		buildInfo, *allSettings.Version.Enabled)
 	vpnHandler, vpnCtx, vpnDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
 		"vpn", goroutine.OptionTimeout(time.Second))
@@ -465,8 +460,7 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 		"http server", goroutine.OptionTimeout(defaultShutdownTimeout))
 	httpServer, err := server.New(httpServerCtx, controlServerAddress, controlServerLogging,
 		logger.New(log.SetComponent("http server")),
-		allSettings.ControlServer.AuthFilePath,
-		buildInfo, vpnLooper, portForwardLooper, dnsLooper, updaterLooper, publicIPLooper,
+		buildInfo, vpnLooper, portForwardLooper, unboundLooper, updaterLooper, publicIPLooper,
 		storage, ipv6Supported)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("setting up control server: %w", err)
@@ -487,31 +481,13 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 		order.OptionOnSuccess(defaultShutdownOnSuccess),
 		order.OptionOnFailure(defaultShutdownOnFailure))
 	orderHandler.Append(controlGroupHandler, tickersGroupHandler, healthServerHandler,
-		vpnHandler, otherGroupHandler)
+		vpnHandler, portForwardHandler, otherGroupHandler)

 	// Start VPN for the first time in a blocking call
 	// until the VPN is launched
 	_, _ = vpnLooper.ApplyStatus(ctx, constants.Running) // TODO option to disable with variable

-	select {
-	case <-ctx.Done():
-		stoppers := []interface {
-			String() string
-			Stop() error
-		}{
-			portForwardLooper, publicIPLooper,
-		}
-		for _, stopper := range stoppers {
-			err := stopper.Stop()
-			if err != nil {
-				logger.Error(fmt.Sprintf("stopping %s: %s", stopper, err))
-			}
-		}
-	case err := <-portForwardRunError:
-		logger.Errorf("port forwarding loop crashed: %s", err)
-	case err := <-publicIPRunError:
-		logger.Errorf("public IP loop crashed: %s", err)
-	}
+	<-ctx.Done()

 	return orderHandler.Shutdown(context.Background())
 }
@@ -526,8 +502,7 @@ type infoer interface {
 }

 func printVersions(ctx context.Context, logger infoer,
-	elements []printVersionElement,
-) (err error) {
+	elements []printVersionElement) (err error) {
 	const timeout = 5 * time.Second
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, timeout)
 	defer cancel()
@@ -556,39 +531,39 @@ type netLinker interface {
 type Addresser interface {
 	AddrList(link netlink.Link, family int) (
 		addresses []netlink.Addr, err error)
-	AddrReplace(link netlink.Link, addr netlink.Addr) error
+	AddrAdd(link netlink.Link, addr *netlink.Addr) error
 }

 type Router interface {
-	RouteList(family int) (routes []netlink.Route, err error)
-	RouteAdd(route netlink.Route) error
-	RouteDel(route netlink.Route) error
-	RouteReplace(route netlink.Route) error
+	RouteList(link netlink.Link, family int) (
+		routes []netlink.Route, err error)
+	RouteAdd(route *netlink.Route) error
+	RouteDel(route *netlink.Route) error
+	RouteReplace(route *netlink.Route) error
 }

 type Ruler interface {
 	RuleList(family int) (rules []netlink.Rule, err error)
-	RuleAdd(rule netlink.Rule) error
-	RuleDel(rule netlink.Rule) error
+	RuleAdd(rule *netlink.Rule) error
+	RuleDel(rule *netlink.Rule) error
 }

 type Linker interface {
 	LinkList() (links []netlink.Link, err error)
 	LinkByName(name string) (link netlink.Link, err error)
 	LinkByIndex(index int) (link netlink.Link, err error)
-	LinkAdd(link netlink.Link) (linkIndex int, err error)
+	LinkAdd(link netlink.Link) (err error)
 	LinkDel(link netlink.Link) (err error)
-	LinkSetUp(link netlink.Link) (linkIndex int, err error)
+	LinkSetUp(link netlink.Link) (err error)
 	LinkSetDown(link netlink.Link) (err error)
 }

 type clier interface {
 	ClientKey(args []string) error
 	FormatServers(args []string) error
-	OpenvpnConfig(logger cli.OpenvpnConfigLogger, reader *reader.Reader, ipv6Checker cli.IPv6Checker) error
-	HealthCheck(ctx context.Context, reader *reader.Reader, warner cli.Warner) error
+	OpenvpnConfig(logger cli.OpenvpnConfigLogger, source cli.Source, ipv6Checker cli.IPv6Checker) error
+	HealthCheck(ctx context.Context, source cli.Source, warner cli.Warner) error
 	Update(ctx context.Context, args []string, logger cli.UpdaterLogger) error
-	GenKey(args []string) error
 }

 type Tun interface {
@@ -596,8 +571,8 @@ type Tun interface {
 	Create(tunDevice string) error
 }

-type RunStarter interface {
-	Run(cmd *exec.Cmd) (output string, err error)
-	Start(cmd *exec.Cmd) (stdoutLines, stderrLines <-chan string,
-		waitError <-chan error, err error)
+type Source interface {
+	Read() (settings settings.Settings, err error)
+	ReadHealth() (health settings.Health, err error)
+	String() string
 }
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -1,62 +1,50 @@
 module github.com/qdm12/gluetun

-go 1.23
+go 1.20

 require (
-	github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.2.19
-	github.com/fatih/color v1.18.0
+	github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.2.10
+	github.com/fatih/color v1.15.0
 	github.com/golang/mock v1.6.0
-	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.11
-	github.com/klauspost/pgzip v1.2.6
-	github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.3
-	github.com/qdm12/dns/v2 v2.0.0-rc8
-	github.com/qdm12/gosettings v0.4.4
+	github.com/qdm12/dns v1.11.0
+	github.com/qdm12/golibs v0.0.0-20210822203818-5c568b0777b6
 	github.com/qdm12/goshutdown v0.3.0
-	github.com/qdm12/gosplash v0.2.0
-	github.com/qdm12/gotree v0.3.0
+	github.com/qdm12/gosplash v0.1.0
+	github.com/qdm12/gotree v0.2.0
+	github.com/qdm12/govalid v0.1.0
 	github.com/qdm12/log v0.1.0
-	github.com/qdm12/ss-server v0.6.0
-	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0
-	github.com/ulikunitz/xz v0.5.11
-	github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.2.1
+	github.com/qdm12/ss-server v0.4.0
+	github.com/qdm12/updated v0.0.0-20210603204757-205acfe6937e
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.2
+	github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.2.1-beta.2
 	github.com/youmark/pkcs8 v0.0.0-20201027041543-1326539a0a0a
-	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20241009180824-f66d83c29e7c
-	golang.org/x/net v0.31.0
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.27.0
-	golang.org/x/text v0.20.0
-	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20231211153847-12269c276173
-	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl v0.0.0-20230429144221-925a1e7659e6
-	gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.67.0
+	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230519143937-03e91628a987
+	golang.org/x/net v0.10.0
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0
+	golang.org/x/text v0.9.0
+	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20230325221338-052af4a8072b
+	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl v0.0.0-20230215201556-9c5414ab4bde
+	inet.af/netaddr v0.0.0-20220811202034-502d2d690317
 )

 require (
-	github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 // indirect
-	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
-	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0 // indirect
-	github.com/josharian/native v1.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.9 // indirect
+	github.com/josharian/native v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/mattn/go-colorable v0.1.13 // indirect
-	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20 // indirect
-	github.com/mdlayher/genetlink v1.3.2 // indirect
-	github.com/mdlayher/netlink v1.7.2 // indirect
-	github.com/mdlayher/socket v0.4.1 // indirect
-	github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.62 // indirect
-	github.com/munnerz/goautoneg v0.0.0-20191010083416-a7dc8b61c822 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.17 // indirect
+	github.com/mdlayher/genetlink v1.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/mdlayher/netlink v1.6.2 // indirect
+	github.com/mdlayher/socket v0.2.3 // indirect
+	github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.40 // indirect
+	github.com/mr-tron/base58 v1.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.20.5 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.1 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/common v0.60.1 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.15.1 // indirect
-	github.com/qdm12/goservices v0.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/riobard/go-bloom v0.0.0-20200614022211-cdc8013cb5b3 // indirect
-	github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.4 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.29.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/mod v0.21.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.9.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/tools v0.26.0 // indirect
+	github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.0-20200728191858-db3c7e526aae // indirect
+	go4.org/intern v0.0.0-20211027215823-ae77deb06f29 // indirect
+	go4.org/unsafe/assume-no-moving-gc v0.0.0-20230221090011-e4bae7ad2296 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.6.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.1.0 // indirect
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wintun v0.0.0-20230126152724-0fa3db229ce2 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.35.1 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
-	kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/security/libcap/cap v1.2.70 // indirect
-	kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/security/libcap/psx v1.2.70 // indirect
 )
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -1,152 +1,243 @@
-github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 h1:VlbKKnNfV8bJzeqoa4cOKqO6bYr3WgKZxO8Z16+hsOM=
-github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1/go.mod h1:G2ZrVWU2WbWT9wwq4/hrbKbnv/1ERSJQ0ibhJ6rlkpw=
-github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.2.19 h1:3D/qwAC1xoh82GmZ21mYzQ1NaLOICUVntIo+MRZYr4U=
-github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.2.19/go.mod h1:S/PKh+4d1HUn4HQovEB8hPJZO6pUZYrIhmXBhsegfXw=
-github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0 h1:UL815xU9SqsFlibzuggzjXhog7bL6oX9BbNZnL2UFvs=
-github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0/go.mod h1:VGX0DQ3Q6kWi7AoAeZDth3/j3BFtOZR5XLFGgcrjCOs=
+github.com/PuerkitoBio/purell v1.1.0/go.mod h1:c11w/QuzBsJSee3cPx9rAFu61PvFxuPbtSwDGJws/X0=
+github.com/PuerkitoBio/urlesc v0.0.0-20170810143723-de5bf2ad4578/go.mod h1:uGdkoq3SwY9Y+13GIhn11/XLaGBb4BfwItxLd5jeuXE=
+github.com/alcortesm/tgz v0.0.0-20161220082320-9c5fe88206d7/go.mod h1:6zEj6s6u/ghQa61ZWa/C2Aw3RkjiTBOix7dkqa1VLIs=
+github.com/anmitsu/go-shlex v0.0.0-20161002113705-648efa622239/go.mod h1:2FmKhYUyUczH0OGQWaF5ceTx0UBShxjsH6f8oGKYe2c=
+github.com/armon/go-socks5 v0.0.0-20160902184237-e75332964ef5/go.mod h1:wHh0iHkYZB8zMSxRWpUBQtwG5a7fFgvEO+odwuTv2gs=
+github.com/asaskevich/govalidator v0.0.0-20180720115003-f9ffefc3facf/go.mod h1:lB+ZfQJz7igIIfQNfa7Ml4HSf2uFQQRzpGGRXenZAgY=
+github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.2.10 h1:UGVZ193UTSUASpGtg6pbDwzOd7XQP+at0Ssg1/2E4h8=
+github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.2.10/go.mod h1:24FDtzYMpqIeYC7QzaE8VPRQaFZU5TIUDlyk8qwjD88=
+github.com/creack/pty v1.1.7/go.mod h1:lj5s0c3V2DBrqTV7llrYr5NG6My20zk30Fl46Y7DoTY=
+github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.0/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
-github.com/fatih/color v1.18.0 h1:S8gINlzdQ840/4pfAwic/ZE0djQEH3wM94VfqLTZcOM=
-github.com/fatih/color v1.18.0/go.mod h1:4FelSpRwEGDpQ12mAdzqdOukCy4u8WUtOY6lkT/6HfU=
+github.com/docker/go-units v0.3.3/go.mod h1:fgPhTUdO+D/Jk86RDLlptpiXQzgHJF7gydDDbaIK4Dk=
+github.com/dvyukov/go-fuzz v0.0.0-20210103155950-6a8e9d1f2415/go.mod h1:11Gm+ccJnvAhCNLlf5+cS9KjtbaD5I5zaZpFMsTHWTw=
+github.com/emirpasic/gods v1.12.0/go.mod h1:YfzfFFoVP/catgzJb4IKIqXjX78Ha8FMSDh3ymbK86o=
+github.com/fatih/color v1.12.0/go.mod h1:ELkj/draVOlAH/xkhN6mQ50Qd0MPOk5AAr3maGEBuJM=
+github.com/fatih/color v1.15.0 h1:kOqh6YHBtK8aywxGerMG2Eq3H6Qgoqeo13Bk2Mv/nBs=
+github.com/fatih/color v1.15.0/go.mod h1:0h5ZqXfHYED7Bhv2ZJamyIOUej9KtShiJESRwBDUSsw=
+github.com/flynn/go-shlex v0.0.0-20150515145356-3f9db97f8568/go.mod h1:xEzjJPgXI435gkrCt3MPfRiAkVrwSbHsst4LCFVfpJc=
+github.com/gliderlabs/ssh v0.2.2/go.mod h1:U7qILu1NlMHj9FlMhZLlkCdDnU1DBEAqr0aevW3Awn0=
+github.com/globalsign/mgo v0.0.0-20180905125535-1ca0a4f7cbcb/go.mod h1:xkRDCp4j0OGD1HRkm4kmhM+pmpv3AKq5SU7GMg4oO/Q=
+github.com/go-openapi/analysis v0.0.0-20180825180245-b006789cd277/go.mod h1:k70tL6pCuVxPJOHXQ+wIac1FUrvNkHolPie/cLEU6hI=
+github.com/go-openapi/analysis v0.17.0/go.mod h1:IowGgpVeD0vNm45So8nr+IcQ3pxVtpRoBWb8PVZO0ik=
+github.com/go-openapi/errors v0.17.0/go.mod h1:LcZQpmvG4wyF5j4IhA73wkLFQg+QJXOQHVjmcZxhka0=
+github.com/go-openapi/errors v0.17.2/go.mod h1:LcZQpmvG4wyF5j4IhA73wkLFQg+QJXOQHVjmcZxhka0=
+github.com/go-openapi/jsonpointer v0.17.0/go.mod h1:cOnomiV+CVVwFLk0A/MExoFMjwdsUdVpsRhURCKh+3M=
+github.com/go-openapi/jsonreference v0.17.0/go.mod h1:g4xxGn04lDIRh0GJb5QlpE3HfopLOL6uZrK/VgnsK9I=
+github.com/go-openapi/loads v0.17.0/go.mod h1:72tmFy5wsWx89uEVddd0RjRWPZm92WRLhf7AC+0+OOU=
+github.com/go-openapi/runtime v0.0.0-20180920151709-4f900dc2ade9/go.mod h1:6v9a6LTXWQCdL8k1AO3cvqx5OtZY/Y9wKTgaoP6YRfA=
+github.com/go-openapi/runtime v0.17.2/go.mod h1:QO936ZXeisByFmZEO1IS1Dqhtf4QV1sYYFtIq6Ld86Q=
+github.com/go-openapi/spec v0.17.0/go.mod h1:XkF/MOi14NmjsfZ8VtAKf8pIlbZzyoTvZsdfssdxcBI=
+github.com/go-openapi/strfmt v0.17.0/go.mod h1:P82hnJI0CXkErkXi8IKjPbNBM6lV6+5pLP5l494TcyU=
+github.com/go-openapi/swag v0.17.0/go.mod h1:AByQ+nYG6gQg71GINrmuDXCPWdL640yX49/kXLo40Tg=
+github.com/go-openapi/validate v0.17.0/go.mod h1:Uh4HdOzKt19xGIGm1qHf/ofbX1YQ4Y+MYsct2VUrAJ4=
+github.com/golang/mock v1.5.0/go.mod h1:CWnOUgYIOo4TcNZ0wHX3YZCqsaM1I1Jvs6v3mP3KVu8=
 github.com/golang/mock v1.6.0 h1:ErTB+efbowRARo13NNdxyJji2egdxLGQhRaY+DUumQc=
 github.com/golang/mock v1.6.0/go.mod h1:p6yTPP+5HYm5mzsMV8JkE6ZKdX+/wYM6Hr+LicevLPs=
+github.com/gomodule/redigo v2.0.0+incompatible/go.mod h1:B4C85qUVwatsJoIUNIfCRsp7qO0iAmpGFZ4EELWSbC4=
 github.com/google/btree v1.0.1 h1:gK4Kx5IaGY9CD5sPJ36FHiBJ6ZXl0kilRiiCj+jdYp4=
-github.com/google/btree v1.0.1/go.mod h1:xXMiIv4Fb/0kKde4SpL7qlzvu5cMJDRkFDxJfI9uaxA=
-github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0 h1:ofyhxvXcZhMsU5ulbFiLKl/XBFqE1GSq7atu8tAmTRI=
-github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0/go.mod h1:17dUlkBOakJ0+DkrSSNjCkIjxS6bF9zb3elmeNGIjoY=
-github.com/josharian/native v1.1.0 h1:uuaP0hAbW7Y4l0ZRQ6C9zfb7Mg1mbFKry/xzDAfmtLA=
-github.com/josharian/native v1.1.0/go.mod h1:7X/raswPFr05uY3HiLlYeyQntB6OO7E/d2Cu7qoaN2w=
-github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.11 h1:In6xLpyWOi1+C7tXUUWv2ot1QvBjxevKAaI6IXrJmUc=
-github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.11/go.mod h1:pMDklpSncoRMuLFrf1W9Ss9KT+0rH90U12bZKk7uwG0=
-github.com/klauspost/pgzip v1.2.6 h1:8RXeL5crjEUFnR2/Sn6GJNWtSQ3Dk8pq4CL3jvdDyjU=
-github.com/klauspost/pgzip v1.2.6/go.mod h1:Ch1tH69qFZu15pkjo5kYi6mth2Zzwzt50oCQKQE9RUs=
-github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.1 h1:flRD4NNwYAUpkphVc1HcthR4KEIFJ65n8Mw5qdRn3LE=
-github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.1/go.mod h1:hoEshYVHaxMs3cyo3Yncou5ZscifuDolrwPKZanG3xk=
-github.com/kr/text v0.2.0 h1:5Nx0Ya0ZqY2ygV366QzturHI13Jq95ApcVaJBhpS+AY=
-github.com/kr/text v0.2.0/go.mod h1:eLer722TekiGuMkidMxC/pM04lWEeraHUUmBw8l2grE=
+github.com/google/go-cmp v0.3.0/go.mod h1:8QqcDgzrUqlUb/G2PQTWiueGozuR1884gddMywk6iLU=
+github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.6/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/gNBxE=
+github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.7/go.mod h1:n+brtR0CgQNWTVd5ZUFpTBC8YFBDLK/h/bpaJ8/DtOE=
+github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.9 h1:O2Tfq5qg4qc4AmwVlvv0oLiVAGB7enBSJ2x2DqQFi38=
+github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.9/go.mod h1:17dUlkBOakJ0+DkrSSNjCkIjxS6bF9zb3elmeNGIjoY=
+github.com/google/uuid v1.0.0/go.mod h1:TIyPZe4MgqvfeYDBFedMoGGpEw/LqOeaOT+nhxU+yHo=
+github.com/gotify/go-api-client/v2 v2.0.4/go.mod h1:VKiah/UK20bXsr0JObE1eBVLW44zbBouzjuri9iwjFU=
+github.com/jbenet/go-context v0.0.0-20150711004518-d14ea06fba99/go.mod h1:1lJo3i6rXxKeerYnT8Nvf0QmHCRC1n8sfWVwXF2Frvo=
+github.com/jessevdk/go-flags v1.4.0/go.mod h1:4FA24M0QyGHXBuZZK/XkWh8h0e1EYbRYJSGM75WSRxI=
+github.com/josharian/native v1.0.0 h1:Ts/E8zCSEsG17dUqv7joXJFybuMLjQfWE04tsBODTxk=
+github.com/josharian/native v1.0.0/go.mod h1:7X/raswPFr05uY3HiLlYeyQntB6OO7E/d2Cu7qoaN2w=
+github.com/kevinburke/ssh_config v0.0.0-20190725054713-01f96b0aa0cd/go.mod h1:CT57kijsi8u/K/BOFA39wgDQJ9CxiF4nAY/ojJ6r6mM=
+github.com/kr/pretty v0.1.0 h1:L/CwN0zerZDmRFUapSPitk6f+Q3+0za1rQkzVuMiMFI=
+github.com/kr/pretty v0.1.0/go.mod h1:dAy3ld7l9f0ibDNOQOHHMYYIIbhfbHSm3C4ZsoJORNo=
+github.com/kr/pty v1.1.1/go.mod h1:pFQYn66WHrOpPYNljwOMqo10TkYh1fy3cYio2l3bCsQ=
+github.com/kr/pty v1.1.8/go.mod h1:O1sed60cT9XZ5uDucP5qwvh+TE3NnUj51EiZO/lmSfw=
+github.com/kr/text v0.1.0 h1:45sCR5RtlFHMR4UwH9sdQ5TC8v0qDQCHnXt+kaKSTVE=
+github.com/kr/text v0.1.0/go.mod h1:4Jbv+DJW3UT/LiOwJeYQe1efqtUx/iVham/4vfdArNI=
+github.com/kyokomi/emoji v2.2.4+incompatible/go.mod h1:mZ6aGCD7yk8j6QY6KICwnZ2pxoszVseX1DNoGtU2tBA=
+github.com/mailru/easyjson v0.0.0-20180823135443-60711f1a8329/go.mod h1:C1wdFJiN94OJF2b5HbByQZoLdCWB1Yqtg26g4irojpc=
+github.com/mattn/go-colorable v0.1.8/go.mod h1:u6P/XSegPjTcexA+o6vUJrdnUu04hMope9wVRipJSqc=
 github.com/mattn/go-colorable v0.1.13 h1:fFA4WZxdEF4tXPZVKMLwD8oUnCTTo08duU7wxecdEvA=
 github.com/mattn/go-colorable v0.1.13/go.mod h1:7S9/ev0klgBDR4GtXTXX8a3vIGJpMovkB8vQcUbaXHg=
+github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.12/go.mod h1:cbi8OIDigv2wuxKPP5vlRcQ1OAZbq2CE4Kysco4FUpU=
 github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.16/go.mod h1:kYGgaQfpe5nmfYZH+SKPsOc2e4SrIfOl2e/yFXSvRLM=
-github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20 h1:xfD0iDuEKnDkl03q4limB+vH+GxLEtL/jb4xVJSWWEY=
-github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20/go.mod h1:W+V8PltTTMOvKvAeJH7IuucS94S2C6jfK/D7dTCTo3Y=
-github.com/mdlayher/genetlink v1.3.2 h1:KdrNKe+CTu+IbZnm/GVUMXSqBBLqcGpRDa0xkQy56gw=
-github.com/mdlayher/genetlink v1.3.2/go.mod h1:tcC3pkCrPUGIKKsCsp0B3AdaaKuHtaxoJRz3cc+528o=
-github.com/mdlayher/netlink v1.7.2 h1:/UtM3ofJap7Vl4QWCPDGXY8d3GIY2UGSDbK+QWmY8/g=
-github.com/mdlayher/netlink v1.7.2/go.mod h1:xraEF7uJbxLhc5fpHL4cPe221LI2bdttWlU+ZGLfQSw=
-github.com/mdlayher/socket v0.4.1 h1:eM9y2/jlbs1M615oshPQOHZzj6R6wMT7bX5NPiQvn2U=
-github.com/mdlayher/socket v0.4.1/go.mod h1:cAqeGjoufqdxWkD7DkpyS+wcefOtmu5OQ8KuoJGIReA=
-github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.62 h1:cN8OuEF1/x5Rq6Np+h1epln8OiyPWV+lROx9LxcGgIQ=
-github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.62/go.mod h1:mvDlcItzm+br7MToIKqkglaGhlFMHJ9DTNNWONWXbNQ=
+github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.17 h1:BTarxUcIeDqL27Mc+vyvdWYSL28zpIhv3RoTdsLMPng=
+github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.17/go.mod h1:kYGgaQfpe5nmfYZH+SKPsOc2e4SrIfOl2e/yFXSvRLM=
+github.com/mdlayher/genetlink v1.2.0 h1:4yrIkRV5Wfk1WfpWTcoOlGmsWgQj3OtQN9ZsbrE+XtU=
+github.com/mdlayher/genetlink v1.2.0/go.mod h1:ra5LDov2KrUCZJiAtEvXXZBxGMInICMXIwshlJ+qRxQ=
+github.com/mdlayher/netlink v1.6.0/go.mod h1:0o3PlBmGst1xve7wQ7j/hwpNaFaH4qCRyWCdcZk8/vA=
+github.com/mdlayher/netlink v1.6.2 h1:D2zGSkvYsJ6NreeED3JiVTu1lj2sIYATqSaZlhPzUgQ=
+github.com/mdlayher/netlink v1.6.2/go.mod h1:O1HXX2sIWSMJ3Qn1BYZk1yZM+7iMki/uYGGiwGyq/iU=
+github.com/mdlayher/socket v0.1.1/go.mod h1:mYV5YIZAfHh4dzDVzI8x8tWLWCliuX8Mon5Awbj+qDs=
+github.com/mdlayher/socket v0.2.3 h1:XZA2X2TjdOwNoNPVPclRCURoX/hokBY8nkTmRZFEheM=
+github.com/mdlayher/socket v0.2.3/go.mod h1:bz12/FozYNH/VbvC3q7TRIK/Y6dH1kCKsXaUeXi/FmY=
+github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.40 h1:pyyPFfGMnciYUk/mXpKkVmeMQjfXqt3FAJ2hy7tPiLA=
+github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.40/go.mod h1:KNUDUusw/aVsxyTYZM1oqvCicbwhgbNgztCETuNZ7xM=
 github.com/mikioh/ipaddr v0.0.0-20190404000644-d465c8ab6721 h1:RlZweED6sbSArvlE924+mUcZuXKLBHA35U7LN621Bws=
-github.com/mikioh/ipaddr v0.0.0-20190404000644-d465c8ab6721/go.mod h1:Ickgr2WtCLZ2MDGd4Gr0geeCH5HybhRJbonOgQpvSxc=
-github.com/munnerz/goautoneg v0.0.0-20191010083416-a7dc8b61c822 h1:C3w9PqII01/Oq1c1nUAm88MOHcQC9l5mIlSMApZMrHA=
-github.com/munnerz/goautoneg v0.0.0-20191010083416-a7dc8b61c822/go.mod h1:+n7T8mK8HuQTcFwEeznm/DIxMOiR9yIdICNftLE1DvQ=
-github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.3 h1:YmeHyLY8mFWbdkNWwpr+qIL2bEqT0o95WSdkNHvL12M=
-github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.2.3/go.mod h1:MfCQTFTvCcUyyvvwm1+G6H/jORL20Xlb6rzQu9GuUkc=
+github.com/mitchellh/go-homedir v1.1.0/go.mod h1:SfyaCUpYCn1Vlf4IUYiD9fPX4A5wJrkLzIz1N1q0pr0=
+github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure v1.1.2/go.mod h1:FVVH3fgwuzCH5S8UJGiWEs2h04kUh9fWfEaFds41c1Y=
+github.com/mr-tron/base58 v1.2.0 h1:T/HDJBh4ZCPbU39/+c3rRvE0uKBQlU27+QI8LJ4t64o=
+github.com/mr-tron/base58 v1.2.0/go.mod h1:BinMc/sQntlIE1frQmRFPUoPA1Zkr8VRgBdjWI2mNwc=
+github.com/pborman/uuid v1.2.0/go.mod h1:X/NO0urCmaxf9VXbdlT7C2Yzkj2IKimNn4k+gtPdI/k=
+github.com/pelletier/go-buffruneio v0.2.0/go.mod h1:JkE26KsDizTr40EUHkXVtNPvgGtbSNq5BcowyYOWdKo=
+github.com/phayes/permbits v0.0.0-20190612203442-39d7c581d2ee/go.mod h1:3uODdxMgOaPYeWU7RzZLxVtJHZ/x1f/iHkBZuKJDzuY=
+github.com/pkg/errors v0.8.1/go.mod h1:bwawxfHBFNV+L2hUp1rHADufV3IMtnDRdf1r5NINEl0=
 github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 h1:4DBwDE0NGyQoBHbLQYPwSUPoCMWR5BEzIk/f1lZbAQM=
 github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0/go.mod h1:iKH77koFhYxTK1pcRnkKkqfTogsbg7gZNVY4sRDYZ/4=
-github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.20.5 h1:cxppBPuYhUnsO6yo/aoRol4L7q7UFfdm+bR9r+8l63Y=
-github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.20.5/go.mod h1:PIEt8X02hGcP8JWbeHyeZ53Y/jReSnHgO035n//V5WE=
-github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.1 h1:ZKSh/rekM+n3CeS952MLRAdFwIKqeY8b62p8ais2e9E=
-github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.1/go.mod h1:OrxVMOVHjw3lKMa8+x6HeMGkHMQyHDk9E3jmP2AmGiY=
-github.com/prometheus/common v0.60.1 h1:FUas6GcOw66yB/73KC+BOZoFJmbo/1pojoILArPAaSc=
-github.com/prometheus/common v0.60.1/go.mod h1:h0LYf1R1deLSKtD4Vdg8gy4RuOvENW2J/h19V5NADQw=
-github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.15.1 h1:YagwOFzUgYfKKHX6Dr+sHT7km/hxC76UB0learggepc=
-github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.15.1/go.mod h1:fB45yRUv8NstnjriLhBQLuOUt+WW4BsoGhij/e3PBqk=
-github.com/qdm12/dns/v2 v2.0.0-rc8 h1:kbgKPkbT+79nScfuZ0ZcVhksTGo8IUqQ8TTQGnQlZ18=
-github.com/qdm12/dns/v2 v2.0.0-rc8/go.mod h1:VaF02KWEL7xNV4oKfG4N9nEv/kR6bqyIcBReCV5NJhw=
-github.com/qdm12/goservices v0.1.0 h1:9sODefm/yuIGS7ynCkEnNlMTAYn9GzPhtcK4F69JWvc=
-github.com/qdm12/goservices v0.1.0/go.mod h1:/JOFsAnHFiSjyoXxa5FlfX903h20K5u/3rLzCjYVMck=
-github.com/qdm12/gosettings v0.4.4 h1:SM6tOZDf6k8qbjWU8KWyBF4mWIixfsKCfh9DGRLHlj4=
-github.com/qdm12/gosettings v0.4.4/go.mod h1:CPrt2YC4UsURTrslmhxocVhMCW03lIrqdH2hzIf5prg=
+github.com/qdm12/dns v1.11.0 h1:jpcD5DZXXQSQe5a263PL09ghukiIdptvXFOZvyKEm6Q=
+github.com/qdm12/dns v1.11.0/go.mod h1:FmQsNOUcrrZ4UFzWAiED56AKXeNgaX3ySbmPwEfNjjE=
+github.com/qdm12/golibs v0.0.0-20210603202746-e5494e9c2ebb/go.mod h1:15RBzkun0i8XB7ADIoLJWp9ITRgsz3LroEI2FiOXLRg=
+github.com/qdm12/golibs v0.0.0-20210723175634-a75ca7fd74c2/go.mod h1:6aRbg4Z/bTbm9JfxsGXfWKHi7zsOvPfUTK1S5HuAFKg=
+github.com/qdm12/golibs v0.0.0-20210822203818-5c568b0777b6 h1:bge5AL7cjHJMPz+5IOz5yF01q/l8No6+lIEBieA8gMg=
+github.com/qdm12/golibs v0.0.0-20210822203818-5c568b0777b6/go.mod h1:6aRbg4Z/bTbm9JfxsGXfWKHi7zsOvPfUTK1S5HuAFKg=
 github.com/qdm12/goshutdown v0.3.0 h1:pqBpJkdwlZlfTEx4QHtS8u8CXx6pG0fVo6S1N0MpSEM=
 github.com/qdm12/goshutdown v0.3.0/go.mod h1:EqZ46No00kCTZ5qzdd3qIzY6ayhMt24QI8Mh8LVQYmM=
-github.com/qdm12/gosplash v0.2.0 h1:DOxCEizbW6ZG+FgpH2oK1atT6bM8MHL9GZ2ywSS4zZY=
-github.com/qdm12/gosplash v0.2.0/go.mod h1:k+1PzhO0th9cpX4q2Nneu4xTsndXqrM/x7NTIYmJ4jo=
-github.com/qdm12/gotree v0.3.0 h1:Q9f4C571EFK7ZEsPkEL2oGZX7I+ZhVxhh1ZSydW+5yI=
-github.com/qdm12/gotree v0.3.0/go.mod h1:iz06uXmRR4Aq9v6tX7mosXStO/yGHxRA1hbyD0UVeYw=
+github.com/qdm12/gosplash v0.1.0 h1:Sfl+zIjFZFP7b0iqf2l5UkmEY97XBnaKkH3FNY6Gf7g=
+github.com/qdm12/gosplash v0.1.0/go.mod h1:+A3fWW4/rUeDXhY3ieBzwghKdnIPFJgD8K3qQkenJlw=
+github.com/qdm12/gotree v0.2.0 h1:+58ltxkNLUyHtATFereAcOjBVfY6ETqRex8XK90Fb/c=
+github.com/qdm12/gotree v0.2.0/go.mod h1:1SdFaqKZuI46U1apbXIf25pDMNnrPuYLEqMF/qL4lY4=
+github.com/qdm12/govalid v0.1.0 h1:UIFVmuaAg0Q+h0GeyfcFEZ5sQ5KJPvRQwycC1/cqDN8=
+github.com/qdm12/govalid v0.1.0/go.mod h1:CyS/OEQdOvunBgrtIsW93fjd4jBkwZPBjGSpxq3NwA4=
 github.com/qdm12/log v0.1.0 h1:jYBd/xscHYpblzZAd2kjZp2YmuYHjAAfbTViJWxoPTw=
 github.com/qdm12/log v0.1.0/go.mod h1:Vchi5M8uBvHfPNIblN4mjXn/oSbiWguQIbsgF1zdQPI=
-github.com/qdm12/ss-server v0.6.0 h1:OaOdCIBXx0z3DGHPT6Th0v88vGa3MtAS4oRgUsDHGZE=
-github.com/qdm12/ss-server v0.6.0/go.mod h1:0BO/zEmtTiLDlmQEcjtoHTC+w+cWxwItjBuGP6TWM78=
+github.com/qdm12/ss-server v0.4.0 h1:lMMYfDGc9P86Lyvd3+p8lK4hhgHUKDzjZC91FqJYkDU=
+github.com/qdm12/ss-server v0.4.0/go.mod h1:AY0p4huvPUPW+/CiWsJcDgT6sneDryk26VXSccPNCxY=
+github.com/qdm12/updated v0.0.0-20210603204757-205acfe6937e h1:4q+uFLawkaQRq3yARYLsjJPZd2wYwxn4g6G/5v0xW1g=
+github.com/qdm12/updated v0.0.0-20210603204757-205acfe6937e/go.mod h1:UvJRGkZ9XL3/D7e7JiTTVLm1F3Cymd3/gFpD6frEpBo=
 github.com/riobard/go-bloom v0.0.0-20200614022211-cdc8013cb5b3 h1:f/FNXud6gA3MNr8meMVVGxhp+QBTqY91tM8HjEuMjGg=
 github.com/riobard/go-bloom v0.0.0-20200614022211-cdc8013cb5b3/go.mod h1:HgjTstvQsPGkxUsCd2KWxErBblirPizecHcpD3ffK+s=
-github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.13.1 h1:KvO1DLK/DRN07sQ1LQKScxyZJuNnedQ5/wKSR38lUII=
-github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.13.1/go.mod h1:uMEvuHeurkdAXX61udpOXGD/AzZDWNMNyH2VO9fmH0o=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0 h1:Xv5erBjTwe/5IxqUQTdXv5kgmIvbHo3QQyRwhJsOfJA=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0/go.mod h1:r2ic/lqez/lEtzL7wO/rwa5dbSLXVDPFyf8C91i36aY=
-github.com/ulikunitz/xz v0.5.11 h1:kpFauv27b6ynzBNT/Xy+1k+fK4WswhN/6PN5WhFAGw8=
-github.com/ulikunitz/xz v0.5.11/go.mod h1:nbz6k7qbPmH4IRqmfOplQw/tblSgqTqBwxkY0oWt/14=
-github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.2.1 h1:pfLv/qlJUwOTPvtWREA7c3PI4u81YkqZw1DYhI2HmLA=
-github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.2.1/go.mod h1:i6NetklAujEcC6fK0JPjT8qSwWyO0HLn4UKG+hGqeJs=
-github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.4 h1:Oeaw1EM2JMxD51g9uhtC0D7erkIjgmj8+JZc26m1YX8=
-github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.4/go.mod h1:SpkAiCQRtJ6TvvxPnOSyH3BMl6unz3xZlaprSwhNNJM=
+github.com/sergi/go-diff v1.0.0/go.mod h1:0CfEIISq7TuYL3j771MWULgwwjU+GofnZX9QAmXWZgo=
+github.com/src-d/gcfg v1.4.0/go.mod h1:p/UMsR43ujA89BJY9duynAwIpvqEujIH/jFlfL7jWoI=
+github.com/stretchr/objx v0.1.0/go.mod h1:HFkY916IF+rwdDfMAkV7OtwuqBVzrE8GR6GFx+wExME=
+github.com/stretchr/objx v0.2.0/go.mod h1:qt09Ya8vawLte6SNmTgCsAVtYtaKzEcn8ATUoHMkEqE=
+github.com/stretchr/objx v0.4.0/go.mod h1:YvHI0jy2hoMjB+UWwv71VJQ9isScKT/TqJzVSSt89Yw=
+github.com/stretchr/objx v0.5.0/go.mod h1:Yh+to48EsGEfYuaHDzXPcE3xhTkx73EhmCGUpEOglKo=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.2.2/go.mod h1:a8OnRcib4nhh0OaRAV+Yts87kKdq0PP7pXfy6kDkUVs=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.3.0/go.mod h1:M5WIy9Dh21IEIfnGCwXGc5bZfKNJtfHm1UVUgZn+9EI=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.4.0/go.mod h1:j7eGeouHqKxXV5pUuKE4zz7dFj8WfuZ+81PSLYec5m4=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.0/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/h/Wwjteg=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.1/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/h/Wwjteg=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.0/go.mod h1:yNjHg4UonilssWZ8iaSj1OCr/vHnekPRkoO+kdMU+MU=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.2 h1:+h33VjcLVPDHtOdpUCuF+7gSuG3yGIftsP1YvFihtJ8=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.2/go.mod h1:w2LPCIKwWwSfY2zedu0+kehJoqGctiVI29o6fzry7u4=
+github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.2.1-beta.2 h1:Llsql0lnQEbHj0I1OuKyp8otXp0r3q0mPkuhwHfStVs=
+github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.2.1-beta.2/go.mod h1:twkDnbuQxJYemMlGd4JFIcuhgX83tXhKS2B/PRMpOho=
+github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.0-20200728191858-db3c7e526aae h1:4hwBBUfQCFe3Cym0ZtKyq7L16eZUtYKs+BaHDN6mAns=
+github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.0-20200728191858-db3c7e526aae/go.mod h1:DD4vA1DwXk04H54A1oHXtwZmA0grkVMdPxx/VGLCah0=
+github.com/xanzy/ssh-agent v0.2.1/go.mod h1:mLlQY/MoOhWBj+gOGMQkOeiEvkx+8pJSI+0Bx9h2kr4=
+github.com/yl2chen/cidranger v1.0.2/go.mod h1:9U1yz7WPYDwf0vpNWFaeRh0bjwz5RVgRy/9UEQfHl0g=
 github.com/youmark/pkcs8 v0.0.0-20201027041543-1326539a0a0a h1:fZHgsYlfvtyqToslyjUt3VOPF4J7aK/3MPcK7xp3PDk=
 github.com/youmark/pkcs8 v0.0.0-20201027041543-1326539a0a0a/go.mod h1:ul22v+Nro/R083muKhosV54bj5niojjWZvU8xrevuH4=
+github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.2.1/go.mod h1:3hX8gzYuyVAZsxl0MRgGTJEmQBFcNTphYh9decYSb74=
 github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.3.5/go.mod h1:mwnBkeHKe2W/ZEtQ+71ViKU8L12m81fl3OWwC1Zlc8k=
+go4.org/intern v0.0.0-20210108033219-3eb7198706b2/go.mod h1:vLqJ+12kCw61iCWsPto0EOHhBS+o4rO5VIucbc9g2Cc=
+go4.org/intern v0.0.0-20211027215823-ae77deb06f29 h1:UXLjNohABv4S58tHmeuIZDO6e3mHpW2Dx33gaNt03LE=
+go4.org/intern v0.0.0-20211027215823-ae77deb06f29/go.mod h1:cS2ma+47FKrLPdXFpr7CuxiTW3eyJbWew4qx0qtQWDA=
+go4.org/unsafe/assume-no-moving-gc v0.0.0-20201222175341-b30ae309168e/go.mod h1:FftLjUGFEDu5k8lt0ddY+HcrH/qU/0qk+H8j9/nTl3E=
+go4.org/unsafe/assume-no-moving-gc v0.0.0-20201222180813-1025295fd063/go.mod h1:FftLjUGFEDu5k8lt0ddY+HcrH/qU/0qk+H8j9/nTl3E=
+go4.org/unsafe/assume-no-moving-gc v0.0.0-20211027215541-db492cf91b37/go.mod h1:FftLjUGFEDu5k8lt0ddY+HcrH/qU/0qk+H8j9/nTl3E=
+go4.org/unsafe/assume-no-moving-gc v0.0.0-20220617031537-928513b29760/go.mod h1:FftLjUGFEDu5k8lt0ddY+HcrH/qU/0qk+H8j9/nTl3E=
+go4.org/unsafe/assume-no-moving-gc v0.0.0-20230221090011-e4bae7ad2296 h1:QJ/xcIANMLApehfgPCHnfK1hZiaMmbaTVmPv7DAoTbo=
+go4.org/unsafe/assume-no-moving-gc v0.0.0-20230221090011-e4bae7ad2296/go.mod h1:FftLjUGFEDu5k8lt0ddY+HcrH/qU/0qk+H8j9/nTl3E=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190219172222-a4c6cb3142f2/go.mod h1:6SG95UA2DQfeDnfUPMdvaQW0Q7yPrPDi9nlGo2tz2b4=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190308221718-c2843e01d9a2/go.mod h1:djNgcEr1/C05ACkg1iLfiJU5Ep61QUkGW8qpdssI0+w=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190701094942-4def268fd1a4/go.mod h1:yigFU9vqHzYiE8UmvKecakEJjdnWj3jj499lnFckfCI=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20191011191535-87dc89f01550/go.mod h1:yigFU9vqHzYiE8UmvKecakEJjdnWj3jj499lnFckfCI=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20200302210943-78000ba7a073/go.mod h1:LzIPMQfyMNhhGPhUkYOs5KpL4U8rLKemX1yGLhDgUto=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.29.0 h1:L5SG1JTTXupVV3n6sUqMTeWbjAyfPwoda2DLX8J8FrQ=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.29.0/go.mod h1:+F4F4N5hv6v38hfeYwTdx20oUvLLc+QfrE9Ax9HtgRg=
-golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20241009180824-f66d83c29e7c h1:7dEasQXItcW1xKJ2+gg5VOiBnqWrJc+rq0DPKyvvdbY=
-golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20241009180824-f66d83c29e7c/go.mod h1:NQtJDoLvd6faHhE7m4T/1IY708gDefGGjR/iUW8yQQ8=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20200622213623-75b288015ac9/go.mod h1:LzIPMQfyMNhhGPhUkYOs5KpL4U8rLKemX1yGLhDgUto=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210513164829-c07d793c2f9a/go.mod h1:P+XmwS30IXTQdn5tA2iutPOUgjI07+tq3H3K9MVA1s8=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210711020723-a769d52b0f97/go.mod h1:GvvjBRRGRdwPK5ydBHafDWAxML/pGHZbMvKqRZ5+Abc=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.6.0 h1:qfktjS5LUO+fFKeJXZ+ikTRijMmljikvG68fpMMruSc=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.6.0/go.mod h1:OFC/31mSvZgRz0V1QTNCzfAI1aIRzbiufJtkMIlEp58=
+golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230519143937-03e91628a987 h1:3xJIFvzUFbu4ls0BTBYcgbCGhA63eAOEMxIHugyXJqA=
+golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230519143937-03e91628a987/go.mod h1:V1LtkGg67GoY2N1AnLN78QLrzxkLyJw7RJb1gzOOz9w=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.1.1-0.20191105210325-c90efee705ee/go.mod h1:QqPTAvyqsEbceGzBzNggFXnrqF1CaUcvgkdR5Ot7KZg=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.3.0/go.mod h1:s0Qsj1ACt9ePp/hMypM3fl4fZqREWJwdYDEqhRiZZUA=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.4.2/go.mod h1:s0Qsj1ACt9ePp/hMypM3fl4fZqREWJwdYDEqhRiZZUA=
-golang.org/x/mod v0.21.0 h1:vvrHzRwRfVKSiLrG+d4FMl/Qi4ukBCE6kZlTUkDYRT0=
-golang.org/x/mod v0.21.0/go.mod h1:6SkKJ3Xj0I0BrPOZoBy3bdMptDDU9oJrpohJ3eWZ1fY=
+golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20181005035420-146acd28ed58/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190404232315-eb5bcb51f2a3/go.mod h1:t9HGtf8HONx5eT2rtn7q6eTqICYqUVnKs3thJo3Qplg=
+golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190503192946-f4e77d36d62c/go.mod h1:t9HGtf8HONx5eT2rtn7q6eTqICYqUVnKs3thJo3Qplg=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190620200207-3b0461eec859/go.mod h1:z5CRVTTTmAJ677TzLLGU+0bjPO0LkuOLi4/5GtJWs/s=
+golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190724013045-ca1201d0de80/go.mod h1:z5CRVTTTmAJ677TzLLGU+0bjPO0LkuOLi4/5GtJWs/s=
+golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190923162816-aa69164e4478/go.mod h1:z5CRVTTTmAJ677TzLLGU+0bjPO0LkuOLi4/5GtJWs/s=
+golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20201021035429-f5854403a974/go.mod h1:sp8m0HH+o8qH0wwXwYZr8TS3Oi6o0r6Gce1SSxlDquU=
+golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210226172049-e18ecbb05110/go.mod h1:m0MpNAwzfU5UDzcl9v0D8zg8gWTRqZa9RBIspLL5mdg=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210405180319-a5a99cb37ef4/go.mod h1:p54w0d4576C0XHj96bSt6lcn1PtDYWL6XObtHCRCNQM=
-golang.org/x/net v0.31.0 h1:68CPQngjLL0r2AlUKiSxtQFKvzRVbnzLwMUn5SzcLHo=
-golang.org/x/net v0.31.0/go.mod h1:P4fl1q7dY2hnZFxEk4pPSkDHF+QqjitcnDjUQyMM+pM=
+golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210928044308-7d9f5e0b762b/go.mod h1:9nx3DQGgdP8bBQD5qxJ1jj9UTztislL4KSBs9R2vV5Y=
+golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20220127200216-cd36cc0744dd/go.mod h1:CfG3xpIq0wQ8r1q4Su4UZFWDARRcnwPjda9FqA0JpMk=
+golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20220923203811-8be639271d50/go.mod h1:YDH+HFinaLZZlnHAfSS6ZXJJ9M9t4Dl22yv3iI2vPwk=
+golang.org/x/net v0.10.0 h1:X2//UzNDwYmtCLn7To6G58Wr6f5ahEAQgKNzv9Y951M=
+golang.org/x/net v0.10.0/go.mod h1:0qNGK6F8kojg2nk9dLZ2mShWaEBan6FAoqfSigmmuDg=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20190423024810-112230192c58/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20201020160332-67f06af15bc9/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20210220032951-036812b2e83c/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.9.0 h1:fEo0HyrW1GIgZdpbhCRO0PkJajUS5H9IFUztCgEo2jQ=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.9.0/go.mod h1:Czt+wKu1gCyEFDUtn0jG5QVvpJ6rzVqr5aXyt9drQfk=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20220923202941-7f9b1623fab7/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.1.0 h1:wsuoTGHzEhffawBOhz5CYhcrV4IdKZbEyZjBMuTp12o=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.1.0/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190215142949-d0b11bdaac8a/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190221075227-b4e8571b14e0/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190412213103-97732733099d/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190726091711-fc99dfbffb4e/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190924154521-2837fb4f24fe/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20200116001909-b77594299b42/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20200217220822-9197077df867/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20200223170610-d5e6a3e2c0ae/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20200728102440-3e129f6d46b1/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20200930185726-fdedc70b468f/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20201119102817-f84b799fce68/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210119212857-b64e53b001e4/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210330210617-4fbd30eecc44/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210423082822-04245dca01da/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210510120138-977fb7262007/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210615035016-665e8c7367d1/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210927094055-39ccf1dd6fa6/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20211216021012-1d35b9e2eb4e/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220128215802-99c3d69c2c27/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220319134239-a9b59b0215f8/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220728004956-3c1f35247d10/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220811171246-fbc7d0a398ab/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.2.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.6.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.10.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.27.0 h1:wBqf8DvsY9Y/2P8gAfPDEYNuS30J4lPHJxXSb/nJZ+s=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.27.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0 h1:EBmGv8NaZBZTWvrbjNoL6HVt+IVy3QDQpJs7VRIw3tU=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1/go.mod h1:bj7SfCRtBDWHUb9snDiAeCFNEtKQo2Wmx5Cou7ajbmo=
+golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20210927222741-03fcf44c2211/go.mod h1:jbD1KX2456YbFQfuXm/mYQcufACuNUgVhRMnK/tPxf8=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
+golang.org/x/text v0.3.2/go.mod h1:bEr9sfX3Q8Zfm5fL9x+3itogRgK3+ptLWKqgva+5dAk=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.3/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
-golang.org/x/text v0.20.0 h1:gK/Kv2otX8gz+wn7Rmb3vT96ZwuoxnQlY+HlJVj7Qug=
-golang.org/x/text v0.20.0/go.mod h1:D4IsuqiFMhST5bX19pQ9ikHC2GsaKyk/oF+pn3ducp4=
-golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20220210224613-90d013bbcef8 h1:vVKdlvoWBphwdxWKrFZEuM0kGgGLxUOYcY4U/2Vjg44=
-golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20220210224613-90d013bbcef8/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
+golang.org/x/text v0.3.6/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
+golang.org/x/text v0.3.7/go.mod h1:u+2+/6zg+i71rQMx5EYifcz6MCKuco9NR6JIITiCfzQ=
+golang.org/x/text v0.9.0 h1:2sjJmO8cDvYveuX97RDLsxlyUxLl+GHoLxBiRdHllBE=
+golang.org/x/text v0.9.0/go.mod h1:e1OnstbJyHTd6l/uOt8jFFHp6TRDWZR/bV3emEE/zU8=
+golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20191024005414-555d28b269f0 h1:/5xXl8Y5W96D+TtHSlonuFqGHIWVuyCkGJLwGh9JJFs=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20180917221912-90fa682c2a6e/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20190729092621-ff9f1409240a/go.mod h1:jcCCGcm9btYwXyDqrUWc6MKQKKGJCWEQ3AfLSRIbEuI=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20191119224855-298f0cb1881e/go.mod h1:b+2E5dAYhXwXZwtnZ6UAqBI28+e2cm9otk0dWdXHAEo=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20191216052735-49a3e744a425/go.mod h1:TB2adYChydJhpapKDTa4BR/hXlZSLoq2Wpct/0txZ28=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.1.0/go.mod h1:xkSsbof2nBLbhDlRMhhhyNLN/zl3eTqcnHD5viDpcZ0=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.1.1/go.mod h1:o0xws9oXOQQZyjljx8fwUC0k7L1pTE6eaCbjGeHmOkk=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.26.0 h1:v/60pFQmzmT9ExmjDv2gGIfi3OqfKoEP6I5+umXlbnQ=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.26.0/go.mod h1:TPVVj70c7JJ3WCazhD8OdXcZg/og+b9+tH/KxylGwH0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20190717185122-a985d3407aa7/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191011141410-1b5146add898/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
+golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191204190536-9bdfabe68543/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20200804184101-5ec99f83aff1/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.zx2c4.com/wintun v0.0.0-20230126152724-0fa3db229ce2 h1:B82qJJgjvYKsXS9jeunTOisW56dUokqW/FOteYJJ/yg=
 golang.zx2c4.com/wintun v0.0.0-20230126152724-0fa3db229ce2/go.mod h1:deeaetjYA+DHMHg+sMSMI58GrEteJUUzzw7en6TJQcI=
-golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20231211153847-12269c276173 h1:/jFs0duh4rdb8uIfPMv78iAJGcPKDeqAFnaLBropIC4=
-golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20231211153847-12269c276173/go.mod h1:tkCQ4FQXmpAgYVh++1cq16/dH4QJtmvpRv19DWGAHSA=
-golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl v0.0.0-20230429144221-925a1e7659e6 h1:CawjfCvYQH2OU3/TnxLx97WDSUDRABfT18pCOYwc2GE=
-golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl v0.0.0-20230429144221-925a1e7659e6/go.mod h1:3rxYc4HtVcSG9gVaTs2GEBdehh+sYPOwKtyUWEOTb80=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.35.1 h1:m3LfL6/Ca+fqnjnlqQXNpFPABW1UD7mjh8KO2mKFytA=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.35.1/go.mod h1:9fA7Ob0pmnwhb644+1+CVWFRbNajQ6iRojtC/QF5bRE=
+golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20230325221338-052af4a8072b h1:J1CaxgLerRR5lgx3wnr6L04cJFbWoceSK9JWBdglINo=
+golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20230325221338-052af4a8072b/go.mod h1:tqur9LnfstdR9ep2LaJT4lFUl0EjlHtge+gAjmsHUG4=
+golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl v0.0.0-20230215201556-9c5414ab4bde h1:ybF7AMzIUikL9x4LgwEmzhXtzRpKNqngme1VGDWz+Nk=
+golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl v0.0.0-20230215201556-9c5414ab4bde/go.mod h1:mQqgjkW8GQQcJQsbBvK890TKqUK1DfKWkuBGbOkuMHQ=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
-gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c h1:Hei/4ADfdWqJk1ZMxUNpqntNwaWcugrBjAiHlqqRiVk=
-gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c/go.mod h1:JHkPIbrfpd72SG/EVd6muEfDQjcINNoR0C8j2r3qZ4Q=
-gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.67.0 h1:Dgnx+6+nfE+IfzjUEISNeydPJh9AXNNsWbGP9KzCsOA=
-gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.67.0/go.mod h1:pNLf8WUiyNEtQjuu5G5vTm06TEv9tsIgeAvK8hOrP4k=
+gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20180628173108-788fd7840127 h1:qIbj1fsPNlZgppZ+VLlY7N33q108Sa+fhmuc+sWQYwY=
+gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20180628173108-788fd7840127/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
+gopkg.in/src-d/go-billy.v4 v4.3.2/go.mod h1:nDjArDMp+XMs1aFAESLRjfGSgfvoYN0hDfzEk0GjC98=
+gopkg.in/src-d/go-git-fixtures.v3 v3.5.0/go.mod h1:dLBcvytrw/TYZsNTWCnkNF2DSIlzWYqTe3rJR56Ac7g=
+gopkg.in/src-d/go-git.v4 v4.13.1/go.mod h1:nx5NYcxdKxq5fpltdHnPa2Exj4Sx0EclMWZQbYDu2z8=
+gopkg.in/warnings.v0 v0.1.2/go.mod h1:jksf8JmL6Qr/oQM2OXTHunEvvTAsrWBLb6OOjuVWRNI=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.1/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.2/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
-gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20230927004350-cbd86285d259 h1:TbRPT0HtzFP3Cno1zZo7yPzEEnfu8EjLfl6IU9VfqkQ=
-gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20230927004350-cbd86285d259/go.mod h1:AVgIgHMwK63XvmAzWG9vLQ41YnVHN0du0tEC46fI7yY=
-kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/security/libcap/cap v1.2.70 h1:QnLPkuDWWbD5C+3DUA2IUXai5TK6w2zff+MAGccqdsw=
-kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/security/libcap/cap v1.2.70/go.mod h1:/iBwcj9nbLejQitYvUm9caurITQ6WyNHibJk6Q9fiS4=
-kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/security/libcap/psx v1.2.70 h1:HsB2G/rEQiYyo1bGoQqHZ/Bvd6x1rERQTNdPr1FyWjI=
-kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/security/libcap/psx v1.2.70/go.mod h1:+l6Ee2F59XiJ2I6WR5ObpC1utCQJZ/VLsEbQCD8RG24=
+gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20221203005347-703fd9b7fbc0 h1:Wobr37noukisGxpKo5jAsLREcpj61RxrWYzD8uwveOY=
+inet.af/netaddr v0.0.0-20210511181906-37180328850c/go.mod h1:z0nx+Dh+7N7CC8V5ayHtHGpZpxLQZZxkIaaz6HN65Ls=
+inet.af/netaddr v0.0.0-20220811202034-502d2d690317 h1:U2fwK6P2EqmopP/hFLTOAjWTki0qgd4GMJn5X8wOleU=
+inet.af/netaddr v0.0.0-20220811202034-502d2d690317/go.mod h1:OIezDfdzOgFhuw4HuWapWq2e9l0H9tK4F1j+ETRtF3k=
--- a/internal/alpine/users.go
+++ b/internal/alpine/users.go
@@ -3,13 +3,14 @@ package alpine
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/fs"
 	"os"
 	"os/user"
 	"strconv"
 )

-var ErrUserAlreadyExists = errors.New("user already exists")
+var (
+	ErrUserAlreadyExists = errors.New("user already exists")
+)

 // CreateUser creates a user in Alpine with the given UID.
 func (a *Alpine) CreateUser(username string, uid int) (createdUsername string, err error) {
@@ -38,8 +39,7 @@ func (a *Alpine) CreateUser(username string, uid int) (createdUsername string, e
 			ErrUserAlreadyExists, username, u.Uid, uid)
 	}

-	const permission = fs.FileMode(0o644)
-	file, err := os.OpenFile(a.passwdPath, os.O_APPEND|os.O_WRONLY, permission)
+	file, err := os.OpenFile(a.passwdPath, os.O_APPEND|os.O_WRONLY, 0644)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
--- a/internal/cli/clientkey.go
+++ b/internal/cli/clientkey.go
@@ -6,12 +6,13 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/sources/files"
 )

 func (c *CLI) ClientKey(args []string) error {
 	flagSet := flag.NewFlagSet("clientkey", flag.ExitOnError)
-	const openVPNClientKeyPath = "/gluetun/client.key" // TODO deduplicate?
-	filepath := flagSet.String("path", openVPNClientKeyPath, "file path to the client.key file")
+	filepath := flagSet.String("path", files.OpenVPNClientKeyPath, "file path to the client.key file")
 	if err := flagSet.Parse(args); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -27,6 +28,9 @@ func (c *CLI) ClientKey(args []string) error {
 	if err := file.Close(); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	s := string(data)
 	s = strings.ReplaceAll(s, "\n", "")
 	s = strings.ReplaceAll(s, "\r", "")
--- a/internal/cli/formatservers.go
+++ b/internal/cli/formatservers.go
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/fs"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
@@ -17,13 +16,13 @@ import (
 )

 var (
+	ErrFormatNotRecognized       = errors.New("format is not recognized")
 	ErrProviderUnspecified       = errors.New("VPN provider to format was not specified")
 	ErrMultipleProvidersToFormat = errors.New("more than one VPN provider to format were specified")
 )

 func addProviderFlag(flagSet *flag.FlagSet, providerToFormat map[string]*bool,
-	provider string, titleCaser cases.Caser,
-) {
+	provider string, titleCaser cases.Caser) {
 	boolPtr, ok := providerToFormat[provider]
 	if !ok {
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf("unknown provider in format map: %s", provider))
@@ -34,27 +33,24 @@ func addProviderFlag(flagSet *flag.FlagSet, providerToFormat map[string]*bool,
 func (c *CLI) FormatServers(args []string) error {
 	var format, output string
 	allProviders := providers.All()
-	allProviderFlags := make([]string, len(allProviders))
-	for i, provider := range allProviders {
-		allProviderFlags[i] = strings.ReplaceAll(provider, " ", "-")
-	}
-
 	providersToFormat := make(map[string]*bool, len(allProviders))
-	for _, provider := range allProviderFlags {
+	for _, provider := range allProviders {
 		providersToFormat[provider] = new(bool)
 	}
-	flagSet := flag.NewFlagSet("format-servers", flag.ExitOnError)
-	flagSet.StringVar(&format, "format", "markdown", "Format to use which can be: 'markdown' or 'json'")
+	flagSet := flag.NewFlagSet("markdown", flag.ExitOnError)
+	flagSet.StringVar(&format, "format", "markdown", "Format to use which can be: 'markdown'")
 	flagSet.StringVar(&output, "output", "/dev/stdout", "Output file to write the formatted data to")
 	titleCaser := cases.Title(language.English)
-	for _, provider := range allProviderFlags {
+	for _, provider := range allProviders {
 		addProviderFlag(flagSet, providersToFormat, provider, titleCaser)
 	}
 	if err := flagSet.Parse(args); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	// Note the format is validated by storage.Format
+	if format != "markdown" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrFormatNotRecognized, format)
+	}

 	// Verify only one provider is set to be formatted.
 	var providers []string
@@ -72,13 +68,7 @@ func (c *CLI) FormatServers(args []string) error {
 			ErrMultipleProvidersToFormat, len(providers),
 			strings.Join(providers, ", "))
 	}
-
-	var providerToFormat string
-	for _, providerToFormat = range allProviders {
-		if strings.ReplaceAll(providerToFormat, " ", "-") == providers[0] {
-			break
-		}
-	}
+	providerToFormat := providers[0]

 	logger := newNoopLogger()
 	storage, err := storage.New(logger, constants.ServersData)
@@ -86,14 +76,10 @@ func (c *CLI) FormatServers(args []string) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("creating servers storage: %w", err)
 	}

-	formatted, err := storage.Format(providerToFormat, format)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("formatting servers: %w", err)
-	}
+	formatted := storage.FormatToMarkdown(providerToFormat)

 	output = filepath.Clean(output)
-	const permission = fs.FileMode(0o644)
-	file, err := os.OpenFile(output, os.O_TRUNC|os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE, permission)
+	file, err := os.OpenFile(output, os.O_TRUNC|os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE, 0644)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("opening output file: %w", err)
 	}
--- a/internal/cli/genkey.go
+++ b/internal/cli/genkey.go
@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-package cli
-
-import (
-	"crypto/rand"
-	"flag"
-	"fmt"
-)
-
-func (c *CLI) GenKey(args []string) (err error) {
-	flagSet := flag.NewFlagSet("genkey", flag.ExitOnError)
-	err = flagSet.Parse(args)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("parsing flags: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	const keyLength = 128 / 8
-	keyBytes := make([]byte, keyLength)
-
-	_, _ = rand.Read(keyBytes)
-
-	key := base58Encode(keyBytes)
-	fmt.Println(key)
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func base58Encode(data []byte) string {
-	const alphabet = "123456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijkmnopqrstuvwxyz"
-	const radix = 58
-
-	zcount := 0
-	for zcount < len(data) && data[zcount] == 0 {
-		zcount++
-	}
-
-	// integer simplification of ceil(log(256)/log(58))
-	ceilLog256Div58 := (len(data)-zcount)*555/406 + 1 //nolint:mnd
-	size := zcount + ceilLog256Div58
-
-	output := make([]byte, size)
-
-	high := size - 1
-	for _, b := range data {
-		i := size - 1
-		for carry := uint32(b); i > high || carry != 0; i-- {
-			carry += 256 * uint32(output[i]) //nolint:mnd
-			output[i] = byte(carry % radix)
-			carry /= radix
-		}
-		high = i
-	}
-
-	// Determine the additional "zero-gap" in the output buffer
-	additionalZeroGapEnd := zcount
-	for additionalZeroGapEnd < size && output[additionalZeroGapEnd] == 0 {
-		additionalZeroGapEnd++
-	}
-
-	val := output[additionalZeroGapEnd-zcount:]
-	size = len(val)
-	for i := range val {
-		output[i] = alphabet[val[i]]
-	}
-
-	return string(output[:size])
-}
--- a/internal/cli/healthcheck.go
+++ b/internal/cli/healthcheck.go
@@ -6,15 +6,12 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/healthcheck"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
 )

-func (c *CLI) HealthCheck(ctx context.Context, reader *reader.Reader, _ Warner) (err error) {
+func (c *CLI) HealthCheck(ctx context.Context, source Source, _ Warner) error {
 	// Extract the health server port from the configuration.
-	var config settings.Health
-	err = config.Read(reader)
+	config, err := source.ReadHealth()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
--- a/internal/cli/nooplogger.go
+++ b/internal/cli/nooplogger.go
@@ -1,9 +1,16 @@
 package cli

+import "github.com/qdm12/golibs/logging"
+
 type noopLogger struct{}

 func newNoopLogger() *noopLogger {
 	return new(noopLogger)
 }

-func (l *noopLogger) Info(string) {}
+func (l *noopLogger) Debug(string)             {}
+func (l *noopLogger) Info(string)              {}
+func (l *noopLogger) Warn(string)              {}
+func (l *noopLogger) Error(string)             {}
+func (l *noopLogger) PatchLevel(logging.Level) {}
+func (l *noopLogger) PatchPrefix(string)       {}
--- a/internal/cli/openvpnconfig.go
+++ b/internal/cli/openvpnconfig.go
@@ -8,14 +8,12 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/openvpn/extract"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/provider"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/publicip/ipinfo"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/storage"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/updater/resolver"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
 )

 type OpenvpnConfigLogger interface {
@@ -34,25 +32,21 @@ type ParallelResolver interface {
 }

 type IPFetcher interface {
-	String() string
-	CanFetchAnyIP() bool
-	FetchInfo(ctx context.Context, ip netip.Addr) (data models.PublicIP, err error)
+	FetchMultiInfo(ctx context.Context, ips []netip.Addr) (data []ipinfo.Response, err error)
 }

 type IPv6Checker interface {
 	IsIPv6Supported() (supported bool, err error)
 }

-func (c *CLI) OpenvpnConfig(logger OpenvpnConfigLogger, reader *reader.Reader,
-	ipv6Checker IPv6Checker,
-) error {
+func (c *CLI) OpenvpnConfig(logger OpenvpnConfigLogger, source Source,
+	ipv6Checker IPv6Checker) error {
 	storage, err := storage.New(logger, constants.ServersData)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	var allSettings settings.Settings
-	err = allSettings.Read(reader, logger)
+	allSettings, err := source.Read()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -62,7 +56,7 @@ func (c *CLI) OpenvpnConfig(logger OpenvpnConfigLogger, reader *reader.Reader,
 		return fmt.Errorf("checking for IPv6 support: %w", err)
 	}

-	if err = allSettings.Validate(storage, ipv6Supported, logger); err != nil {
+	if err = allSettings.Validate(storage, ipv6Supported); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("validating settings: %w", err)
 	}

@@ -76,7 +70,7 @@ func (c *CLI) OpenvpnConfig(logger OpenvpnConfigLogger, reader *reader.Reader,

 	providers := provider.NewProviders(storage, time.Now, warner, client,
 		unzipper, parallelResolver, ipFetcher, openvpnFileExtractor)
-	providerConf := providers.Get(allSettings.VPN.Provider.Name)
+	providerConf := providers.Get(*allSettings.VPN.Provider.Name)
 	connection, err := providerConf.GetConnection(
 		allSettings.VPN.Provider.ServerSelection, ipv6Supported)
 	if err != nil {
--- a/internal/cli/update.go
+++ b/internal/cli/update.go
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/openvpn/extract"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/provider"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/publicip/api"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/publicip/ipinfo"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/storage"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/updater"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/updater/resolver"
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ type UpdaterLogger interface {
 func (c *CLI) Update(ctx context.Context, args []string, logger UpdaterLogger) error {
 	options := settings.Updater{}
 	var endUserMode, maintainerMode, updateAll bool
-	var csvProviders, ipToken string
+	var csvProviders string
 	flagSet := flag.NewFlagSet("update", flag.ExitOnError)
 	flagSet.BoolVar(&endUserMode, "enduser", false, "Write results to /gluetun/servers.json (for end users)")
 	flagSet.BoolVar(&maintainerMode, "maintainer", false,
@@ -46,7 +46,6 @@ func (c *CLI) Update(ctx context.Context, args []string, logger UpdaterLogger) e
 		"Minimum ratio of servers to find for the update to succeed")
 	flagSet.BoolVar(&updateAll, "all", false, "Update servers for all VPN providers")
 	flagSet.StringVar(&csvProviders, "providers", "", "CSV string of VPN providers to update server data for")
-	flagSet.StringVar(&ipToken, "ip-token", "", "IP data service token (e.g. ipinfo.io) to use")
 	if err := flagSet.Parse(args); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -80,17 +79,7 @@ func (c *CLI) Update(ctx context.Context, args []string, logger UpdaterLogger) e
 	httpClient := &http.Client{Timeout: clientTimeout}
 	unzipper := unzip.New(httpClient)
 	parallelResolver := resolver.NewParallelResolver(options.DNSAddress)
-	nameTokenPairs := []api.NameToken{
-		{Name: string(api.IPInfo), Token: ipToken},
-		{Name: string(api.IP2Location)},
-		{Name: string(api.IfConfigCo)},
-	}
-	fetchers, err := api.New(nameTokenPairs, httpClient)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("creating public IP fetchers: %w", err)
-	}
-	ipFetcher := api.NewResilient(fetchers, logger)
-
+	ipFetcher := ipinfo.New(httpClient)
 	openvpnFileExtractor := extract.New()

 	providers := provider.NewProviders(storage, time.Now, logger, httpClient,
--- a/internal/command/cmder.go
+++ b/internal/command/cmder.go
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-package command
-
-// Cmder handles running subprograms synchronously and asynchronously.
-type Cmder struct{}
-
-func New() *Cmder {
-	return &Cmder{}
-}
--- a/internal/command/interfaces_local.go
+++ b/internal/command/interfaces_local.go
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-package command
-
-import "io"
-
-type execCmd interface {
-	CombinedOutput() ([]byte, error)
-	StdoutPipe() (io.ReadCloser, error)
-	StderrPipe() (io.ReadCloser, error)
-	Start() error
-	Wait() error
-}
--- a/internal/command/mocks_generate_test.go
+++ b/internal/command/mocks_generate_test.go
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-package command
-
-//go:generate mockgen -destination=mocks_local_test.go -package=$GOPACKAGE -source=interfaces_local.go
--- a/internal/command/mocks_local_test.go
+++ b/internal/command/mocks_local_test.go
@@ -1,108 +0,0 @@
-// Code generated by MockGen. DO NOT EDIT.
-// Source: interfaces_local.go
-
-// Package command is a generated GoMock package.
-package command
-
-import (
-	io "io"
-	reflect "reflect"
-
-	gomock "github.com/golang/mock/gomock"
-)
-
-// MockexecCmd is a mock of execCmd interface.
-type MockexecCmd struct {
-	ctrl     *gomock.Controller
-	recorder *MockexecCmdMockRecorder
-}
-
-// MockexecCmdMockRecorder is the mock recorder for MockexecCmd.
-type MockexecCmdMockRecorder struct {
-	mock *MockexecCmd
-}
-
-// NewMockexecCmd creates a new mock instance.
-func NewMockexecCmd(ctrl *gomock.Controller) *MockexecCmd {
-	mock := &MockexecCmd{ctrl: ctrl}
-	mock.recorder = &MockexecCmdMockRecorder{mock}
-	return mock
-}
-
-// EXPECT returns an object that allows the caller to indicate expected use.
-func (m *MockexecCmd) EXPECT() *MockexecCmdMockRecorder {
-	return m.recorder
-}
-
-// CombinedOutput mocks base method.
-func (m *MockexecCmd) CombinedOutput() ([]byte, error) {
-	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "CombinedOutput")
-	ret0, _ := ret[0].([]byte)
-	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
-	return ret0, ret1
-}
-
-// CombinedOutput indicates an expected call of CombinedOutput.
-func (mr *MockexecCmdMockRecorder) CombinedOutput() *gomock.Call {
-	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "CombinedOutput", reflect.TypeOf((*MockexecCmd)(nil).CombinedOutput))
-}
-
-// Start mocks base method.
-func (m *MockexecCmd) Start() error {
-	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "Start")
-	ret0, _ := ret[0].(error)
-	return ret0
-}
-
-// Start indicates an expected call of Start.
-func (mr *MockexecCmdMockRecorder) Start() *gomock.Call {
-	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Start", reflect.TypeOf((*MockexecCmd)(nil).Start))
-}
-
-// StderrPipe mocks base method.
-func (m *MockexecCmd) StderrPipe() (io.ReadCloser, error) {
-	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "StderrPipe")
-	ret0, _ := ret[0].(io.ReadCloser)
-	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
-	return ret0, ret1
-}
-
-// StderrPipe indicates an expected call of StderrPipe.
-func (mr *MockexecCmdMockRecorder) StderrPipe() *gomock.Call {
-	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "StderrPipe", reflect.TypeOf((*MockexecCmd)(nil).StderrPipe))
-}
-
-// StdoutPipe mocks base method.
-func (m *MockexecCmd) StdoutPipe() (io.ReadCloser, error) {
-	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "StdoutPipe")
-	ret0, _ := ret[0].(io.ReadCloser)
-	ret1, _ := ret[1].(error)
-	return ret0, ret1
-}
-
-// StdoutPipe indicates an expected call of StdoutPipe.
-func (mr *MockexecCmdMockRecorder) StdoutPipe() *gomock.Call {
-	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "StdoutPipe", reflect.TypeOf((*MockexecCmd)(nil).StdoutPipe))
-}
-
-// Wait mocks base method.
-func (m *MockexecCmd) Wait() error {
-	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "Wait")
-	ret0, _ := ret[0].(error)
-	return ret0
-}
-
-// Wait indicates an expected call of Wait.
-func (mr *MockexecCmdMockRecorder) Wait() *gomock.Call {
-	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Wait", reflect.TypeOf((*MockexecCmd)(nil).Wait))
-}
--- a/internal/command/run.go
+++ b/internal/command/run.go
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-package command
-
-import (
-	"os/exec"
-	"strings"
-)
-
-// Run runs a command in a blocking manner, returning its output and
-// an error if it failed.
-func (c *Cmder) Run(cmd *exec.Cmd) (output string, err error) {
-	return run(cmd)
-}
-
-func run(cmd execCmd) (output string, err error) {
-	stdout, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
-	output = string(stdout)
-	output = strings.TrimSuffix(output, "\n")
-	lines := stringToLines(output)
-	for i := range lines {
-		lines[i] = strings.TrimPrefix(lines[i], "'")
-		lines[i] = strings.TrimSuffix(lines[i], "'")
-	}
-	output = strings.Join(lines, "\n")
-	return output, err
-}
-
-func stringToLines(s string) (lines []string) {
-	s = strings.TrimSuffix(s, "\n")
-	return strings.Split(s, "\n")
-}
--- a/internal/command/run_test.go
+++ b/internal/command/run_test.go
@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-package command
-
-import (
-	"errors"
-	"testing"
-
-	gomock "github.com/golang/mock/gomock"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-)
-
-func Test_run(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	errDummy := errors.New("dummy")
-
-	testCases := map[string]struct {
-		stdout []byte
-		cmdErr error
-		output string
-		err    error
-	}{
-		"no output": {},
-		"cmd error": {
-			stdout: []byte("'hello \nworld'\n"),
-			cmdErr: errDummy,
-			output: "hello \nworld",
-			err:    errDummy,
-		},
-	}
-
-	for name, testCase := range testCases {
-		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			t.Parallel()
-
-			ctrl := gomock.NewController(t)
-
-			mockCmd := NewMockexecCmd(ctrl)
-
-			mockCmd.EXPECT().CombinedOutput().Return(testCase.stdout, testCase.cmdErr)
-
-			output, err := run(mockCmd)
-
-			if testCase.err != nil {
-				require.Error(t, err)
-				assert.Equal(t, testCase.err.Error(), err.Error())
-			} else {
-				assert.NoError(t, err)
-			}
-
-			assert.Equal(t, testCase.output, output)
-		})
-	}
-}
--- a/internal/command/split.go
+++ b/internal/command/split.go
@@ -1,150 +0,0 @@
-package command
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"strings"
-	"unicode/utf8"
-)
-
-var (
-	ErrCommandEmpty            = errors.New("command is empty")
-	ErrSingleQuoteUnterminated = errors.New("unterminated single-quoted string")
-	ErrDoubleQuoteUnterminated = errors.New("unterminated double-quoted string")
-	ErrEscapeUnterminated      = errors.New("unterminated backslash-escape")
-)
-
-// Split splits a command string into a slice of arguments.
-// This is especially important for commands such as:
-// /bin/sh -c "echo hello"
-// which should be split into: ["/bin/sh", "-c", "echo hello"]
-// It supports backslash-escapes, single-quotes and double-quotes.
-// It does not support:
-// - the $" quoting style.
-// - expansion (brace, shell or pathname).
-func Split(command string) (words []string, err error) {
-	if command == "" {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrCommandEmpty)
-	}
-
-	const bufferSize = 1024
-	buffer := bytes.NewBuffer(make([]byte, bufferSize))
-
-	startIndex := 0
-
-	for startIndex < len(command) {
-		// skip any split characters at the start
-		character, runeSize := utf8.DecodeRuneInString(command[startIndex:])
-		switch {
-		case strings.ContainsRune(" \n\t", character):
-			startIndex += runeSize
-		case character == '\\':
-			// Look ahead to eventually skip an escaped newline
-			if command[startIndex+runeSize:] == "" {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: %q", ErrEscapeUnterminated, command)
-			}
-			character, runeSize := utf8.DecodeRuneInString(command[startIndex+runeSize:])
-			if character == '\n' {
-				startIndex += runeSize + runeSize // backslash and newline
-			}
-		default:
-			var word string
-			buffer.Reset()
-			word, startIndex, err = splitWord(command, startIndex, buffer)
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("splitting word in %q: %w", command, err)
-			}
-			words = append(words, word)
-		}
-	}
-	return words, nil
-}
-
-// WARNING: buffer must be cleared before calling this function.
-func splitWord(input string, startIndex int, buffer *bytes.Buffer) (
-	word string, newStartIndex int, err error,
-) {
-	cursor := startIndex
-	for cursor < len(input) {
-		character, runeLength := utf8.DecodeRuneInString(input[cursor:])
-		cursor += runeLength
-		if character == '"' ||
-			character == '\'' ||
-			character == '\\' ||
-			character == ' ' ||
-			character == '\n' ||
-			character == '\t' {
-			buffer.WriteString(input[startIndex : cursor-runeLength])
-		}
-
-		switch {
-		case strings.ContainsRune(" \n\t", character): // spacing character
-			return buffer.String(), cursor, nil
-		case character == '"':
-			return handleDoubleQuoted(input, cursor, buffer)
-		case character == '\'':
-			return handleSingleQuoted(input, cursor, buffer)
-		case character == '\\':
-			return handleEscaped(input, cursor, buffer)
-		}
-	}
-
-	buffer.WriteString(input[startIndex:])
-	return buffer.String(), len(input), nil
-}
-
-func handleDoubleQuoted(input string, startIndex int, buffer *bytes.Buffer) (
-	word string, newStartIndex int, err error,
-) {
-	cursor := startIndex
-	for cursor < len(input) {
-		nextCharacter, nextRuneLength := utf8.DecodeRuneInString(input[cursor:])
-		cursor += nextRuneLength
-		switch nextCharacter {
-		case '"': // end of the double quoted string
-			buffer.WriteString(input[startIndex : cursor-nextRuneLength])
-			return splitWord(input, cursor, buffer)
-		case '\\': // escaped character
-			escapedCharacter, escapedRuneLength := utf8.DecodeRuneInString(input[cursor:])
-			cursor += escapedRuneLength
-			if !strings.ContainsRune("$`\"\n\\", escapedCharacter) {
-				break
-			}
-			buffer.WriteString(input[startIndex : cursor-nextRuneLength-escapedRuneLength])
-			if escapedCharacter != '\n' {
-				// skip backslash entirely for the newline character
-				buffer.WriteRune(escapedCharacter)
-			}
-			startIndex = cursor
-		}
-	}
-	return "", 0, fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrDoubleQuoteUnterminated)
-}
-
-func handleSingleQuoted(input string, startIndex int, buffer *bytes.Buffer) (
-	word string, newStartIndex int, err error,
-) {
-	closingQuoteIndex := strings.IndexRune(input[startIndex:], '\'')
-	if closingQuoteIndex == -1 {
-		return "", 0, fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrSingleQuoteUnterminated)
-	}
-	buffer.WriteString(input[startIndex : startIndex+closingQuoteIndex])
-	const singleQuoteRuneLength = 1
-	startIndex += closingQuoteIndex + singleQuoteRuneLength
-	return splitWord(input, startIndex, buffer)
-}
-
-func handleEscaped(input string, startIndex int, buffer *bytes.Buffer) (
-	word string, newStartIndex int, err error,
-) {
-	if input[startIndex:] == "" {
-		return "", 0, fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrEscapeUnterminated)
-	}
-	character, runeLength := utf8.DecodeRuneInString(input[startIndex:])
-	if character != '\n' { // backslash-escaped newline is ignored
-		buffer.WriteString(input[startIndex : startIndex+runeLength])
-	}
-	startIndex += runeLength
-	return splitWord(input, startIndex, buffer)
-}
--- a/internal/command/split_test.go
+++ b/internal/command/split_test.go
@@ -1,110 +0,0 @@
-package command
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-)
-
-func Test_Split(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	testCases := map[string]struct {
-		command    string
-		words      []string
-		errWrapped error
-		errMessage string
-	}{
-		"empty": {
-			command:    "",
-			errWrapped: ErrCommandEmpty,
-			errMessage: "command is empty",
-		},
-		"concrete_sh_command": {
-			command: `/bin/sh -c "echo 123"`,
-			words:   []string{"/bin/sh", "-c", "echo 123"},
-		},
-		"single_word": {
-			command: "word1",
-			words:   []string{"word1"},
-		},
-		"two_words_single_space": {
-			command: "word1 word2",
-			words:   []string{"word1", "word2"},
-		},
-		"two_words_multiple_space": {
-			command: "word1    word2",
-			words:   []string{"word1", "word2"},
-		},
-		"two_words_no_expansion": {
-			command: "word1*    word2?",
-			words:   []string{"word1*", "word2?"},
-		},
-		"escaped_single quote": {
-			command: "ain\\'t good",
-			words:   []string{"ain't", "good"},
-		},
-		"escaped_single_quote_all_single_quoted": {
-			command: "'ain'\\''t good'",
-			words:   []string{"ain't good"},
-		},
-		"empty_single_quoted": {
-			command: "word1 ''  word2",
-			words:   []string{"word1", "", "word2"},
-		},
-		"escaped_newline": {
-			command: "word1\\\nword2",
-			words:   []string{"word1word2"},
-		},
-		"quoted_newline": {
-			command: "text \"with\na\" quoted newline",
-			words:   []string{"text", "with\na", "quoted", "newline"},
-		},
-		"quoted_escaped_newline": {
-			command: "\"word1\\d\\\\\\\" word2\\\nword3 word4\"",
-			words:   []string{"word1\\d\\\" word2word3 word4"},
-		},
-		"escaped_separated_newline": {
-			command: "word1 \\\n word2",
-			words:   []string{"word1", "word2"},
-		},
-		"double_quotes_no_spacing": {
-			command: "word1\"word2\"word3",
-			words:   []string{"word1word2word3"},
-		},
-		"unterminated_single_quote": {
-			command:    "'abc'\\''def",
-			errWrapped: ErrSingleQuoteUnterminated,
-			errMessage: `splitting word in "'abc'\\''def": unterminated single-quoted string`,
-		},
-		"unterminated_double_quote": {
-			command:    "\"abc'def",
-			errWrapped: ErrDoubleQuoteUnterminated,
-			errMessage: `splitting word in "\"abc'def": unterminated double-quoted string`,
-		},
-		"unterminated_escape": {
-			command:    "abc\\",
-			errWrapped: ErrEscapeUnterminated,
-			errMessage: `splitting word in "abc\\": unterminated backslash-escape`,
-		},
-		"unterminated_escape_only": {
-			command:    "   \\",
-			errWrapped: ErrEscapeUnterminated,
-			errMessage: `unterminated backslash-escape: "   \\"`,
-		},
-	}
-
-	for name, testCase := range testCases {
-		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			t.Parallel()
-
-			words, err := Split(testCase.command)
-
-			assert.Equal(t, testCase.words, words)
-			assert.ErrorIs(t, err, testCase.errWrapped)
-			if testCase.errWrapped != nil {
-				assert.EqualError(t, err, testCase.errMessage)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
--- a/internal/command/start.go
+++ b/internal/command/start.go
@@ -1,100 +0,0 @@
-package command
-
-import (
-	"bufio"
-	"errors"
-	"io"
-	"os"
-	"os/exec"
-)
-
-// Start launches a command and streams stdout and stderr to channels.
-// All the channels returned are ready only and won't be closed
-// if the command fails later.
-func (c *Cmder) Start(cmd *exec.Cmd) (
-	stdoutLines, stderrLines <-chan string,
-	waitError <-chan error, startErr error,
-) {
-	return start(cmd)
-}
-
-func start(cmd execCmd) (stdoutLines, stderrLines <-chan string,
-	waitError <-chan error, startErr error,
-) {
-	stop := make(chan struct{})
-	stdoutReady := make(chan struct{})
-	stdoutLinesCh := make(chan string)
-	stdoutDone := make(chan struct{})
-	stderrReady := make(chan struct{})
-	stderrLinesCh := make(chan string)
-	stderrDone := make(chan struct{})
-
-	stdout, err := cmd.StdoutPipe()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, nil, err
-	}
-	go streamToChannel(stdoutReady, stop, stdoutDone, stdout, stdoutLinesCh)
-
-	stderr, err := cmd.StderrPipe()
-	if err != nil {
-		_ = stdout.Close()
-		close(stop)
-		<-stdoutDone
-		return nil, nil, nil, err
-	}
-	go streamToChannel(stderrReady, stop, stderrDone, stderr, stderrLinesCh)
-
-	err = cmd.Start()
-	if err != nil {
-		_ = stdout.Close()
-		_ = stderr.Close()
-		close(stop)
-		<-stdoutDone
-		<-stderrDone
-		return nil, nil, nil, err
-	}
-
-	waitErrorCh := make(chan error)
-	go func() {
-		err := cmd.Wait()
-		_ = stdout.Close()
-		_ = stderr.Close()
-		close(stop)
-		<-stdoutDone
-		<-stderrDone
-		waitErrorCh <- err
-	}()
-
-	return stdoutLinesCh, stderrLinesCh, waitErrorCh, nil
-}
-
-func streamToChannel(ready chan<- struct{},
-	stop <-chan struct{}, done chan<- struct{},
-	stream io.Reader, lines chan<- string,
-) {
-	defer close(done)
-	close(ready)
-	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(stream)
-	lineBuffer := make([]byte, bufio.MaxScanTokenSize) // 64KB
-	const maxCapacity = 20 * 1024 * 1024               // 20MB
-	scanner.Buffer(lineBuffer, maxCapacity)
-
-	for scanner.Scan() {
-		// scanner is closed if the context is canceled
-		// or if the command failed starting because the
-		// stream is closed (io.EOF error).
-		lines <- scanner.Text()
-	}
-	err := scanner.Err()
-	if err == nil || errors.Is(err, os.ErrClosed) {
-		return
-	}
-
-	// ignore the error if it is stopped.
-	select {
-	case <-stop:
-		return
-	default:
-		lines <- "stream error: " + err.Error()
-	}
-}
--- a/internal/command/start_test.go
+++ b/internal/command/start_test.go
@@ -1,118 +0,0 @@
-package command
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"errors"
-	"io"
-	"strings"
-	"testing"
-
-	gomock "github.com/golang/mock/gomock"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-)
-
-func linesToReadCloser(lines []string) io.ReadCloser {
-	s := strings.Join(lines, "\n")
-	return io.NopCloser(bytes.NewBufferString(s))
-}
-
-func Test_start(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	errDummy := errors.New("dummy")
-
-	testCases := map[string]struct {
-		stdout        []string
-		stdoutPipeErr error
-		stderr        []string
-		stderrPipeErr error
-		startErr      error
-		waitErr       error
-		err           error
-	}{
-		"no output": {},
-		"success": {
-			stdout: []string{"hello", "world"},
-			stderr: []string{"some", "error"},
-		},
-		"stdout pipe error": {
-			stdoutPipeErr: errDummy,
-			err:           errDummy,
-		},
-		"stderr pipe error": {
-			stderrPipeErr: errDummy,
-			err:           errDummy,
-		},
-		"start error": {
-			startErr: errDummy,
-			err:      errDummy,
-		},
-		"wait error": {
-			waitErr: errDummy,
-		},
-	}
-
-	for name, testCase := range testCases {
-		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			t.Parallel()
-
-			ctrl := gomock.NewController(t)
-
-			stdout := linesToReadCloser(testCase.stdout)
-			stderr := linesToReadCloser(testCase.stderr)
-
-			mockCmd := NewMockexecCmd(ctrl)
-
-			mockCmd.EXPECT().StdoutPipe().
-				Return(stdout, testCase.stdoutPipeErr)
-			if testCase.stdoutPipeErr == nil {
-				mockCmd.EXPECT().StderrPipe().Return(stderr, testCase.stderrPipeErr)
-				if testCase.stderrPipeErr == nil {
-					mockCmd.EXPECT().Start().Return(testCase.startErr)
-					if testCase.startErr == nil {
-						mockCmd.EXPECT().Wait().Return(testCase.waitErr)
-					}
-				}
-			}
-
-			stdoutLines, stderrLines, waitError, err := start(mockCmd)
-
-			if testCase.err != nil {
-				require.Error(t, err)
-				assert.Equal(t, testCase.err.Error(), err.Error())
-				assert.Nil(t, stdoutLines)
-				assert.Nil(t, stderrLines)
-				assert.Nil(t, waitError)
-				return
-			}
-
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-
-			var stdoutIndex, stderrIndex int
-
-			done := false
-			for !done {
-				select {
-				case line := <-stdoutLines:
-					assert.Equal(t, testCase.stdout[stdoutIndex], line)
-					stdoutIndex++
-				case line := <-stderrLines:
-					assert.Equal(t, testCase.stderr[stderrIndex], line)
-					stderrIndex++
-				case err := <-waitError:
-					if testCase.waitErr != nil {
-						require.Error(t, err)
-						assert.Equal(t, testCase.waitErr.Error(), err.Error())
-					} else {
-						assert.NoError(t, err)
-					}
-					done = true
-				}
-			}
-
-			assert.Equal(t, len(testCase.stdout), stdoutIndex)
-			assert.Equal(t, len(testCase.stderr), stderrIndex)
-		})
-	}
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/deprecated.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/deprecated.go
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-package settings
-
-import (
-	"slices"
-
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
-	"golang.org/x/exp/maps"
-)
-
-func readObsolete(r *reader.Reader) (warnings []string) {
-	keyToMessage := map[string]string{
-		"DOT_VERBOSITY":           "DOT_VERBOSITY is obsolete, use LOG_LEVEL instead.",
-		"DOT_VERBOSITY_DETAILS":   "DOT_VERBOSITY_DETAILS is obsolete because it was specific to Unbound.",
-		"DOT_VALIDATION_LOGLEVEL": "DOT_VALIDATION_LOGLEVEL is obsolete because DNSSEC validation is not implemented.",
-	}
-	sortedKeys := maps.Keys(keyToMessage)
-	slices.Sort(sortedKeys)
-	warnings = make([]string, 0, len(keyToMessage))
-	for _, key := range sortedKeys {
-		if r.Get(key) != nil {
-			warnings = append(warnings, keyToMessage[key])
-		}
-	}
-	return warnings
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/dns.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/dns.go
@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net/netip"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -17,14 +16,10 @@ type DNS struct {
 	// DoT server. It cannot be the zero value in the internal
 	// state.
 	ServerAddress netip.Addr
-	// KeepNameserver is true if the existing DNS server
-	// found in /etc/resolv.conf should be used
-	// Note setting this to true will likely DNS traffic
-	// outside the VPN tunnel since it would go through
-	// the local DNS server of your Docker/Kubernetes
-	// configuration, which is likely not going through the tunnel.
-	// This will also disable the DNS over TLS server and the
-	// `ServerAddress` field will be ignored.
+	// KeepNameserver is true if the Docker DNS server
+	// found in /etc/resolv.conf should be kept.
+	// Note settings this to true will go around the
+	// DoT server blocking.
 	// It defaults to false and cannot be nil in the
 	// internal state.
 	KeepNameserver *bool
@@ -45,24 +40,32 @@ func (d DNS) validate() (err error) {
 func (d *DNS) Copy() (copied DNS) {
 	return DNS{
 		ServerAddress:  d.ServerAddress,
-		KeepNameserver: gosettings.CopyPointer(d.KeepNameserver),
+		KeepNameserver: helpers.CopyPointer(d.KeepNameserver),
 		DoT:            d.DoT.copy(),
 	}
 }

+// mergeWith merges the other settings into any
+// unset field of the receiver settings object.
+func (d *DNS) mergeWith(other DNS) {
+	d.ServerAddress = helpers.MergeWithIP(d.ServerAddress, other.ServerAddress)
+	d.KeepNameserver = helpers.MergeWithPointer(d.KeepNameserver, other.KeepNameserver)
+	d.DoT.mergeWith(other.DoT)
+}
+
 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (d *DNS) overrideWith(other DNS) {
-	d.ServerAddress = gosettings.OverrideWithValidator(d.ServerAddress, other.ServerAddress)
-	d.KeepNameserver = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(d.KeepNameserver, other.KeepNameserver)
+	d.ServerAddress = helpers.OverrideWithIP(d.ServerAddress, other.ServerAddress)
+	d.KeepNameserver = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(d.KeepNameserver, other.KeepNameserver)
 	d.DoT.overrideWith(other.DoT)
 }

 func (d *DNS) setDefaults() {
 	localhost := netip.AddrFrom4([4]byte{127, 0, 0, 1})
-	d.ServerAddress = gosettings.DefaultValidator(d.ServerAddress, localhost)
-	d.KeepNameserver = gosettings.DefaultPointer(d.KeepNameserver, false)
+	d.ServerAddress = helpers.DefaultIP(d.ServerAddress, localhost)
+	d.KeepNameserver = helpers.DefaultPointer(d.KeepNameserver, false)
 	d.DoT.setDefaults()
 }

@@ -72,30 +75,8 @@ func (d DNS) String() string {

 func (d DNS) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("DNS settings:")
-	node.Appendf("Keep existing nameserver(s): %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(d.KeepNameserver))
-	if *d.KeepNameserver {
-		return node
-	}
 	node.Appendf("DNS server address to use: %s", d.ServerAddress)
+	node.Appendf("Keep existing nameserver(s): %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(d.KeepNameserver))
 	node.AppendNode(d.DoT.toLinesNode())
 	return node
 }
-
-func (d *DNS) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	d.ServerAddress, err = r.NetipAddr("DNS_ADDRESS", reader.RetroKeys("DNS_PLAINTEXT_ADDRESS"))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	d.KeepNameserver, err = r.BoolPtr("DNS_KEEP_NAMESERVER")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	err = d.DoT.read(r)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("DNS over TLS settings: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/dnsblacklist.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/dnsblacklist.go
@@ -3,13 +3,11 @@ package settings
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"net/http"
 	"net/netip"
 	"regexp"

-	"github.com/qdm12/dns/v2/pkg/blockbuilder"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
+	"github.com/qdm12/dns/pkg/blacklist"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -25,9 +23,9 @@ type DNSBlacklist struct {
 }

 func (b *DNSBlacklist) setDefaults() {
-	b.BlockMalicious = gosettings.DefaultPointer(b.BlockMalicious, true)
-	b.BlockAds = gosettings.DefaultPointer(b.BlockAds, false)
-	b.BlockSurveillance = gosettings.DefaultPointer(b.BlockSurveillance, true)
+	b.BlockMalicious = helpers.DefaultPointer(b.BlockMalicious, true)
+	b.BlockAds = helpers.DefaultPointer(b.BlockAds, false)
+	b.BlockSurveillance = helpers.DefaultPointer(b.BlockSurveillance, true)
 }

 var hostRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`^([a-zA-Z0-9]|[a-zA-Z0-9_][a-zA-Z0-9\-_]{0,61}[a-zA-Z0-9_])(\.([a-zA-Z0-9]|[a-zA-Z0-9_][a-zA-Z0-9\-_]{0,61}[a-zA-Z0-9]))*$`) //nolint:lll
@@ -55,39 +53,46 @@ func (b DNSBlacklist) validate() (err error) {

 func (b DNSBlacklist) copy() (copied DNSBlacklist) {
 	return DNSBlacklist{
-		BlockMalicious:       gosettings.CopyPointer(b.BlockMalicious),
-		BlockAds:             gosettings.CopyPointer(b.BlockAds),
-		BlockSurveillance:    gosettings.CopyPointer(b.BlockSurveillance),
-		AllowedHosts:         gosettings.CopySlice(b.AllowedHosts),
-		AddBlockedHosts:      gosettings.CopySlice(b.AddBlockedHosts),
-		AddBlockedIPs:        gosettings.CopySlice(b.AddBlockedIPs),
-		AddBlockedIPPrefixes: gosettings.CopySlice(b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes),
+		BlockMalicious:       helpers.CopyPointer(b.BlockMalicious),
+		BlockAds:             helpers.CopyPointer(b.BlockAds),
+		BlockSurveillance:    helpers.CopyPointer(b.BlockSurveillance),
+		AllowedHosts:         helpers.CopySlice(b.AllowedHosts),
+		AddBlockedHosts:      helpers.CopySlice(b.AddBlockedHosts),
+		AddBlockedIPs:        helpers.CopySlice(b.AddBlockedIPs),
+		AddBlockedIPPrefixes: helpers.CopySlice(b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes),
 	}
 }

+func (b *DNSBlacklist) mergeWith(other DNSBlacklist) {
+	b.BlockMalicious = helpers.MergeWithPointer(b.BlockMalicious, other.BlockMalicious)
+	b.BlockAds = helpers.MergeWithPointer(b.BlockAds, other.BlockAds)
+	b.BlockSurveillance = helpers.MergeWithPointer(b.BlockSurveillance, other.BlockSurveillance)
+	b.AllowedHosts = helpers.MergeSlices(b.AllowedHosts, other.AllowedHosts)
+	b.AddBlockedHosts = helpers.MergeSlices(b.AddBlockedHosts, other.AddBlockedHosts)
+	b.AddBlockedIPs = helpers.MergeSlices(b.AddBlockedIPs, other.AddBlockedIPs)
+	b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes = helpers.MergeSlices(b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes, other.AddBlockedIPPrefixes)
+}
+
 func (b *DNSBlacklist) overrideWith(other DNSBlacklist) {
-	b.BlockMalicious = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(b.BlockMalicious, other.BlockMalicious)
-	b.BlockAds = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(b.BlockAds, other.BlockAds)
-	b.BlockSurveillance = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(b.BlockSurveillance, other.BlockSurveillance)
-	b.AllowedHosts = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(b.AllowedHosts, other.AllowedHosts)
-	b.AddBlockedHosts = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(b.AddBlockedHosts, other.AddBlockedHosts)
-	b.AddBlockedIPs = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(b.AddBlockedIPs, other.AddBlockedIPs)
-	b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes, other.AddBlockedIPPrefixes)
+	b.BlockMalicious = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(b.BlockMalicious, other.BlockMalicious)
+	b.BlockAds = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(b.BlockAds, other.BlockAds)
+	b.BlockSurveillance = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(b.BlockSurveillance, other.BlockSurveillance)
+	b.AllowedHosts = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(b.AllowedHosts, other.AllowedHosts)
+	b.AddBlockedHosts = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(b.AddBlockedHosts, other.AddBlockedHosts)
+	b.AddBlockedIPs = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(b.AddBlockedIPs, other.AddBlockedIPs)
+	b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes, other.AddBlockedIPPrefixes)
 }

-func (b DNSBlacklist) ToBlockBuilderSettings(client *http.Client) (
-	settings blockbuilder.Settings,
-) {
-	return blockbuilder.Settings{
-		Client:               client,
-		BlockMalicious:       b.BlockMalicious,
-		BlockAds:             b.BlockAds,
-		BlockSurveillance:    b.BlockSurveillance,
+func (b DNSBlacklist) ToBlacklistFormat() (settings blacklist.BuilderSettings, err error) {
+	return blacklist.BuilderSettings{
+		BlockMalicious:       *b.BlockMalicious,
+		BlockAds:             *b.BlockAds,
+		BlockSurveillance:    *b.BlockSurveillance,
 		AllowedHosts:         b.AllowedHosts,
 		AddBlockedHosts:      b.AddBlockedHosts,
-		AddBlockedIPs:        b.AddBlockedIPs,
-		AddBlockedIPPrefixes: b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes,
-	}
+		AddBlockedIPs:        netipAddressesToNetaddrIPs(b.AddBlockedIPs),
+		AddBlockedIPPrefixes: netipPrefixesToNetaddrIPPrefixes(b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes),
+	}, nil
 }

 func (b DNSBlacklist) String() string {
@@ -97,99 +102,37 @@ func (b DNSBlacklist) String() string {
 func (b DNSBlacklist) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("DNS filtering settings:")

-	node.Appendf("Block malicious: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(b.BlockMalicious))
-	node.Appendf("Block ads: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(b.BlockAds))
-	node.Appendf("Block surveillance: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(b.BlockSurveillance))
+	node.Appendf("Block malicious: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(b.BlockMalicious))
+	node.Appendf("Block ads: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(b.BlockAds))
+	node.Appendf("Block surveillance: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(b.BlockSurveillance))

 	if len(b.AllowedHosts) > 0 {
-		allowedHostsNode := node.Append("Allowed hosts:")
+		allowedHostsNode := node.Appendf("Allowed hosts:")
 		for _, host := range b.AllowedHosts {
-			allowedHostsNode.Append(host)
+			allowedHostsNode.Appendf(host)
 		}
 	}

 	if len(b.AddBlockedHosts) > 0 {
-		blockedHostsNode := node.Append("Blocked hosts:")
+		blockedHostsNode := node.Appendf("Blocked hosts:")
 		for _, host := range b.AddBlockedHosts {
-			blockedHostsNode.Append(host)
+			blockedHostsNode.Appendf(host)
 		}
 	}

 	if len(b.AddBlockedIPs) > 0 {
-		blockedIPsNode := node.Append("Blocked IP addresses:")
+		blockedIPsNode := node.Appendf("Blocked IP addresses:")
 		for _, ip := range b.AddBlockedIPs {
-			blockedIPsNode.Append(ip.String())
+			blockedIPsNode.Appendf(ip.String())
 		}
 	}

 	if len(b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes) > 0 {
-		blockedIPPrefixesNode := node.Append("Blocked IP networks:")
+		blockedIPPrefixesNode := node.Appendf("Blocked IP networks:")
 		for _, ipNetwork := range b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes {
-			blockedIPPrefixesNode.Append(ipNetwork.String())
+			blockedIPPrefixesNode.Appendf(ipNetwork.String())
 		}
 	}

 	return node
 }
-
-func (b *DNSBlacklist) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	b.BlockMalicious, err = r.BoolPtr("BLOCK_MALICIOUS")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	b.BlockSurveillance, err = r.BoolPtr("BLOCK_SURVEILLANCE",
-		reader.RetroKeys("BLOCK_NSA"))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	b.BlockAds, err = r.BoolPtr("BLOCK_ADS")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	b.AddBlockedIPs, b.AddBlockedIPPrefixes,
-		err = readDoTPrivateAddresses(r) // TODO v4 split in 2
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	b.AllowedHosts = r.CSV("UNBLOCK") // TODO v4 change name
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-var ErrPrivateAddressNotValid = errors.New("private address is not a valid IP or CIDR range")
-
-func readDoTPrivateAddresses(reader *reader.Reader) (ips []netip.Addr,
-	ipPrefixes []netip.Prefix, err error,
-) {
-	privateAddresses := reader.CSV("DOT_PRIVATE_ADDRESS")
-	if len(privateAddresses) == 0 {
-		return nil, nil, nil
-	}
-
-	ips = make([]netip.Addr, 0, len(privateAddresses))
-	ipPrefixes = make([]netip.Prefix, 0, len(privateAddresses))
-
-	for _, privateAddress := range privateAddresses {
-		ip, err := netip.ParseAddr(privateAddress)
-		if err == nil {
-			ips = append(ips, ip)
-			continue
-		}
-
-		ipPrefix, err := netip.ParsePrefix(privateAddress)
-		if err == nil {
-			ipPrefixes = append(ipPrefixes, ipPrefix)
-			continue
-		}
-
-		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf(
-			"environment variable DOT_PRIVATE_ADDRESS: %w: %s",
-			ErrPrivateAddressNotValid, privateAddress)
-	}
-
-	return ips, ipPrefixes, nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/dot.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/dot.go
@@ -3,12 +3,9 @@ package settings
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"net/netip"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/qdm12/dns/v2/pkg/provider"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -18,24 +15,22 @@ type DoT struct {
 	// and used. It defaults to true, and cannot be nil
 	// in the internal state.
 	Enabled *bool
-	// UpdatePeriod is the period to update DNS block lists.
+	// UpdatePeriod is the period to update DNS block
+	// lists and cryptographic files for DNSSEC validation.
 	// It can be set to 0 to disable the update.
 	// It defaults to 24h and cannot be nil in
 	// the internal state.
 	UpdatePeriod *time.Duration
-	// Providers is a list of DNS over TLS providers
-	Providers []string `json:"providers"`
-	// Caching is true if the DoT server should cache
-	// DNS responses.
-	Caching *bool `json:"caching"`
-	// IPv6 is true if the DoT server should connect over IPv6.
-	IPv6 *bool `json:"ipv6"`
+	// Unbound contains settings to configure Unbound.
+	Unbound Unbound
 	// Blacklist contains settings to configure the filter
 	// block lists.
 	Blacklist DNSBlacklist
 }

-var ErrDoTUpdatePeriodTooShort = errors.New("update period is too short")
+var (
+	ErrDoTUpdatePeriodTooShort = errors.New("update period is too short")
+)

 func (d DoT) validate() (err error) {
 	const minUpdatePeriod = 30 * time.Second
@@ -44,12 +39,9 @@ func (d DoT) validate() (err error) {
 			ErrDoTUpdatePeriodTooShort, *d.UpdatePeriod, minUpdatePeriod)
 	}

-	providers := provider.NewProviders()
-	for _, providerName := range d.Providers {
-		_, err := providers.Get(providerName)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
+	err = d.Unbound.validate()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}

 	err = d.Blacklist.validate()
@@ -62,51 +54,40 @@ func (d DoT) validate() (err error) {

 func (d *DoT) copy() (copied DoT) {
 	return DoT{
-		Enabled:      gosettings.CopyPointer(d.Enabled),
-		UpdatePeriod: gosettings.CopyPointer(d.UpdatePeriod),
-		Providers:    gosettings.CopySlice(d.Providers),
-		Caching:      gosettings.CopyPointer(d.Caching),
-		IPv6:         gosettings.CopyPointer(d.IPv6),
+		Enabled:      helpers.CopyPointer(d.Enabled),
+		UpdatePeriod: helpers.CopyPointer(d.UpdatePeriod),
+		Unbound:      d.Unbound.copy(),
 		Blacklist:    d.Blacklist.copy(),
 	}
 }

+// mergeWith merges the other settings into any
+// unset field of the receiver settings object.
+func (d *DoT) mergeWith(other DoT) {
+	d.Enabled = helpers.MergeWithPointer(d.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	d.UpdatePeriod = helpers.MergeWithPointer(d.UpdatePeriod, other.UpdatePeriod)
+	d.Unbound.mergeWith(other.Unbound)
+	d.Blacklist.mergeWith(other.Blacklist)
+}
+
 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (d *DoT) overrideWith(other DoT) {
-	d.Enabled = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(d.Enabled, other.Enabled)
-	d.UpdatePeriod = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(d.UpdatePeriod, other.UpdatePeriod)
-	d.Providers = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(d.Providers, other.Providers)
-	d.Caching = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(d.Caching, other.Caching)
-	d.IPv6 = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(d.IPv6, other.IPv6)
+	d.Enabled = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(d.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	d.UpdatePeriod = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(d.UpdatePeriod, other.UpdatePeriod)
+	d.Unbound.overrideWith(other.Unbound)
 	d.Blacklist.overrideWith(other.Blacklist)
 }

 func (d *DoT) setDefaults() {
-	d.Enabled = gosettings.DefaultPointer(d.Enabled, true)
+	d.Enabled = helpers.DefaultPointer(d.Enabled, true)
 	const defaultUpdatePeriod = 24 * time.Hour
-	d.UpdatePeriod = gosettings.DefaultPointer(d.UpdatePeriod, defaultUpdatePeriod)
-	d.Providers = gosettings.DefaultSlice(d.Providers, []string{
-		provider.Cloudflare().Name,
-	})
-	d.Caching = gosettings.DefaultPointer(d.Caching, true)
-	d.IPv6 = gosettings.DefaultPointer(d.IPv6, false)
+	d.UpdatePeriod = helpers.DefaultPointer(d.UpdatePeriod, defaultUpdatePeriod)
+	d.Unbound.setDefaults()
 	d.Blacklist.setDefaults()
 }

-func (d DoT) GetFirstPlaintextIPv4() (ipv4 netip.Addr) {
-	providers := provider.NewProviders()
-	provider, err := providers.Get(d.Providers[0])
-	if err != nil {
-		// Settings should be validated before calling this function,
-		// so an error happening here is a programming error.
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	return provider.DoT.IPv4[0].Addr()
-}
-
 func (d DoT) String() string {
 	return d.toLinesNode().String()
 }
@@ -114,57 +95,19 @@ func (d DoT) String() string {
 func (d DoT) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("DNS over TLS settings:")

-	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(d.Enabled))
+	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(d.Enabled))
 	if !*d.Enabled {
 		return node
 	}

-	update := "disabled" //nolint:goconst
+	update := "disabled"
 	if *d.UpdatePeriod > 0 {
 		update = "every " + d.UpdatePeriod.String()
 	}
 	node.Appendf("Update period: %s", update)

-	upstreamResolvers := node.Append("Upstream resolvers:")
-	for _, provider := range d.Providers {
-		upstreamResolvers.Append(provider)
-	}
-
-	node.Appendf("Caching: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(d.Caching))
-	node.Appendf("IPv6: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(d.IPv6))
-
+	node.AppendNode(d.Unbound.toLinesNode())
 	node.AppendNode(d.Blacklist.toLinesNode())

 	return node
 }
-
-func (d *DoT) read(reader *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	d.Enabled, err = reader.BoolPtr("DOT")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	d.UpdatePeriod, err = reader.DurationPtr("DNS_UPDATE_PERIOD")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	d.Providers = reader.CSV("DOT_PROVIDERS")
-
-	d.Caching, err = reader.BoolPtr("DOT_CACHING")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	d.IPv6, err = reader.BoolPtr("DOT_IPV6")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	err = d.Blacklist.read(reader)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/errors.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/errors.go
@@ -3,14 +3,11 @@ package settings
 import "errors"

 var (
-	ErrValueUnknown                    = errors.New("value is unknown")
 	ErrCityNotValid                    = errors.New("the city specified is not valid")
 	ErrControlServerPrivilegedPort     = errors.New("cannot use privileged port without running as root")
-	ErrCategoryNotValid                = errors.New("the category specified is not valid")
 	ErrCountryNotValid                 = errors.New("the country specified is not valid")
 	ErrFilepathMissing                 = errors.New("filepath is missing")
-	ErrFirewallZeroPort                = errors.New("cannot have a zero port")
-	ErrFirewallPublicOutboundSubnet    = errors.New("outbound subnet has an unspecified address")
+	ErrFirewallZeroPort                = errors.New("cannot have a zero port to block")
 	ErrHostnameNotValid                = errors.New("the hostname specified is not valid")
 	ErrISPNotValid                     = errors.New("the ISP specified is not valid")
 	ErrMinRatioNotValid                = errors.New("minimum ratio is not valid")
@@ -28,8 +25,7 @@ var (
 	ErrOpenVPNVerbosityIsOutOfBounds   = errors.New("verbosity value is out of bounds")
 	ErrOpenVPNVersionIsNotValid        = errors.New("version is not valid")
 	ErrPortForwardingEnabled           = errors.New("port forwarding cannot be enabled")
-	ErrPortForwardingUserEmpty         = errors.New("port forwarding username is empty")
-	ErrPortForwardingPasswordEmpty     = errors.New("port forwarding password is empty")
+	ErrPublicIPPeriodTooShort          = errors.New("public IP address check period is too short")
 	ErrRegionNotValid                  = errors.New("the region specified is not valid")
 	ErrServerAddressNotValid           = errors.New("server listening address is not valid")
 	ErrSystemPGIDNotValid              = errors.New("process group id is not valid")
@@ -38,8 +34,6 @@ var (
 	ErrUpdaterPeriodTooSmall           = errors.New("VPN server data updater period is too small")
 	ErrVPNProviderNameNotValid         = errors.New("VPN provider name is not valid")
 	ErrVPNTypeNotValid                 = errors.New("VPN type is not valid")
-	ErrWireguardAllowedIPNotSet        = errors.New("allowed IP is not set")
-	ErrWireguardAllowedIPsNotSet       = errors.New("allowed IPs is not set")
 	ErrWireguardEndpointIPNotSet       = errors.New("endpoint IP is not set")
 	ErrWireguardEndpointPortNotAllowed = errors.New("endpoint port is not allowed")
 	ErrWireguardEndpointPortNotSet     = errors.New("endpoint port is not set")
@@ -51,6 +45,5 @@ var (
 	ErrWireguardPrivateKeyNotSet       = errors.New("private key is not set")
 	ErrWireguardPublicKeyNotSet        = errors.New("public key is not set")
 	ErrWireguardPublicKeyNotValid      = errors.New("public key is not valid")
-	ErrWireguardKeepAliveNegative      = errors.New("persistent keep alive interval is negative")
 	ErrWireguardImplementationNotValid = errors.New("implementation is not valid")
 )
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/firewall.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/firewall.go
@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net/netip"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -27,12 +26,6 @@ func (f Firewall) validate() (err error) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("input ports: %w", ErrFirewallZeroPort)
 	}

-	for _, subnet := range f.OutboundSubnets {
-		if subnet.Addr().IsUnspecified() {
-			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrFirewallPublicOutboundSubnet, subnet)
-		}
-	}
-
 	return nil
 }

@@ -47,28 +40,40 @@ func hasZeroPort(ports []uint16) (has bool) {

 func (f *Firewall) copy() (copied Firewall) {
 	return Firewall{
-		VPNInputPorts:   gosettings.CopySlice(f.VPNInputPorts),
-		InputPorts:      gosettings.CopySlice(f.InputPorts),
-		OutboundSubnets: gosettings.CopySlice(f.OutboundSubnets),
-		Enabled:         gosettings.CopyPointer(f.Enabled),
-		Debug:           gosettings.CopyPointer(f.Debug),
+		VPNInputPorts:   helpers.CopySlice(f.VPNInputPorts),
+		InputPorts:      helpers.CopySlice(f.InputPorts),
+		OutboundSubnets: helpers.CopySlice(f.OutboundSubnets),
+		Enabled:         helpers.CopyPointer(f.Enabled),
+		Debug:           helpers.CopyPointer(f.Debug),
 	}
 }

+// mergeWith merges the other settings into any
+// unset field of the receiver settings object.
+// It merges values of slices together, even if they
+// are set in the receiver settings.
+func (f *Firewall) mergeWith(other Firewall) {
+	f.VPNInputPorts = helpers.MergeSlices(f.VPNInputPorts, other.VPNInputPorts)
+	f.InputPorts = helpers.MergeSlices(f.InputPorts, other.InputPorts)
+	f.OutboundSubnets = helpers.MergeSlices(f.OutboundSubnets, other.OutboundSubnets)
+	f.Enabled = helpers.MergeWithPointer(f.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	f.Debug = helpers.MergeWithPointer(f.Debug, other.Debug)
+}
+
 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (f *Firewall) overrideWith(other Firewall) {
-	f.VPNInputPorts = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(f.VPNInputPorts, other.VPNInputPorts)
-	f.InputPorts = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(f.InputPorts, other.InputPorts)
-	f.OutboundSubnets = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(f.OutboundSubnets, other.OutboundSubnets)
-	f.Enabled = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(f.Enabled, other.Enabled)
-	f.Debug = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(f.Debug, other.Debug)
+	f.VPNInputPorts = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(f.VPNInputPorts, other.VPNInputPorts)
+	f.InputPorts = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(f.InputPorts, other.InputPorts)
+	f.OutboundSubnets = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(f.OutboundSubnets, other.OutboundSubnets)
+	f.Enabled = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(f.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	f.Debug = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(f.Debug, other.Debug)
 }

 func (f *Firewall) setDefaults() {
-	f.Enabled = gosettings.DefaultPointer(f.Enabled, true)
-	f.Debug = gosettings.DefaultPointer(f.Debug, false)
+	f.Enabled = helpers.DefaultPointer(f.Enabled, true)
+	f.Debug = helpers.DefaultPointer(f.Debug, false)
 }

 func (f Firewall) String() string {
@@ -78,7 +83,7 @@ func (f Firewall) String() string {
 func (f Firewall) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("Firewall settings:")

-	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(f.Enabled))
+	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(f.Enabled))
 	if !*f.Enabled {
 		return node
 	}
@@ -104,39 +109,10 @@ func (f Firewall) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	if len(f.OutboundSubnets) > 0 {
 		outboundSubnets := node.Appendf("Outbound subnets:")
 		for _, subnet := range f.OutboundSubnets {
+			subnet := subnet
 			outboundSubnets.Appendf("%s", &subnet)
 		}
 	}

 	return node
 }
-
-func (f *Firewall) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	f.VPNInputPorts, err = r.CSVUint16("FIREWALL_VPN_INPUT_PORTS")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	f.InputPorts, err = r.CSVUint16("FIREWALL_INPUT_PORTS")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	f.OutboundSubnets, err = r.CSVNetipPrefixes(
-		"FIREWALL_OUTBOUND_SUBNETS", reader.RetroKeys("EXTRA_SUBNETS"))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	f.Enabled, err = r.BoolPtr("FIREWALL_ENABLED_DISABLING_IT_SHOOTS_YOU_IN_YOUR_FOOT")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	f.Debug, err = r.BoolPtr("FIREWALL_DEBUG")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/firewall_test.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/firewall_test.go
@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-package settings
-
-import (
-	"net/netip"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-)
-
-func Test_Firewall_validate(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	testCases := map[string]struct {
-		firewall   Firewall
-		errWrapped error
-		errMessage string
-	}{
-		"empty": {},
-		"zero_vpn_input_port": {
-			firewall: Firewall{
-				VPNInputPorts: []uint16{0},
-			},
-			errWrapped: ErrFirewallZeroPort,
-			errMessage: "VPN input ports: cannot have a zero port",
-		},
-		"zero_input_port": {
-			firewall: Firewall{
-				InputPorts: []uint16{0},
-			},
-			errWrapped: ErrFirewallZeroPort,
-			errMessage: "input ports: cannot have a zero port",
-		},
-		"unspecified_outbound_subnet": {
-			firewall: Firewall{
-				OutboundSubnets: []netip.Prefix{
-					netip.MustParsePrefix("0.0.0.0/0"),
-				},
-			},
-			errWrapped: ErrFirewallPublicOutboundSubnet,
-			errMessage: "outbound subnet has an unspecified address: 0.0.0.0/0",
-		},
-		"public_outbound_subnet": {
-			firewall: Firewall{
-				OutboundSubnets: []netip.Prefix{
-					netip.MustParsePrefix("1.2.3.4/32"),
-				},
-			},
-		},
-		"valid_settings": {
-			firewall: Firewall{
-				VPNInputPorts: []uint16{100, 101},
-				InputPorts:    []uint16{200, 201},
-				OutboundSubnets: []netip.Prefix{
-					netip.MustParsePrefix("192.168.1.0/24"),
-					netip.MustParsePrefix("10.10.1.1/32"),
-				},
-			},
-		},
-	}
-
-	for name, testCase := range testCases {
-		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			t.Parallel()
-
-			err := testCase.firewall.validate()
-
-			assert.ErrorIs(t, err, testCase.errWrapped)
-			if testCase.errWrapped != nil {
-				assert.EqualError(t, err, testCase.errMessage)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/health.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/health.go
@@ -5,10 +5,9 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/validate"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
+	"github.com/qdm12/govalid/address"
 )

 // Health contains settings for the healthcheck and health server.
@@ -37,7 +36,9 @@ type Health struct {
 }

 func (h Health) Validate() (err error) {
-	err = validate.ListeningAddress(h.ServerAddress, os.Getuid())
+	uid := os.Getuid()
+	_, err = address.Validate(h.ServerAddress,
+		address.OptionListening(uid))
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("server listening address is not valid: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -61,27 +62,38 @@ func (h *Health) copy() (copied Health) {
 	}
 }

+// MergeWith merges the other settings into any
+// unset field of the receiver settings object.
+func (h *Health) MergeWith(other Health) {
+	h.ServerAddress = helpers.MergeWithString(h.ServerAddress, other.ServerAddress)
+	h.ReadHeaderTimeout = helpers.MergeWithNumber(h.ReadHeaderTimeout, other.ReadHeaderTimeout)
+	h.ReadTimeout = helpers.MergeWithNumber(h.ReadTimeout, other.ReadTimeout)
+	h.TargetAddress = helpers.MergeWithString(h.TargetAddress, other.TargetAddress)
+	h.SuccessWait = helpers.MergeWithNumber(h.SuccessWait, other.SuccessWait)
+	h.VPN.mergeWith(other.VPN)
+}
+
 // OverrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (h *Health) OverrideWith(other Health) {
-	h.ServerAddress = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(h.ServerAddress, other.ServerAddress)
-	h.ReadHeaderTimeout = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(h.ReadHeaderTimeout, other.ReadHeaderTimeout)
-	h.ReadTimeout = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(h.ReadTimeout, other.ReadTimeout)
-	h.TargetAddress = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(h.TargetAddress, other.TargetAddress)
-	h.SuccessWait = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(h.SuccessWait, other.SuccessWait)
+	h.ServerAddress = helpers.OverrideWithString(h.ServerAddress, other.ServerAddress)
+	h.ReadHeaderTimeout = helpers.OverrideWithNumber(h.ReadHeaderTimeout, other.ReadHeaderTimeout)
+	h.ReadTimeout = helpers.OverrideWithNumber(h.ReadTimeout, other.ReadTimeout)
+	h.TargetAddress = helpers.OverrideWithString(h.TargetAddress, other.TargetAddress)
+	h.SuccessWait = helpers.OverrideWithNumber(h.SuccessWait, other.SuccessWait)
 	h.VPN.overrideWith(other.VPN)
 }

 func (h *Health) SetDefaults() {
-	h.ServerAddress = gosettings.DefaultComparable(h.ServerAddress, "127.0.0.1:9999")
+	h.ServerAddress = helpers.DefaultString(h.ServerAddress, "127.0.0.1:9999")
 	const defaultReadHeaderTimeout = 100 * time.Millisecond
-	h.ReadHeaderTimeout = gosettings.DefaultComparable(h.ReadHeaderTimeout, defaultReadHeaderTimeout)
+	h.ReadHeaderTimeout = helpers.DefaultNumber(h.ReadHeaderTimeout, defaultReadHeaderTimeout)
 	const defaultReadTimeout = 500 * time.Millisecond
-	h.ReadTimeout = gosettings.DefaultComparable(h.ReadTimeout, defaultReadTimeout)
-	h.TargetAddress = gosettings.DefaultComparable(h.TargetAddress, "cloudflare.com:443")
+	h.ReadTimeout = helpers.DefaultNumber(h.ReadTimeout, defaultReadTimeout)
+	h.TargetAddress = helpers.DefaultString(h.TargetAddress, "cloudflare.com:443")
 	const defaultSuccessWait = 5 * time.Second
-	h.SuccessWait = gosettings.DefaultComparable(h.SuccessWait, defaultSuccessWait)
+	h.SuccessWait = helpers.DefaultNumber(h.SuccessWait, defaultSuccessWait)
 	h.VPN.setDefaults()
 }

@@ -99,21 +111,3 @@ func (h Health) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node.AppendNode(h.VPN.toLinesNode("VPN"))
 	return node
 }
-
-func (h *Health) Read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	h.ServerAddress = r.String("HEALTH_SERVER_ADDRESS")
-	h.TargetAddress = r.String("HEALTH_TARGET_ADDRESS",
-		reader.RetroKeys("HEALTH_ADDRESS_TO_PING"))
-
-	h.SuccessWait, err = r.Duration("HEALTH_SUCCESS_WAIT_DURATION")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	err = h.VPN.read(r)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("VPN health settings: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/healthywait.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/healthywait.go
@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@ package settings
 import (
 	"time"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -24,26 +23,35 @@ func (h HealthyWait) validate() (err error) {
 	return nil
 }

+// mergeWith merges the other settings into any
+// unset field of the receiver settings object.
 func (h *HealthyWait) copy() (copied HealthyWait) {
 	return HealthyWait{
-		Initial:  gosettings.CopyPointer(h.Initial),
-		Addition: gosettings.CopyPointer(h.Addition),
+		Initial:  helpers.CopyPointer(h.Initial),
+		Addition: helpers.CopyPointer(h.Addition),
 	}
 }

+// mergeWith merges the other settings into any
+// unset field of the receiver settings object.
+func (h *HealthyWait) mergeWith(other HealthyWait) {
+	h.Initial = helpers.MergeWithPointer(h.Initial, other.Initial)
+	h.Addition = helpers.MergeWithPointer(h.Addition, other.Addition)
+}
+
 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (h *HealthyWait) overrideWith(other HealthyWait) {
-	h.Initial = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(h.Initial, other.Initial)
-	h.Addition = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(h.Addition, other.Addition)
+	h.Initial = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(h.Initial, other.Initial)
+	h.Addition = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(h.Addition, other.Addition)
 }

 func (h *HealthyWait) setDefaults() {
 	const initialDurationDefault = 6 * time.Second
 	const additionDurationDefault = 5 * time.Second
-	h.Initial = gosettings.DefaultPointer(h.Initial, initialDurationDefault)
-	h.Addition = gosettings.DefaultPointer(h.Addition, additionDurationDefault)
+	h.Initial = helpers.DefaultPointer(h.Initial, initialDurationDefault)
+	h.Addition = helpers.DefaultPointer(h.Addition, additionDurationDefault)
 }

 func (h HealthyWait) String() string {
@@ -56,21 +64,3 @@ func (h HealthyWait) toLinesNode(kind string) (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node.Appendf("Additional duration: %s", *h.Addition)
 	return node
 }
-
-func (h *HealthyWait) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	h.Initial, err = r.DurationPtr(
-		"HEALTH_VPN_DURATION_INITIAL",
-		reader.RetroKeys("HEALTH_OPENVPN_DURATION_INITIAL"))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	h.Addition, err = r.DurationPtr(
-		"HEALTH_VPN_DURATION_ADDITION",
-		reader.RetroKeys("HEALTH_OPENVPN_DURATION_ADDITION"))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers.go
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-package settings
-
-func ptrTo[T any](value T) *T {
-	return &value
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/belong.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/belong.go
@@ -1,6 +1,12 @@
 package helpers

-func IsOneOf[T comparable](value T, choices ...T) (ok bool) {
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+func IsOneOf(value string, choices ...string) (ok bool) {
 	for _, choice := range choices {
 		if value == choice {
 			return true
@@ -8,3 +14,39 @@ func IsOneOf[T comparable](value T, choices ...T) (ok bool) {
 	}
 	return false
 }
+
+var (
+	ErrNoChoice      = errors.New("one or more values is set but there is no possible value available")
+	ErrValueNotOneOf = errors.New("value is not one of the possible choices")
+)
+
+func AreAllOneOf(values, choices []string) (err error) {
+	if len(values) > 0 && len(choices) == 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrNoChoice)
+	}
+
+	set := make(map[string]struct{}, len(choices))
+	for _, choice := range choices {
+		choice = strings.ToLower(choice)
+		set[choice] = struct{}{}
+	}
+
+	for _, value := range values {
+		_, ok := set[value]
+		if !ok {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: value %q, choices available are %s",
+				ErrValueNotOneOf, value, strings.Join(choices, ", "))
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func Uint16IsOneOf(port uint16, choices []uint16) (ok bool) {
+	for _, choice := range choices {
+		if port == choice {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/copy.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/copy.go
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+package helpers
+
+import (
+	"net/netip"
+
+	"golang.org/x/exp/slices"
+)
+
+func CopyPointer[T any](original *T) (copied *T) {
+	if original == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	copied = new(T)
+	*copied = *original
+	return copied
+}
+
+func CopySlice[T string | uint16 | netip.Addr | netip.Prefix](original []T) (copied []T) {
+	return slices.Clone(original)
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/default.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/default.go
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+package helpers
+
+import (
+	"net/netip"
+)
+
+func DefaultPointer[T any](existing *T, defaultValue T) (
+	result *T) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = new(T)
+	*result = defaultValue
+	return result
+}
+
+func DefaultString(existing string, defaultValue string) (
+	result string) {
+	if existing != "" {
+		return existing
+	}
+	return defaultValue
+}
+
+func DefaultNumber[T Number](existing T, defaultValue T) ( //nolint:ireturn
+	result T) {
+	if existing != 0 {
+		return existing
+	}
+	return defaultValue
+}
+
+func DefaultIP(existing netip.Addr, defaultValue netip.Addr) (
+	result netip.Addr) {
+	if existing.IsValid() {
+		return existing
+	}
+	return defaultValue
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/files.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/files.go
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+package helpers
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrFileDoesNotExist = errors.New("file does not exist")
+	ErrFileRead         = errors.New("cannot read file")
+	ErrFileClose        = errors.New("cannot close file")
+)
+
+func FileExists(path string) (err error) {
+	path = filepath.Clean(path)
+
+	f, err := os.Open(path)
+	if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrFileDoesNotExist, path)
+	} else if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrFileRead, err)
+	}
+
+	if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrFileClose, err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/generics.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/generics.go
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+package helpers
+
+import "time"
+
+type Number interface {
+	uint8 | uint16 | uint32 | uint64 | uint |
+		int8 | int16 | int32 | int64 | int |
+		float32 | float64 |
+		time.Duration
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/merge.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/merge.go
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+package helpers
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"net/netip"
+)
+
+func MergeWithPointer[T any](existing, other *T) (result *T) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	} else if other == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	result = new(T)
+	*result = *other
+	return result
+}
+
+func MergeWithString(existing, other string) (result string) {
+	if existing != "" {
+		return existing
+	}
+	return other
+}
+
+func MergeWithNumber[T Number](existing, other T) (result T) { //nolint:ireturn
+	if existing != 0 {
+		return existing
+	}
+	return other
+}
+
+func MergeWithIP(existing, other netip.Addr) (result netip.Addr) {
+	if existing.IsValid() {
+		return existing
+	}
+	return other
+}
+
+func MergeWithHTTPHandler(existing, other http.Handler) (result http.Handler) {
+	if existing != nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	return other
+}
+
+func MergeSlices[T comparable](a, b []T) (result []T) {
+	if a == nil && b == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	seen := make(map[T]struct{}, len(a)+len(b))
+	result = make([]T, 0, len(a)+len(b))
+	for _, s := range a {
+		if _, ok := seen[s]; ok {
+			continue // duplicate
+		}
+		result = append(result, s)
+		seen[s] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	for _, s := range b {
+		if _, ok := seen[s]; ok {
+			continue // duplicate
+		}
+		result = append(result, s)
+		seen[s] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	return result
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/messages.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/messages.go
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+package helpers
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+func ChoicesOrString(choices []string) string {
+	return strings.Join(
+		choices[:len(choices)-1], ", ") +
+		" or " + choices[len(choices)-1]
+}
+
+func PortChoicesOrString(ports []uint16) (s string) {
+	switch len(ports) {
+	case 0:
+		return "there is no allowed port"
+	case 1:
+		return "allowed port is " + fmt.Sprint(ports[0])
+	}
+
+	s = "allowed ports are "
+	portStrings := make([]string, len(ports))
+	for i := range ports {
+		portStrings[i] = fmt.Sprint(ports[i])
+	}
+	s += ChoicesOrString(portStrings)
+	return s
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/obfuscate.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/obfuscate.go
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+package helpers
+
+func ObfuscateWireguardKey(fullKey string) (obfuscatedKey string) {
+	const minKeyLength = 10
+	if len(fullKey) < minKeyLength {
+		return "(too short)"
+	}
+
+	lastIndex := len(fullKey) - 1
+	return fullKey[0:2] + "..." + fullKey[lastIndex-2:]
+}
+
+func ObfuscatePassword(password string) (obfuscatedPassword string) {
+	if password != "" {
+		return "[set]"
+	}
+	return "[not set]"
+}
+
+func ObfuscateData(data string) (obfuscated string) {
+	if data != "" {
+		return "[set]"
+	}
+	return "[not set]"
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/override.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/override.go
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+package helpers
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"net/netip"
+)
+
+func OverrideWithPointer[T any](existing, other *T) (result *T) {
+	if other == nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = new(T)
+	*result = *other
+	return result
+}
+
+func OverrideWithString(existing, other string) (result string) {
+	if other == "" {
+		return existing
+	}
+	return other
+}
+
+func OverrideWithNumber[T Number](existing, other T) (result T) { //nolint:ireturn
+	if other == 0 {
+		return existing
+	}
+	return other
+}
+
+func OverrideWithIP(existing, other netip.Addr) (result netip.Addr) {
+	if !other.IsValid() {
+		return existing
+	}
+	return other
+}
+
+func OverrideWithHTTPHandler(existing, other http.Handler) (result http.Handler) {
+	if other != nil {
+		return other
+	}
+	return existing
+}
+
+func OverrideWithSlice[T any](existing, other []T) (result []T) {
+	if other == nil {
+		return existing
+	}
+	result = make([]T, len(other))
+	copy(result, other)
+	return result
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/string.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/string.go
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+package helpers
+
+func BoolPtrToYesNo(b *bool) string {
+	if *b {
+		return "yes"
+	}
+	return "no"
+}
+
+func TCPPtrToString(tcp *bool) string {
+	if *tcp {
+		return "TCP"
+	}
+	return "UDP"
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers_test.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers_test.go
@@ -1,30 +1,4 @@
 package settings

-import gomock "github.com/golang/mock/gomock"
-
-type sourceKeyValue struct {
-	key   string
-	value string
-}
-
-func newMockSource(ctrl *gomock.Controller, keyValues []sourceKeyValue) *MockSource {
-	source := NewMockSource(ctrl)
-	var previousCall *gomock.Call
-	for _, keyValue := range keyValues {
-		transformedKey := keyValue.key
-		keyTransformCall := source.EXPECT().KeyTransform(keyValue.key).Return(transformedKey)
-		if previousCall != nil {
-			keyTransformCall.After(previousCall)
-		}
-		isSet := keyValue.value != ""
-		previousCall = source.EXPECT().Get(transformedKey).
-			Return(keyValue.value, isSet).After(keyTransformCall)
-		if isSet {
-			previousCall = source.EXPECT().KeyTransform(keyValue.key).
-				Return(transformedKey).After(previousCall)
-			previousCall = source.EXPECT().String().
-				Return("mock source").After(previousCall)
-		}
-	}
-	return source
-}
+func boolPtr(b bool) *bool    { return &b }
+func uint8Ptr(n uint8) *uint8 { return &n }
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/httpproxy.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/httpproxy.go
@@ -3,13 +3,11 @@ package settings
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
-	"strings"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/validate"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
+	"github.com/qdm12/govalid/address"
 )

 // HTTPProxy contains settings to configure the HTTP proxy.
@@ -46,7 +44,9 @@ type HTTPProxy struct {

 func (h HTTPProxy) validate() (err error) {
 	// Do not validate user and password
-	err = validate.ListeningAddress(h.ListeningAddress, os.Getuid())
+
+	uid := os.Getuid()
+	_, err = address.Validate(h.ListeningAddress, address.OptionListening(uid))
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrServerAddressNotValid, h.ListeningAddress)
 	}
@@ -56,42 +56,55 @@ func (h HTTPProxy) validate() (err error) {

 func (h *HTTPProxy) copy() (copied HTTPProxy) {
 	return HTTPProxy{
-		User:              gosettings.CopyPointer(h.User),
-		Password:          gosettings.CopyPointer(h.Password),
+		User:              helpers.CopyPointer(h.User),
+		Password:          helpers.CopyPointer(h.Password),
 		ListeningAddress:  h.ListeningAddress,
-		Enabled:           gosettings.CopyPointer(h.Enabled),
-		Stealth:           gosettings.CopyPointer(h.Stealth),
-		Log:               gosettings.CopyPointer(h.Log),
+		Enabled:           helpers.CopyPointer(h.Enabled),
+		Stealth:           helpers.CopyPointer(h.Stealth),
+		Log:               helpers.CopyPointer(h.Log),
 		ReadHeaderTimeout: h.ReadHeaderTimeout,
 		ReadTimeout:       h.ReadTimeout,
 	}
 }

+// mergeWith merges the other settings into any
+// unset field of the receiver settings object.
+func (h *HTTPProxy) mergeWith(other HTTPProxy) {
+	h.User = helpers.MergeWithPointer(h.User, other.User)
+	h.Password = helpers.MergeWithPointer(h.Password, other.Password)
+	h.ListeningAddress = helpers.MergeWithString(h.ListeningAddress, other.ListeningAddress)
+	h.Enabled = helpers.MergeWithPointer(h.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	h.Stealth = helpers.MergeWithPointer(h.Stealth, other.Stealth)
+	h.Log = helpers.MergeWithPointer(h.Log, other.Log)
+	h.ReadHeaderTimeout = helpers.MergeWithNumber(h.ReadHeaderTimeout, other.ReadHeaderTimeout)
+	h.ReadTimeout = helpers.MergeWithNumber(h.ReadTimeout, other.ReadTimeout)
+}
+
 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (h *HTTPProxy) overrideWith(other HTTPProxy) {
-	h.User = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(h.User, other.User)
-	h.Password = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(h.Password, other.Password)
-	h.ListeningAddress = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(h.ListeningAddress, other.ListeningAddress)
-	h.Enabled = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(h.Enabled, other.Enabled)
-	h.Stealth = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(h.Stealth, other.Stealth)
-	h.Log = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(h.Log, other.Log)
-	h.ReadHeaderTimeout = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(h.ReadHeaderTimeout, other.ReadHeaderTimeout)
-	h.ReadTimeout = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(h.ReadTimeout, other.ReadTimeout)
+	h.User = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(h.User, other.User)
+	h.Password = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(h.Password, other.Password)
+	h.ListeningAddress = helpers.OverrideWithString(h.ListeningAddress, other.ListeningAddress)
+	h.Enabled = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(h.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	h.Stealth = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(h.Stealth, other.Stealth)
+	h.Log = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(h.Log, other.Log)
+	h.ReadHeaderTimeout = helpers.OverrideWithNumber(h.ReadHeaderTimeout, other.ReadHeaderTimeout)
+	h.ReadTimeout = helpers.OverrideWithNumber(h.ReadTimeout, other.ReadTimeout)
 }

 func (h *HTTPProxy) setDefaults() {
-	h.User = gosettings.DefaultPointer(h.User, "")
-	h.Password = gosettings.DefaultPointer(h.Password, "")
-	h.ListeningAddress = gosettings.DefaultComparable(h.ListeningAddress, ":8888")
-	h.Enabled = gosettings.DefaultPointer(h.Enabled, false)
-	h.Stealth = gosettings.DefaultPointer(h.Stealth, false)
-	h.Log = gosettings.DefaultPointer(h.Log, false)
+	h.User = helpers.DefaultPointer(h.User, "")
+	h.Password = helpers.DefaultPointer(h.Password, "")
+	h.ListeningAddress = helpers.DefaultString(h.ListeningAddress, ":8888")
+	h.Enabled = helpers.DefaultPointer(h.Enabled, false)
+	h.Stealth = helpers.DefaultPointer(h.Stealth, false)
+	h.Log = helpers.DefaultPointer(h.Log, false)
 	const defaultReadHeaderTimeout = time.Second
-	h.ReadHeaderTimeout = gosettings.DefaultComparable(h.ReadHeaderTimeout, defaultReadHeaderTimeout)
+	h.ReadHeaderTimeout = helpers.DefaultNumber(h.ReadHeaderTimeout, defaultReadHeaderTimeout)
 	const defaultReadTimeout = 3 * time.Second
-	h.ReadTimeout = gosettings.DefaultComparable(h.ReadTimeout, defaultReadTimeout)
+	h.ReadTimeout = helpers.DefaultNumber(h.ReadTimeout, defaultReadTimeout)
 }

 func (h HTTPProxy) String() string {
@@ -100,83 +113,18 @@ func (h HTTPProxy) String() string {

 func (h HTTPProxy) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("HTTP proxy settings:")
-	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(h.Enabled))
+	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(h.Enabled))
 	if !*h.Enabled {
 		return node
 	}

 	node.Appendf("Listening address: %s", h.ListeningAddress)
 	node.Appendf("User: %s", *h.User)
-	node.Appendf("Password: %s", gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*h.Password))
-	node.Appendf("Stealth mode: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(h.Stealth))
-	node.Appendf("Log: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(h.Log))
+	node.Appendf("Password: %s", helpers.ObfuscatePassword(*h.Password))
+	node.Appendf("Stealth mode: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(h.Stealth))
+	node.Appendf("Log: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(h.Log))
 	node.Appendf("Read header timeout: %s", h.ReadHeaderTimeout)
 	node.Appendf("Read timeout: %s", h.ReadTimeout)

 	return node
 }
-
-func (h *HTTPProxy) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	h.User = r.Get("HTTPPROXY_USER",
-		reader.RetroKeys("PROXY_USER", "TINYPROXY_USER"),
-		reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-
-	h.Password = r.Get("HTTPPROXY_PASSWORD",
-		reader.RetroKeys("PROXY_PASSWORD", "TINYPROXY_PASSWORD"),
-		reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-
-	h.ListeningAddress, err = readHTTProxyListeningAddress(r)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	h.Enabled, err = r.BoolPtr("HTTPPROXY", reader.RetroKeys("PROXY", "TINYPROXY"))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	h.Stealth, err = r.BoolPtr("HTTPPROXY_STEALTH")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	h.Log, err = readHTTProxyLog(r)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func readHTTProxyListeningAddress(r *reader.Reader) (listeningAddress string, err error) {
-	// Retro-compatible keys using a port only
-	port, err := r.Uint16Ptr("",
-		reader.RetroKeys("HTTPPROXY_PORT", "TINYPROXY_PORT", "PROXY_PORT"),
-		reader.IsRetro("HTTPPROXY_LISTENING_ADDRESS"))
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	} else if port != nil {
-		return fmt.Sprintf(":%d", *port), nil
-	}
-	const currentKey = "HTTPPROXY_LISTENING_ADDRESS"
-	return r.String(currentKey), nil
-}
-
-func readHTTProxyLog(r *reader.Reader) (enabled *bool, err error) {
-	const currentKey = "HTTPPROXY_LOG"
-	// Retro-compatible keys using different boolean verbs
-	value := r.String("",
-		reader.RetroKeys("PROXY_LOG", "TINYPROXY_LOG"),
-		reader.IsRetro(currentKey))
-	switch strings.ToLower(value) {
-	case "":
-		return r.BoolPtr(currentKey)
-	case "on", "info", "connect", "notice":
-		return ptrTo(true), nil
-	case "disabled", "no", "off":
-		return ptrTo(false), nil
-	default:
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("HTTP retro-compatible proxy log setting: %w: %s",
-			ErrValueUnknown, value)
-	}
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/interfaces.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/interfaces.go
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-package settings
-
-type Warner interface {
-	Warn(message string)
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/log.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/log.go
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 package settings

 import (
-	"fmt"
-
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 	"github.com/qdm12/log"
 )
@@ -12,33 +9,35 @@ import (
 // Log contains settings to configure the logger.
 type Log struct {
 	// Level is the log level of the logger.
-	// It cannot be empty in the internal state.
-	Level string
+	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
+	Level *log.Level
 }

 func (l Log) validate() (err error) {
-	_, err = log.ParseLevel(l.Level)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("level: %w", err)
-	}
 	return nil
 }

 func (l *Log) copy() (copied Log) {
 	return Log{
-		Level: l.Level,
+		Level: helpers.CopyPointer(l.Level),
 	}
 }

+// mergeWith merges the other settings into any
+// unset field of the receiver settings object.
+func (l *Log) mergeWith(other Log) {
+	l.Level = helpers.MergeWithPointer(l.Level, other.Level)
+}
+
 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (l *Log) overrideWith(other Log) {
-	l.Level = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(l.Level, other.Level)
+	l.Level = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(l.Level, other.Level)
 }

 func (l *Log) setDefaults() {
-	l.Level = gosettings.DefaultComparable(l.Level, log.LevelInfo.String())
+	l.Level = helpers.DefaultPointer(l.Level, log.LevelInfo)
 }

 func (l Log) String() string {
@@ -47,11 +46,6 @@ func (l Log) String() string {

 func (l Log) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("Log settings:")
-	node.Appendf("Log level: %s", l.Level)
+	node.Appendf("Log level: %s", l.Level.String())
 	return node
 }
-
-func (l *Log) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	l.Level = r.String("LOG_LEVEL")
-	return nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/mocks_generate_test.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/mocks_generate_test.go
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-package settings
-
-//go:generate mockgen -destination=mocks_test.go -package=$GOPACKAGE . Warner
-//go:generate mockgen -destination=mocks_reader_test.go -package=$GOPACKAGE github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader Source
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/mocks_reader_test.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/mocks_reader_test.go
@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-// Code generated by MockGen. DO NOT EDIT.
-// Source: github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader (interfaces: Source)
-
-// Package settings is a generated GoMock package.
-package settings
-
-import (
-	reflect "reflect"
-
-	gomock "github.com/golang/mock/gomock"
-)
-
-// MockSource is a mock of Source interface.
-type MockSource struct {
-	ctrl     *gomock.Controller
-	recorder *MockSourceMockRecorder
-}
-
-// MockSourceMockRecorder is the mock recorder for MockSource.
-type MockSourceMockRecorder struct {
-	mock *MockSource
-}
-
-// NewMockSource creates a new mock instance.
-func NewMockSource(ctrl *gomock.Controller) *MockSource {
-	mock := &MockSource{ctrl: ctrl}
-	mock.recorder = &MockSourceMockRecorder{mock}
-	return mock
-}
-
-// EXPECT returns an object that allows the caller to indicate expected use.
-func (m *MockSource) EXPECT() *MockSourceMockRecorder {
-	return m.recorder
-}
-
-// Get mocks base method.
-func (m *MockSource) Get(arg0 string) (string, bool) {
-	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "Get", arg0)
-	ret0, _ := ret[0].(string)
-	ret1, _ := ret[1].(bool)
-	return ret0, ret1
-}
-
-// Get indicates an expected call of Get.
-func (mr *MockSourceMockRecorder) Get(arg0 interface{}) *gomock.Call {
-	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Get", reflect.TypeOf((*MockSource)(nil).Get), arg0)
-}
-
-// KeyTransform mocks base method.
-func (m *MockSource) KeyTransform(arg0 string) string {
-	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "KeyTransform", arg0)
-	ret0, _ := ret[0].(string)
-	return ret0
-}
-
-// KeyTransform indicates an expected call of KeyTransform.
-func (mr *MockSourceMockRecorder) KeyTransform(arg0 interface{}) *gomock.Call {
-	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "KeyTransform", reflect.TypeOf((*MockSource)(nil).KeyTransform), arg0)
-}
-
-// String mocks base method.
-func (m *MockSource) String() string {
-	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	ret := m.ctrl.Call(m, "String")
-	ret0, _ := ret[0].(string)
-	return ret0
-}
-
-// String indicates an expected call of String.
-func (mr *MockSourceMockRecorder) String() *gomock.Call {
-	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "String", reflect.TypeOf((*MockSource)(nil).String))
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/mocks_test.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/mocks_test.go
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-// Code generated by MockGen. DO NOT EDIT.
-// Source: github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings (interfaces: Warner)
-
-// Package settings is a generated GoMock package.
-package settings
-
-import (
-	reflect "reflect"
-
-	gomock "github.com/golang/mock/gomock"
-)
-
-// MockWarner is a mock of Warner interface.
-type MockWarner struct {
-	ctrl     *gomock.Controller
-	recorder *MockWarnerMockRecorder
-}
-
-// MockWarnerMockRecorder is the mock recorder for MockWarner.
-type MockWarnerMockRecorder struct {
-	mock *MockWarner
-}
-
-// NewMockWarner creates a new mock instance.
-func NewMockWarner(ctrl *gomock.Controller) *MockWarner {
-	mock := &MockWarner{ctrl: ctrl}
-	mock.recorder = &MockWarnerMockRecorder{mock}
-	return mock
-}
-
-// EXPECT returns an object that allows the caller to indicate expected use.
-func (m *MockWarner) EXPECT() *MockWarnerMockRecorder {
-	return m.recorder
-}
-
-// Warn mocks base method.
-func (m *MockWarner) Warn(arg0 string) {
-	m.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	m.ctrl.Call(m, "Warn", arg0)
-}
-
-// Warn indicates an expected call of Warn.
-func (mr *MockWarnerMockRecorder) Warn(arg0 interface{}) *gomock.Call {
-	mr.mock.ctrl.T.Helper()
-	return mr.mock.ctrl.RecordCallWithMethodType(mr.mock, "Warn", reflect.TypeOf((*MockWarner)(nil).Warn), arg0)
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/netaddr.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/netaddr.go
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+package settings
+
+import (
+	"net/netip"
+
+	"inet.af/netaddr"
+)
+
+func netipAddressToNetaddrIP(address netip.Addr) (ip netaddr.IP) {
+	if address.Is4() {
+		return netaddr.IPFrom4(address.As4())
+	}
+	return netaddr.IPFrom16(address.As16())
+}
+
+func netipAddressesToNetaddrIPs(addresses []netip.Addr) (ips []netaddr.IP) {
+	ips = make([]netaddr.IP, len(addresses))
+	for i := range addresses {
+		ips[i] = netipAddressToNetaddrIP(addresses[i])
+	}
+	return ips
+}
+
+func netipPrefixToNetaddrIPPrefix(prefix netip.Prefix) (ipPrefix netaddr.IPPrefix) {
+	netaddrIP := netipAddressToNetaddrIP(prefix.Addr())
+	bits := prefix.Bits()
+	return netaddr.IPPrefixFrom(netaddrIP, uint8(bits))
+}
+
+func netipPrefixesToNetaddrIPPrefixes(prefixes []netip.Prefix) (ipPrefixes []netaddr.IPPrefix) {
+	ipPrefixes = make([]netaddr.IPPrefix, len(prefixes))
+	for i := range ipPrefixes {
+		ipPrefixes[i] = netipPrefixToNetaddrIPPrefix(prefixes[i])
+	}
+	return ipPrefixes
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/nordvpn_retro.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/nordvpn_retro.go
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-package settings
-
-// Retro-compatibility because SERVER_REGIONS changed to SERVER_COUNTRIES
-// and SERVER_REGIONS is now the continent field for servers.
-// TODO v4 remove.
-func nordvpnRetroRegion(selection ServerSelection, validRegions, validCountries []string) (
-	updatedSelection ServerSelection,
-) {
-	validRegionsMap := stringSliceToMap(validRegions)
-	validCountriesMap := stringSliceToMap(validCountries)
-
-	updatedSelection = selection.copy()
-	updatedSelection.Regions = make([]string, 0, len(selection.Regions))
-	for _, region := range selection.Regions {
-		_, isValid := validRegionsMap[region]
-		if isValid {
-			updatedSelection.Regions = append(updatedSelection.Regions, region)
-			continue
-		}
-
-		_, isValid = validCountriesMap[region]
-		if !isValid {
-			// Region is not valid for the country or region
-			// just leave it to the validation to fail it later
-			continue
-		}
-
-		// Region is not valid for a region, but is a valid country
-		// Handle retro-compatibility and transfer the value to the
-		// country field.
-		updatedSelection.Countries = append(updatedSelection.Countries, region)
-	}
-
-	return updatedSelection
-}
-
-func stringSliceToMap(slice []string) (m map[string]struct{}) {
-	m = make(map[string]struct{}, len(slice))
-	for _, s := range slice {
-		m[s] = struct{}{}
-	}
-	return m
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/openvpn.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/openvpn.go
@@ -6,93 +6,92 @@ import (
 	"regexp"
 	"strings"

+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/openvpn"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/openvpn/extract"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/provider/privateinternetaccess/presets"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/validate"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

 // OpenVPN contains settings to configure the OpenVPN client.
 type OpenVPN struct {
 	// Version is the OpenVPN version to run.
-	// It can only be "2.5" or "2.6".
-	Version string `json:"version"`
+	// It can only be "2.4" or "2.5".
+	Version string
 	// User is the OpenVPN authentication username.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state if OpenVPN is used.
 	// It is usually required but in some cases can be the empty string
 	// to indicate no user+password authentication is needed.
-	User *string `json:"user"`
+	User *string
 	// Password is the OpenVPN authentication password.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state if OpenVPN is used.
 	// It is usually required but in some cases can be the empty string
 	// to indicate no user+password authentication is needed.
-	Password *string `json:"password"`
+	Password *string
 	// ConfFile is a custom OpenVPN configuration file path.
 	// It can be set to the empty string for it to be ignored.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	ConfFile *string `json:"config_file_path"`
+	ConfFile *string
 	// Ciphers is a list of ciphers to use for OpenVPN,
 	// different from the ones specified by the VPN
 	// service provider configuration files.
-	Ciphers []string `json:"ciphers"`
+	Ciphers []string
 	// Auth is an auth algorithm to use in OpenVPN instead
 	// of the one specified by the VPN service provider.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
 	// It is ignored if it is set to the empty string.
-	Auth *string `json:"auth"`
+	Auth *string
 	// Cert is the base64 encoded DER of an OpenVPN certificate for the <cert> block.
 	// This is notably used by Cyberghost and VPN secure.
 	// It can be set to the empty string to be ignored.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	Cert *string `json:"cert"`
+	Cert *string
 	// Key is the base64 encoded DER of an OpenVPN key.
 	// This is used by Cyberghost and VPN Unlimited.
 	// It can be set to the empty string to be ignored.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	Key *string `json:"key"`
+	Key *string
 	// EncryptedKey is the base64 encoded DER of an encrypted key for OpenVPN.
 	// It is used by VPN secure.
 	// It defaults to the empty string meaning it is not
 	// to be used. KeyPassphrase must be set if this one is set.
-	EncryptedKey *string `json:"encrypted_key"`
+	EncryptedKey *string
 	// KeyPassphrase is the key passphrase to be used by OpenVPN
 	// to decrypt the EncryptedPrivateKey. It defaults to the
 	// empty string and must be set if EncryptedPrivateKey is set.
-	KeyPassphrase *string `json:"key_passphrase"`
+	KeyPassphrase *string
 	// PIAEncPreset is the encryption preset for
 	// Private Internet Access. It can be set to an
 	// empty string for other providers.
-	PIAEncPreset *string `json:"pia_encryption_preset"`
+	PIAEncPreset *string
 	// MSSFix is the value (1 to 10000) to set for the
 	// mssfix option for OpenVPN. It is ignored if set to 0.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	MSSFix *uint16 `json:"mssfix"`
+	MSSFix *uint16
 	// Interface is the OpenVPN device interface name.
 	// It cannot be an empty string in the internal state.
-	Interface string `json:"interface"`
+	Interface string
 	// ProcessUser is the OpenVPN process OS username
 	// to use. It cannot be empty in the internal state.
 	// It defaults to 'root'.
-	ProcessUser string `json:"process_user"`
+	ProcessUser string
 	// Verbosity is the OpenVPN verbosity level from 0 to 6.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	Verbosity *int `json:"verbosity"`
+	Verbosity *int
 	// Flags is a slice of additional flags to be passed
 	// to the OpenVPN program.
-	Flags []string `json:"flags"`
+	Flags []string
 }

 var ivpnAccountID = regexp.MustCompile(`^(i|ivpn)\-[a-zA-Z0-9]{4}\-[a-zA-Z0-9]{4}\-[a-zA-Z0-9]{4}$`)

 func (o OpenVPN) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 	// Validate version
-	validVersions := []string{openvpn.Openvpn25, openvpn.Openvpn26}
-	if err = validate.IsOneOf(o.Version, validVersions...); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrOpenVPNVersionIsNotValid, err)
+	validVersions := []string{openvpn.Openvpn24, openvpn.Openvpn25}
+	if !helpers.IsOneOf(o.Version, validVersions...) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %q can only be one of %s",
+			ErrOpenVPNVersionIsNotValid, o.Version, strings.Join(validVersions, ", "))
 	}

 	isCustom := vpnProvider == providers.Custom
@@ -155,8 +154,7 @@ func (o OpenVPN) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 }

 func validateOpenVPNConfigFilepath(isCustom bool,
-	confFile string,
-) (err error) {
+	confFile string) (err error) {
 	if !isCustom {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -165,7 +163,7 @@ func validateOpenVPNConfigFilepath(isCustom bool,
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrFilepathMissing)
 	}

-	err = validate.FileExists(confFile)
+	err = helpers.FileExists(confFile)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -180,8 +178,7 @@ func validateOpenVPNConfigFilepath(isCustom bool,
 }

 func validateOpenVPNClientCertificate(vpnProvider,
-	clientCert string,
-) (err error) {
+	clientCert string) (err error) {
 	switch vpnProvider {
 	case
 		providers.Airvpn,
@@ -228,8 +225,7 @@ func validateOpenVPNClientKey(vpnProvider, clientKey string) (err error) {
 }

 func validateOpenVPNEncryptedKey(vpnProvider,
-	encryptedPrivateKey string,
-) (err error) {
+	encryptedPrivateKey string) (err error) {
 	if vpnProvider == providers.VPNSecure && encryptedPrivateKey == "" {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrMissingValue)
 	}
@@ -248,71 +244,92 @@ func validateOpenVPNEncryptedKey(vpnProvider,
 func (o *OpenVPN) copy() (copied OpenVPN) {
 	return OpenVPN{
 		Version:       o.Version,
-		User:          gosettings.CopyPointer(o.User),
-		Password:      gosettings.CopyPointer(o.Password),
-		ConfFile:      gosettings.CopyPointer(o.ConfFile),
-		Ciphers:       gosettings.CopySlice(o.Ciphers),
-		Auth:          gosettings.CopyPointer(o.Auth),
-		Cert:          gosettings.CopyPointer(o.Cert),
-		Key:           gosettings.CopyPointer(o.Key),
-		EncryptedKey:  gosettings.CopyPointer(o.EncryptedKey),
-		KeyPassphrase: gosettings.CopyPointer(o.KeyPassphrase),
-		PIAEncPreset:  gosettings.CopyPointer(o.PIAEncPreset),
-		MSSFix:        gosettings.CopyPointer(o.MSSFix),
+		User:          helpers.CopyPointer(o.User),
+		Password:      helpers.CopyPointer(o.Password),
+		ConfFile:      helpers.CopyPointer(o.ConfFile),
+		Ciphers:       helpers.CopySlice(o.Ciphers),
+		Auth:          helpers.CopyPointer(o.Auth),
+		Cert:          helpers.CopyPointer(o.Cert),
+		Key:           helpers.CopyPointer(o.Key),
+		EncryptedKey:  helpers.CopyPointer(o.EncryptedKey),
+		KeyPassphrase: helpers.CopyPointer(o.KeyPassphrase),
+		PIAEncPreset:  helpers.CopyPointer(o.PIAEncPreset),
+		MSSFix:        helpers.CopyPointer(o.MSSFix),
 		Interface:     o.Interface,
 		ProcessUser:   o.ProcessUser,
-		Verbosity:     gosettings.CopyPointer(o.Verbosity),
-		Flags:         gosettings.CopySlice(o.Flags),
+		Verbosity:     helpers.CopyPointer(o.Verbosity),
+		Flags:         helpers.CopySlice(o.Flags),
 	}
 }

+// mergeWith merges the other settings into any
+// unset field of the receiver settings object.
+func (o *OpenVPN) mergeWith(other OpenVPN) {
+	o.Version = helpers.MergeWithString(o.Version, other.Version)
+	o.User = helpers.MergeWithPointer(o.User, other.User)
+	o.Password = helpers.MergeWithPointer(o.Password, other.Password)
+	o.ConfFile = helpers.MergeWithPointer(o.ConfFile, other.ConfFile)
+	o.Ciphers = helpers.MergeSlices(o.Ciphers, other.Ciphers)
+	o.Auth = helpers.MergeWithPointer(o.Auth, other.Auth)
+	o.Cert = helpers.MergeWithPointer(o.Cert, other.Cert)
+	o.Key = helpers.MergeWithPointer(o.Key, other.Key)
+	o.EncryptedKey = helpers.MergeWithPointer(o.EncryptedKey, other.EncryptedKey)
+	o.KeyPassphrase = helpers.MergeWithPointer(o.KeyPassphrase, other.KeyPassphrase)
+	o.PIAEncPreset = helpers.MergeWithPointer(o.PIAEncPreset, other.PIAEncPreset)
+	o.MSSFix = helpers.MergeWithPointer(o.MSSFix, other.MSSFix)
+	o.Interface = helpers.MergeWithString(o.Interface, other.Interface)
+	o.ProcessUser = helpers.MergeWithString(o.ProcessUser, other.ProcessUser)
+	o.Verbosity = helpers.MergeWithPointer(o.Verbosity, other.Verbosity)
+	o.Flags = helpers.MergeSlices(o.Flags, other.Flags)
+}
+
 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (o *OpenVPN) overrideWith(other OpenVPN) {
-	o.Version = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(o.Version, other.Version)
-	o.User = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.User, other.User)
-	o.Password = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.Password, other.Password)
-	o.ConfFile = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.ConfFile, other.ConfFile)
-	o.Ciphers = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(o.Ciphers, other.Ciphers)
-	o.Auth = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.Auth, other.Auth)
-	o.Cert = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.Cert, other.Cert)
-	o.Key = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.Key, other.Key)
-	o.EncryptedKey = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.EncryptedKey, other.EncryptedKey)
-	o.KeyPassphrase = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.KeyPassphrase, other.KeyPassphrase)
-	o.PIAEncPreset = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.PIAEncPreset, other.PIAEncPreset)
-	o.MSSFix = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.MSSFix, other.MSSFix)
-	o.Interface = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(o.Interface, other.Interface)
-	o.ProcessUser = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(o.ProcessUser, other.ProcessUser)
-	o.Verbosity = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.Verbosity, other.Verbosity)
-	o.Flags = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(o.Flags, other.Flags)
+	o.Version = helpers.OverrideWithString(o.Version, other.Version)
+	o.User = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(o.User, other.User)
+	o.Password = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(o.Password, other.Password)
+	o.ConfFile = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(o.ConfFile, other.ConfFile)
+	o.Ciphers = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(o.Ciphers, other.Ciphers)
+	o.Auth = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(o.Auth, other.Auth)
+	o.Cert = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(o.Cert, other.Cert)
+	o.Key = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(o.Key, other.Key)
+	o.EncryptedKey = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(o.EncryptedKey, other.EncryptedKey)
+	o.KeyPassphrase = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(o.KeyPassphrase, other.KeyPassphrase)
+	o.PIAEncPreset = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(o.PIAEncPreset, other.PIAEncPreset)
+	o.MSSFix = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(o.MSSFix, other.MSSFix)
+	o.Interface = helpers.OverrideWithString(o.Interface, other.Interface)
+	o.ProcessUser = helpers.OverrideWithString(o.ProcessUser, other.ProcessUser)
+	o.Verbosity = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(o.Verbosity, other.Verbosity)
+	o.Flags = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(o.Flags, other.Flags)
 }

 func (o *OpenVPN) setDefaults(vpnProvider string) {
-	o.Version = gosettings.DefaultComparable(o.Version, openvpn.Openvpn26)
-	o.User = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.User, "")
+	o.Version = helpers.DefaultString(o.Version, openvpn.Openvpn25)
+	o.User = helpers.DefaultPointer(o.User, "")
 	if vpnProvider == providers.Mullvad {
-		o.Password = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.Password, "m")
+		o.Password = helpers.DefaultPointer(o.Password, "m")
 	} else {
-		o.Password = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.Password, "")
+		o.Password = helpers.DefaultPointer(o.Password, "")
 	}

-	o.ConfFile = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.ConfFile, "")
-	o.Auth = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.Auth, "")
-	o.Cert = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.Cert, "")
-	o.Key = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.Key, "")
-	o.EncryptedKey = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.EncryptedKey, "")
-	o.KeyPassphrase = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.KeyPassphrase, "")
+	o.ConfFile = helpers.DefaultPointer(o.ConfFile, "")
+	o.Auth = helpers.DefaultPointer(o.Auth, "")
+	o.Cert = helpers.DefaultPointer(o.Cert, "")
+	o.Key = helpers.DefaultPointer(o.Key, "")
+	o.EncryptedKey = helpers.DefaultPointer(o.EncryptedKey, "")
+	o.KeyPassphrase = helpers.DefaultPointer(o.KeyPassphrase, "")

 	var defaultEncPreset string
 	if vpnProvider == providers.PrivateInternetAccess {
 		defaultEncPreset = presets.Strong
 	}
-	o.PIAEncPreset = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.PIAEncPreset, defaultEncPreset)
-	o.MSSFix = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.MSSFix, 0)
-	o.Interface = gosettings.DefaultComparable(o.Interface, "tun0")
-	o.ProcessUser = gosettings.DefaultComparable(o.ProcessUser, "root")
-	o.Verbosity = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.Verbosity, 1)
+	o.PIAEncPreset = helpers.DefaultPointer(o.PIAEncPreset, defaultEncPreset)
+	o.MSSFix = helpers.DefaultPointer(o.MSSFix, 0)
+	o.Interface = helpers.DefaultString(o.Interface, "tun0")
+	o.ProcessUser = helpers.DefaultString(o.ProcessUser, "root")
+	o.Verbosity = helpers.DefaultPointer(o.Verbosity, 1)
 }

 func (o OpenVPN) String() string {
@@ -322,8 +339,8 @@ func (o OpenVPN) String() string {
 func (o OpenVPN) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("OpenVPN settings:")
 	node.Appendf("OpenVPN version: %s", o.Version)
-	node.Appendf("User: %s", gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*o.User))
-	node.Appendf("Password: %s", gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*o.Password))
+	node.Appendf("User: %s", helpers.ObfuscatePassword(*o.User))
+	node.Appendf("Password: %s", helpers.ObfuscatePassword(*o.Password))

 	if *o.ConfFile != "" {
 		node.Appendf("Custom configuration file: %s", *o.ConfFile)
@@ -338,16 +355,16 @@ func (o OpenVPN) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	}

 	if *o.Cert != "" {
-		node.Appendf("Client crt: %s", gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*o.Cert))
+		node.Appendf("Client crt: %s", helpers.ObfuscateData(*o.Cert))
 	}

 	if *o.Key != "" {
-		node.Appendf("Client key: %s", gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*o.Key))
+		node.Appendf("Client key: %s", helpers.ObfuscateData(*o.Key))
 	}

 	if *o.EncryptedKey != "" {
 		node.Appendf("Encrypted key: %s (key passhrapse %s)",
-			gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*o.EncryptedKey), gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*o.KeyPassphrase))
+			helpers.ObfuscateData(*o.EncryptedKey), helpers.ObfuscatePassword(*o.KeyPassphrase))
 	}

 	if *o.PIAEncPreset != "" {
@@ -379,58 +396,3 @@ func (o OpenVPN) WithDefaults(provider string) OpenVPN {
 	o.setDefaults(provider)
 	return o
 }
-
-func (o *OpenVPN) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	o.Version = r.String("OPENVPN_VERSION")
-	o.User = r.Get("OPENVPN_USER", reader.RetroKeys("USER"), reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-	o.Password = r.Get("OPENVPN_PASSWORD", reader.RetroKeys("PASSWORD"), reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-	o.ConfFile = r.Get("OPENVPN_CUSTOM_CONFIG", reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-	o.Ciphers = r.CSV("OPENVPN_CIPHERS", reader.RetroKeys("OPENVPN_CIPHER"))
-	o.Auth = r.Get("OPENVPN_AUTH")
-	o.Cert = r.Get("OPENVPN_CERT", reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-	o.Key = r.Get("OPENVPN_KEY", reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-	o.EncryptedKey = r.Get("OPENVPN_ENCRYPTED_KEY", reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-	o.KeyPassphrase = r.Get("OPENVPN_KEY_PASSPHRASE", reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-	o.PIAEncPreset = r.Get("PRIVATE_INTERNET_ACCESS_OPENVPN_ENCRYPTION_PRESET",
-		reader.RetroKeys("ENCRYPTION", "PIA_ENCRYPTION"))
-
-	o.MSSFix, err = r.Uint16Ptr("OPENVPN_MSSFIX")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	o.Interface = r.String("VPN_INTERFACE",
-		reader.RetroKeys("OPENVPN_INTERFACE"), reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-
-	o.ProcessUser, err = readOpenVPNProcessUser(r)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	o.Verbosity, err = r.IntPtr("OPENVPN_VERBOSITY")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	flagsPtr := r.Get("OPENVPN_FLAGS", reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-	if flagsPtr != nil {
-		o.Flags = strings.Fields(*flagsPtr)
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func readOpenVPNProcessUser(r *reader.Reader) (processUser string, err error) {
-	value, err := r.BoolPtr("OPENVPN_ROOT") // Retro-compatibility
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	} else if value != nil {
-		if *value {
-			return "root", nil
-		}
-		const defaultNonRootUser = "nonrootuser"
-		return defaultNonRootUser, nil
-	}
-
-	return r.String("OPENVPN_PROCESS_USER"), nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/openvpn_test.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/openvpn_test.go
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ func Test_ivpnAccountID(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	for _, testCase := range testCases {
+		testCase := testCase
 		t.Run(testCase.s, func(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Parallel()

--- a/internal/configuration/settings/openvpnselection.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/openvpnselection.go
@@ -2,15 +2,10 @@ package settings

 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"strings"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/provider/privateinternetaccess/presets"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/validate"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -19,41 +14,36 @@ type OpenVPNSelection struct {
 	// It can be set to an empty string to indicate to
 	// NOT use a custom configuration file.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	ConfFile *string `json:"config_file_path"`
-	// Protocol is the OpenVPN network protocol to use,
-	// and can be udp or tcp. It cannot be the empty string
-	// in the internal state.
-	Protocol string `json:"protocol"`
+	ConfFile *string
+	// TCP is true if the OpenVPN protocol is TCP,
+	// and false for UDP.
+	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
+	TCP *bool
 	// CustomPort is the OpenVPN server endpoint port.
 	// It can be set to 0 to indicate no custom port should
 	// be used. It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	CustomPort *uint16 `json:"custom_port"`
+	CustomPort *uint16 // HideMyAss, Mullvad, PIA, ProtonVPN, WeVPN, Windscribe
 	// PIAEncPreset is the encryption preset for
 	// Private Internet Access. It can be set to an
 	// empty string for other providers.
-	PIAEncPreset *string `json:"pia_encryption_preset"`
+	PIAEncPreset *string
 }

 func (o OpenVPNSelection) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 	// Validate ConfFile
 	if confFile := *o.ConfFile; confFile != "" {
-		err := validate.FileExists(confFile)
+		err := helpers.FileExists(confFile)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("configuration file: %w", err)
 		}
 	}

-	err = validate.IsOneOf(o.Protocol, constants.UDP, constants.TCP)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("network protocol: %w", err)
-	}
-
 	// Validate TCP
-	if o.Protocol == constants.TCP && helpers.IsOneOf(vpnProvider,
-		providers.Giganews,
+	if *o.TCP && helpers.IsOneOf(vpnProvider,
 		providers.Ipvanish,
 		providers.Perfectprivacy,
 		providers.Privado,
+		providers.VPNUnlimited,
 		providers.Vyprvpn,
 	) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s",
@@ -64,11 +54,11 @@ func (o OpenVPNSelection) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 	if *o.CustomPort != 0 {
 		switch vpnProvider {
 		// no restriction on port
-		case providers.Custom, providers.Cyberghost, providers.HideMyAss,
+		case providers.Cyberghost, providers.HideMyAss,
 			providers.Privatevpn, providers.Torguard:
 		// no custom port allowed
 		case providers.Expressvpn, providers.Fastestvpn,
-			providers.Giganews, providers.Ipvanish, providers.Nordvpn,
+			providers.Ipvanish, providers.Nordvpn,
 			providers.Privado, providers.Purevpn,
 			providers.Surfshark, providers.VPNSecure,
 			providers.VPNUnlimited, providers.Vyprvpn:
@@ -107,18 +97,16 @@ func (o OpenVPNSelection) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 			case providers.Windscribe:
 				allowedTCP = []uint16{21, 22, 80, 123, 143, 443, 587, 1194, 3306, 8080, 54783}
 				allowedUDP = []uint16{53, 80, 123, 443, 1194, 54783}
-			default:
-				panic(fmt.Sprintf("VPN provider %s has no registered allowed ports", vpnProvider))
 			}

-			allowedPorts := allowedUDP
-			if o.Protocol == constants.TCP {
-				allowedPorts = allowedTCP
-			}
-			err = validate.IsOneOf(*o.CustomPort, allowedPorts...)
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s: %w",
-					ErrOpenVPNCustomPortNotAllowed, vpnProvider, err)
+			if *o.TCP && !helpers.Uint16IsOneOf(*o.CustomPort, allowedTCP) {
+				return fmt.Errorf("%w: %d for VPN service provider %s; %s",
+					ErrOpenVPNCustomPortNotAllowed, o.CustomPort, vpnProvider,
+					helpers.PortChoicesOrString(allowedTCP))
+			} else if !*o.TCP && !helpers.Uint16IsOneOf(*o.CustomPort, allowedUDP) {
+				return fmt.Errorf("%w: %d for VPN service provider %s; %s",
+					ErrOpenVPNCustomPortNotAllowed, o.CustomPort, vpnProvider,
+					helpers.PortChoicesOrString(allowedUDP))
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -130,8 +118,10 @@ func (o OpenVPNSelection) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 			presets.Normal,
 			presets.Strong,
 		}
-		if err = validate.IsOneOf(*o.PIAEncPreset, validEncryptionPresets...); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrOpenVPNEncryptionPresetNotValid, err)
+		if !helpers.IsOneOf(*o.PIAEncPreset, validEncryptionPresets...) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s; valid presets are %s",
+				ErrOpenVPNEncryptionPresetNotValid, *o.PIAEncPreset,
+				helpers.ChoicesOrString(validEncryptionPresets))
 		}
 	}

@@ -140,30 +130,37 @@ func (o OpenVPNSelection) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {

 func (o *OpenVPNSelection) copy() (copied OpenVPNSelection) {
 	return OpenVPNSelection{
-		ConfFile:     gosettings.CopyPointer(o.ConfFile),
-		Protocol:     o.Protocol,
-		CustomPort:   gosettings.CopyPointer(o.CustomPort),
-		PIAEncPreset: gosettings.CopyPointer(o.PIAEncPreset),
+		ConfFile:     helpers.CopyPointer(o.ConfFile),
+		TCP:          helpers.CopyPointer(o.TCP),
+		CustomPort:   helpers.CopyPointer(o.CustomPort),
+		PIAEncPreset: helpers.CopyPointer(o.PIAEncPreset),
 	}
 }

+func (o *OpenVPNSelection) mergeWith(other OpenVPNSelection) {
+	o.ConfFile = helpers.MergeWithPointer(o.ConfFile, other.ConfFile)
+	o.TCP = helpers.MergeWithPointer(o.TCP, other.TCP)
+	o.CustomPort = helpers.MergeWithPointer(o.CustomPort, other.CustomPort)
+	o.PIAEncPreset = helpers.MergeWithPointer(o.PIAEncPreset, other.PIAEncPreset)
+}
+
 func (o *OpenVPNSelection) overrideWith(other OpenVPNSelection) {
-	o.ConfFile = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.ConfFile, other.ConfFile)
-	o.Protocol = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(o.Protocol, other.Protocol)
-	o.CustomPort = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.CustomPort, other.CustomPort)
-	o.PIAEncPreset = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(o.PIAEncPreset, other.PIAEncPreset)
+	o.ConfFile = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(o.ConfFile, other.ConfFile)
+	o.TCP = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(o.TCP, other.TCP)
+	o.CustomPort = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(o.CustomPort, other.CustomPort)
+	o.PIAEncPreset = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(o.PIAEncPreset, other.PIAEncPreset)
 }

 func (o *OpenVPNSelection) setDefaults(vpnProvider string) {
-	o.ConfFile = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.ConfFile, "")
-	o.Protocol = gosettings.DefaultComparable(o.Protocol, constants.UDP)
-	o.CustomPort = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.CustomPort, 0)
+	o.ConfFile = helpers.DefaultPointer(o.ConfFile, "")
+	o.TCP = helpers.DefaultPointer(o.TCP, false)
+	o.CustomPort = helpers.DefaultPointer(o.CustomPort, 0)

 	var defaultEncPreset string
 	if vpnProvider == providers.PrivateInternetAccess {
 		defaultEncPreset = presets.Strong
 	}
-	o.PIAEncPreset = gosettings.DefaultPointer(o.PIAEncPreset, defaultEncPreset)
+	o.PIAEncPreset = helpers.DefaultPointer(o.PIAEncPreset, defaultEncPreset)
 }

 func (o OpenVPNSelection) String() string {
@@ -172,7 +169,7 @@ func (o OpenVPNSelection) String() string {

 func (o OpenVPNSelection) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("OpenVPN server selection settings:")
-	node.Appendf("Protocol: %s", strings.ToUpper(o.Protocol))
+	node.Appendf("Protocol: %s", helpers.TCPPtrToString(o.TCP))

 	if *o.CustomPort != 0 {
 		node.Appendf("Custom port: %d", *o.CustomPort)
@@ -188,20 +185,3 @@ func (o OpenVPNSelection) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {

 	return node
 }
-
-func (o *OpenVPNSelection) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	o.ConfFile = r.Get("OPENVPN_CUSTOM_CONFIG", reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-
-	o.Protocol = r.String("OPENVPN_PROTOCOL", reader.RetroKeys("PROTOCOL"))
-
-	o.CustomPort, err = r.Uint16Ptr("OPENVPN_ENDPOINT_PORT",
-		reader.RetroKeys("PORT", "OPENVPN_PORT", "VPN_ENDPOINT_PORT"))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	o.PIAEncPreset = r.Get("PRIVATE_INTERNET_ACCESS_OPENVPN_ENCRYPTION_PRESET",
-		reader.RetroKeys("ENCRYPTION", "PIA_ENCRYPTION"))
-
-	return nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/portforward.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/portforward.go
@@ -3,11 +3,10 @@ package settings
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"

+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/validate"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -15,56 +14,24 @@ import (
 type PortForwarding struct {
 	// Enabled is true if port forwarding should be activated.
 	// It cannot be nil for the internal state.
-	Enabled *bool `json:"enabled"`
-	// Provider is set to specify which custom port forwarding code
-	// should be used. This is especially necessary for the custom
-	// provider using Wireguard for a provider where Wireguard is not
-	// natively supported but custom port forwarding code is available.
-	// It defaults to the empty string, meaning the current provider
-	// should be the one used for port forwarding.
-	// It cannot be nil for the internal state.
-	Provider *string `json:"provider"`
+	Enabled *bool
 	// Filepath is the port forwarding status file path
 	// to use. It can be the empty string to indicate not
 	// to write to a file. It cannot be nil for the
 	// internal state
-	Filepath *string `json:"status_file_path"`
-	// UpCommand is the command to use when the port forwarding is up.
-	// It can be the empty string to indicate not to run a command.
-	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	UpCommand *string `json:"up_command"`
-	// DownCommand is the command to use after the port forwarding goes down.
-	// It can be the empty string to indicate to NOT run a command.
-	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	DownCommand *string `json:"down_command"`
-	// ListeningPort is the port traffic would be redirected to from the
-	// forwarded port. The redirection is disabled if it is set to 0, which
-	// is its default as well.
-	ListeningPort *uint16 `json:"listening_port"`
-	// Username is only used for Private Internet Access port forwarding.
-	Username string `json:"username"`
-	// Password is only used for Private Internet Access port forwarding.
-	Password string `json:"password"`
+	Filepath *string
 }

-func (p PortForwarding) Validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
+func (p PortForwarding) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 	if !*p.Enabled {
 		return nil
 	}

-	// Validate current provider or custom provider specified
-	providerSelected := vpnProvider
-	if *p.Provider != "" {
-		providerSelected = *p.Provider
-	}
-	validProviders := []string{
-		providers.Perfectprivacy,
-		providers.PrivateInternetAccess,
-		providers.Privatevpn,
-		providers.Protonvpn,
-	}
-	if err = validate.IsOneOf(providerSelected, validProviders...); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrPortForwardingEnabled, err)
+	// Validate Enabled
+	validProviders := []string{providers.PrivateInternetAccess}
+	if !helpers.IsOneOf(vpnProvider, validProviders...) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: for provider %s, it is only available for %s",
+			ErrPortForwardingEnabled, vpnProvider, strings.Join(validProviders, ", "))
 	}

 	// Validate Filepath
@@ -75,49 +42,29 @@ func (p PortForwarding) Validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 		}
 	}

-	if providerSelected == providers.PrivateInternetAccess {
-		switch {
-		case p.Username == "":
-			return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrPortForwardingUserEmpty)
-		case p.Password == "":
-			return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrPortForwardingPasswordEmpty)
-		}
-	}
-
 	return nil
 }

-func (p *PortForwarding) Copy() (copied PortForwarding) {
+func (p *PortForwarding) copy() (copied PortForwarding) {
 	return PortForwarding{
-		Enabled:       gosettings.CopyPointer(p.Enabled),
-		Provider:      gosettings.CopyPointer(p.Provider),
-		Filepath:      gosettings.CopyPointer(p.Filepath),
-		UpCommand:     gosettings.CopyPointer(p.UpCommand),
-		DownCommand:   gosettings.CopyPointer(p.DownCommand),
-		ListeningPort: gosettings.CopyPointer(p.ListeningPort),
-		Username:      p.Username,
-		Password:      p.Password,
+		Enabled:  helpers.CopyPointer(p.Enabled),
+		Filepath: helpers.CopyPointer(p.Filepath),
 	}
 }

-func (p *PortForwarding) OverrideWith(other PortForwarding) {
-	p.Enabled = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(p.Enabled, other.Enabled)
-	p.Provider = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(p.Provider, other.Provider)
-	p.Filepath = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(p.Filepath, other.Filepath)
-	p.UpCommand = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(p.UpCommand, other.UpCommand)
-	p.DownCommand = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(p.DownCommand, other.DownCommand)
-	p.ListeningPort = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(p.ListeningPort, other.ListeningPort)
-	p.Username = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(p.Username, other.Username)
-	p.Password = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(p.Password, other.Password)
+func (p *PortForwarding) mergeWith(other PortForwarding) {
+	p.Enabled = helpers.MergeWithPointer(p.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	p.Filepath = helpers.MergeWithPointer(p.Filepath, other.Filepath)
+}
+
+func (p *PortForwarding) overrideWith(other PortForwarding) {
+	p.Enabled = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(p.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	p.Filepath = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(p.Filepath, other.Filepath)
 }

 func (p *PortForwarding) setDefaults() {
-	p.Enabled = gosettings.DefaultPointer(p.Enabled, false)
-	p.Provider = gosettings.DefaultPointer(p.Provider, "")
-	p.Filepath = gosettings.DefaultPointer(p.Filepath, "/tmp/gluetun/forwarded_port")
-	p.UpCommand = gosettings.DefaultPointer(p.UpCommand, "")
-	p.DownCommand = gosettings.DefaultPointer(p.DownCommand, "")
-	p.ListeningPort = gosettings.DefaultPointer(p.ListeningPort, 0)
+	p.Enabled = helpers.DefaultPointer(p.Enabled, false)
+	p.Filepath = helpers.DefaultPointer(p.Filepath, "/tmp/gluetun/forwarded_port")
 }

 func (p PortForwarding) String() string {
@@ -130,18 +77,7 @@ func (p PortForwarding) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	}

 	node = gotree.New("Automatic port forwarding settings:")
-
-	listeningPort := "disabled"
-	if *p.ListeningPort != 0 {
-		listeningPort = fmt.Sprintf("%d", *p.ListeningPort)
-	}
-	node.Appendf("Redirection listening port: %s", listeningPort)
-
-	if *p.Provider == "" {
-		node.Appendf("Use port forwarding code for current provider")
-	} else {
-		node.Appendf("Use code for provider: %s", *p.Provider)
-	}
+	node.Appendf("Enabled: yes")

 	filepath := *p.Filepath
 	if filepath == "" {
@@ -149,67 +85,5 @@ func (p PortForwarding) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	}
 	node.Appendf("Forwarded port file path: %s", filepath)

-	if *p.UpCommand != "" {
-		node.Appendf("Forwarded port up command: %s", *p.UpCommand)
-	}
-	if *p.DownCommand != "" {
-		node.Appendf("Forwarded port down command: %s", *p.DownCommand)
-	}
-
-	if p.Username != "" {
-		credentialsNode := node.Appendf("Credentials:")
-		credentialsNode.Appendf("Username: %s", p.Username)
-		credentialsNode.Appendf("Password: %s", gosettings.ObfuscateKey(p.Password))
-	}
-
 	return node
 }
-
-func (p *PortForwarding) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	p.Enabled, err = r.BoolPtr("VPN_PORT_FORWARDING",
-		reader.RetroKeys(
-			"PORT_FORWARDING",
-			"PRIVATE_INTERNET_ACCESS_VPN_PORT_FORWARDING",
-		))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	p.Provider = r.Get("VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_PROVIDER")
-
-	p.Filepath = r.Get("VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_STATUS_FILE",
-		reader.ForceLowercase(false),
-		reader.RetroKeys(
-			"PORT_FORWARDING_STATUS_FILE",
-			"PRIVATE_INTERNET_ACCESS_VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_STATUS_FILE",
-		))
-
-	p.UpCommand = r.Get("VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_UP_COMMAND",
-		reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-
-	p.DownCommand = r.Get("VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_DOWN_COMMAND",
-		reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-
-	p.ListeningPort, err = r.Uint16Ptr("VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_LISTENING_PORT")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	usernameKeys := []string{"VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_USERNAME", "OPENVPN_USER", "USER"}
-	for _, key := range usernameKeys {
-		p.Username = r.String(key, reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-		if p.Username != "" {
-			break
-		}
-	}
-
-	passwordKeys := []string{"VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_PASSWORD", "OPENVPN_PASSWORD", "PASSWORD"}
-	for _, key := range passwordKeys {
-		p.Password = r.String(key, reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-		if p.Password != "" {
-			break
-		}
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/portforward_test.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/portforward_test.go
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ func Test_PortForwarding_String(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()

 	settings := PortForwarding{
-		Enabled: ptrTo(false),
+		Enabled: boolPtr(false),
 	}

 	s := settings.String()
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/provider.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/provider.go
@@ -2,30 +2,27 @@ package settings

 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"strings"

+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/vpn"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/validate"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

 // Provider contains settings specific to a VPN provider.
 type Provider struct {
 	// Name is the VPN service provider name.
-	// It cannot be the empty string in the internal state.
-	Name string `json:"name"`
+	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
+	Name *string
 	// ServerSelection is the settings to
 	// select the VPN server.
-	ServerSelection ServerSelection `json:"server_selection"`
+	ServerSelection ServerSelection
 	// PortForwarding is the settings about port forwarding.
-	PortForwarding PortForwarding `json:"port_forwarding"`
+	PortForwarding PortForwarding
 }

 // TODO v4 remove pointer for receiver (because of Surfshark).
-func (p *Provider) validate(vpnType string, filterChoicesGetter FilterChoicesGetter, warner Warner) (err error) {
+func (p *Provider) validate(vpnType string, storage Storage) (err error) {
 	// Validate Name
 	var validNames []string
 	if vpnType == vpn.OpenVPN {
@@ -35,25 +32,23 @@ func (p *Provider) validate(vpnType string, filterChoicesGetter FilterChoicesGet
 		validNames = []string{
 			providers.Airvpn,
 			providers.Custom,
-			providers.Fastestvpn,
 			providers.Ivpn,
 			providers.Mullvad,
-			providers.Nordvpn,
-			providers.Protonvpn,
 			providers.Surfshark,
 			providers.Windscribe,
 		}
 	}
-	if err = validate.IsOneOf(p.Name, validNames...); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w for Wireguard: %w", ErrVPNProviderNameNotValid, err)
+	if !helpers.IsOneOf(*p.Name, validNames...) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w for Wireguard: %q can only be one of %s",
+			ErrVPNProviderNameNotValid, *p.Name, helpers.ChoicesOrString(validNames))
 	}

-	err = p.ServerSelection.validate(p.Name, filterChoicesGetter, warner)
+	err = p.ServerSelection.validate(*p.Name, storage)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("server selection: %w", err)
 	}

-	err = p.PortForwarding.Validate(p.Name)
+	err = p.PortForwarding.validate(*p.Name)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("port forwarding: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -63,22 +58,28 @@ func (p *Provider) validate(vpnType string, filterChoicesGetter FilterChoicesGet

 func (p *Provider) copy() (copied Provider) {
 	return Provider{
-		Name:            p.Name,
+		Name:            helpers.CopyPointer(p.Name),
 		ServerSelection: p.ServerSelection.copy(),
-		PortForwarding:  p.PortForwarding.Copy(),
+		PortForwarding:  p.PortForwarding.copy(),
 	}
 }

+func (p *Provider) mergeWith(other Provider) {
+	p.Name = helpers.MergeWithPointer(p.Name, other.Name)
+	p.ServerSelection.mergeWith(other.ServerSelection)
+	p.PortForwarding.mergeWith(other.PortForwarding)
+}
+
 func (p *Provider) overrideWith(other Provider) {
-	p.Name = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(p.Name, other.Name)
+	p.Name = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(p.Name, other.Name)
 	p.ServerSelection.overrideWith(other.ServerSelection)
-	p.PortForwarding.OverrideWith(other.PortForwarding)
+	p.PortForwarding.overrideWith(other.PortForwarding)
 }

 func (p *Provider) setDefaults() {
-	p.Name = gosettings.DefaultComparable(p.Name, providers.PrivateInternetAccess)
+	p.Name = helpers.DefaultPointer(p.Name, providers.PrivateInternetAccess)
+	p.ServerSelection.setDefaults(*p.Name)
 	p.PortForwarding.setDefaults()
-	p.ServerSelection.setDefaults(p.Name, *p.PortForwarding.Enabled)
 }

 func (p Provider) String() string {
@@ -87,42 +88,8 @@ func (p Provider) String() string {

 func (p Provider) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("VPN provider settings:")
-	node.Appendf("Name: %s", p.Name)
+	node.Appendf("Name: %s", *p.Name)
 	node.AppendNode(p.ServerSelection.toLinesNode())
 	node.AppendNode(p.PortForwarding.toLinesNode())
 	return node
 }
-
-func (p *Provider) read(r *reader.Reader, vpnType string) (err error) {
-	p.Name = readVPNServiceProvider(r, vpnType)
-
-	err = p.ServerSelection.read(r, p.Name, vpnType)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("server selection: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	err = p.PortForwarding.read(r)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("port forwarding: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func readVPNServiceProvider(r *reader.Reader, vpnType string) (vpnProvider string) {
-	vpnProvider = r.String("VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER", reader.RetroKeys("VPNSP"))
-	if vpnProvider == "" {
-		if vpnType != vpn.Wireguard && r.Get("OPENVPN_CUSTOM_CONFIG") != nil {
-			// retro compatibility
-			return providers.Custom
-		}
-		return ""
-	}
-
-	vpnProvider = strings.ToLower(vpnProvider)
-	if vpnProvider == "pia" { // retro compatibility
-		return providers.PrivateInternetAccess
-	}
-
-	return vpnProvider
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/publicip.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/publicip.go
@@ -3,54 +3,33 @@ package settings
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"time"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/publicip/api"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

 // PublicIP contains settings for port forwarding.
 type PublicIP struct {
-	// Enabled is set to true to fetch the public ip address
-	// information on VPN connection. It defaults to true.
-	Enabled *bool
+	// Period is the period to get the public IP address.
+	// It can be set to 0 to disable periodic checking.
+	// It cannot be nil for the internal state.
+	// TODO change to value and add enabled field
+	Period *time.Duration
 	// IPFilepath is the public IP address status file path
 	// to use. It can be the empty string to indicate not
 	// to write to a file. It cannot be nil for the
 	// internal state
 	IPFilepath *string
-	// APIs is the list of public ip APIs to use to fetch public IP information.
-	// If there is more than one API, the first one is used
-	// by default and the others are used as fallbacks in case of
-	// the service rate limiting us. It defaults to use all services,
-	// with the first one being ipinfo.io for historical reasons.
-	APIs []PublicIPAPI
-}
-
-type PublicIPAPI struct {
-	// Name is the name of the public ip API service.
-	// It can be "cloudflare", "ifconfigco", "ip2location" or "ipinfo".
-	Name string
-	// Token is the token to use for the public ip API service.
-	Token string
-}
-
-// UpdateWith deep copies the receiving settings, overrides the copy with
-// fields set in the partialUpdate argument, validates the new settings
-// and returns them if they are valid, or returns an error otherwise.
-// In all cases, the receiving settings are unmodified.
-func (p PublicIP) UpdateWith(partialUpdate PublicIP) (updatedSettings PublicIP, err error) {
-	updatedSettings = p.copy()
-	updatedSettings.overrideWith(partialUpdate)
-	err = updatedSettings.validate()
-	if err != nil {
-		return updatedSettings, fmt.Errorf("validating updated settings: %w", err)
-	}
-	return updatedSettings, nil
 }

 func (p PublicIP) validate() (err error) {
+	const minPeriod = 5 * time.Second
+	if *p.Period < minPeriod {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s must be at least %s",
+			ErrPublicIPPeriodTooShort, p.Period, minPeriod)
+	}
+
 	if *p.IPFilepath != "" { // optional
 		_, err := filepath.Abs(*p.IPFilepath)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -58,39 +37,30 @@ func (p PublicIP) validate() (err error) {
 		}
 	}

-	for _, publicIPAPI := range p.APIs {
-		_, err = api.ParseProvider(publicIPAPI.Name)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("API name: %w", err)
-		}
-	}
-
 	return nil
 }

 func (p *PublicIP) copy() (copied PublicIP) {
 	return PublicIP{
-		Enabled:    gosettings.CopyPointer(p.Enabled),
-		IPFilepath: gosettings.CopyPointer(p.IPFilepath),
-		APIs:       gosettings.CopySlice(p.APIs),
+		Period:     helpers.CopyPointer(p.Period),
+		IPFilepath: helpers.CopyPointer(p.IPFilepath),
 	}
 }

+func (p *PublicIP) mergeWith(other PublicIP) {
+	p.Period = helpers.MergeWithPointer(p.Period, other.Period)
+	p.IPFilepath = helpers.MergeWithPointer(p.IPFilepath, other.IPFilepath)
+}
+
 func (p *PublicIP) overrideWith(other PublicIP) {
-	p.Enabled = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(p.Enabled, other.Enabled)
-	p.IPFilepath = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(p.IPFilepath, other.IPFilepath)
-	p.APIs = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(p.APIs, other.APIs)
+	p.Period = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(p.Period, other.Period)
+	p.IPFilepath = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(p.IPFilepath, other.IPFilepath)
 }

 func (p *PublicIP) setDefaults() {
-	p.Enabled = gosettings.DefaultPointer(p.Enabled, true)
-	p.IPFilepath = gosettings.DefaultPointer(p.IPFilepath, "/tmp/gluetun/ip")
-	p.APIs = gosettings.DefaultSlice(p.APIs, []PublicIPAPI{
-		{Name: string(api.IPInfo)},
-		{Name: string(api.Cloudflare)},
-		{Name: string(api.IfConfigCo)},
-		{Name: string(api.IP2Location)},
-	})
+	const defaultPeriod = 12 * time.Hour
+	p.Period = helpers.DefaultPointer(p.Period, defaultPeriod)
+	p.IPFilepath = helpers.DefaultPointer(p.IPFilepath, "/tmp/gluetun/ip")
 }

 func (p PublicIP) String() string {
@@ -98,78 +68,22 @@ func (p PublicIP) String() string {
 }

 func (p PublicIP) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
-	if !*p.Enabled {
-		return gotree.New("Public IP settings: disabled")
+	node = gotree.New("Public IP settings:")
+
+	if *p.Period == 0 {
+		node.Appendf("Enabled: no")
+		return node
 	}

-	node = gotree.New("Public IP settings:")
+	updatePeriod := "disabled"
+	if *p.Period > 0 {
+		updatePeriod = "every " + p.Period.String()
+	}
+	node.Appendf("Fetching: %s", updatePeriod)

 	if *p.IPFilepath != "" {
 		node.Appendf("IP file path: %s", *p.IPFilepath)
 	}

-	baseAPIString := "Public IP data base API: " + p.APIs[0].Name
-	if p.APIs[0].Token != "" {
-		baseAPIString += " (token " + gosettings.ObfuscateKey(p.APIs[0].Token) + ")"
-	}
-	node.Append(baseAPIString)
-	if len(p.APIs) > 1 {
-		backupAPIsNode := node.Append("Public IP data backup APIs:")
-		for i := 1; i < len(p.APIs); i++ {
-			message := p.APIs[i].Name
-			if p.APIs[i].Token != "" {
-				message += " (token " + gosettings.ObfuscateKey(p.APIs[i].Token) + ")"
-			}
-			backupAPIsNode.Append(message)
-		}
-	}
-
 	return node
 }
-
-func (p *PublicIP) read(r *reader.Reader, warner Warner) (err error) {
-	p.Enabled, err = readPublicIPEnabled(r, warner)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	p.IPFilepath = r.Get("PUBLICIP_FILE",
-		reader.ForceLowercase(false), reader.RetroKeys("IP_STATUS_FILE"))
-
-	apiNames := r.CSV("PUBLICIP_API")
-	if len(apiNames) > 0 {
-		apiTokens := r.CSV("PUBLICIP_API_TOKEN")
-		p.APIs = make([]PublicIPAPI, len(apiNames))
-		for i := range apiNames {
-			p.APIs[i].Name = apiNames[i]
-			var token string
-			if i < len(apiTokens) { // only set token if it exists
-				token = apiTokens[i]
-			}
-			p.APIs[i].Token = token
-		}
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func readPublicIPEnabled(r *reader.Reader, warner Warner) (
-	enabled *bool, err error,
-) {
-	periodPtr, err := r.DurationPtr("PUBLICIP_PERIOD") // Retro-compatibility
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	} else if periodPtr == nil {
-		return r.BoolPtr("PUBLICIP_ENABLED")
-	}
-
-	if *periodPtr == 0 {
-		warner.Warn("please replace PUBLICIP_PERIOD=0 with PUBLICIP_ENABLED=no")
-		return ptrTo(false), nil
-	}
-
-	warner.Warn("PUBLICIP_PERIOD is no longer used. " +
-		"It is assumed from its non-zero value you want PUBLICIP_ENABLED=yes. " +
-		"Please migrate to use PUBLICIP_ENABLED only in the future.")
-	return ptrTo(true), nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/publicip_test.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/publicip_test.go
@@ -1,161 +0,0 @@
-package settings
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/golang/mock/gomock"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-)
-
-func Test_PublicIP_read(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	testCases := map[string]struct {
-		makeReader func(ctrl *gomock.Controller) *reader.Reader
-		makeWarner func(ctrl *gomock.Controller) Warner
-		settings   PublicIP
-		errWrapped error
-		errMessage string
-	}{
-		"nothing_read": {
-			makeReader: func(ctrl *gomock.Controller) *reader.Reader {
-				source := newMockSource(ctrl, []sourceKeyValue{
-					{key: "PUBLICIP_PERIOD"},
-					{key: "PUBLICIP_ENABLED"},
-					{key: "IP_STATUS_FILE"},
-					{key: "PUBLICIP_FILE"},
-					{key: "PUBLICIP_API"},
-				})
-				return reader.New(reader.Settings{
-					Sources: []reader.Source{source},
-				})
-			},
-		},
-		"single_api_no_token": {
-			makeReader: func(ctrl *gomock.Controller) *reader.Reader {
-				source := newMockSource(ctrl, []sourceKeyValue{
-					{key: "PUBLICIP_PERIOD"},
-					{key: "PUBLICIP_ENABLED"},
-					{key: "IP_STATUS_FILE"},
-					{key: "PUBLICIP_FILE"},
-					{key: "PUBLICIP_API", value: "ipinfo"},
-					{key: "PUBLICIP_API_TOKEN"},
-				})
-				return reader.New(reader.Settings{
-					Sources: []reader.Source{source},
-				})
-			},
-			settings: PublicIP{
-				APIs: []PublicIPAPI{
-					{Name: "ipinfo"},
-				},
-			},
-		},
-		"single_api_with_token": {
-			makeReader: func(ctrl *gomock.Controller) *reader.Reader {
-				source := newMockSource(ctrl, []sourceKeyValue{
-					{key: "PUBLICIP_PERIOD"},
-					{key: "PUBLICIP_ENABLED"},
-					{key: "IP_STATUS_FILE"},
-					{key: "PUBLICIP_FILE"},
-					{key: "PUBLICIP_API", value: "ipinfo"},
-					{key: "PUBLICIP_API_TOKEN", value: "xyz"},
-				})
-				return reader.New(reader.Settings{
-					Sources: []reader.Source{source},
-				})
-			},
-			settings: PublicIP{
-				APIs: []PublicIPAPI{
-					{Name: "ipinfo", Token: "xyz"},
-				},
-			},
-		},
-		"multiple_apis_no_token": {
-			makeReader: func(ctrl *gomock.Controller) *reader.Reader {
-				source := newMockSource(ctrl, []sourceKeyValue{
-					{key: "PUBLICIP_PERIOD"},
-					{key: "PUBLICIP_ENABLED"},
-					{key: "IP_STATUS_FILE"},
-					{key: "PUBLICIP_FILE"},
-					{key: "PUBLICIP_API", value: "ipinfo,ip2location"},
-					{key: "PUBLICIP_API_TOKEN"},
-				})
-				return reader.New(reader.Settings{
-					Sources: []reader.Source{source},
-				})
-			},
-			settings: PublicIP{
-				APIs: []PublicIPAPI{
-					{Name: "ipinfo"},
-					{Name: "ip2location"},
-				},
-			},
-		},
-		"multiple_apis_with_token": {
-			makeReader: func(ctrl *gomock.Controller) *reader.Reader {
-				source := newMockSource(ctrl, []sourceKeyValue{
-					{key: "PUBLICIP_PERIOD"},
-					{key: "PUBLICIP_ENABLED"},
-					{key: "IP_STATUS_FILE"},
-					{key: "PUBLICIP_FILE"},
-					{key: "PUBLICIP_API", value: "ipinfo,ip2location"},
-					{key: "PUBLICIP_API_TOKEN", value: "xyz,abc"},
-				})
-				return reader.New(reader.Settings{
-					Sources: []reader.Source{source},
-				})
-			},
-			settings: PublicIP{
-				APIs: []PublicIPAPI{
-					{Name: "ipinfo", Token: "xyz"},
-					{Name: "ip2location", Token: "abc"},
-				},
-			},
-		},
-		"multiple_apis_with_and_without_token": {
-			makeReader: func(ctrl *gomock.Controller) *reader.Reader {
-				source := newMockSource(ctrl, []sourceKeyValue{
-					{key: "PUBLICIP_PERIOD"},
-					{key: "PUBLICIP_ENABLED"},
-					{key: "IP_STATUS_FILE"},
-					{key: "PUBLICIP_FILE"},
-					{key: "PUBLICIP_API", value: "ipinfo,ip2location"},
-					{key: "PUBLICIP_API_TOKEN", value: "xyz"},
-				})
-				return reader.New(reader.Settings{
-					Sources: []reader.Source{source},
-				})
-			},
-			settings: PublicIP{
-				APIs: []PublicIPAPI{
-					{Name: "ipinfo", Token: "xyz"},
-					{Name: "ip2location"},
-				},
-			},
-		},
-	}
-
-	for name, testCase := range testCases {
-		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			t.Parallel()
-			ctrl := gomock.NewController(t)
-
-			reader := testCase.makeReader(ctrl)
-			var warner Warner
-			if testCase.makeWarner != nil {
-				warner = testCase.makeWarner(ctrl)
-			}
-
-			var settings PublicIP
-			err := settings.read(reader, warner)
-
-			assert.Equal(t, testCase.settings, settings)
-			assert.ErrorIs(t, err, testCase.errWrapped)
-			if testCase.errWrapped != nil {
-				assert.EqualError(t, err, testCase.errMessage)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/server.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/server.go
@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"strconv"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -19,11 +18,6 @@ type ControlServer struct {
 	// Log can be true or false to enable logging on requests.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
 	Log *bool
-	// AuthFilePath is the path to the file containing the authentication
-	// configuration for the middleware.
-	// It cannot be empty in the internal state and defaults to
-	// /gluetun/auth/config.toml.
-	AuthFilePath string
 }

 func (c ControlServer) validate() (err error) {
@@ -49,25 +43,29 @@ func (c ControlServer) validate() (err error) {

 func (c *ControlServer) copy() (copied ControlServer) {
 	return ControlServer{
-		Address:      gosettings.CopyPointer(c.Address),
-		Log:          gosettings.CopyPointer(c.Log),
-		AuthFilePath: c.AuthFilePath,
+		Address: helpers.CopyPointer(c.Address),
+		Log:     helpers.CopyPointer(c.Log),
 	}
 }

+// mergeWith merges the other settings into any
+// unset field of the receiver settings object.
+func (c *ControlServer) mergeWith(other ControlServer) {
+	c.Address = helpers.MergeWithPointer(c.Address, other.Address)
+	c.Log = helpers.MergeWithPointer(c.Log, other.Log)
+}
+
 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (c *ControlServer) overrideWith(other ControlServer) {
-	c.Address = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(c.Address, other.Address)
-	c.Log = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(c.Log, other.Log)
-	c.AuthFilePath = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(c.AuthFilePath, other.AuthFilePath)
+	c.Address = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(c.Address, other.Address)
+	c.Log = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(c.Log, other.Log)
 }

 func (c *ControlServer) setDefaults() {
-	c.Address = gosettings.DefaultPointer(c.Address, ":8000")
-	c.Log = gosettings.DefaultPointer(c.Log, true)
-	c.AuthFilePath = gosettings.DefaultComparable(c.AuthFilePath, "/gluetun/auth/config.toml")
+	c.Address = helpers.DefaultPointer(c.Address, ":8000")
+	c.Log = helpers.DefaultPointer(c.Log, true)
 }

 func (c ControlServer) String() string {
@@ -77,20 +75,6 @@ func (c ControlServer) String() string {
 func (c ControlServer) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("Control server settings:")
 	node.Appendf("Listening address: %s", *c.Address)
-	node.Appendf("Logging: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(c.Log))
-	node.Appendf("Authentication file path: %s", c.AuthFilePath)
+	node.Appendf("Logging: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(c.Log))
 	return node
 }
-
-func (c *ControlServer) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	c.Log, err = r.BoolPtr("HTTP_CONTROL_SERVER_LOG")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	c.Address = r.Get("HTTP_CONTROL_SERVER_ADDRESS")
-
-	c.AuthFilePath = r.String("HTTP_CONTROL_SERVER_AUTH_CONFIG_FILEPATH")
-
-	return nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/serverselection.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/serverselection.go
@@ -11,9 +11,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/vpn"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/validate"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -21,110 +18,122 @@ type ServerSelection struct { //nolint:maligned
 	// VPN is the VPN type which can be 'openvpn'
 	// or 'wireguard'. It cannot be the empty string
 	// in the internal state.
-	VPN string `json:"vpn"`
+	VPN string
 	// TargetIP is the server endpoint IP address to use.
 	// It will override any IP address from the picked
 	// built-in server. It cannot be the empty value in the internal
 	// state, and can be set to the unspecified address to indicate
 	// there is not target IP address to use.
-	TargetIP netip.Addr `json:"target_ip"`
-	// Countries is the list of countries to filter VPN servers with.
-	Countries []string `json:"countries"`
-	// Categories is the list of categories to filter VPN servers with.
-	Categories []string `json:"categories"`
+	TargetIP netip.Addr
+	// Counties is the list of countries to filter VPN servers with.
+	Countries []string
 	// Regions is the list of regions to filter VPN servers with.
-	Regions []string `json:"regions"`
+	Regions []string
 	// Cities is the list of cities to filter VPN servers with.
-	Cities []string `json:"cities"`
+	Cities []string
 	// ISPs is the list of ISP names to filter VPN servers with.
-	ISPs []string `json:"isps"`
+	ISPs []string
 	// Names is the list of server names to filter VPN servers with.
-	Names []string `json:"names"`
+	Names []string
 	// Numbers is the list of server numbers to filter VPN servers with.
-	Numbers []uint16 `json:"numbers"`
+	Numbers []uint16
 	// Hostnames is the list of hostnames to filter VPN servers with.
-	Hostnames []string `json:"hostnames"`
+	Hostnames []string
 	// OwnedOnly is true if VPN provider servers that are not owned
 	// should be filtered. This is used with Mullvad.
-	OwnedOnly *bool `json:"owned_only"`
+	OwnedOnly *bool
 	// FreeOnly is true if VPN servers that are not free should
 	// be filtered. This is used with ProtonVPN and VPN Unlimited.
-	FreeOnly *bool `json:"free_only"`
+	FreeOnly *bool
 	// PremiumOnly is true if VPN servers that are not premium should
 	// be filtered. This is used with VPN Secure.
 	// TODO extend to providers using FreeOnly.
-	PremiumOnly *bool `json:"premium_only"`
+	PremiumOnly *bool
 	// StreamOnly is true if VPN servers not for streaming should
-	// be filtered. This is used with ProtonVPN and VPNUnlimited.
-	StreamOnly *bool `json:"stream_only"`
+	// be filtered. This is used with VPNUnlimited.
+	StreamOnly *bool
 	// MultiHopOnly is true if VPN servers that are not multihop
 	// should be filtered. This is used with Surfshark.
-	MultiHopOnly *bool `json:"multi_hop_only"`
-	// PortForwardOnly is true if VPN servers that don't support
-	// port forwarding should be filtered. This is used with PIA
-	// and ProtonVPN.
-	PortForwardOnly *bool `json:"port_forward_only"`
-	// SecureCoreOnly is true if VPN servers without secure core should
-	// be filtered. This is used with ProtonVPN.
-	SecureCoreOnly *bool `json:"secure_core_only"`
-	// TorOnly is true if VPN servers without tor should
-	// be filtered. This is used with ProtonVPN.
-	TorOnly *bool `json:"tor_only"`
+	MultiHopOnly *bool
+
 	// OpenVPN contains settings to select OpenVPN servers
 	// and the final connection.
-	OpenVPN OpenVPNSelection `json:"openvpn"`
+	OpenVPN OpenVPNSelection
 	// Wireguard contains settings to select Wireguard servers
 	// and the final connection.
-	Wireguard WireguardSelection `json:"wireguard"`
+	Wireguard WireguardSelection
 }

 var (
-	ErrOwnedOnlyNotSupported       = errors.New("owned only filter is not supported")
-	ErrFreeOnlyNotSupported        = errors.New("free only filter is not supported")
-	ErrPremiumOnlyNotSupported     = errors.New("premium only filter is not supported")
-	ErrStreamOnlyNotSupported      = errors.New("stream only filter is not supported")
-	ErrMultiHopOnlyNotSupported    = errors.New("multi hop only filter is not supported")
-	ErrPortForwardOnlyNotSupported = errors.New("port forwarding only filter is not supported")
-	ErrFreePremiumBothSet          = errors.New("free only and premium only filters are both set")
-	ErrSecureCoreOnlyNotSupported  = errors.New("secure core only filter is not supported")
-	ErrTorOnlyNotSupported         = errors.New("tor only filter is not supported")
+	ErrOwnedOnlyNotSupported    = errors.New("owned only filter is not supported")
+	ErrFreeOnlyNotSupported     = errors.New("free only filter is not supported")
+	ErrPremiumOnlyNotSupported  = errors.New("premium only filter is not supported")
+	ErrStreamOnlyNotSupported   = errors.New("stream only filter is not supported")
+	ErrMultiHopOnlyNotSupported = errors.New("multi hop only filter is not supported")
+	ErrFreePremiumBothSet       = errors.New("free only and premium only filters are both set")
 )

 func (ss *ServerSelection) validate(vpnServiceProvider string,
-	filterChoicesGetter FilterChoicesGetter, warner Warner,
-) (err error) {
+	storage Storage) (err error) {
 	switch ss.VPN {
 	case vpn.OpenVPN, vpn.Wireguard:
 	default:
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrVPNTypeNotValid, ss.VPN)
 	}

-	filterChoices, err := getLocationFilterChoices(vpnServiceProvider, ss, filterChoicesGetter, warner)
+	filterChoices, err := getLocationFilterChoices(vpnServiceProvider, ss, storage)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err // already wrapped error
 	}

-	// Retro-compatibility
-	switch vpnServiceProvider {
-	case providers.Nordvpn:
-		*ss = nordvpnRetroRegion(*ss, filterChoices.Regions, filterChoices.Countries)
-	case providers.Surfshark:
-		*ss = surfsharkRetroRegion(*ss)
+	err = validateServerFilters(*ss, filterChoices)
+	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, helpers.ErrNoChoice) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("for VPN service provider %s: %w", vpnServiceProvider, err)
+		}
+		return err // already wrapped error
 	}

-	err = validateServerFilters(*ss, filterChoices, vpnServiceProvider, warner)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("for VPN service provider %s: %w", vpnServiceProvider, err)
+	if *ss.OwnedOnly &&
+		vpnServiceProvider != providers.Mullvad {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s",
+			ErrOwnedOnlyNotSupported, vpnServiceProvider)
 	}

-	err = validateSubscriptionTierFilters(*ss, vpnServiceProvider)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("for VPN service provider %s: %w", vpnServiceProvider, err)
+	if *ss.FreeOnly &&
+		!helpers.IsOneOf(vpnServiceProvider,
+			providers.Protonvpn,
+			providers.VPNUnlimited,
+		) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s",
+			ErrFreeOnlyNotSupported, vpnServiceProvider)
 	}

-	err = validateFeatureFilters(*ss, vpnServiceProvider)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("for VPN service provider %s: %w", vpnServiceProvider, err)
+	if *ss.PremiumOnly &&
+		!helpers.IsOneOf(vpnServiceProvider,
+			providers.VPNSecure,
+		) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s",
+			ErrPremiumOnlyNotSupported, vpnServiceProvider)
+	}
+
+	if *ss.FreeOnly && *ss.PremiumOnly {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrFreePremiumBothSet)
+	}
+
+	if *ss.StreamOnly &&
+		!helpers.IsOneOf(vpnServiceProvider,
+			providers.Protonvpn,
+			providers.VPNUnlimited,
+		) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s",
+			ErrStreamOnlyNotSupported, vpnServiceProvider)
+	}
+
+	if *ss.MultiHopOnly &&
+		vpnServiceProvider != providers.Surfshark {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s",
+			ErrMultiHopOnlyNotSupported, vpnServiceProvider)
 	}

 	if ss.VPN == vpn.OpenVPN {
@@ -143,22 +152,18 @@ func (ss *ServerSelection) validate(vpnServiceProvider string,
 }

 func getLocationFilterChoices(vpnServiceProvider string,
-	ss *ServerSelection, filterChoicesGetter FilterChoicesGetter, warner Warner) (
-	filterChoices models.FilterChoices, err error,
-) {
-	filterChoices = filterChoicesGetter.GetFilterChoices(vpnServiceProvider)
+	ss *ServerSelection, storage Storage) (filterChoices models.FilterChoices,
+	err error) {
+	filterChoices = storage.GetFilterChoices(vpnServiceProvider)

 	if vpnServiceProvider == providers.Surfshark {
 		// // Retro compatibility
 		// TODO v4 remove
-		newAndRetroRegions := append(filterChoices.Regions, validation.SurfsharkRetroLocChoices()...) //nolint:gocritic
-		err := atLeastOneIsOneOfCaseInsensitive(ss.Regions, newAndRetroRegions, warner)
-		if err != nil {
-			// Only return error comparing with newer regions, we don't want to confuse the user
-			// with the retro regions in the error message.
-			err = atLeastOneIsOneOfCaseInsensitive(ss.Regions, filterChoices.Regions, warner)
-			return models.FilterChoices{}, fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrRegionNotValid, err)
+		filterChoices.Regions = append(filterChoices.Regions, validation.SurfsharkRetroLocChoices()...)
+		if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(ss.Regions, filterChoices.Regions); err != nil {
+			return models.FilterChoices{}, fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrRegionNotValid, err)
 		}
+		*ss = surfsharkRetroRegion(*ss)
 	}

 	return filterChoices, nil
@@ -166,200 +171,102 @@ func getLocationFilterChoices(vpnServiceProvider string,

 // validateServerFilters validates filters against the choices given as arguments.
 // Set an argument to nil to pass the check for a particular filter.
-func validateServerFilters(settings ServerSelection, filterChoices models.FilterChoices,
-	vpnServiceProvider string, warner Warner,
-) (err error) {
-	err = atLeastOneIsOneOfCaseInsensitive(settings.Countries, filterChoices.Countries, warner)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrCountryNotValid, err)
+func validateServerFilters(settings ServerSelection, filterChoices models.FilterChoices) (err error) {
+	if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(settings.Countries, filterChoices.Countries); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrCountryNotValid, err)
 	}

-	err = atLeastOneIsOneOfCaseInsensitive(settings.Regions, filterChoices.Regions, warner)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrRegionNotValid, err)
+	if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(settings.Regions, filterChoices.Regions); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrRegionNotValid, err)
 	}

-	err = atLeastOneIsOneOfCaseInsensitive(settings.Cities, filterChoices.Cities, warner)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrCityNotValid, err)
+	if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(settings.Cities, filterChoices.Cities); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrCityNotValid, err)
 	}

-	err = atLeastOneIsOneOfCaseInsensitive(settings.ISPs, filterChoices.ISPs, warner)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrISPNotValid, err)
+	if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(settings.ISPs, filterChoices.ISPs); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrISPNotValid, err)
 	}

-	err = atLeastOneIsOneOfCaseInsensitive(settings.Hostnames, filterChoices.Hostnames, warner)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrHostnameNotValid, err)
+	if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(settings.Hostnames, filterChoices.Hostnames); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrHostnameNotValid, err)
 	}

-	if vpnServiceProvider == providers.Custom {
-		switch len(settings.Names) {
-		case 0:
-		case 1:
-			// Allow a single name to be specified for the custom provider in case
-			// the user wants to use VPN server side port forwarding with PIA
-			// which requires a server name for TLS verification.
-			filterChoices.Names = settings.Names
-		default:
-			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %d names specified instead of "+
-				"0 or 1 for the custom provider",
-				ErrNameNotValid, len(settings.Names))
-		}
-	}
-	err = atLeastOneIsOneOfCaseInsensitive(settings.Names, filterChoices.Names, warner)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrNameNotValid, err)
-	}
-
-	err = atLeastOneIsOneOfCaseInsensitive(settings.Categories, filterChoices.Categories, warner)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrCategoryNotValid, err)
+	if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(settings.Names, filterChoices.Names); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrNameNotValid, err)
 	}

 	return nil
 }

-func atLeastOneIsOneOfCaseInsensitive(values, choices []string,
-	warner Warner,
-) (err error) {
-	if len(values) > 0 && len(choices) == 0 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", validate.ErrNoChoice)
-	}
-
-	set := make(map[string]struct{}, len(choices))
-	for _, choice := range choices {
-		lowercaseChoice := strings.ToLower(choice)
-		set[lowercaseChoice] = struct{}{}
-	}
-
-	invalidValues := make([]string, 0, len(values))
-	for _, value := range values {
-		lowercaseValue := strings.ToLower(value)
-		_, ok := set[lowercaseValue]
-		if ok {
-			continue
-		}
-		invalidValues = append(invalidValues, value)
-	}
-
-	switch len(invalidValues) {
-	case 0:
-		return nil
-	case len(values):
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: none of %s is one of the choices available %s",
-			validate.ErrValueNotOneOf, strings.Join(values, ", "), strings.Join(choices, ", "))
-	default:
-		warner.Warn(fmt.Sprintf("values %s are not in choices %s",
-			strings.Join(invalidValues, ", "), strings.Join(choices, ", ")))
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func validateSubscriptionTierFilters(settings ServerSelection, vpnServiceProvider string) error {
-	switch {
-	case *settings.FreeOnly &&
-		!helpers.IsOneOf(vpnServiceProvider, providers.Protonvpn, providers.VPNUnlimited):
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrFreeOnlyNotSupported)
-	case *settings.PremiumOnly &&
-		!helpers.IsOneOf(vpnServiceProvider, providers.VPNSecure):
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrPremiumOnlyNotSupported)
-	case *settings.FreeOnly && *settings.PremiumOnly:
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrFreePremiumBothSet)
-	default:
-		return nil
-	}
-}
-
-func validateFeatureFilters(settings ServerSelection, vpnServiceProvider string) error {
-	switch {
-	case *settings.OwnedOnly && vpnServiceProvider != providers.Mullvad:
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrOwnedOnlyNotSupported)
-	case vpnServiceProvider == providers.Protonvpn && *settings.FreeOnly && *settings.PortForwardOnly:
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: together with free only filter", ErrPortForwardOnlyNotSupported)
-	case *settings.StreamOnly &&
-		!helpers.IsOneOf(vpnServiceProvider, providers.Protonvpn, providers.VPNUnlimited):
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrStreamOnlyNotSupported)
-	case *settings.MultiHopOnly && vpnServiceProvider != providers.Surfshark:
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrMultiHopOnlyNotSupported)
-	case *settings.PortForwardOnly &&
-		!helpers.IsOneOf(vpnServiceProvider, providers.PrivateInternetAccess, providers.Protonvpn):
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrPortForwardOnlyNotSupported)
-	case *settings.SecureCoreOnly && vpnServiceProvider != providers.Protonvpn:
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrSecureCoreOnlyNotSupported)
-	case *settings.TorOnly && vpnServiceProvider != providers.Protonvpn:
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrTorOnlyNotSupported)
-	default:
-		return nil
-	}
-}
-
 func (ss *ServerSelection) copy() (copied ServerSelection) {
 	return ServerSelection{
-		VPN:             ss.VPN,
-		TargetIP:        ss.TargetIP,
-		Countries:       gosettings.CopySlice(ss.Countries),
-		Categories:      gosettings.CopySlice(ss.Categories),
-		Regions:         gosettings.CopySlice(ss.Regions),
-		Cities:          gosettings.CopySlice(ss.Cities),
-		ISPs:            gosettings.CopySlice(ss.ISPs),
-		Hostnames:       gosettings.CopySlice(ss.Hostnames),
-		Names:           gosettings.CopySlice(ss.Names),
-		Numbers:         gosettings.CopySlice(ss.Numbers),
-		OwnedOnly:       gosettings.CopyPointer(ss.OwnedOnly),
-		FreeOnly:        gosettings.CopyPointer(ss.FreeOnly),
-		PremiumOnly:     gosettings.CopyPointer(ss.PremiumOnly),
-		StreamOnly:      gosettings.CopyPointer(ss.StreamOnly),
-		SecureCoreOnly:  gosettings.CopyPointer(ss.SecureCoreOnly),
-		TorOnly:         gosettings.CopyPointer(ss.TorOnly),
-		PortForwardOnly: gosettings.CopyPointer(ss.PortForwardOnly),
-		MultiHopOnly:    gosettings.CopyPointer(ss.MultiHopOnly),
-		OpenVPN:         ss.OpenVPN.copy(),
-		Wireguard:       ss.Wireguard.copy(),
+		VPN:          ss.VPN,
+		TargetIP:     ss.TargetIP,
+		Countries:    helpers.CopySlice(ss.Countries),
+		Regions:      helpers.CopySlice(ss.Regions),
+		Cities:       helpers.CopySlice(ss.Cities),
+		ISPs:         helpers.CopySlice(ss.ISPs),
+		Hostnames:    helpers.CopySlice(ss.Hostnames),
+		Names:        helpers.CopySlice(ss.Names),
+		Numbers:      helpers.CopySlice(ss.Numbers),
+		OwnedOnly:    helpers.CopyPointer(ss.OwnedOnly),
+		FreeOnly:     helpers.CopyPointer(ss.FreeOnly),
+		PremiumOnly:  helpers.CopyPointer(ss.PremiumOnly),
+		StreamOnly:   helpers.CopyPointer(ss.StreamOnly),
+		MultiHopOnly: helpers.CopyPointer(ss.MultiHopOnly),
+		OpenVPN:      ss.OpenVPN.copy(),
+		Wireguard:    ss.Wireguard.copy(),
 	}
 }

+func (ss *ServerSelection) mergeWith(other ServerSelection) {
+	ss.VPN = helpers.MergeWithString(ss.VPN, other.VPN)
+	ss.TargetIP = helpers.MergeWithIP(ss.TargetIP, other.TargetIP)
+	ss.Countries = helpers.MergeSlices(ss.Countries, other.Countries)
+	ss.Regions = helpers.MergeSlices(ss.Regions, other.Regions)
+	ss.Cities = helpers.MergeSlices(ss.Cities, other.Cities)
+	ss.ISPs = helpers.MergeSlices(ss.ISPs, other.ISPs)
+	ss.Hostnames = helpers.MergeSlices(ss.Hostnames, other.Hostnames)
+	ss.Names = helpers.MergeSlices(ss.Names, other.Names)
+	ss.Numbers = helpers.MergeSlices(ss.Numbers, other.Numbers)
+	ss.OwnedOnly = helpers.MergeWithPointer(ss.OwnedOnly, other.OwnedOnly)
+	ss.FreeOnly = helpers.MergeWithPointer(ss.FreeOnly, other.FreeOnly)
+	ss.PremiumOnly = helpers.MergeWithPointer(ss.PremiumOnly, other.PremiumOnly)
+	ss.StreamOnly = helpers.MergeWithPointer(ss.StreamOnly, other.StreamOnly)
+	ss.MultiHopOnly = helpers.MergeWithPointer(ss.MultiHopOnly, other.MultiHopOnly)
+
+	ss.OpenVPN.mergeWith(other.OpenVPN)
+	ss.Wireguard.mergeWith(other.Wireguard)
+}
+
 func (ss *ServerSelection) overrideWith(other ServerSelection) {
-	ss.VPN = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(ss.VPN, other.VPN)
-	ss.TargetIP = gosettings.OverrideWithValidator(ss.TargetIP, other.TargetIP)
-	ss.Countries = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Countries, other.Countries)
-	ss.Categories = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Categories, other.Categories)
-	ss.Regions = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Regions, other.Regions)
-	ss.Cities = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Cities, other.Cities)
-	ss.ISPs = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(ss.ISPs, other.ISPs)
-	ss.Hostnames = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Hostnames, other.Hostnames)
-	ss.Names = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Names, other.Names)
-	ss.Numbers = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Numbers, other.Numbers)
-	ss.OwnedOnly = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(ss.OwnedOnly, other.OwnedOnly)
-	ss.FreeOnly = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(ss.FreeOnly, other.FreeOnly)
-	ss.PremiumOnly = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(ss.PremiumOnly, other.PremiumOnly)
-	ss.StreamOnly = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(ss.StreamOnly, other.StreamOnly)
-	ss.SecureCoreOnly = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(ss.SecureCoreOnly, other.SecureCoreOnly)
-	ss.TorOnly = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(ss.TorOnly, other.TorOnly)
-	ss.MultiHopOnly = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(ss.MultiHopOnly, other.MultiHopOnly)
-	ss.PortForwardOnly = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(ss.PortForwardOnly, other.PortForwardOnly)
+	ss.VPN = helpers.OverrideWithString(ss.VPN, other.VPN)
+	ss.TargetIP = helpers.OverrideWithIP(ss.TargetIP, other.TargetIP)
+	ss.Countries = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Countries, other.Countries)
+	ss.Regions = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Regions, other.Regions)
+	ss.Cities = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Cities, other.Cities)
+	ss.ISPs = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(ss.ISPs, other.ISPs)
+	ss.Hostnames = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Hostnames, other.Hostnames)
+	ss.Names = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Names, other.Names)
+	ss.Numbers = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(ss.Numbers, other.Numbers)
+	ss.OwnedOnly = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(ss.OwnedOnly, other.OwnedOnly)
+	ss.FreeOnly = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(ss.FreeOnly, other.FreeOnly)
+	ss.PremiumOnly = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(ss.PremiumOnly, other.PremiumOnly)
+	ss.StreamOnly = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(ss.StreamOnly, other.StreamOnly)
+	ss.MultiHopOnly = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(ss.MultiHopOnly, other.MultiHopOnly)
 	ss.OpenVPN.overrideWith(other.OpenVPN)
 	ss.Wireguard.overrideWith(other.Wireguard)
 }

-func (ss *ServerSelection) setDefaults(vpnProvider string, portForwardingEnabled bool) {
-	ss.VPN = gosettings.DefaultComparable(ss.VPN, vpn.OpenVPN)
-	ss.TargetIP = gosettings.DefaultValidator(ss.TargetIP, netip.IPv4Unspecified())
-	ss.OwnedOnly = gosettings.DefaultPointer(ss.OwnedOnly, false)
-	ss.FreeOnly = gosettings.DefaultPointer(ss.FreeOnly, false)
-	ss.PremiumOnly = gosettings.DefaultPointer(ss.PremiumOnly, false)
-	ss.StreamOnly = gosettings.DefaultPointer(ss.StreamOnly, false)
-	ss.SecureCoreOnly = gosettings.DefaultPointer(ss.SecureCoreOnly, false)
-	ss.TorOnly = gosettings.DefaultPointer(ss.TorOnly, false)
-	ss.MultiHopOnly = gosettings.DefaultPointer(ss.MultiHopOnly, false)
-	defaultPortForwardOnly := false
-	if portForwardingEnabled && helpers.IsOneOf(vpnProvider,
-		providers.PrivateInternetAccess, providers.Protonvpn) {
-		defaultPortForwardOnly = true
-	}
-	ss.PortForwardOnly = gosettings.DefaultPointer(ss.PortForwardOnly, defaultPortForwardOnly)
+func (ss *ServerSelection) setDefaults(vpnProvider string) {
+	ss.VPN = helpers.DefaultString(ss.VPN, vpn.OpenVPN)
+	ss.TargetIP = helpers.DefaultIP(ss.TargetIP, netip.IPv4Unspecified())
+	ss.OwnedOnly = helpers.DefaultPointer(ss.OwnedOnly, false)
+	ss.FreeOnly = helpers.DefaultPointer(ss.FreeOnly, false)
+	ss.PremiumOnly = helpers.DefaultPointer(ss.PremiumOnly, false)
+	ss.StreamOnly = helpers.DefaultPointer(ss.StreamOnly, false)
+	ss.MultiHopOnly = helpers.DefaultPointer(ss.MultiHopOnly, false)
 	ss.OpenVPN.setDefaults(vpnProvider)
 	ss.Wireguard.setDefaults()
 }
@@ -379,10 +286,6 @@ func (ss ServerSelection) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 		node.Appendf("Countries: %s", strings.Join(ss.Countries, ", "))
 	}

-	if len(ss.Categories) > 0 {
-		node.Appendf("Categories: %s", strings.Join(ss.Categories, ", "))
-	}
-
 	if len(ss.Regions) > 0 {
 		node.Appendf("Regions: %s", strings.Join(ss.Regions, ", "))
 	}
@@ -426,22 +329,10 @@ func (ss ServerSelection) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 		node.Appendf("Stream only servers: yes")
 	}

-	if *ss.SecureCoreOnly {
-		node.Appendf("Secure Core only servers: yes")
-	}
-
-	if *ss.TorOnly {
-		node.Appendf("Tor only servers: yes")
-	}
-
 	if *ss.MultiHopOnly {
 		node.Appendf("Multi-hop only servers: yes")
 	}

-	if *ss.PortForwardOnly {
-		node.Appendf("Port forwarding only servers: yes")
-	}
-
 	if ss.VPN == vpn.OpenVPN {
 		node.AppendNode(ss.OpenVPN.toLinesNode())
 	} else {
@@ -454,96 +345,6 @@ func (ss ServerSelection) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 // WithDefaults is a shorthand using setDefaults.
 // It's used in unit tests in other packages.
 func (ss ServerSelection) WithDefaults(provider string) ServerSelection {
-	const portForwardingEnabled = false
-	ss.setDefaults(provider, portForwardingEnabled)
+	ss.setDefaults(provider)
 	return ss
 }
-
-func (ss *ServerSelection) read(r *reader.Reader,
-	vpnProvider, vpnType string,
-) (err error) {
-	ss.VPN = vpnType
-
-	ss.TargetIP, err = r.NetipAddr("OPENVPN_ENDPOINT_IP",
-		reader.RetroKeys("OPENVPN_TARGET_IP", "VPN_ENDPOINT_IP"))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	countriesRetroKeys := []string{"COUNTRY"}
-	if vpnProvider == providers.Cyberghost {
-		countriesRetroKeys = append(countriesRetroKeys, "REGION")
-	}
-	ss.Countries = r.CSV("SERVER_COUNTRIES", reader.RetroKeys(countriesRetroKeys...))
-
-	ss.Regions = r.CSV("SERVER_REGIONS", reader.RetroKeys("REGION"))
-	ss.Cities = r.CSV("SERVER_CITIES", reader.RetroKeys("CITY"))
-	ss.ISPs = r.CSV("ISP")
-	ss.Hostnames = r.CSV("SERVER_HOSTNAMES", reader.RetroKeys("SERVER_HOSTNAME"))
-	ss.Names = r.CSV("SERVER_NAMES", reader.RetroKeys("SERVER_NAME"))
-	ss.Numbers, err = r.CSVUint16("SERVER_NUMBER")
-	ss.Categories = r.CSV("SERVER_CATEGORIES")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// Mullvad only
-	ss.OwnedOnly, err = r.BoolPtr("OWNED_ONLY", reader.RetroKeys("OWNED"))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// VPNUnlimited and ProtonVPN only
-	ss.FreeOnly, err = r.BoolPtr("FREE_ONLY")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// VPNSecure only
-	ss.PremiumOnly, err = r.BoolPtr("PREMIUM_ONLY")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// Surfshark only
-	ss.MultiHopOnly, err = r.BoolPtr("MULTIHOP_ONLY")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// VPNUnlimited and ProtonVPN only
-	ss.StreamOnly, err = r.BoolPtr("STREAM_ONLY")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// ProtonVPN only
-	ss.SecureCoreOnly, err = r.BoolPtr("SECURE_CORE_ONLY")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// ProtonVPN only
-	ss.TorOnly, err = r.BoolPtr("TOR_ONLY")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// PIA and ProtonVPN only
-	ss.PortForwardOnly, err = r.BoolPtr("PORT_FORWARD_ONLY")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	err = ss.OpenVPN.read(r)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	err = ss.Wireguard.read(r)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/settings.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/settings.go
@@ -2,14 +2,13 @@ package settings

 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"net/netip"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/openvpn"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/vpn"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/pprof"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -22,7 +21,6 @@ type Settings struct {
 	Log           Log
 	PublicIP      PublicIP
 	Shadowsocks   Shadowsocks
-	Storage       Storage
 	System        System
 	Updater       Updater
 	Version       Version
@@ -30,16 +28,14 @@ type Settings struct {
 	Pprof         pprof.Settings
 }

-type FilterChoicesGetter interface {
+type Storage interface {
 	GetFilterChoices(provider string) models.FilterChoices
 }

 // Validate validates all the settings and returns an error
 // if one of them is not valid.
 // TODO v4 remove pointer for receiver (because of Surfshark).
-func (s *Settings) Validate(filterChoicesGetter FilterChoicesGetter, ipv6Supported bool,
-	warner Warner,
-) (err error) {
+func (s *Settings) Validate(storage Storage, ipv6Supported bool) (err error) {
 	nameToValidation := map[string]func() error{
 		"control server":  s.ControlServer.validate,
 		"dns":             s.DNS.validate,
@@ -49,13 +45,12 @@ func (s *Settings) Validate(filterChoicesGetter FilterChoicesGetter, ipv6Support
 		"log":             s.Log.validate,
 		"public ip check": s.PublicIP.validate,
 		"shadowsocks":     s.Shadowsocks.validate,
-		"storage":         s.Storage.validate,
 		"system":          s.System.validate,
 		"updater":         s.Updater.Validate,
 		"version":         s.Version.validate,
 		// Pprof validation done in pprof constructor
 		"VPN": func() error {
-			return s.VPN.Validate(filterChoicesGetter, ipv6Supported, warner)
+			return s.VPN.Validate(storage, ipv6Supported)
 		},
 	}

@@ -79,7 +74,6 @@ func (s *Settings) copy() (copied Settings) {
 		Log:           s.Log.copy(),
 		PublicIP:      s.PublicIP.copy(),
 		Shadowsocks:   s.Shadowsocks.copy(),
-		Storage:       s.Storage.copy(),
 		System:        s.System.copy(),
 		Updater:       s.Updater.copy(),
 		Version:       s.Version.copy(),
@@ -88,9 +82,24 @@ func (s *Settings) copy() (copied Settings) {
 	}
 }

+func (s *Settings) MergeWith(other Settings) {
+	s.ControlServer.mergeWith(other.ControlServer)
+	s.DNS.mergeWith(other.DNS)
+	s.Firewall.mergeWith(other.Firewall)
+	s.Health.MergeWith(other.Health)
+	s.HTTPProxy.mergeWith(other.HTTPProxy)
+	s.Log.mergeWith(other.Log)
+	s.PublicIP.mergeWith(other.PublicIP)
+	s.Shadowsocks.mergeWith(other.Shadowsocks)
+	s.System.mergeWith(other.System)
+	s.Updater.mergeWith(other.Updater)
+	s.Version.mergeWith(other.Version)
+	s.VPN.mergeWith(other.VPN)
+	s.Pprof.MergeWith(other.Pprof)
+}
+
 func (s *Settings) OverrideWith(other Settings,
-	filterChoicesGetter FilterChoicesGetter, ipv6Supported bool, warner Warner,
-) (err error) {
+	storage Storage, ipv6Supported bool) (err error) {
 	patchedSettings := s.copy()
 	patchedSettings.ControlServer.overrideWith(other.ControlServer)
 	patchedSettings.DNS.overrideWith(other.DNS)
@@ -100,13 +109,12 @@ func (s *Settings) OverrideWith(other Settings,
 	patchedSettings.Log.overrideWith(other.Log)
 	patchedSettings.PublicIP.overrideWith(other.PublicIP)
 	patchedSettings.Shadowsocks.overrideWith(other.Shadowsocks)
-	patchedSettings.Storage.overrideWith(other.Storage)
 	patchedSettings.System.overrideWith(other.System)
 	patchedSettings.Updater.overrideWith(other.Updater)
 	patchedSettings.Version.overrideWith(other.Version)
 	patchedSettings.VPN.OverrideWith(other.VPN)
 	patchedSettings.Pprof.OverrideWith(other.Pprof)
-	err = patchedSettings.Validate(filterChoicesGetter, ipv6Supported, warner)
+	err = patchedSettings.Validate(storage, ipv6Supported)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -123,11 +131,10 @@ func (s *Settings) SetDefaults() {
 	s.Log.setDefaults()
 	s.PublicIP.setDefaults()
 	s.Shadowsocks.setDefaults()
-	s.Storage.setDefaults()
 	s.System.setDefaults()
 	s.Version.setDefaults()
 	s.VPN.setDefaults()
-	s.Updater.SetDefaults(s.VPN.Provider.Name)
+	s.Updater.SetDefaults(*s.VPN.Provider.Name)
 	s.Pprof.SetDefaults()
 }

@@ -146,7 +153,6 @@ func (s Settings) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node.AppendNode(s.Shadowsocks.toLinesNode())
 	node.AppendNode(s.HTTPProxy.toLinesNode())
 	node.AppendNode(s.ControlServer.toLinesNode())
-	node.AppendNode(s.Storage.toLinesNode())
 	node.AppendNode(s.System.toLinesNode())
 	node.AppendNode(s.PublicIP.toLinesNode())
 	node.AppendNode(s.Updater.toLinesNode())
@@ -157,66 +163,35 @@ func (s Settings) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 }

 func (s Settings) Warnings() (warnings []string) {
-	if s.VPN.Provider.Name == providers.HideMyAss {
+	if *s.VPN.Provider.Name == providers.HideMyAss {
 		warnings = append(warnings, "HideMyAss dropped support for Linux OpenVPN "+
 			" so this will likely not work anymore. See https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/issues/1498.")
 	}

-	if helpers.IsOneOf(s.VPN.Provider.Name, providers.SlickVPN) &&
+	if helpers.IsOneOf(*s.VPN.Provider.Name, providers.SlickVPN) &&
 		s.VPN.Type == vpn.OpenVPN {
-		warnings = append(warnings, "OpenVPN 2.5 and 2.6 use OpenSSL 3 "+
-			"which prohibits the usage of weak security in today's standards. "+
-			s.VPN.Provider.Name+" uses weak security which is out "+
-			"of Gluetun's control so the only workaround is to allow such weaknesses "+
-			`using the OpenVPN option tls-cipher "DEFAULT:@SECLEVEL=0". `+
-			"You might want to reach to your provider so they upgrade their certificates. "+
-			"Once this is done, you will have to let the Gluetun maintainers know "+
-			"by creating an issue, attaching the new certificate and we will update Gluetun.")
+		if s.VPN.OpenVPN.Version == openvpn.Openvpn24 {
+			warnings = append(warnings, "OpenVPN 2.4 uses OpenSSL 1.1.1 "+
+				"which allows the usage of weak security in today's standards. "+
+				"This can be ok if good security is enforced by the VPN provider. "+
+				"However, "+*s.VPN.Provider.Name+" uses weak security so you should use "+
+				"OpenVPN 2.5 to enforce good security practices.")
+		} else {
+			warnings = append(warnings, "OpenVPN 2.5 uses OpenSSL 3 "+
+				"which prohibits the usage of weak security in today's standards. "+
+				*s.VPN.Provider.Name+" uses weak security which is out "+
+				"of Gluetun's control so the only workaround is to allow such weaknesses "+
+				`using the OpenVPN option tls-cipher "DEFAULT:@SECLEVEL=0". `+
+				"You might want to reach to your provider so they upgrade their certificates. "+
+				"Once this is done, you will have to let the Gluetun maintainers know "+
+				"by creating an issue, attaching the new certificate and we will update Gluetun.")
+		}
 	}

-	// TODO remove in v4
-	if s.DNS.ServerAddress.Unmap().Compare(netip.AddrFrom4([4]byte{127, 0, 0, 1})) != 0 {
-		warnings = append(warnings, "DNS address is set to "+s.DNS.ServerAddress.String()+
-			" so the DNS over TLS (DoT) server will not be used."+
-			" The default value changed to 127.0.0.1 so it uses the internal DoT serves."+
-			" If the DoT server fails to start, the IPv4 address of the first plaintext DNS server"+
-			" corresponding to the first DoT provider chosen is used.")
+	if s.VPN.OpenVPN.Version == openvpn.Openvpn24 {
+		warnings = append(warnings, "OpenVPN 2.4 will be removed in release v3.34.0 (around June 2023). "+
+			"Please create an issue if you have a compelling reason to keep it.")
 	}

 	return warnings
 }
-
-func (s *Settings) Read(r *reader.Reader, warner Warner) (err error) {
-	warnings := readObsolete(r)
-	for _, warning := range warnings {
-		warner.Warn(warning)
-	}
-
-	readFunctions := map[string]func(r *reader.Reader) error{
-		"control server": s.ControlServer.read,
-		"DNS":            s.DNS.read,
-		"firewall":       s.Firewall.read,
-		"health":         s.Health.Read,
-		"http proxy":     s.HTTPProxy.read,
-		"log":            s.Log.read,
-		"public ip": func(r *reader.Reader) error {
-			return s.PublicIP.read(r, warner)
-		},
-		"shadowsocks": s.Shadowsocks.read,
-		"storage":     s.Storage.read,
-		"system":      s.System.read,
-		"updater":     s.Updater.read,
-		"version":     s.Version.read,
-		"VPN":         s.VPN.read,
-		"profiling":   s.Pprof.Read,
-	}
-
-	for name, read := range readFunctions {
-		err = read(r)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("reading %s settings: %w", name, err)
-		}
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/settings_test.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/settings_test.go
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ func Test_Settings_String(t *testing.T) {
 |   |           ├── Protocol: UDP
 |   |           └── Private Internet Access encryption preset: strong
 |   └── OpenVPN settings:
-|       ├── OpenVPN version: 2.6
+|       ├── OpenVPN version: 2.5
 |       ├── User: [not set]
 |       ├── Password: [not set]
 |       ├── Private Internet Access encryption preset: strong
@@ -38,15 +38,23 @@ func Test_Settings_String(t *testing.T) {
 |       ├── Run OpenVPN as: root
 |       └── Verbosity level: 1
 ├── DNS settings:
-|   ├── Keep existing nameserver(s): no
 |   ├── DNS server address to use: 127.0.0.1
+|   ├── Keep existing nameserver(s): no
 |   └── DNS over TLS settings:
 |       ├── Enabled: yes
 |       ├── Update period: every 24h0m0s
-|       ├── Upstream resolvers:
-|       |   └── Cloudflare
-|       ├── Caching: yes
-|       ├── IPv6: no
+|       ├── Unbound settings:
+|       |   ├── Authoritative servers:
+|       |   |   └── Cloudflare
+|       |   ├── Caching: yes
+|       |   ├── IPv6: no
+|       |   ├── Verbosity level: 1
+|       |   ├── Verbosity details level: 0
+|       |   ├── Validation log level: 0
+|       |   ├── System user: root
+|       |   └── Allowed networks:
+|       |       ├── 0.0.0.0/0
+|       |       └── ::/0
 |       └── DNS filtering settings:
 |           ├── Block malicious: yes
 |           ├── Block ads: no
@@ -70,26 +78,20 @@ func Test_Settings_String(t *testing.T) {
 |   └── Enabled: no
 ├── Control server settings:
 |   ├── Listening address: :8000
-|   ├── Logging: yes
-|   └── Authentication file path: /gluetun/auth/config.toml
-├── Storage settings:
-|   └── Filepath: /gluetun/servers.json
+|   └── Logging: yes
 ├── OS Alpine settings:
 |   ├── Process UID: 1000
 |   └── Process GID: 1000
 ├── Public IP settings:
-|   ├── IP file path: /tmp/gluetun/ip
-|   ├── Public IP data base API: ipinfo
-|   └── Public IP data backup APIs:
-|       ├── cloudflare
-|       ├── ifconfigco
-|       └── ip2location
+|   ├── Fetching: every 12h0m0s
+|   └── IP file path: /tmp/gluetun/ip
 └── Version settings:
    └── Enabled: yes`,
 		},
 	}

 	for name, testCase := range testCases {
+		testCase := testCase
 		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Parallel()

--- a/internal/configuration/settings/shadowsocks.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/shadowsocks.go
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 package settings

 import (
-	"fmt"
-
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 	"github.com/qdm12/ss-server/pkg/tcpudp"
 )
@@ -24,21 +21,28 @@ func (s Shadowsocks) validate() (err error) {

 func (s *Shadowsocks) copy() (copied Shadowsocks) {
 	return Shadowsocks{
-		Enabled:  gosettings.CopyPointer(s.Enabled),
+		Enabled:  helpers.CopyPointer(s.Enabled),
 		Settings: s.Settings.Copy(),
 	}
 }

+// mergeWith merges the other settings into any
+// unset field of the receiver settings object.
+func (s *Shadowsocks) mergeWith(other Shadowsocks) {
+	s.Enabled = helpers.MergeWithPointer(s.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	s.Settings.MergeWith(other.Settings)
+}
+
 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (s *Shadowsocks) overrideWith(other Shadowsocks) {
-	s.Enabled = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(s.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	s.Enabled = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(s.Enabled, other.Enabled)
 	s.Settings.OverrideWith(other.Settings)
 }

 func (s *Shadowsocks) setDefaults() {
-	s.Enabled = gosettings.DefaultPointer(s.Enabled, false)
+	s.Enabled = helpers.DefaultPointer(s.Enabled, false)
 	s.Settings.SetDefaults()
 }

@@ -49,50 +53,16 @@ func (s Shadowsocks) String() string {
 func (s Shadowsocks) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("Shadowsocks server settings:")

-	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(s.Enabled))
+	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(s.Enabled))
 	if !*s.Enabled {
 		return node
 	}

 	// TODO have ToLinesNode in qdm12/ss-server
-	node.Appendf("Listening address: %s", *s.Settings.Address)
-	node.Appendf("Cipher: %s", s.Settings.CipherName)
-	node.Appendf("Password: %s", gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*s.Settings.Password))
-	node.Appendf("Log addresses: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(s.Settings.LogAddresses))
+	node.Appendf("Listening address: %s", s.Address)
+	node.Appendf("Cipher: %s", s.CipherName)
+	node.Appendf("Password: %s", helpers.ObfuscatePassword(*s.Password))
+	node.Appendf("Log addresses: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(s.LogAddresses))

 	return node
 }
-
-func (s *Shadowsocks) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	s.Enabled, err = r.BoolPtr("SHADOWSOCKS")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	s.Settings.Address, err = readShadowsocksAddress(r)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	s.Settings.LogAddresses, err = r.BoolPtr("SHADOWSOCKS_LOG")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	s.Settings.CipherName = r.String("SHADOWSOCKS_CIPHER",
-		reader.RetroKeys("SHADOWSOCKS_METHOD"))
-	s.Settings.Password = r.Get("SHADOWSOCKS_PASSWORD",
-		reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func readShadowsocksAddress(r *reader.Reader) (address *string, err error) {
-	const currentKey = "SHADOWSOCKS_LISTENING_ADDRESS"
-	port, err := r.Uint16Ptr("SHADOWSOCKS_PORT", reader.IsRetro(currentKey)) // retro-compatibility
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	} else if port != nil {
-		return ptrTo(fmt.Sprintf(":%d", *port)), nil
-	}
-
-	return r.Get(currentKey), nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/storage.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/storage.go
@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-package settings
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"path/filepath"
-
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
-)
-
-// Storage contains settings to configure the storage.
-type Storage struct {
-	// Filepath is the path to the servers.json file. An empty string disables on-disk storage.
-	Filepath *string
-}
-
-func (s Storage) validate() (err error) {
-	if *s.Filepath != "" { // optional
-		_, err := filepath.Abs(*s.Filepath)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("filepath is not valid: %w", err)
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (s *Storage) copy() (copied Storage) {
-	return Storage{
-		Filepath: gosettings.CopyPointer(s.Filepath),
-	}
-}
-
-func (s *Storage) overrideWith(other Storage) {
-	s.Filepath = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(s.Filepath, other.Filepath)
-}
-
-func (s *Storage) setDefaults() {
-	const defaultFilepath = "/gluetun/servers.json"
-	s.Filepath = gosettings.DefaultPointer(s.Filepath, defaultFilepath)
-}
-
-func (s Storage) String() string {
-	return s.toLinesNode().String()
-}
-
-func (s Storage) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
-	if *s.Filepath == "" {
-		return gotree.New("Storage settings: disabled")
-	}
-	node = gotree.New("Storage settings:")
-	node.Appendf("Filepath: %s", *s.Filepath)
-	return node
-}
-
-func (s *Storage) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	s.Filepath = r.Get("STORAGE_FILEPATH", reader.AcceptEmpty(true))
-	return nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/surfshark_retro.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/surfshark_retro.go
@@ -7,8 +7,7 @@ import (
 )

 func surfsharkRetroRegion(selection ServerSelection) (
-	updatedSelection ServerSelection,
-) {
+	updatedSelection ServerSelection) {
 	locationData := servers.LocationData()

 	retroToLocation := make(map[string]servers.ServerLocation, len(locationData))
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/system.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/system.go
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 package settings

 import (
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -20,22 +19,28 @@ func (s System) validate() (err error) {

 func (s *System) copy() (copied System) {
 	return System{
-		PUID:     gosettings.CopyPointer(s.PUID),
-		PGID:     gosettings.CopyPointer(s.PGID),
+		PUID:     helpers.CopyPointer(s.PUID),
+		PGID:     helpers.CopyPointer(s.PGID),
 		Timezone: s.Timezone,
 	}
 }

+func (s *System) mergeWith(other System) {
+	s.PUID = helpers.MergeWithPointer(s.PUID, other.PUID)
+	s.PGID = helpers.MergeWithPointer(s.PGID, other.PGID)
+	s.Timezone = helpers.MergeWithString(s.Timezone, other.Timezone)
+}
+
 func (s *System) overrideWith(other System) {
-	s.PUID = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(s.PUID, other.PUID)
-	s.PGID = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(s.PGID, other.PGID)
-	s.Timezone = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(s.Timezone, other.Timezone)
+	s.PUID = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(s.PUID, other.PUID)
+	s.PGID = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(s.PGID, other.PGID)
+	s.Timezone = helpers.OverrideWithString(s.Timezone, other.Timezone)
 }

 func (s *System) setDefaults() {
 	const defaultID = 1000
-	s.PUID = gosettings.DefaultPointer(s.PUID, defaultID)
-	s.PGID = gosettings.DefaultPointer(s.PGID, defaultID)
+	s.PUID = helpers.DefaultPointer(s.PUID, defaultID)
+	s.PGID = helpers.DefaultPointer(s.PGID, defaultID)
 }

 func (s System) String() string {
@@ -54,18 +59,3 @@ func (s System) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {

 	return node
 }
-
-func (s *System) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	s.PUID, err = r.Uint32Ptr("PUID", reader.RetroKeys("UID"))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	s.PGID, err = r.Uint32Ptr("PGID", reader.RetroKeys("GID"))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	s.Timezone = r.String("TZ")
-	return nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/unbound.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/unbound.go
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+package settings
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/netip"
+
+	"github.com/qdm12/dns/pkg/provider"
+	"github.com/qdm12/dns/pkg/unbound"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
+)
+
+// Unbound is settings for the Unbound program.
+type Unbound struct {
+	Providers             []string
+	Caching               *bool
+	IPv6                  *bool
+	VerbosityLevel        *uint8
+	VerbosityDetailsLevel *uint8
+	ValidationLogLevel    *uint8
+	Username              string
+	Allowed               []netip.Prefix
+}
+
+func (u *Unbound) setDefaults() {
+	if len(u.Providers) == 0 {
+		u.Providers = []string{
+			provider.Cloudflare().String(),
+		}
+	}
+
+	u.Caching = helpers.DefaultPointer(u.Caching, true)
+	u.IPv6 = helpers.DefaultPointer(u.IPv6, false)
+
+	const defaultVerbosityLevel = 1
+	u.VerbosityLevel = helpers.DefaultPointer(u.VerbosityLevel, defaultVerbosityLevel)
+
+	const defaultVerbosityDetailsLevel = 0
+	u.VerbosityDetailsLevel = helpers.DefaultPointer(u.VerbosityDetailsLevel, defaultVerbosityDetailsLevel)
+
+	const defaultValidationLogLevel = 0
+	u.ValidationLogLevel = helpers.DefaultPointer(u.ValidationLogLevel, defaultValidationLogLevel)
+
+	if u.Allowed == nil {
+		u.Allowed = []netip.Prefix{
+			netip.PrefixFrom(netip.AddrFrom4([4]byte{}), 0),
+			netip.PrefixFrom(netip.AddrFrom16([16]byte{}), 0),
+		}
+	}
+
+	u.Username = helpers.DefaultString(u.Username, "root")
+}
+
+var (
+	ErrUnboundVerbosityLevelNotValid        = errors.New("Unbound verbosity level is not valid")
+	ErrUnboundVerbosityDetailsLevelNotValid = errors.New("Unbound verbosity details level is not valid")
+	ErrUnboundValidationLogLevelNotValid    = errors.New("Unbound validation log level is not valid")
+)
+
+func (u Unbound) validate() (err error) {
+	for _, s := range u.Providers {
+		_, err := provider.Parse(s)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	const maxVerbosityLevel = 5
+	if *u.VerbosityLevel > maxVerbosityLevel {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %d must be between 0 and %d",
+			ErrUnboundVerbosityLevelNotValid,
+			*u.VerbosityLevel,
+			maxVerbosityLevel)
+	}
+
+	const maxVerbosityDetailsLevel = 4
+	if *u.VerbosityDetailsLevel > maxVerbosityDetailsLevel {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %d must be between 0 and %d",
+			ErrUnboundVerbosityDetailsLevelNotValid,
+			*u.VerbosityDetailsLevel,
+			maxVerbosityDetailsLevel)
+	}
+
+	const maxValidationLogLevel = 2
+	if *u.ValidationLogLevel > maxValidationLogLevel {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %d must be between 0 and %d",
+			ErrUnboundValidationLogLevelNotValid,
+			*u.ValidationLogLevel, maxValidationLogLevel)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (u Unbound) copy() (copied Unbound) {
+	return Unbound{
+		Providers:             helpers.CopySlice(u.Providers),
+		Caching:               helpers.CopyPointer(u.Caching),
+		IPv6:                  helpers.CopyPointer(u.IPv6),
+		VerbosityLevel:        helpers.CopyPointer(u.VerbosityLevel),
+		VerbosityDetailsLevel: helpers.CopyPointer(u.VerbosityDetailsLevel),
+		ValidationLogLevel:    helpers.CopyPointer(u.ValidationLogLevel),
+		Username:              u.Username,
+		Allowed:               helpers.CopySlice(u.Allowed),
+	}
+}
+
+func (u *Unbound) mergeWith(other Unbound) {
+	u.Providers = helpers.MergeSlices(u.Providers, other.Providers)
+	u.Caching = helpers.MergeWithPointer(u.Caching, other.Caching)
+	u.IPv6 = helpers.MergeWithPointer(u.IPv6, other.IPv6)
+	u.VerbosityLevel = helpers.MergeWithPointer(u.VerbosityLevel, other.VerbosityLevel)
+	u.VerbosityDetailsLevel = helpers.MergeWithPointer(u.VerbosityDetailsLevel, other.VerbosityDetailsLevel)
+	u.ValidationLogLevel = helpers.MergeWithPointer(u.ValidationLogLevel, other.ValidationLogLevel)
+	u.Username = helpers.MergeWithString(u.Username, other.Username)
+	u.Allowed = helpers.MergeSlices(u.Allowed, other.Allowed)
+}
+
+func (u *Unbound) overrideWith(other Unbound) {
+	u.Providers = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(u.Providers, other.Providers)
+	u.Caching = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(u.Caching, other.Caching)
+	u.IPv6 = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(u.IPv6, other.IPv6)
+	u.VerbosityLevel = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(u.VerbosityLevel, other.VerbosityLevel)
+	u.VerbosityDetailsLevel = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(u.VerbosityDetailsLevel, other.VerbosityDetailsLevel)
+	u.ValidationLogLevel = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(u.ValidationLogLevel, other.ValidationLogLevel)
+	u.Username = helpers.OverrideWithString(u.Username, other.Username)
+	u.Allowed = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(u.Allowed, other.Allowed)
+}
+
+func (u Unbound) ToUnboundFormat() (settings unbound.Settings, err error) {
+	providers := make([]provider.Provider, len(u.Providers))
+	for i := range providers {
+		providers[i], err = provider.Parse(u.Providers[i])
+		if err != nil {
+			return settings, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	const port = 53
+
+	return unbound.Settings{
+		ListeningPort:         port,
+		IPv4:                  true,
+		Providers:             providers,
+		Caching:               *u.Caching,
+		IPv6:                  *u.IPv6,
+		VerbosityLevel:        *u.VerbosityLevel,
+		VerbosityDetailsLevel: *u.VerbosityDetailsLevel,
+		ValidationLogLevel:    *u.ValidationLogLevel,
+		AccessControl: unbound.AccessControlSettings{
+			Allowed: netipPrefixesToNetaddrIPPrefixes(u.Allowed),
+		},
+		Username: u.Username,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+var (
+	ErrConvertingNetip = errors.New("converting net.IP to netip.Addr failed")
+)
+
+func (u Unbound) GetFirstPlaintextIPv4() (ipv4 netip.Addr, err error) {
+	s := u.Providers[0]
+	provider, err := provider.Parse(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ipv4, err
+	}
+
+	ip := provider.DNS().IPv4[0]
+	ipv4, ok := netip.AddrFromSlice(ip)
+	if !ok {
+		return ipv4, fmt.Errorf("%w: for ip %s (%#v)",
+			ErrConvertingNetip, ip, ip)
+	}
+	return ipv4.Unmap(), nil
+}
+
+func (u Unbound) String() string {
+	return u.toLinesNode().String()
+}
+
+func (u Unbound) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
+	node = gotree.New("Unbound settings:")
+
+	authServers := node.Appendf("Authoritative servers:")
+	for _, provider := range u.Providers {
+		authServers.Appendf(provider)
+	}
+
+	node.Appendf("Caching: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(u.Caching))
+	node.Appendf("IPv6: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(u.IPv6))
+	node.Appendf("Verbosity level: %d", *u.VerbosityLevel)
+	node.Appendf("Verbosity details level: %d", *u.VerbosityDetailsLevel)
+	node.Appendf("Validation log level: %d", *u.ValidationLogLevel)
+	node.Appendf("System user: %s", u.Username)
+
+	allowedNetworks := node.Appendf("Allowed networks:")
+	for _, network := range u.Allowed {
+		allowedNetworks.Appendf(network.String())
+	}
+
+	return node
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/unbound_test.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/unbound_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+package settings
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"net/netip"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func Test_Unbound_JSON(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	settings := Unbound{
+		Providers:             []string{"cloudflare"},
+		Caching:               boolPtr(true),
+		IPv6:                  boolPtr(false),
+		VerbosityLevel:        uint8Ptr(1),
+		VerbosityDetailsLevel: nil,
+		ValidationLogLevel:    uint8Ptr(0),
+		Username:              "user",
+		Allowed: []netip.Prefix{
+			netip.PrefixFrom(netip.AddrFrom4([4]byte{}), 0),
+			netip.PrefixFrom(netip.AddrFrom16([16]byte{}), 0),
+		},
+	}
+
+	b, err := json.Marshal(settings)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	const expected = `{"Providers":["cloudflare"],"Caching":true,"IPv6":false,` +
+		`"VerbosityLevel":1,"VerbosityDetailsLevel":null,"ValidationLogLevel":0,` +
+		`"Username":"user","Allowed":["0.0.0.0/0","::/0"]}`
+
+	assert.Equal(t, expected, string(b))
+
+	var resultSettings Unbound
+	err = json.Unmarshal(b, &resultSettings)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, settings, resultSettings)
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/updater.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/updater.go
@@ -5,10 +5,8 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"

+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/validate"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -47,9 +45,16 @@ func (u Updater) Validate() (err error) {

 	validProviders := providers.All()
 	for _, provider := range u.Providers {
-		err = validate.IsOneOf(provider, validProviders...)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrVPNProviderNameNotValid, err)
+		valid := false
+		for _, validProvider := range validProviders {
+			if provider == validProvider {
+				valid = true
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		if !valid {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %q can only be one of %s",
+				ErrVPNProviderNameNotValid, provider, helpers.ChoicesOrString(validProviders))
 		}
 	}

@@ -58,26 +63,35 @@ func (u Updater) Validate() (err error) {

 func (u *Updater) copy() (copied Updater) {
 	return Updater{
-		Period:     gosettings.CopyPointer(u.Period),
+		Period:     helpers.CopyPointer(u.Period),
 		DNSAddress: u.DNSAddress,
 		MinRatio:   u.MinRatio,
-		Providers:  gosettings.CopySlice(u.Providers),
+		Providers:  helpers.CopySlice(u.Providers),
 	}
 }

+// mergeWith merges the other settings into any
+// unset field of the receiver settings object.
+func (u *Updater) mergeWith(other Updater) {
+	u.Period = helpers.MergeWithPointer(u.Period, other.Period)
+	u.DNSAddress = helpers.MergeWithString(u.DNSAddress, other.DNSAddress)
+	u.MinRatio = helpers.MergeWithNumber(u.MinRatio, other.MinRatio)
+	u.Providers = helpers.MergeSlices(u.Providers, other.Providers)
+}
+
 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (u *Updater) overrideWith(other Updater) {
-	u.Period = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(u.Period, other.Period)
-	u.DNSAddress = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(u.DNSAddress, other.DNSAddress)
-	u.MinRatio = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(u.MinRatio, other.MinRatio)
-	u.Providers = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(u.Providers, other.Providers)
+	u.Period = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(u.Period, other.Period)
+	u.DNSAddress = helpers.OverrideWithString(u.DNSAddress, other.DNSAddress)
+	u.MinRatio = helpers.OverrideWithNumber(u.MinRatio, other.MinRatio)
+	u.Providers = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(u.Providers, other.Providers)
 }

 func (u *Updater) SetDefaults(vpnProvider string) {
-	u.Period = gosettings.DefaultPointer(u.Period, 0)
-	u.DNSAddress = gosettings.DefaultComparable(u.DNSAddress, "1.1.1.1:53")
+	u.Period = helpers.DefaultPointer(u.Period, 0)
+	u.DNSAddress = helpers.DefaultString(u.DNSAddress, "1.1.1.1:53")

 	if u.MinRatio == 0 {
 		const defaultMinRatio = 0.8
@@ -106,33 +120,3 @@ func (u Updater) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {

 	return node
 }
-
-func (u *Updater) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	u.Period, err = r.DurationPtr("UPDATER_PERIOD")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	u.DNSAddress, err = readUpdaterDNSAddress()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	u.MinRatio, err = r.Float64("UPDATER_MIN_RATIO")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	u.Providers = r.CSV("UPDATER_VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDERS")
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func readUpdaterDNSAddress() (address string, err error) {
-	// TODO this is currently using Cloudflare in
-	// plaintext to not be blocked by DNS over TLS by default.
-	// If a plaintext address is set in the DNS settings, this one will be used.
-	// use custom future encrypted DNS written in Go without blocking
-	// as it's too much trouble to start another parallel unbound instance for now.
-	return "", nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/validation/servers.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/validation/servers.go
@@ -33,28 +33,6 @@ func ExtractCountries(servers []models.Server) (values []string) {
 	return values
 }

-func ExtractCategories(servers []models.Server) (values []string) {
-	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(servers))
-	values = make([]string, 0, len(servers))
-	for _, server := range servers {
-		categories := server.Categories
-		if len(categories) == 0 {
-			continue
-		}
-
-		for _, value := range categories {
-			_, alreadySeen := seen[value]
-			if alreadySeen {
-				continue
-			}
-			seen[value] = struct{}{}
-
-			values = sortedInsert(values, value)
-		}
-	}
-	return values
-}
-
 func ExtractRegions(servers []models.Server) (values []string) {
 	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(servers))
 	values = make([]string, 0, len(servers))
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/validation/surfshark.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/validation/surfshark.go
@@ -10,9 +10,6 @@ func SurfsharkRetroLocChoices() (choices []string) {
 	choices = make([]string, 0, len(locationData))
 	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(locationData))
 	for _, data := range locationData {
-		if data.RetroLoc == "" {
-			continue
-		}
 		if _, ok := seen[data.RetroLoc]; ok {
 			continue
 		}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/version.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/version.go
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 package settings

 import (
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -20,19 +19,25 @@ func (v Version) validate() (err error) {

 func (v *Version) copy() (copied Version) {
 	return Version{
-		Enabled: gosettings.CopyPointer(v.Enabled),
+		Enabled: helpers.CopyPointer(v.Enabled),
 	}
 }

+// mergeWith merges the other settings into any
+// unset field of the receiver settings object.
+func (v *Version) mergeWith(other Version) {
+	v.Enabled = helpers.MergeWithPointer(v.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+}
+
 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (v *Version) overrideWith(other Version) {
-	v.Enabled = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(v.Enabled, other.Enabled)
+	v.Enabled = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(v.Enabled, other.Enabled)
 }

 func (v *Version) setDefaults() {
-	v.Enabled = gosettings.DefaultPointer(v.Enabled, true)
+	v.Enabled = helpers.DefaultPointer(v.Enabled, true)
 }

 func (v Version) String() string {
@@ -42,16 +47,7 @@ func (v Version) String() string {
 func (v Version) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("Version settings:")

-	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", gosettings.BoolToYesNo(v.Enabled))
+	node.Appendf("Enabled: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(v.Enabled))

 	return node
 }
-
-func (v *Version) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	v.Enabled, err = r.BoolPtr("VERSION_INFORMATION")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/vpn.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/vpn.go
@@ -2,11 +2,10 @@ package settings

 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"strings"

+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/vpn"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/validate"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -14,32 +13,33 @@ type VPN struct {
 	// Type is the VPN type and can only be
 	// 'openvpn' or 'wireguard'. It cannot be the
 	// empty string in the internal state.
-	Type      string    `json:"type"`
-	Provider  Provider  `json:"provider"`
-	OpenVPN   OpenVPN   `json:"openvpn"`
-	Wireguard Wireguard `json:"wireguard"`
+	Type      string
+	Provider  Provider
+	OpenVPN   OpenVPN
+	Wireguard Wireguard
 }

 // TODO v4 remove pointer for receiver (because of Surfshark).
-func (v *VPN) Validate(filterChoicesGetter FilterChoicesGetter, ipv6Supported bool, warner Warner) (err error) {
+func (v *VPN) Validate(storage Storage, ipv6Supported bool) (err error) {
 	// Validate Type
 	validVPNTypes := []string{vpn.OpenVPN, vpn.Wireguard}
-	if err = validate.IsOneOf(v.Type, validVPNTypes...); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrVPNTypeNotValid, err)
+	if !helpers.IsOneOf(v.Type, validVPNTypes...) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %q and can only be one of %s",
+			ErrVPNTypeNotValid, v.Type, strings.Join(validVPNTypes, ", "))
 	}

-	err = v.Provider.validate(v.Type, filterChoicesGetter, warner)
+	err = v.Provider.validate(v.Type, storage)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("provider settings: %w", err)
 	}

 	if v.Type == vpn.OpenVPN {
-		err := v.OpenVPN.validate(v.Provider.Name)
+		err := v.OpenVPN.validate(*v.Provider.Name)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("OpenVPN settings: %w", err)
 		}
 	} else {
-		err := v.Wireguard.validate(v.Provider.Name, ipv6Supported)
+		err := v.Wireguard.validate(*v.Provider.Name, ipv6Supported)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("Wireguard settings: %w", err)
 		}
@@ -57,18 +57,25 @@ func (v *VPN) Copy() (copied VPN) {
 	}
 }

+func (v *VPN) mergeWith(other VPN) {
+	v.Type = helpers.MergeWithString(v.Type, other.Type)
+	v.Provider.mergeWith(other.Provider)
+	v.OpenVPN.mergeWith(other.OpenVPN)
+	v.Wireguard.mergeWith(other.Wireguard)
+}
+
 func (v *VPN) OverrideWith(other VPN) {
-	v.Type = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(v.Type, other.Type)
+	v.Type = helpers.OverrideWithString(v.Type, other.Type)
 	v.Provider.overrideWith(other.Provider)
 	v.OpenVPN.overrideWith(other.OpenVPN)
 	v.Wireguard.overrideWith(other.Wireguard)
 }

 func (v *VPN) setDefaults() {
-	v.Type = gosettings.DefaultComparable(v.Type, vpn.OpenVPN)
+	v.Type = helpers.DefaultString(v.Type, vpn.OpenVPN)
 	v.Provider.setDefaults()
-	v.OpenVPN.setDefaults(v.Provider.Name)
-	v.Wireguard.setDefaults(v.Provider.Name)
+	v.OpenVPN.setDefaults(*v.Provider.Name)
+	v.Wireguard.setDefaults()
 }

 func (v VPN) String() string {
@@ -88,24 +95,3 @@ func (v VPN) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {

 	return node
 }
-
-func (v *VPN) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	v.Type = r.String("VPN_TYPE")
-
-	err = v.Provider.read(r, v.Type)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("VPN provider: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	err = v.OpenVPN.read(r)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("OpenVPN: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	err = v.Wireguard.read(r)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("wireguard: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/wireguard.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/wireguard.go
@@ -4,14 +4,9 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net/netip"
 	"regexp"
-	"strings"
-	"time"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/reader"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gosettings/validate"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl/wgtypes"
 )
@@ -20,37 +15,23 @@ import (
 type Wireguard struct {
 	// PrivateKey is the Wireguard client peer private key.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	PrivateKey *string `json:"private_key"`
+	PrivateKey *string
 	// PreSharedKey is the Wireguard pre-shared key.
 	// It can be the empty string to indicate there
 	// is no pre-shared key.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	PreSharedKey *string `json:"pre_shared_key"`
+	PreSharedKey *string
 	// Addresses are the Wireguard interface addresses.
-	Addresses []netip.Prefix `json:"addresses"`
-	// AllowedIPs are the Wireguard allowed IPs.
-	// If left unset, they default to "0.0.0.0/0"
-	// and, if IPv6 is supported, "::0".
-	AllowedIPs []netip.Prefix `json:"allowed_ips"`
+	Addresses []netip.Prefix
 	// Interface is the name of the Wireguard interface
 	// to create. It cannot be the empty string in the
 	// internal state.
-	Interface                   string         `json:"interface"`
-	PersistentKeepaliveInterval *time.Duration `json:"persistent_keep_alive_interval"`
-	// Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) of the Wireguard interface.
-	// It cannot be zero in the internal state, and defaults to
-	// 1320. Note it is not the wireguard-go MTU default of 1420
-	// because this impacts bandwidth a lot on some VPN providers,
-	// see https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/issues/1650.
-	// It has been lowered to 1320 following quite a bit of
-	// investigation in the issue:
-	// https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/issues/2533.
-	MTU uint16 `json:"mtu"`
+	Interface string
 	// Implementation is the Wireguard implementation to use.
 	// It can be "auto", "userspace" or "kernelspace".
 	// It defaults to "auto" and cannot be the empty string
 	// in the internal state.
-	Implementation string `json:"implementation"`
+	Implementation string
 }

 var regexpInterfaceName = regexp.MustCompile(`^[a-zA-Z0-9_]+$`)
@@ -59,13 +40,9 @@ var regexpInterfaceName = regexp.MustCompile(`^[a-zA-Z0-9_]+$`)
 // It should only be ran if the VPN type chosen is Wireguard.
 func (w Wireguard) validate(vpnProvider string, ipv6Supported bool) (err error) {
 	if !helpers.IsOneOf(vpnProvider,
-		providers.Airvpn,
 		providers.Custom,
-		providers.Fastestvpn,
 		providers.Ivpn,
 		providers.Mullvad,
-		providers.Nordvpn,
-		providers.Protonvpn,
 		providers.Surfshark,
 		providers.Windscribe,
 	) {
@@ -79,12 +56,7 @@ func (w Wireguard) validate(vpnProvider string, ipv6Supported bool) (err error)
 	}
 	_, err = wgtypes.ParseKey(*w.PrivateKey)
 	if err != nil {
-		err = fmt.Errorf("private key is not valid: %w", err)
-		if vpnProvider == providers.Nordvpn &&
-			err.Error() == "wgtypes: incorrect key size: 48" {
-			err = fmt.Errorf("%w - you might be using your access token instead of the Wireguard private key", err)
-		}
-		return err
+		return fmt.Errorf("private key is not valid: %w", err)
 	}

 	if vpnProvider == providers.Airvpn {
@@ -107,34 +79,16 @@ func (w Wireguard) validate(vpnProvider string, ipv6Supported bool) (err error)
 	}
 	for i, ipNet := range w.Addresses {
 		if !ipNet.IsValid() {
-			return fmt.Errorf("%w: for address at index %d",
-				ErrWireguardInterfaceAddressNotSet, i)
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: for address at index %d: %s",
+				ErrWireguardInterfaceAddressNotSet, i, ipNet.String())
 		}

 		if !ipv6Supported && ipNet.Addr().Is6() {
 			return fmt.Errorf("%w: address %s",
-				ErrWireguardInterfaceAddressIPv6, ipNet.String())
+				ErrWireguardInterfaceAddressIPv6, ipNet)
 		}
 	}

-	// Validate AllowedIPs
-	// WARNING: do not check for IPv6 networks in the allowed IPs,
-	// the wireguard code will take care to ignore it.
-	if len(w.AllowedIPs) == 0 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w", ErrWireguardAllowedIPsNotSet)
-	}
-	for i, allowedIP := range w.AllowedIPs {
-		if !allowedIP.IsValid() {
-			return fmt.Errorf("%w: for allowed ip %d of %d",
-				ErrWireguardAllowedIPNotSet, i+1, len(w.AllowedIPs))
-		}
-	}
-
-	if *w.PersistentKeepaliveInterval < 0 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrWireguardKeepAliveNegative,
-			*w.PersistentKeepaliveInterval)
-	}
-
 	// Validate interface
 	if !regexpInterfaceName.MatchString(w.Interface) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: '%s' does not match regex '%s'",
@@ -142,8 +96,9 @@ func (w Wireguard) validate(vpnProvider string, ipv6Supported bool) (err error)
 	}

 	validImplementations := []string{"auto", "userspace", "kernelspace"}
-	if err := validate.IsOneOf(w.Implementation, validImplementations...); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrWireguardImplementationNotValid, err)
+	if !helpers.IsOneOf(w.Implementation, validImplementations...) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s must be one of %s", ErrWireguardImplementationNotValid,
+			w.Implementation, helpers.ChoicesOrString(validImplementations))
 	}

 	return nil
@@ -151,52 +106,35 @@ func (w Wireguard) validate(vpnProvider string, ipv6Supported bool) (err error)

 func (w *Wireguard) copy() (copied Wireguard) {
 	return Wireguard{
-		PrivateKey:                  gosettings.CopyPointer(w.PrivateKey),
-		PreSharedKey:                gosettings.CopyPointer(w.PreSharedKey),
-		Addresses:                   gosettings.CopySlice(w.Addresses),
-		AllowedIPs:                  gosettings.CopySlice(w.AllowedIPs),
-		PersistentKeepaliveInterval: gosettings.CopyPointer(w.PersistentKeepaliveInterval),
-		Interface:                   w.Interface,
-		MTU:                         w.MTU,
-		Implementation:              w.Implementation,
+		PrivateKey:     helpers.CopyPointer(w.PrivateKey),
+		PreSharedKey:   helpers.CopyPointer(w.PreSharedKey),
+		Addresses:      helpers.CopySlice(w.Addresses),
+		Interface:      w.Interface,
+		Implementation: w.Implementation,
 	}
 }

+func (w *Wireguard) mergeWith(other Wireguard) {
+	w.PrivateKey = helpers.MergeWithPointer(w.PrivateKey, other.PrivateKey)
+	w.PreSharedKey = helpers.MergeWithPointer(w.PreSharedKey, other.PreSharedKey)
+	w.Addresses = helpers.MergeSlices(w.Addresses, other.Addresses)
+	w.Interface = helpers.MergeWithString(w.Interface, other.Interface)
+	w.Implementation = helpers.MergeWithString(w.Implementation, other.Implementation)
+}
+
 func (w *Wireguard) overrideWith(other Wireguard) {
-	w.PrivateKey = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(w.PrivateKey, other.PrivateKey)
-	w.PreSharedKey = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(w.PreSharedKey, other.PreSharedKey)
-	w.Addresses = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(w.Addresses, other.Addresses)
-	w.AllowedIPs = gosettings.OverrideWithSlice(w.AllowedIPs, other.AllowedIPs)
-	w.PersistentKeepaliveInterval = gosettings.OverrideWithPointer(w.PersistentKeepaliveInterval,
-		other.PersistentKeepaliveInterval)
-	w.Interface = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(w.Interface, other.Interface)
-	w.MTU = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(w.MTU, other.MTU)
-	w.Implementation = gosettings.OverrideWithComparable(w.Implementation, other.Implementation)
+	w.PrivateKey = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(w.PrivateKey, other.PrivateKey)
+	w.PreSharedKey = helpers.OverrideWithPointer(w.PreSharedKey, other.PreSharedKey)
+	w.Addresses = helpers.OverrideWithSlice(w.Addresses, other.Addresses)
+	w.Interface = helpers.OverrideWithString(w.Interface, other.Interface)
+	w.Implementation = helpers.OverrideWithString(w.Implementation, other.Implementation)
 }

-func (w *Wireguard) setDefaults(vpnProvider string) {
-	w.PrivateKey = gosettings.DefaultPointer(w.PrivateKey, "")
-	w.PreSharedKey = gosettings.DefaultPointer(w.PreSharedKey, "")
-	switch vpnProvider {
-	case providers.Nordvpn:
-		defaultNordVPNAddress := netip.AddrFrom4([4]byte{10, 5, 0, 2})
-		defaultNordVPNPrefix := netip.PrefixFrom(defaultNordVPNAddress, defaultNordVPNAddress.BitLen())
-		w.Addresses = gosettings.DefaultSlice(w.Addresses, []netip.Prefix{defaultNordVPNPrefix})
-	case providers.Protonvpn:
-		defaultAddress := netip.AddrFrom4([4]byte{10, 2, 0, 2})
-		defaultPrefix := netip.PrefixFrom(defaultAddress, defaultAddress.BitLen())
-		w.Addresses = gosettings.DefaultSlice(w.Addresses, []netip.Prefix{defaultPrefix})
-	}
-	defaultAllowedIPs := []netip.Prefix{
-		netip.PrefixFrom(netip.IPv4Unspecified(), 0),
-		netip.PrefixFrom(netip.IPv6Unspecified(), 0),
-	}
-	w.AllowedIPs = gosettings.DefaultSlice(w.AllowedIPs, defaultAllowedIPs)
-	w.PersistentKeepaliveInterval = gosettings.DefaultPointer(w.PersistentKeepaliveInterval, 0)
-	w.Interface = gosettings.DefaultComparable(w.Interface, "wg0")
-	const defaultMTU = 1320
-	w.MTU = gosettings.DefaultComparable(w.MTU, defaultMTU)
-	w.Implementation = gosettings.DefaultComparable(w.Implementation, "auto")
+func (w *Wireguard) setDefaults() {
+	w.PrivateKey = helpers.DefaultPointer(w.PrivateKey, "")
+	w.PreSharedKey = helpers.DefaultPointer(w.PreSharedKey, "")
+	w.Interface = helpers.DefaultString(w.Interface, "wg0")
+	w.Implementation = helpers.DefaultString(w.Implementation, "auto")
 }

 func (w Wireguard) String() string {
@@ -207,31 +145,21 @@ func (w Wireguard) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("Wireguard settings:")

 	if *w.PrivateKey != "" {
-		s := gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*w.PrivateKey)
+		s := helpers.ObfuscateWireguardKey(*w.PrivateKey)
 		node.Appendf("Private key: %s", s)
 	}

 	if *w.PreSharedKey != "" {
-		s := gosettings.ObfuscateKey(*w.PreSharedKey)
+		s := helpers.ObfuscateWireguardKey(*w.PreSharedKey)
 		node.Appendf("Pre-shared key: %s", s)
 	}

 	addressesNode := node.Appendf("Interface addresses:")
 	for _, address := range w.Addresses {
-		addressesNode.Append(address.String())
+		addressesNode.Appendf(address.String())
 	}

-	allowedIPsNode := node.Appendf("Allowed IPs:")
-	for _, allowedIP := range w.AllowedIPs {
-		allowedIPsNode.Append(allowedIP.String())
-	}
-
-	if *w.PersistentKeepaliveInterval > 0 {
-		node.Appendf("Persistent keepalive interval: %s", w.PersistentKeepaliveInterval)
-	}
-
-	interfaceNode := node.Appendf("Network interface: %s", w.Interface)
-	interfaceNode.Appendf("MTU: %d", w.MTU)
+	node.Appendf("Network interface: %s", w.Interface)

 	if w.Implementation != "auto" {
 		node.Appendf("Implementation: %s", w.Implementation)
@@ -239,44 +167,3 @@ func (w Wireguard) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {

 	return node
 }
-
-func (w *Wireguard) read(r *reader.Reader) (err error) {
-	w.PrivateKey = r.Get("WIREGUARD_PRIVATE_KEY", reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-	w.PreSharedKey = r.Get("WIREGUARD_PRESHARED_KEY", reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-	w.Interface = r.String("VPN_INTERFACE",
-		reader.RetroKeys("WIREGUARD_INTERFACE"), reader.ForceLowercase(false))
-	w.Implementation = r.String("WIREGUARD_IMPLEMENTATION")
-
-	addressStrings := r.CSV("WIREGUARD_ADDRESSES", reader.RetroKeys("WIREGUARD_ADDRESS"))
-	// WARNING: do not initialize w.Addresses to an empty slice
-	// or the defaults for nordvpn will not work.
-	for _, addressString := range addressStrings {
-		if !strings.ContainsRune(addressString, '/') {
-			addressString += "/32"
-		}
-		addressString = strings.TrimSpace(addressString)
-		address, err := netip.ParsePrefix(addressString)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("parsing address: %w", err)
-		}
-		w.Addresses = append(w.Addresses, address)
-	}
-
-	w.AllowedIPs, err = r.CSVNetipPrefixes("WIREGUARD_ALLOWED_IPS")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err // already wrapped
-	}
-
-	w.PersistentKeepaliveInterval, err = r.DurationPtr("WIREGUARD_PERSISTENT_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	mtuPtr, err := r.Uint16Ptr("WIREGUARD_MTU")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	} else if mtuPtr != nil {
-		w.MTU = *mtuPtr
-	}
-	return nil
-}
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Quentin McGaw	42caa64743	fix(httpproxy): redirect from http to https	2023-05-29 09:40:37 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	6d48f9c2ba	fix(routing): net.IPNet to netip.Prefix conversion	2023-05-22 05:56:27 +00:00
Quentin McGaw	f712d77642	fix(firewall): prevent IP family mix in `acceptOutputFromIPToSubnet`	2023-05-21 18:06:18 +00:00