fix(health): use TCP dialing instead of ping

- `HEALTH_TARGET_ADDRESS` to replace `HEALTH_ADDRESS_TO_PING` - Remove `github.com/go-ping/ping` dependency - Dial TCP the target address, appending `:443` if port is not set
2022-03-21 20:56:33 +00:00
618 changed files with 78864 additions and 94517 deletions
--- a/.devcontainer/Dockerfile
+++ b/.devcontainer/Dockerfile
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 FROM qmcgaw/godevcontainer
-RUN apk add wireguard-tools htop
+RUN apk add wireguard-tools
--- a/.devcontainer/devcontainer.json
+++ b/.devcontainer/devcontainer.json
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
        "vscode"
    ],
    "shutdownAction": "stopCompose",
-    "postCreateCommand": "source ~/.windows.sh && go mod download && go mod tidy",
+    "postCreateCommand": "~/.windows.sh && go mod download && go mod tidy",
    "workspaceFolder": "/workspace",
    "extensions": [
        "golang.go",
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
        "bajdzis.vscode-database", // Supports connections to mysql or postgres, over SSL, socked
        "IBM.output-colorizer", // Colorize your output/test logs
        "mohsen1.prettify-json", // Prettify JSON data
-        "github.copilot",
    ],
    "settings": {
        "files.eol": "\n",
--- a/.devcontainer/docker-compose.yml
+++ b/.devcontainer/docker-compose.yml
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ version: "3.7"
 services:
  vscode:
    build: .
+    image: godevcontainer
    devices:
      - /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun
    volumes:
@@ -10,16 +11,16 @@ services:
      # Docker socket to access Docker server
      - /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock
      # Docker configuration
-      - ~/.docker:/root/.docker
+      - ~/.docker:/root/.docker:z
      # SSH directory for Linux, OSX and WSL
-      - ~/.ssh:/root/.ssh
+      - ~/.ssh:/root/.ssh:z
      # For Windows without WSL, a copy will be made
      # from /tmp/.ssh to ~/.ssh to fix permissions
      #- ~/.ssh:/tmp/.ssh:ro
      # Shell history persistence
-      - ~/.zsh_history:/root/.zsh_history
+      - ~/.zsh_history:/root/.zsh_history:z
      # Git config
-      - ~/.gitconfig:/root/.gitconfig
+      - ~/.gitconfig:/root/.gitconfig:z
    environment:
      - TZ=
    cap_add:
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug.yml
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ body:
    attributes:
      label: Share your logs
      description: No sensitive information is logged out except when running with `LOG_LEVEL=debug`.
-      render: plain text
+      render: log
    validations:
      required: true
  - type: textarea
--- a/.github/workflows/ci-skip.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci-skip.yml
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-name: No trigger file paths
-on:
-  push:
-    branches:
-      - master
-    paths-ignore:
-      - .github/workflows/ci.yml
-      - cmd/**
-      - internal/**
-      - pkg/**
-      - .dockerignore
-      - .golangci.yml
-      - Dockerfile
-      - go.mod
-      - go.sum
-  pull_request:
-    branches:
-      - master
-    paths-ignore:
-      - .github/workflows/ci.yml
-      - cmd/**
-      - internal/**
-      - pkg/**
-      - .dockerignore
-      - .golangci.yml
-      - Dockerfile
-      - go.mod
-      - go.sum
-
-jobs:
-  verify:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    permissions:
-      actions: read
-    steps:
-      - name: No trigger path triggered for required verify workflow.
-        run: exit 0
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -32,23 +32,24 @@ on:

 jobs:
  verify:
+    # Only run if it's a push event or if it's a PR from this repository, and it is not dependabot.
+    if: |
+      github.actor != 'dependabot[bot]' &&
+      (github.event_name == 'push' ||
+      github.event_name == 'release' ||
+      (github.event_name == 'pull_request' && github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name == github.repository))
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    permissions:
-      actions: read
-      contents: read
    env:
      DOCKER_BUILDKIT: "1"
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-
-      - uses: reviewdog/action-misspell@v1
-        with:
-          locale: "US"
-          level: error
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2.4.0

      - name: Linting
        run: docker build --target lint .

+      - name: Go mod tidy check
+        run: docker build --target tidy .
+
      - name: Build test image
        run: docker build --target test -t test-container .

@@ -59,71 +60,79 @@ jobs:
          -v "$(pwd)/coverage.txt:/tmp/gobuild/coverage.txt" \
          test-container

+      - name: Code security analysis
+        uses: snyk/actions/golang@master
+        env:
+          SNYK_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.SNYK_TOKEN }}
+
      - name: Build final image
        run: docker build -t final-image .

-  codeql:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    permissions:
-      actions: read
-      contents: read
-      security-events: write
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-      - uses: github/codeql-action/init@v2
-        with:
-          languages: go
-      - uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@v2
-      - uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@v2
+      # - name: Image security analysis
+      #   uses: snyk/actions/docker@master
+      #   env:
+      #     SNYK_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.SNYK_TOKEN }}
+      #   with:
+      #     image: final-image

  publish:
+    # Only run if it's a push event or if it's a PR from this repository
    if: |
-      github.repository == 'qdm12/gluetun' &&
-      (
-        github.event_name == 'push' ||
-        github.event_name == 'release' ||
-        (github.event_name == 'pull_request' && github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name == github.repository && github.actor != 'dependabot[bot]')
-      )
-    needs: [verify, codeql]
-    permissions:
-      actions: read
-      contents: read
+      github.event_name == 'push' ||
+      github.event_name == 'release' ||
+      (github.event_name == 'pull_request' && github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name == github.repository)
+    needs: [verify]
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2.4.0
+
+      - uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v1
+      - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v1
+
+      - uses: docker/login-action@v1
+        with:
+          username: qmcgaw
+          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_PASSWORD }}
+
+      - name: Check for semver tag
+        id: semvercheck
+        run: |
+          if [[ ${{ github.ref }} =~ ^refs\/tags\/v0\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+$ ]]; then
+            MATCH=true
+          else
+            MATCH=false
+          fi
+          if [[ ${{ github.ref }} =~ ^refs\/tags\/v[1-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+$ ]]; then
+            MATCH=$MATCH_nonzero
+          fi
+          echo ::set-output name=match::$MATCH

      # extract metadata (tags, labels) for Docker
      # https://github.com/docker/metadata-action
      - name: Extract Docker metadata
        id: meta
-        uses: docker/metadata-action@v4
+        uses: docker/metadata-action@v3
        with:
          flavor: |
-            latest=${{ github.ref == format('refs/heads/{0}', github.event.repository.default_branch) }}
+            latest=${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}
          images: |
            qmcgaw/gluetun
            qmcgaw/private-internet-access
          tags: |
+            type=ref,event=branch,enable=${{ github.ref != 'refs/heads/master' }}
            type=ref,event=pr
-            type=semver,pattern=v{{major}}.{{minor}}.{{patch}}
-            type=semver,pattern=v{{major}}.{{minor}}
-            type=semver,pattern=v{{major}},enable=${{ !startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v0.') }}
-            type=raw,value=latest,enable=${{ github.ref == format('refs/heads/{0}', github.event.repository.default_branch) }}
-
-      - uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2
-      - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
-
-      - uses: docker/login-action@v2
-        with:
-          username: qmcgaw
-          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_PASSWORD }}
+            type=ref,event=tag,enable=${{ !startsWith(steps.semvercheck.outputs.match, 'true') }}
+            type=semver,pattern=v{{major}}.{{minor}}.{{patch}},enable=${{ startsWith(steps.semvercheck.outputs.match, 'true') }}
+            type=semver,pattern=v{{major}}.{{minor}},enable=${{ startsWith(steps.semvercheck.outputs.match, 'true') }}
+            type=semver,pattern=v{{major}},enable=${{ startsWith(steps.semvercheck.outputs.match, 'true_nonzero') }}
+            type=raw,value=latest,enable=${{ !startsWith(steps.semvercheck.outputs.match, 'true') }}

      - name: Short commit
        id: shortcommit
        run: echo "::set-output name=value::$(git rev-parse --short HEAD)"

      - name: Build and push final image
-        uses: docker/build-push-action@v3.0.0
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@v2.7.0
        with:
          platforms: linux/amd64,linux/386,linux/arm64,linux/arm/v6,linux/arm/v7,linux/ppc64le
          labels: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.labels }}
--- a/.github/workflows/dependabot.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/dependabot.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+name: Dependabot
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    branches:
+      - master
+    paths:
+      - .github/workflows/dependabot.yml
+      - cmd/**
+      - internal/**
+      - pkg/**
+      - .dockerignore
+      - .golangci.yml
+      - Dockerfile
+      - go.mod
+      - go.sum
+
+jobs:
+  verify:
+    if: ${{ github.actor == 'dependabot[bot]' }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    env:
+      DOCKER_BUILDKIT: "1"
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2.4.0
+
+      - name: Build test image
+        run: docker build --target test -t test-container .
+
+      - name: Run tests in test container
+        run: |
+          touch coverage.txt
+          docker run --rm \
+          -v "$(pwd)/coverage.txt:/tmp/gobuild/coverage.txt" \
+          test-container
+
+      - name: Build final image
+        run: docker build -t final-image .
--- a/.github/workflows/dockerhub-description.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/dockerhub-description.yml
@@ -1,22 +1,18 @@
 name: Docker Hub description
 on:
  push:
-    branches:
-      - master
+    branches: [master]
    paths:
      - README.md
      - .github/workflows/dockerhub-description.yml
 jobs:
-  docker-hub-description:
-    if: github.repository == 'qdm12/gluetun'
+  dockerHubDescription:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    permissions:
-      actions: read
-      contents: read
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-
-      - uses: peter-evans/dockerhub-description@v3
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v2.4.0
+      - name: Docker Hub Description
+        uses: peter-evans/dockerhub-description@v2
        with:
          username: qmcgaw
          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_PASSWORD }}
--- a/.github/workflows/fork.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/fork.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+name: Fork
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    branches:
+      - master
+    paths:
+      - .github/workflows/fork.yml
+      - cmd/**
+      - internal/**
+      - pkg/**
+      - .dockerignore
+      - .golangci.yml
+      - Dockerfile
+      - go.mod
+      - go.sum
+
+jobs:
+  verify:
+    if: github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name != github.repository && github.actor != 'dependabot[bot]'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    env:
+      DOCKER_BUILDKIT: "1"
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2.4.0
+
+      - name: Linting
+        run: docker build --target lint .
+
+      - name: Build test image
+        run: docker build --target test -t test-container .
+
+      - name: Run tests in test container
+        run: |
+          touch coverage.txt
+          docker run --rm \
+          -v "$(pwd)/coverage.txt:/tmp/gobuild/coverage.txt" \
+          test-container
+
+      - name: Build final image
+        run: docker build -t final-image .
--- a/.github/workflows/labels.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/labels.yml
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ jobs:
  labeler:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-      - uses: crazy-max/ghaction-github-labeler@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2.4.0
+      - uses: crazy-max/ghaction-github-labeler@v3
        with:
          yaml-file: .github/labels.yml
--- a/.github/workflows/misspell.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/misspell.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+name: Misspells
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    branches: [master]
+  push:
+    branches: [master]
+jobs:
+  misspell:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v2.4.0
+      - uses: reviewdog/action-misspell@v1
+        with:
+          locale: "US"
+          level: error
--- a/.golangci.yml
+++ b/.golangci.yml
@@ -7,47 +7,48 @@ issues:
    - path: _test\.go
      linters:
        - dupl
+        - maligned
        - goerr113
-        - containedctx
-    - path: "internal\\/server\\/.+\\.go"
+    - path: internal/server/
      linters:
        - dupl
-    - path: "internal\\/configuration\\/settings\\/.+\\.go"
+    - path: internal/configuration/
      linters:
        - dupl
-    - text: "^mnd: Magic number: 0[0-9]{3}, in <argument> detected$"
-      source: "^.+= os\\.OpenFile\\(.+, .+, 0[0-9]{3}\\)"
+    - path: internal/constants/
+      linters:
+        - dupl
+    - text: "exported: exported var Err*"
+      linters:
+        - revive
+    - text: "mnd: Magic number: 0644*"
      linters:
        - gomnd
-
-    - text: "^mnd: Magic number: 0[0-9]{3}, in <argument> detected$"
-      source: "^.+= os\\.MkdirAll\\(.+, 0[0-9]{3}\\)"
+    - text: "mnd: Magic number: 0400*"
      linters:
        - gomnd
-    - linters:
-        - lll
-      source: "^//go:generate .+$"
-    - text: "returns interface \\(github\\.com\\/vishvananda\\/netlink\\.Link\\)"
+    - text: "variable 'mssFix' is only used in the if-statement*"
+      path: "openvpnconf.go"
      linters:
-        - ireturn
-
+        - ifshort
+    - text: "variable 'auth' is only used in the if-statement*"
+      path: "openvpnconf.go"
+      linters:
+        - ifshort
 linters:
  enable:
    # - cyclop
    # - errorlint
+    # - ireturn
    # - varnamelen
    # - wrapcheck
    - asciicheck
    - bidichk
    - bodyclose
-    - containedctx
-    - decorder
    - dogsled
    - dupl
    - durationcheck
-    - errchkjson
    - errname
-    - execinquery
    - exhaustive
    - exportloopref
    - forcetypeassert
@@ -66,12 +67,9 @@ linters:
    - gomoddirectives
    - goprintffuncname
    - gosec
-    - grouper
    - ifshort
    - importas
-    - ireturn
    - lll
-    - maintidx
    - makezero
    - misspell
    - nakedret
@@ -80,7 +78,6 @@ linters:
    - nilnil
    - noctx
    - nolintlint
-    - nosprintfhostport
    - prealloc
    - predeclared
    - predeclared
--- a/.vscode/launch.json
+++ b/.vscode/launch.json
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "version": "0.2.0",
-    "configurations": [
-        {
-            "name": "Update a VPN provider servers data",
-            "type": "go",
-            "request": "launch",
-            "mode": "debug",
-            "program": "cmd/gluetun/main.go",
-            "args": [
-                "update",
-                "-enduser",
-                "-providers",
-                "${input:provider}"
-            ],
-        }
-    ],
-    "inputs": [
-        {
-            "id": "provider",
-            "type": "promptString",
-            "description": "Please enter a provider (or comma separated list of providers)",
-        }
-    ]
-}
--- a/68
+++ b/68
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-ARG ALPINE_VERSION=3.16
-ARG GO_ALPINE_VERSION=3.16
+ARG ALPINE_VERSION=3.15
+ARG GO_ALPINE_VERSION=3.15
 ARG GO_VERSION=1.17
 ARG XCPUTRANSLATE_VERSION=v0.6.0
-ARG GOLANGCI_LINT_VERSION=v1.46.2
+ARG GOLANGCI_LINT_VERSION=v1.43.0
 ARG BUILDPLATFORM=linux/amd64

 FROM --platform=${BUILDPLATFORM} qmcgaw/xcputranslate:${XCPUTRANSLATE_VERSION} AS xcputranslate
@@ -30,6 +30,15 @@ FROM --platform=${BUILDPLATFORM} base AS lint
 COPY .golangci.yml ./
 RUN golangci-lint run --timeout=10m

+FROM --platform=${BUILDPLATFORM} base AS tidy
+RUN git init && \
+    git config user.email ci@localhost && \
+    git config user.name ci && \
+    git add -A && git commit -m ci && \
+    sed -i '/\/\/ indirect/d' go.mod && \
+    go mod tidy && \
+    git diff --exit-code -- go.mod
+
 FROM --platform=${BUILDPLATFORM} base AS build
 ARG TARGETPLATFORM
 ARG VERSION=unknown
@@ -57,12 +66,8 @@ LABEL \
    org.opencontainers.image.source="https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun" \
    org.opencontainers.image.title="VPN swiss-knife like client for multiple VPN providers" \
    org.opencontainers.image.description="VPN swiss-knife like client to tunnel to multiple VPN servers using OpenVPN, IPtables, DNS over TLS, Shadowsocks, an HTTP proxy and Alpine Linux"
-ENV VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=pia \
+ENV VPNSP=pia \
    VPN_TYPE=openvpn \
-    # Common VPN options
-    VPN_ENDPOINT_IP= \
-    VPN_ENDPOINT_PORT= \
-    VPN_INTERFACE=tun0 \
    # OpenVPN
    OPENVPN_PROTOCOL=udp \
    OPENVPN_USER= \
@@ -72,35 +77,41 @@ ENV VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=pia \
    OPENVPN_VERSION=2.5 \
    OPENVPN_VERBOSITY=1 \
    OPENVPN_FLAGS= \
-    OPENVPN_CIPHERS= \
+    OPENVPN_CIPHER= \
    OPENVPN_AUTH= \
-    OPENVPN_PROCESS_USER= \
+    OPENVPN_ROOT=yes \
+    OPENVPN_TARGET_IP= \
    OPENVPN_IPV6=off \
    OPENVPN_CUSTOM_CONFIG= \
+    OPENVPN_INTERFACE=tun0 \
+    OPENVPN_PORT= \
    # Wireguard
    WIREGUARD_PRIVATE_KEY= \
    WIREGUARD_PRESHARED_KEY= \
    WIREGUARD_PUBLIC_KEY= \
-    WIREGUARD_ADDRESSES= \
+    WIREGUARD_ADDRESS= \
+    WIREGUARD_ENDPOINT_IP= \
+    WIREGUARD_ENDPOINT_PORT= \
+    WIREGUARD_INTERFACE=wg0 \
    # VPN server filtering
-    SERVER_REGIONS= \
-    SERVER_COUNTRIES= \
-    SERVER_CITIES= \
-    SERVER_HOSTNAMES= \
+    REGION= \
+    COUNTRY= \
+    CITY= \
+    SERVER_HOSTNAME= \
    # # Mullvad only:
    ISP= \
-    OWNED_ONLY=no \
+    OWNED=no \
    # # Private Internet Access only:
-    PRIVATE_INTERNET_ACCESS_OPENVPN_ENCRYPTION_PRESET= \
-    PRIVATE_INTERNET_ACCESS_VPN_PORT_FORWARDING=off \
-    PRIVATE_INTERNET_ACCESS_VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_STATUS_FILE="/tmp/gluetun/forwarded_port" \
+    PIA_ENCRYPTION= \
+    PORT_FORWARDING=off \
+    PORT_FORWARDING_STATUS_FILE="/tmp/gluetun/forwarded_port" \
    # # Cyberghost only:
    OPENVPN_CLIENTCRT_SECRETFILE=/run/secrets/openvpn_clientcrt \
    OPENVPN_CLIENTKEY_SECRETFILE=/run/secrets/openvpn_clientkey \
    # # Nordvpn only:
    SERVER_NUMBER= \
-    # # PIA only:
-    SERVER_NAMES= \
+    # # PIA and ProtonVPN only:
+    SERVER_NAME= \
    # # ProtonVPN only:
    FREE_ONLY= \
    # # Surfshark only:
@@ -115,7 +126,7 @@ ENV VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=pia \
    LOG_LEVEL=info \
    # Health
    HEALTH_SERVER_ADDRESS=127.0.0.1:9999 \
-    HEALTH_TARGET_ADDRESS=cloudflare.com:443 \
+    HEALTH_TARGET_ADDRESS=github.com:443 \
    HEALTH_VPN_DURATION_INITIAL=6s \
    HEALTH_VPN_DURATION_ADDITION=5s \
    # DNS over TLS
@@ -132,7 +143,7 @@ ENV VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=pia \
    BLOCK_ADS=off \
    UNBLOCK= \
    DNS_UPDATE_PERIOD=24h \
-    DNS_ADDRESS=127.0.0.1 \
+    DNS_PLAINTEXT_ADDRESS=127.0.0.1 \
    DNS_KEEP_NAMESERVER=off \
    # HTTP proxy
    HTTPPROXY= \
@@ -149,20 +160,11 @@ ENV VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=pia \
    SHADOWSOCKS_PASSWORD= \
    SHADOWSOCKS_PASSWORD_SECRETFILE=/run/secrets/shadowsocks_password \
    SHADOWSOCKS_CIPHER=chacha20-ietf-poly1305 \
-    # Control server
-    HTTP_CONTROL_SERVER_ADDRESS=":8000" \
    # Server data updater
    UPDATER_PERIOD=0 \
-    UPDATER_MIN_RATIO=0.8 \
-    UPDATER_VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDERS= \
    # Public IP
    PUBLICIP_FILE="/tmp/gluetun/ip" \
    PUBLICIP_PERIOD=12h \
-    # Pprof
-    PPROF_ENABLED=no \
-    PPROF_BLOCK_PROFILE_RATE=0 \
-    PPROF_MUTEX_PROFILE_RATE=0 \
-    PPROF_HTTP_SERVER_ADDRESS=":6060" \
    # Extras
    VERSION_INFORMATION=on \
    TZ= \
@@ -173,7 +175,7 @@ EXPOSE 8000/tcp 8888/tcp 8388/tcp 8388/udp
 HEALTHCHECK --interval=5s --timeout=5s --start-period=10s --retries=1 CMD /gluetun-entrypoint healthcheck
 ARG TARGETPLATFORM
 RUN apk add --no-cache --update -l apk-tools && \
-    apk add --no-cache --update -X "https://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/v3.12/main" openvpn==2.4.12-r0 && \
+    apk add --no-cache --update -X "https://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/v3.12/main" openvpn==2.4.11-r0 && \
    mv /usr/sbin/openvpn /usr/sbin/openvpn2.4 && \
    apk del openvpn && \
    apk add --no-cache --update openvpn ca-certificates iptables ip6tables unbound tzdata && \
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 # Gluetun VPN client

-Lightweight swiss-knife-like VPN client to multiple VPN sercice providers
+*Lightweight swiss-knife-like VPN client to tunnel to Cyberghost, ExpressVPN, FastestVPN,
+HideMyAss, IPVanish, IVPN, Mullvad, NordVPN, Perfect Privacy, Privado, Private Internet Access, PrivateVPN,
+ProtonVPN, PureVPN, Surfshark, TorGuard, VPNUnlimited, VyprVPN, WeVPN and Windscribe VPN servers
+using Go, OpenVPN or Wireguard, iptables, DNS over TLS, ShadowSocks and an HTTP proxy*
+
+**ANNOUNCEMENT**: Large settings refactor merged on 2022-06-01, please file issues if you find any problem!

 ![Title image](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/qdm12/gluetun/master/title.svg)

@@ -48,7 +53,6 @@ Lightweight swiss-knife-like VPN client to multiple VPN sercice providers
  - Sponsor me on [github.com/sponsors/qdm12](https://github.com/sponsors/qdm12)
  - Donate to [paypal.me/qmcgaw](https://www.paypal.me/qmcgaw)
  - Drop me [an email](mailto:quentin.mcgaw@gmail.com)
- **Want to add a VPN provider?** check [Development](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Development) and [Add a provider](https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Add-a-provider)
 - Video:

  [![Video Gif](https://i.imgur.com/CetWunc.gif)](https://youtu.be/0F6I03LQcI4)
@@ -57,7 +61,7 @@ Lightweight swiss-knife-like VPN client to multiple VPN sercice providers

 ## Features

- Based on Alpine 3.16 for a small Docker image of 29MB
+- Based on Alpine 3.15 for a small Docker image of 29MB
 - Supports: **Cyberghost**, **ExpressVPN**, **FastestVPN**, **HideMyAss**, **IPVanish**, **IVPN**, **Mullvad**, **NordVPN**, **Perfect Privacy**, **Privado**, **Private Internet Access**, **PrivateVPN**, **ProtonVPN**, **PureVPN**,  **Surfshark**, **TorGuard**, **VPNUnlimited**, **Vyprvpn**, **WeVPN**, **Windscribe** servers
 - Supports OpenVPN for all providers listed
 - Supports Wireguard both kernelspace and userspace
@@ -98,8 +102,6 @@ services:
    # line above must be uncommented to allow external containers to connect. See https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki/Connect-a-container-to-gluetun#external-container-to-gluetun
    cap_add:
      - NET_ADMIN
-    devices:
-      - /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun
    ports:
      - 8888:8888/tcp # HTTP proxy
      - 8388:8388/tcp # Shadowsocks
@@ -108,14 +110,14 @@ services:
      - /yourpath:/gluetun
    environment:
      # See https://github.com/qdm12/gluetun/wiki
-      - VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER=ivpn
+      - VPNSP=ivpn
      - VPN_TYPE=openvpn
      # OpenVPN:
      - OPENVPN_USER=
      - OPENVPN_PASSWORD=
      # Wireguard:
      # - WIREGUARD_PRIVATE_KEY=wOEI9rqqbDwnN8/Bpp22sVz48T71vJ4fYmFWujulwUU=
-      # - WIREGUARD_ADDRESSES=10.64.222.21/32
+      # - WIREGUARD_ADDRESS=10.64.222.21/32
      # Timezone for accurate log times
      - TZ=
 ```
--- a/cmd/gluetun/main.go
+++ b/cmd/gluetun/main.go
@@ -29,28 +29,22 @@ import (
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/netlink"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/openvpn"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/openvpn/extract"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/portforward"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/pprof"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/provider"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/publicip"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/publicip/ipinfo"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/routing"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/server"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/shadowsocks"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/storage"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/tun"
-	updater "github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/updater/loop"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/updater/resolver"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/updater/unzip"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/updater"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/vpn"
 	"github.com/qdm12/golibs/command"
+	"github.com/qdm12/golibs/logging"
 	"github.com/qdm12/goshutdown"
 	"github.com/qdm12/goshutdown/goroutine"
 	"github.com/qdm12/goshutdown/group"
 	"github.com/qdm12/goshutdown/order"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gosplash"
-	"github.com/qdm12/log"
 	"github.com/qdm12/updated/pkg/dnscrypto"
 )

@@ -61,6 +55,11 @@ var (
 	created = "an unknown date"
 )

+var (
+	errSetupRouting = errors.New("cannot setup routing")
+	errCreateUser   = errors.New("cannot create user")
+)
+
 func main() {
 	buildInfo := models.BuildInformation{
 		Version: version,
@@ -69,11 +68,12 @@ func main() {
 	}

 	background := context.Background()
-	signalCh := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
-	signal.Notify(signalCh, os.Interrupt, syscall.SIGTERM)
+	signalCtx, stop := signal.NotifyContext(background, syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM, os.Interrupt)
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(background)

-	logger := log.New(log.SetLevel(log.LevelInfo))
+	logger := logging.New(logging.Settings{
+		Level: logging.LevelInfo,
+	})

 	args := os.Args
 	tun := tun.New()
@@ -92,11 +92,13 @@ func main() {
 	}()

 	select {
-	case signal := <-signalCh:
+	case <-signalCtx.Done():
+		stop()
 		fmt.Println("")
-		logger.Warn("Caught OS signal " + signal.String() + ", shutting down")
+		logger.Warn("Caught OS signal, shutting down")
 		cancel()
 	case err := <-errorCh:
+		stop()
 		close(errorCh)
 		if err == nil { // expected exit such as healthcheck
 			os.Exit(0)
@@ -115,8 +117,6 @@ func main() {
 		logger.Info("Shutdown successful")
 	case <-timer.C:
 		logger.Warn("Shutdown timed out")
-	case signal := <-signalCh:
-		logger.Warn("Caught OS signal " + signal.String() + ", forcing shut down")
 	}

 	os.Exit(1)
@@ -126,11 +126,11 @@ var (
 	errCommandUnknown = errors.New("command is unknown")
 )

-//nolint:gocognit,gocyclo,maintidx
+//nolint:gocognit,gocyclo
 func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
-	args []string, logger log.LoggerInterface, source sources.Source,
-	tun Tun, netLinker netLinker, cmder command.RunStarter,
-	cli clier) error {
+	args []string, logger logging.ParentLogger, source sources.Source,
+	tun tun.Interface, netLinker netlink.NetLinker, cmder command.RunStarter,
+	cli cli.CLIer) error {
 	if len(args) > 1 { // cli operation
 		switch args[1] {
 		case "healthcheck":
@@ -174,62 +174,21 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 		return err
 	}

-	// Note: no need to validate minimal settings for the firewall:
-	// - global log level is parsed from source
-	// - firewall Debug and Enabled are booleans parsed from source
-
-	logger.Patch(log.SetLevel(*allSettings.Log.Level))
-
-	routingLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("routing"))
-	if *allSettings.Firewall.Debug { // To remove in v4
-		routingLogger.Patch(log.SetLevel(log.LevelDebug))
-	}
-	routingConf := routing.New(netLinker, routingLogger)
-
-	defaultRoutes, err := routingConf.DefaultRoutes()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	localNetworks, err := routingConf.LocalNetworks()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	firewallLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("firewall"))
-	if *allSettings.Firewall.Debug { // To remove in v4
-		firewallLogger.Patch(log.SetLevel(log.LevelDebug))
-	}
-	firewallConf, err := firewall.NewConfig(ctx, firewallLogger, cmder,
-		defaultRoutes, localNetworks)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if *allSettings.Firewall.Enabled {
-		err = firewallConf.SetEnabled(ctx, true)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-
 	// TODO run this in a loop or in openvpn to reload from file without restarting
-	storageLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("storage"))
+	storageLogger := logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{Prefix: "storage: "})
 	storage, err := storage.New(storageLogger, constants.ServersData)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	err = allSettings.Validate(storage)
+	allServers := storage.GetServers()
+
+	err = allSettings.Validate(allServers)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	allSettings.Pprof.HTTPServer.Logger = logger.New(log.SetComponent("pprof"))
-	pprofServer, err := pprof.New(allSettings.Pprof)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("cannot create Pprof server: %w", err)
-	}
+	logger.PatchLevel(*allSettings.Log.Level)

 	puid, pgid := int(*allSettings.System.PUID), int(*allSettings.System.PGID)

@@ -238,7 +197,7 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 	// Create configurators
 	alpineConf := alpine.New()
 	ovpnConf := openvpn.New(
-		logger.New(log.SetComponent("openvpn configurator")),
+		logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{Prefix: "openvpn configurator: "}),
 		cmder, puid, pgid)
 	dnsCrypto := dnscrypto.New(httpClient, "", "")
 	const cacertsPath = "/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt"
@@ -270,7 +229,7 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 	const defaultUsername = "nonrootuser"
 	nonRootUsername, err := alpineConf.CreateUser(defaultUsername, puid)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("cannot create user: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", errCreateUser, err)
 	}
 	if nonRootUsername != defaultUsername {
 		logger.Info("using existing username " + nonRootUsername + " corresponding to user id " + fmt.Sprint(puid))
@@ -278,22 +237,54 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 	// set it for Unbound
 	// TODO remove this when migrating to qdm12/dns v2
 	allSettings.DNS.DoT.Unbound.Username = nonRootUsername
-	allSettings.VPN.OpenVPN.ProcessUser = nonRootUsername
+	allSettings.VPN.OpenVPN.ProcUser = nonRootUsername

 	if err := os.Chown("/etc/unbound", puid, pgid); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

+	firewallLogLevel := *allSettings.Log.Level
+	if *allSettings.Firewall.Debug {
+		firewallLogLevel = logging.LevelDebug
+	}
+	routingLogger := logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{
+		Prefix: "routing: ",
+		Level:  firewallLogLevel,
+	})
+	routingConf := routing.New(netLinker, routingLogger)
+
+	defaultInterface, defaultGateway, err := routingConf.DefaultRoute()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	localNetworks, err := routingConf.LocalNetworks()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	defaultIP, err := routingConf.DefaultIP()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	firewallLogger := logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{
+		Prefix: "firewall: ",
+		Level:  firewallLogLevel,
+	})
+	firewallConf := firewall.NewConfig(firewallLogger, cmder,
+		defaultInterface, defaultGateway, localNetworks, defaultIP)
+
 	if err := routingConf.Setup(); err != nil {
 		if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "operation not permitted") {
 			logger.Warn("💡 Tip: Are you passing NET_ADMIN capability to gluetun?")
 		}
-		return fmt.Errorf("cannot setup routing: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", errSetupRouting, err)
 	}
 	defer func() {
-		routingLogger.Info("routing cleanup...")
+		logger.Info("routing cleanup...")
 		if err := routingConf.TearDown(); err != nil {
-			routingLogger.Error("cannot teardown routing: " + err.Error())
+			logger.Error("cannot teardown routing: " + err.Error())
 		}
 	}()

@@ -304,21 +295,25 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 		return err
 	}

-	const tunDevice = "/dev/net/tun"
-	if err := tun.Check(tunDevice); err != nil {
+	if err := tun.Check(constants.TunnelDevice); err != nil {
 		logger.Info(err.Error() + "; creating it...")
-		err = tun.Create(tunDevice)
+		err = tun.Create(constants.TunnelDevice)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	if *allSettings.Firewall.Enabled {
+		err := firewallConf.SetEnabled(ctx, true) // disabled by default
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}

 	for _, port := range allSettings.Firewall.InputPorts {
-		for _, defaultRoute := range defaultRoutes {
-			err = firewallConf.SetAllowedPort(ctx, port, defaultRoute.NetInterface)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
+		err = firewallConf.SetAllowedPort(ctx, port, defaultInterface)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
 		}
 	} // TODO move inside firewall?

@@ -339,20 +334,14 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 	tickersGroupHandler := goshutdown.NewGroupHandler("tickers", defaultGroupOptions...)
 	otherGroupHandler := goshutdown.NewGroupHandler("other", defaultGroupOptions...)

-	pprofReady := make(chan struct{})
-	pprofHandler, pprofCtx, pprofDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler("pprof server")
-	go pprofServer.Run(pprofCtx, pprofReady, pprofDone)
-	otherGroupHandler.Add(pprofHandler)
-	<-pprofReady
-
-	portForwardLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("port forwarding"))
+	portForwardLogger := logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{Prefix: "port forwarding: "})
 	portForwardLooper := portforward.NewLoop(allSettings.VPN.Provider.PortForwarding,
-		httpClient, firewallConf, portForwardLogger, puid, pgid)
+		httpClient, firewallConf, portForwardLogger)
 	portForwardHandler, portForwardCtx, portForwardDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
 		"port forwarding", goroutine.OptionTimeout(time.Second))
 	go portForwardLooper.Run(portForwardCtx, portForwardDone)

-	unboundLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("dns over tls"))
+	unboundLogger := logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{Prefix: "dns over tls: "})
 	unboundLooper := dns.NewLoop(dnsConf, allSettings.DNS, httpClient,
 		unboundLogger)
 	dnsHandler, dnsCtx, dnsDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
@@ -366,9 +355,8 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 	go unboundLooper.RunRestartTicker(dnsTickerCtx, dnsTickerDone)
 	controlGroupHandler.Add(dnsTickerHandler)

-	ipFetcher := ipinfo.New(httpClient)
-	publicIPLooper := publicip.NewLoop(ipFetcher,
-		logger.New(log.SetComponent("ip getter")),
+	publicIPLooper := publicip.NewLoop(httpClient,
+		logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{Prefix: "ip getter: "}),
 		allSettings.PublicIP, puid, pgid)
 	pubIPHandler, pubIPCtx, pubIPDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
 		"public IP", goroutine.OptionTimeout(defaultShutdownTimeout))
@@ -380,25 +368,18 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 	go publicIPLooper.RunRestartTicker(pubIPTickerCtx, pubIPTickerDone)
 	tickersGroupHandler.Add(pubIPTickerHandler)

-	updaterLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("updater"))
-
-	unzipper := unzip.New(httpClient)
-	parallelResolver := resolver.NewParallelResolver(allSettings.Updater.DNSAddress)
-	openvpnFileExtractor := extract.New()
-	providers := provider.NewProviders(storage, time.Now, updaterLogger,
-		httpClient, unzipper, parallelResolver, ipFetcher, openvpnFileExtractor)
-
-	vpnLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("vpn"))
+	vpnLogger := logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{Prefix: "vpn: "})
 	vpnLooper := vpn.NewLoop(allSettings.VPN, allSettings.Firewall.VPNInputPorts,
-		providers, storage, ovpnConf, netLinker, firewallConf, routingConf, portForwardLooper,
+		allServers, ovpnConf, netLinker, firewallConf, routingConf, portForwardLooper,
 		cmder, publicIPLooper, unboundLooper, vpnLogger, httpClient,
 		buildInfo, *allSettings.Version.Enabled)
 	vpnHandler, vpnCtx, vpnDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
 		"vpn", goroutine.OptionTimeout(time.Second))
 	go vpnLooper.Run(vpnCtx, vpnDone)

-	updaterLooper := updater.NewLoop(allSettings.Updater,
-		providers, storage, httpClient, updaterLogger)
+	updaterLooper := updater.NewLooper(allSettings.Updater,
+		allServers, storage, vpnLooper.SetServers, httpClient,
+		logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{Prefix: "updater: "}))
 	updaterHandler, updaterCtx, updaterDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
 		"updater", goroutine.OptionTimeout(defaultShutdownTimeout))
 	// wait for updaterLooper.Restart() or its ticket launched with RunRestartTicker
@@ -411,36 +392,31 @@ func _main(ctx context.Context, buildInfo models.BuildInformation,
 	controlGroupHandler.Add(updaterTickerHandler)

 	httpProxyLooper := httpproxy.NewLoop(
-		logger.New(log.SetComponent("http proxy")),
+		logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{Prefix: "http proxy: "}),
 		allSettings.HTTPProxy)
 	httpProxyHandler, httpProxyCtx, httpProxyDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
 		"http proxy", goroutine.OptionTimeout(defaultShutdownTimeout))
 	go httpProxyLooper.Run(httpProxyCtx, httpProxyDone)
 	otherGroupHandler.Add(httpProxyHandler)

-	shadowsocksLooper := shadowsocks.NewLoop(allSettings.Shadowsocks,
-		logger.New(log.SetComponent("shadowsocks")))
+	shadowsocksLooper := shadowsocks.NewLooper(allSettings.Shadowsocks,
+		logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{Prefix: "shadowsocks: "}))
 	shadowsocksHandler, shadowsocksCtx, shadowsocksDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
 		"shadowsocks proxy", goroutine.OptionTimeout(defaultShutdownTimeout))
 	go shadowsocksLooper.Run(shadowsocksCtx, shadowsocksDone)
 	otherGroupHandler.Add(shadowsocksHandler)

-	controlServerAddress := *allSettings.ControlServer.Address
+	controlServerAddress := fmt.Sprintf(":%d", *allSettings.ControlServer.Port)
 	controlServerLogging := *allSettings.ControlServer.Log
 	httpServerHandler, httpServerCtx, httpServerDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
 		"http server", goroutine.OptionTimeout(defaultShutdownTimeout))
-	httpServer, err := server.New(httpServerCtx, controlServerAddress, controlServerLogging,
-		logger.New(log.SetComponent("http server")),
+	httpServer := server.New(httpServerCtx, controlServerAddress, controlServerLogging,
+		logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{Prefix: "http server: "}),
 		buildInfo, vpnLooper, portForwardLooper, unboundLooper, updaterLooper, publicIPLooper)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("cannot setup control server: %w", err)
-	}
-	httpServerReady := make(chan struct{})
-	go httpServer.Run(httpServerCtx, httpServerReady, httpServerDone)
-	<-httpServerReady
+	go httpServer.Run(httpServerCtx, httpServerDone)
 	controlGroupHandler.Add(httpServerHandler)

-	healthLogger := logger.New(log.SetComponent("healthcheck"))
+	healthLogger := logger.NewChild(logging.Settings{Prefix: "healthcheck: "})
 	healthcheckServer := healthcheck.NewServer(allSettings.Health, healthLogger, vpnLooper)
 	healthServerHandler, healthServerCtx, healthServerDone := goshutdown.NewGoRoutineHandler(
 		"HTTP health server", goroutine.OptionTimeout(defaultShutdownTimeout))
@@ -487,38 +463,3 @@ func printVersions(ctx context.Context, logger infoer,

 	return nil
 }
-
-type netLinker interface {
-	AddrList(link netlink.Link, family int) (
-		addresses []netlink.Addr, err error)
-	AddrAdd(link netlink.Link, addr *netlink.Addr) error
-	IsWireguardSupported() (ok bool, err error)
-	RouteList(link netlink.Link, family int) (
-		routes []netlink.Route, err error)
-	RouteAdd(route *netlink.Route) error
-	RouteDel(route *netlink.Route) error
-	RouteReplace(route *netlink.Route) error
-	RuleList(family int) (rules []netlink.Rule, err error)
-	RuleAdd(rule *netlink.Rule) error
-	RuleDel(rule *netlink.Rule) error
-	LinkList() (links []netlink.Link, err error)
-	LinkByName(name string) (link netlink.Link, err error)
-	LinkByIndex(index int) (link netlink.Link, err error)
-	LinkAdd(link netlink.Link) (err error)
-	LinkDel(link netlink.Link) (err error)
-	LinkSetUp(link netlink.Link) (err error)
-	LinkSetDown(link netlink.Link) (err error)
-}
-
-type clier interface {
-	ClientKey(args []string) error
-	FormatServers(args []string) error
-	OpenvpnConfig(logger cli.OpenvpnConfigLogger, source sources.Source) error
-	HealthCheck(ctx context.Context, source sources.Source, warner cli.Warner) error
-	Update(ctx context.Context, args []string, logger cli.UpdaterLogger) error
-}
-
-type Tun interface {
-	Check(tunDevice string) error
-	Create(tunDevice string) error
-}
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ module github.com/qdm12/gluetun
 go 1.17

 require (
-	github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.2.3
+	github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.2.1
 	github.com/fatih/color v1.13.0
 	github.com/golang/mock v1.6.0
 	github.com/qdm12/dns v1.11.0
@@ -12,13 +12,11 @@ require (
 	github.com/qdm12/gosplash v0.1.0
 	github.com/qdm12/gotree v0.2.0
 	github.com/qdm12/govalid v0.1.0
-	github.com/qdm12/log v0.1.0
 	github.com/qdm12/ss-server v0.4.0
 	github.com/qdm12/updated v0.0.0-20210603204757-205acfe6937e
-	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.2
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.0
 	github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.1.1-0.20211129163951-9ada19101fc5
 	golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210630005230-0f9fa26af87c
-	golang.org/x/text v0.3.7
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20210805125648-3957e9b9dd19
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl v0.0.0-20210803171230-4253848d036c
 	inet.af/netaddr v0.0.0-20210718074554-06ca8145d722
@@ -38,8 +36,8 @@ require (
 	github.com/riobard/go-bloom v0.0.0-20200614022211-cdc8013cb5b3 // indirect
 	github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.0-20200728191858-db3c7e526aae // indirect
 	go4.org/intern v0.0.0-20210108033219-3eb7198706b2 // indirect
-	go4.org/unsafe/assume-no-moving-gc v0.0.0-20220617031537-928513b29760 // indirect
+	go4.org/unsafe/assume-no-moving-gc v0.0.0-20201222180813-1025295fd063 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210711020723-a769d52b0f97 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210504132125-bbd867fde50d // indirect
-	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
+	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c // indirect
 )
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ github.com/alcortesm/tgz v0.0.0-20161220082320-9c5fe88206d7/go.mod h1:6zEj6s6u/g
 github.com/anmitsu/go-shlex v0.0.0-20161002113705-648efa622239/go.mod h1:2FmKhYUyUczH0OGQWaF5ceTx0UBShxjsH6f8oGKYe2c=
 github.com/armon/go-socks5 v0.0.0-20160902184237-e75332964ef5/go.mod h1:wHh0iHkYZB8zMSxRWpUBQtwG5a7fFgvEO+odwuTv2gs=
 github.com/asaskevich/govalidator v0.0.0-20180720115003-f9ffefc3facf/go.mod h1:lB+ZfQJz7igIIfQNfa7Ml4HSf2uFQQRzpGGRXenZAgY=
-github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.2.3 h1:1vkYjKOiHVSyuz9Ue4AOrViEvUm8gk8phTg0vbcuU0A=
-github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.2.3/go.mod h1:24FDtzYMpqIeYC7QzaE8VPRQaFZU5TIUDlyk8qwjD88=
+github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.2.1 h1:GZMVDXOs945764NFck0vtHSjktKYubOFM0kjf5HAuwc=
+github.com/breml/rootcerts v0.2.1/go.mod h1:24FDtzYMpqIeYC7QzaE8VPRQaFZU5TIUDlyk8qwjD88=
 github.com/creack/pty v1.1.7/go.mod h1:lj5s0c3V2DBrqTV7llrYr5NG6My20zk30Fl46Y7DoTY=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.0/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c=
@@ -115,8 +115,6 @@ github.com/qdm12/gotree v0.2.0 h1:+58ltxkNLUyHtATFereAcOjBVfY6ETqRex8XK90Fb/c=
 github.com/qdm12/gotree v0.2.0/go.mod h1:1SdFaqKZuI46U1apbXIf25pDMNnrPuYLEqMF/qL4lY4=
 github.com/qdm12/govalid v0.1.0 h1:UIFVmuaAg0Q+h0GeyfcFEZ5sQ5KJPvRQwycC1/cqDN8=
 github.com/qdm12/govalid v0.1.0/go.mod h1:CyS/OEQdOvunBgrtIsW93fjd4jBkwZPBjGSpxq3NwA4=
-github.com/qdm12/log v0.1.0 h1:jYBd/xscHYpblzZAd2kjZp2YmuYHjAAfbTViJWxoPTw=
-github.com/qdm12/log v0.1.0/go.mod h1:Vchi5M8uBvHfPNIblN4mjXn/oSbiWguQIbsgF1zdQPI=
 github.com/qdm12/ss-server v0.4.0 h1:lMMYfDGc9P86Lyvd3+p8lK4hhgHUKDzjZC91FqJYkDU=
 github.com/qdm12/ss-server v0.4.0/go.mod h1:AY0p4huvPUPW+/CiWsJcDgT6sneDryk26VXSccPNCxY=
 github.com/qdm12/updated v0.0.0-20210603204757-205acfe6937e h1:4q+uFLawkaQRq3yARYLsjJPZd2wYwxn4g6G/5v0xW1g=
@@ -130,10 +128,8 @@ github.com/stretchr/objx v0.2.0/go.mod h1:qt09Ya8vawLte6SNmTgCsAVtYtaKzEcn8ATUoH
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.2.2/go.mod h1:a8OnRcib4nhh0OaRAV+Yts87kKdq0PP7pXfy6kDkUVs=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.3.0/go.mod h1:M5WIy9Dh21IEIfnGCwXGc5bZfKNJtfHm1UVUgZn+9EI=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.4.0/go.mod h1:j7eGeouHqKxXV5pUuKE4zz7dFj8WfuZ+81PSLYec5m4=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.0 h1:nwc3DEeHmmLAfoZucVR881uASk0Mfjw8xYJ99tb5CcY=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.0/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/h/Wwjteg=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.1/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/h/Wwjteg=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.2 h1:4jaiDzPyXQvSd7D0EjG45355tLlV3VOECpq10pLC+8s=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.2/go.mod h1:R6va5+xMeoiuVRoj+gSkQ7d3FALtqAAGI1FQKckRals=
 github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.1.1-0.20211129163951-9ada19101fc5 h1:b/k/BVWzWRS5v6AB0gf2ckFSbFsHN5jR0HoNso1pN+w=
 github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.1.1-0.20211129163951-9ada19101fc5/go.mod h1:twkDnbuQxJYemMlGd4JFIcuhgX83tXhKS2B/PRMpOho=
 github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.0-20200728191858-db3c7e526aae h1:4hwBBUfQCFe3Cym0ZtKyq7L16eZUtYKs+BaHDN6mAns=
@@ -145,9 +141,8 @@ github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.3.5/go.mod h1:mwnBkeHKe2W/ZEtQ+71ViKU8L12m81fl3OWwC1
 go4.org/intern v0.0.0-20210108033219-3eb7198706b2 h1:VFTf+jjIgsldaz/Mr00VaCSswHJrI2hIjQygE/W4IMg=
 go4.org/intern v0.0.0-20210108033219-3eb7198706b2/go.mod h1:vLqJ+12kCw61iCWsPto0EOHhBS+o4rO5VIucbc9g2Cc=
 go4.org/unsafe/assume-no-moving-gc v0.0.0-20201222175341-b30ae309168e/go.mod h1:FftLjUGFEDu5k8lt0ddY+HcrH/qU/0qk+H8j9/nTl3E=
+go4.org/unsafe/assume-no-moving-gc v0.0.0-20201222180813-1025295fd063 h1:1tk03FUNpulq2cuWpXZWj649rwJpk0d20rxWiopKRmc=
 go4.org/unsafe/assume-no-moving-gc v0.0.0-20201222180813-1025295fd063/go.mod h1:FftLjUGFEDu5k8lt0ddY+HcrH/qU/0qk+H8j9/nTl3E=
-go4.org/unsafe/assume-no-moving-gc v0.0.0-20220617031537-928513b29760 h1:FyBZqvoA/jbNzuAWLQE2kG820zMAkcilx6BMjGbL/E4=
-go4.org/unsafe/assume-no-moving-gc v0.0.0-20220617031537-928513b29760/go.mod h1:FftLjUGFEDu5k8lt0ddY+HcrH/qU/0qk+H8j9/nTl3E=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190219172222-a4c6cb3142f2/go.mod h1:6SG95UA2DQfeDnfUPMdvaQW0Q7yPrPDi9nlGo2tz2b4=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190308221718-c2843e01d9a2/go.mod h1:djNgcEr1/C05ACkg1iLfiJU5Ep61QUkGW8qpdssI0+w=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190701094942-4def268fd1a4/go.mod h1:yigFU9vqHzYiE8UmvKecakEJjdnWj3jj499lnFckfCI=
@@ -224,8 +219,6 @@ golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.2/go.mod h1:bEr9sfX3Q8Zfm5fL9x+3itogRgK3+ptLWKqgva+5dAk=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.3/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.6/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
-golang.org/x/text v0.3.7 h1:olpwvP2KacW1ZWvsR7uQhoyTYvKAupfQrRGBFM352Gk=
-golang.org/x/text v0.3.7/go.mod h1:u+2+/6zg+i71rQMx5EYifcz6MCKuco9NR6JIITiCfzQ=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20180917221912-90fa682c2a6e/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20190729092621-ff9f1409240a/go.mod h1:jcCCGcm9btYwXyDqrUWc6MKQKKGJCWEQ3AfLSRIbEuI=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20191119224855-298f0cb1881e/go.mod h1:b+2E5dAYhXwXZwtnZ6UAqBI28+e2cm9otk0dWdXHAEo=
@@ -251,9 +244,8 @@ gopkg.in/src-d/go-git.v4 v4.13.1/go.mod h1:nx5NYcxdKxq5fpltdHnPa2Exj4Sx0EclMWZQb
 gopkg.in/warnings.v0 v0.1.2/go.mod h1:jksf8JmL6Qr/oQM2OXTHunEvvTAsrWBLb6OOjuVWRNI=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.1/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.2/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c h1:dUUwHk2QECo/6vqA44rthZ8ie2QXMNeKRTHCNY2nXvo=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
-gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
-gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
 inet.af/netaddr v0.0.0-20210511181906-37180328850c/go.mod h1:z0nx+Dh+7N7CC8V5ayHtHGpZpxLQZZxkIaaz6HN65Ls=
 inet.af/netaddr v0.0.0-20210718074554-06ca8145d722 h1:Qws2rZnQudC58cIagVucPQDLmMi3kAXgxscsgD0v6DU=
 inet.af/netaddr v0.0.0-20210718074554-06ca8145d722/go.mod h1:z0nx+Dh+7N7CC8V5ayHtHGpZpxLQZZxkIaaz6HN65Ls=
--- a/internal/alpine/alpine.go
+++ b/internal/alpine/alpine.go
@@ -1,9 +1,17 @@
+// Package alpine defines a configurator to interact with the Alpine operating system.
 package alpine

 import (
 	"os/user"
 )

+var _ Alpiner = (*Alpine)(nil)
+
+type Alpiner interface {
+	UserCreater
+	VersionGetter
+}
+
 type Alpine struct {
 	alpineReleasePath string
 	passwdPath        string
--- a/internal/alpine/users.go
+++ b/internal/alpine/users.go
@@ -12,6 +12,10 @@ var (
 	ErrUserAlreadyExists = errors.New("user already exists")
 )

+type UserCreater interface {
+	CreateUser(username string, uid int) (createdUsername string, err error)
+}
+
 // CreateUser creates a user in Alpine with the given UID.
 func (a *Alpine) CreateUser(username string, uid int) (createdUsername string, err error) {
 	UIDStr := strconv.Itoa(uid)
--- a/internal/alpine/version.go
+++ b/internal/alpine/version.go
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 )

+type VersionGetter interface {
+	Version(ctx context.Context) (version string, err error)
+}
+
 func (a *Alpine) Version(ctx context.Context) (version string, err error) {
 	file, err := os.OpenFile(a.alpineReleasePath, os.O_RDONLY, 0)
 	if err != nil {
--- a/internal/cli/cli.go
+++ b/internal/cli/cli.go
@@ -1,5 +1,16 @@
+// Package cli defines an interface CLI to run command line operations.
 package cli

+var _ CLIer = (*CLI)(nil)
+
+type CLIer interface {
+	ClientKeyFormatter
+	HealthChecker
+	OpenvpnConfigMaker
+	Updater
+	ServersFormatter
+}
+
 type CLI struct {
 	repoServersPath string
 }
--- a/internal/cli/clientkey.go
+++ b/internal/cli/clientkey.go
@@ -7,12 +7,16 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"strings"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/sources/files"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
 )

+type ClientKeyFormatter interface {
+	ClientKey(args []string) error
+}
+
 func (c *CLI) ClientKey(args []string) error {
 	flagSet := flag.NewFlagSet("clientkey", flag.ExitOnError)
-	filepath := flagSet.String("path", files.OpenVPNClientKeyPath, "file path to the client.key file")
+	filepath := flagSet.String("path", constants.ClientKey, "file path to the client.key file")
 	if err := flagSet.Parse(args); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
--- a/internal/cli/formatservers.go
+++ b/internal/cli/formatservers.go
@@ -6,44 +6,51 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
-	"strings"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/storage"
-	"golang.org/x/text/cases"
-	"golang.org/x/text/language"
 )

+type ServersFormatter interface {
+	FormatServers(args []string) error
+}
+
 var (
-	ErrFormatNotRecognized       = errors.New("format is not recognized")
-	ErrProviderUnspecified       = errors.New("VPN provider to format was not specified")
-	ErrMultipleProvidersToFormat = errors.New("more than one VPN provider to format were specified")
+	ErrFormatNotRecognized = errors.New("format is not recognized")
+	ErrProviderUnspecified = errors.New("VPN provider to format was not specified")
+	ErrOpenOutputFile      = errors.New("cannot open output file")
+	ErrWriteOutput         = errors.New("cannot write to output file")
+	ErrCloseOutputFile     = errors.New("cannot close output file")
 )

-func addProviderFlag(flagSet *flag.FlagSet, providerToFormat map[string]*bool,
-	provider string, titleCaser cases.Caser) {
-	boolPtr, ok := providerToFormat[provider]
-	if !ok {
-		panic(fmt.Sprintf("unknown provider in format map: %s", provider))
-	}
-	flagSet.BoolVar(boolPtr, provider, false, "Format "+titleCaser.String(provider)+" servers")
-}
-
 func (c *CLI) FormatServers(args []string) error {
 	var format, output string
-	allProviders := providers.All()
-	providersToFormat := make(map[string]*bool, len(allProviders))
-	for _, provider := range allProviders {
-		providersToFormat[provider] = new(bool)
-	}
+	var cyberghost, expressvpn, fastestvpn, hideMyAss, ipvanish, ivpn, mullvad,
+		nordvpn, perfectPrivacy, pia, privado, privatevpn, protonvpn, purevpn, surfshark,
+		torguard, vpnUnlimited, vyprvpn, wevpn, windscribe bool
 	flagSet := flag.NewFlagSet("markdown", flag.ExitOnError)
 	flagSet.StringVar(&format, "format", "markdown", "Format to use which can be: 'markdown'")
 	flagSet.StringVar(&output, "output", "/dev/stdout", "Output file to write the formatted data to")
-	titleCaser := cases.Title(language.English)
-	for _, provider := range allProviders {
-		addProviderFlag(flagSet, providersToFormat, provider, titleCaser)
-	}
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&cyberghost, "cyberghost", false, "Format Cyberghost servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&expressvpn, "expressvpn", false, "Format ExpressVPN servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&fastestvpn, "fastestvpn", false, "Format FastestVPN servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&hideMyAss, "hidemyass", false, "Format HideMyAss servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&ipvanish, "ipvanish", false, "Format IpVanish servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&ivpn, "ivpn", false, "Format IVPN servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&mullvad, "mullvad", false, "Format Mullvad servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&nordvpn, "nordvpn", false, "Format Nordvpn servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&perfectPrivacy, "perfectprivacy", false, "Format Perfect Privacy servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&pia, "pia", false, "Format Private Internet Access servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&privado, "privado", false, "Format Privado servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&privatevpn, "privatevpn", false, "Format Private VPN servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&protonvpn, "protonvpn", false, "Format Protonvpn servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&purevpn, "purevpn", false, "Format Purevpn servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&surfshark, "surfshark", false, "Format Surfshark servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&torguard, "torguard", false, "Format Torguard servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&vpnUnlimited, "vpnunlimited", false, "Format VPN Unlimited servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&vyprvpn, "vyprvpn", false, "Format Vyprvpn servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&wevpn, "wevpn", false, "Format WeVPN servers")
+	flagSet.BoolVar(&windscribe, "windscribe", false, "Format Windscribe servers")
 	if err := flagSet.Parse(args); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -52,47 +59,74 @@ func (c *CLI) FormatServers(args []string) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrFormatNotRecognized, format)
 	}

-	// Verify only one provider is set to be formatted.
-	var providers []string
-	for provider, formatPtr := range providersToFormat {
-		if *formatPtr {
-			providers = append(providers, provider)
-		}
-	}
-	switch len(providers) {
-	case 0:
-		return ErrProviderUnspecified
-	case 1:
-	default:
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %d specified: %s",
-			ErrMultipleProvidersToFormat, len(providers),
-			strings.Join(providers, ", "))
-	}
-	providerToFormat := providers[0]
-
 	logger := newNoopLogger()
 	storage, err := storage.New(logger, constants.ServersData)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("cannot create servers storage: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrNewStorage, err)
 	}
+	currentServers := storage.GetServers()

-	formatted := storage.FormatToMarkdown(providerToFormat)
+	var formatted string
+	switch {
+	case cyberghost:
+		formatted = currentServers.Cyberghost.ToMarkdown()
+	case expressvpn:
+		formatted = currentServers.Expressvpn.ToMarkdown()
+	case fastestvpn:
+		formatted = currentServers.Fastestvpn.ToMarkdown()
+	case hideMyAss:
+		formatted = currentServers.HideMyAss.ToMarkdown()
+	case ipvanish:
+		formatted = currentServers.Ipvanish.ToMarkdown()
+	case ivpn:
+		formatted = currentServers.Ivpn.ToMarkdown()
+	case mullvad:
+		formatted = currentServers.Mullvad.ToMarkdown()
+	case nordvpn:
+		formatted = currentServers.Nordvpn.ToMarkdown()
+	case perfectPrivacy:
+		formatted = currentServers.Perfectprivacy.ToMarkdown()
+	case pia:
+		formatted = currentServers.Pia.ToMarkdown()
+	case privado:
+		formatted = currentServers.Privado.ToMarkdown()
+	case privatevpn:
+		formatted = currentServers.Privatevpn.ToMarkdown()
+	case protonvpn:
+		formatted = currentServers.Protonvpn.ToMarkdown()
+	case purevpn:
+		formatted = currentServers.Purevpn.ToMarkdown()
+	case surfshark:
+		formatted = currentServers.Surfshark.ToMarkdown()
+	case torguard:
+		formatted = currentServers.Torguard.ToMarkdown()
+	case vpnUnlimited:
+		formatted = currentServers.VPNUnlimited.ToMarkdown()
+	case vyprvpn:
+		formatted = currentServers.Vyprvpn.ToMarkdown()
+	case wevpn:
+		formatted = currentServers.Wevpn.ToMarkdown()
+	case windscribe:
+		formatted = currentServers.Windscribe.ToMarkdown()
+	default:
+		return ErrProviderUnspecified
+	}

 	output = filepath.Clean(output)
 	file, err := os.OpenFile(output, os.O_TRUNC|os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE, 0644)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("cannot open output file: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrOpenOutputFile, err)
 	}

 	_, err = fmt.Fprint(file, formatted)
 	if err != nil {
 		_ = file.Close()
-		return fmt.Errorf("cannot write to output file: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrWriteOutput, err)
 	}

 	err = file.Close()
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("cannot close output file: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrCloseOutputFile, err)
 	}

 	return nil
--- a/internal/cli/healthcheck.go
+++ b/internal/cli/healthcheck.go
@@ -10,6 +10,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/healthcheck"
 )

+type HealthChecker interface {
+	HealthCheck(ctx context.Context, source sources.Source, warner Warner) error
+}
+
 func (c *CLI) HealthCheck(ctx context.Context, source sources.Source, warner Warner) error {
 	// Extract the health server port from the configuration.
 	config, err := source.ReadHealth()
--- a/internal/cli/openvpnconfig.go
+++ b/internal/cli/openvpnconfig.go
@@ -1,73 +1,50 @@
 package cli

 import (
-	"context"
 	"fmt"
-	"net"
-	"net/http"
 	"strings"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/sources"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/openvpn/extract"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/provider"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/publicip/ipinfo"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/storage"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/updater/resolver"
 )

+type OpenvpnConfigMaker interface {
+	OpenvpnConfig(logger OpenvpnConfigLogger, source sources.Source) error
+}
+
 type OpenvpnConfigLogger interface {
 	Info(s string)
 	Warn(s string)
 }

-type Unzipper interface {
-	FetchAndExtract(ctx context.Context, url string) (
-		contents map[string][]byte, err error)
-}
-
-type ParallelResolver interface {
-	Resolve(ctx context.Context, settings resolver.ParallelSettings) (
-		hostToIPs map[string][]net.IP, warnings []string, err error)
-}
-
-type IPFetcher interface {
-	FetchMultiInfo(ctx context.Context, ips []net.IP) (data []ipinfo.Response, err error)
-}
-
 func (c *CLI) OpenvpnConfig(logger OpenvpnConfigLogger, source sources.Source) error {
 	storage, err := storage.New(logger, constants.ServersData)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	allServers := storage.GetServers()

 	allSettings, err := source.Read()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	if err = allSettings.Validate(storage); err != nil {
+	if err = allSettings.Validate(allServers); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	// Unused by this CLI command
-	unzipper := (Unzipper)(nil)
-	client := (*http.Client)(nil)
-	warner := (Warner)(nil)
-	parallelResolver := (ParallelResolver)(nil)
-	ipFetcher := (IPFetcher)(nil)
-	openvpnFileExtractor := extract.New()
-
-	providers := provider.NewProviders(storage, time.Now, warner, client,
-		unzipper, parallelResolver, ipFetcher, openvpnFileExtractor)
-	providerConf := providers.Get(*allSettings.VPN.Provider.Name)
+	providerConf := provider.New(*allSettings.VPN.Provider.Name, allServers, time.Now)
 	connection, err := providerConf.GetConnection(allSettings.VPN.Provider.ServerSelection)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-
-	lines := providerConf.OpenVPNConfig(connection, allSettings.VPN.OpenVPN)
+	lines, err := providerConf.BuildConf(connection, allSettings.VPN.OpenVPN)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}

 	fmt.Println(strings.Join(lines, "\n"))
 	return nil
--- a/internal/cli/update.go
+++ b/internal/cli/update.go
@@ -2,48 +2,53 @@ package cli

 import (
 	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
+	"net"
 	"net/http"
+	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/openvpn/extract"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/provider"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/publicip/ipinfo"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/storage"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/updater"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/updater/resolver"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/updater/unzip"
 )

 var (
-	ErrModeUnspecified     = errors.New("at least one of -enduser or -maintainer must be specified")
-	ErrNoProviderSpecified = errors.New("no provider was specified")
+	ErrModeUnspecified         = errors.New("at least one of -enduser or -maintainer must be specified")
+	ErrDNSAddress              = errors.New("DNS address is not valid")
+	ErrNoProviderSpecified     = errors.New("no provider was specified")
+	ErrNewStorage              = errors.New("cannot create storage")
+	ErrUpdateServerInformation = errors.New("cannot update server information")
+	ErrWriteToFile             = errors.New("cannot write updated information to file")
 )

+type Updater interface {
+	Update(ctx context.Context, args []string, logger UpdaterLogger) error
+}
+
 type UpdaterLogger interface {
 	Info(s string)
 	Warn(s string)
 	Error(s string)
 }

+func boolPtr(b bool) *bool { return &b }
+
 func (c *CLI) Update(ctx context.Context, args []string, logger UpdaterLogger) error {
-	options := settings.Updater{}
+	options := settings.Updater{CLI: boolPtr(true)}
 	var endUserMode, maintainerMode, updateAll bool
-	var csvProviders string
+	var dnsAddress, csvProviders string
 	flagSet := flag.NewFlagSet("update", flag.ExitOnError)
 	flagSet.BoolVar(&endUserMode, "enduser", false, "Write results to /gluetun/servers.json (for end users)")
 	flagSet.BoolVar(&maintainerMode, "maintainer", false,
 		"Write results to ./internal/storage/servers.json to modify the program (for maintainers)")
-	flagSet.StringVar(&options.DNSAddress, "dns", "8.8.8.8", "DNS resolver address to use")
-	const defaultMinRatio = 0.8
-	flagSet.Float64Var(&options.MinRatio, "minratio", defaultMinRatio,
-		"Minimum ratio of servers to find for the update to succeed")
+	flagSet.StringVar(&dnsAddress, "dns", "8.8.8.8", "DNS resolver address to use")
 	flagSet.BoolVar(&updateAll, "all", false, "Update servers for all VPN providers")
 	flagSet.StringVar(&csvProviders, "providers", "", "CSV string of VPN providers to update server data for")
 	if err := flagSet.Parse(args); err != nil {
@@ -54,8 +59,18 @@ func (c *CLI) Update(ctx context.Context, args []string, logger UpdaterLogger) e
 		return ErrModeUnspecified
 	}

+	options.DNSAddress = net.ParseIP(dnsAddress)
+	if options.DNSAddress == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrDNSAddress, dnsAddress)
+	}
+
 	if updateAll {
-		options.Providers = providers.All()
+		for _, provider := range constants.AllProviders() {
+			if provider == constants.Custom {
+				continue
+			}
+			options.Providers = append(options.Providers, provider)
+		}
 	} else {
 		if csvProviders == "" {
 			return ErrNoProviderSpecified
@@ -63,40 +78,55 @@ func (c *CLI) Update(ctx context.Context, args []string, logger UpdaterLogger) e
 		options.Providers = strings.Split(csvProviders, ",")
 	}

-	options.SetDefaults(options.Providers[0])
+	options.SetDefaults()

 	err := options.Validate()
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("options validation failed: %w", err)
 	}

-	storage, err := storage.New(logger, constants.ServersData)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("cannot create servers storage: %w", err)
-	}
-
 	const clientTimeout = 10 * time.Second
 	httpClient := &http.Client{Timeout: clientTimeout}
-	unzipper := unzip.New(httpClient)
-	parallelResolver := resolver.NewParallelResolver(options.DNSAddress)
-	ipFetcher := ipinfo.New(httpClient)
-	openvpnFileExtractor := extract.New()

-	providers := provider.NewProviders(storage, time.Now, logger, httpClient,
-		unzipper, parallelResolver, ipFetcher, openvpnFileExtractor)
-
-	updater := updater.New(httpClient, storage, providers, logger)
-	err = updater.UpdateServers(ctx, options.Providers, options.MinRatio)
+	storage, err := storage.New(logger, constants.ServersData)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("cannot update server information: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrNewStorage, err)
+	}
+	currentServers := storage.GetServers()
+
+	updater := updater.New(options, httpClient, currentServers, logger)
+	allServers, err := updater.UpdateServers(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrUpdateServerInformation, err)
+	}
+
+	if endUserMode {
+		if err := storage.FlushToFile(allServers); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrWriteToFile, err)
+		}
 	}

 	if maintainerMode {
-		err := storage.FlushToFile(c.repoServersPath)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("cannot write servers data to embedded JSON file: %w", err)
+		if err := writeToEmbeddedJSON(c.repoServersPath, allServers); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrWriteToFile, err)
 		}
 	}

 	return nil
 }
+
+func writeToEmbeddedJSON(repoServersPath string,
+	allServers models.AllServers) error {
+	const perms = 0600
+	f, err := os.OpenFile(repoServersPath,
+		os.O_TRUNC|os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE, perms)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	defer f.Close()
+
+	encoder := json.NewEncoder(f)
+	encoder.SetIndent("", "  ")
+	return encoder.Encode(allServers)
+}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/errors.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/errors.go
@@ -6,14 +6,15 @@ var (
 	ErrCityNotValid                    = errors.New("the city specified is not valid")
 	ErrControlServerPrivilegedPort     = errors.New("cannot use privileged port without running as root")
 	ErrCountryNotValid                 = errors.New("the country specified is not valid")
-	ErrFilepathMissing                 = errors.New("filepath is missing")
 	ErrFirewallZeroPort                = errors.New("cannot have a zero port to block")
 	ErrHostnameNotValid                = errors.New("the hostname specified is not valid")
 	ErrISPNotValid                     = errors.New("the ISP specified is not valid")
-	ErrMinRatioNotValid                = errors.New("minimum ratio is not valid")
-	ErrMissingValue                    = errors.New("missing value")
 	ErrNameNotValid                    = errors.New("the server name specified is not valid")
+	ErrOpenVPNClientCertMissing        = errors.New("client certificate is missing")
+	ErrOpenVPNClientCertNotValid       = errors.New("client certificate is not valid")
 	ErrOpenVPNClientKeyMissing         = errors.New("client key is missing")
+	ErrOpenVPNClientKeyNotValid        = errors.New("client key is not valid")
+	ErrOpenVPNConfigFile               = errors.New("custom configuration file error")
 	ErrOpenVPNCustomPortNotAllowed     = errors.New("custom endpoint port is not allowed")
 	ErrOpenVPNEncryptionPresetNotValid = errors.New("PIA encryption preset is not valid")
 	ErrOpenVPNInterfaceNotValid        = errors.New("interface name is not valid")
@@ -24,13 +25,14 @@ var (
 	ErrOpenVPNVerbosityIsOutOfBounds   = errors.New("verbosity value is out of bounds")
 	ErrOpenVPNVersionIsNotValid        = errors.New("version is not valid")
 	ErrPortForwardingEnabled           = errors.New("port forwarding cannot be enabled")
+	ErrPortForwardingFilepathNotValid  = errors.New("port forwarding filepath given is not valid")
+	ErrPublicIPFilepathNotValid        = errors.New("public IP address file path is not valid")
 	ErrPublicIPPeriodTooShort          = errors.New("public IP address check period is too short")
 	ErrRegionNotValid                  = errors.New("the region specified is not valid")
 	ErrServerAddressNotValid           = errors.New("server listening address is not valid")
 	ErrSystemPGIDNotValid              = errors.New("process group id is not valid")
 	ErrSystemPUIDNotValid              = errors.New("process user id is not valid")
 	ErrSystemTimezoneNotValid          = errors.New("timezone is not valid")
-	ErrUpdaterPeriodTooSmall           = errors.New("VPN server data updater period is too small")
 	ErrVPNProviderNameNotValid         = errors.New("VPN provider name is not valid")
 	ErrVPNTypeNotValid                 = errors.New("VPN type is not valid")
 	ErrWireguardEndpointIPNotSet       = errors.New("endpoint IP is not set")
@@ -39,7 +41,11 @@ var (
 	ErrWireguardInterfaceAddressNotSet = errors.New("interface address is not set")
 	ErrWireguardInterfaceNotValid      = errors.New("interface name is not valid")
 	ErrWireguardPreSharedKeyNotSet     = errors.New("pre-shared key is not set")
+	ErrWireguardPreSharedKeyNotValid   = errors.New("pre-shared key is not valid")
 	ErrWireguardPrivateKeyNotSet       = errors.New("private key is not set")
+	ErrWireguardPrivateKeyNotValid     = errors.New("private key is not valid")
 	ErrWireguardPublicKeyNotSet        = errors.New("public key is not set")
 	ErrWireguardPublicKeyNotValid      = errors.New("public key is not valid")
+
+	ErrUpdaterPeriodTooSmall = errors.New("VPN server data updater period is too small")
 )
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/health.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/health.go
@@ -27,12 +27,13 @@ func (h Health) Validate() (err error) {
 	_, err = address.Validate(h.ServerAddress,
 		address.OptionListening(uid))
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("server listening address is not valid: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s",
+			ErrServerAddressNotValid, err)
 	}

 	err = h.VPN.validate()
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("health VPN settings: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("health VPN settings validation failed: %w", err)
 	}

 	return nil
@@ -65,7 +66,7 @@ func (h *Health) OverrideWith(other Health) {

 func (h *Health) SetDefaults() {
 	h.ServerAddress = helpers.DefaultString(h.ServerAddress, "127.0.0.1:9999")
-	h.TargetAddress = helpers.DefaultString(h.TargetAddress, "cloudflare.com:443")
+	h.TargetAddress = helpers.DefaultString(h.TargetAddress, "github.com:443")
 	h.VPN.setDefaults()
 }

--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/belong.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/belong.go
@@ -15,16 +15,9 @@ func IsOneOf(value string, choices ...string) (ok bool) {
 	return false
 }

-var (
-	ErrNoChoice      = errors.New("one or more values is set but there is no possible value available")
-	ErrValueNotOneOf = errors.New("value is not one of the possible choices")
-)
+var ErrValueNotOneOf = errors.New("value is not one of the possible choices")

 func AreAllOneOf(values, choices []string) (err error) {
-	if len(values) > 0 && len(choices) == 0 {
-		return ErrNoChoice
-	}
-
 	set := make(map[string]struct{}, len(choices))
 	for _, choice := range choices {
 		choice = strings.ToLower(choice)
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/copy.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/copy.go
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"net"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/qdm12/log"
+	"github.com/qdm12/golibs/logging"
 	"inet.af/netaddr"
 )

@@ -44,15 +44,6 @@ func CopyUint16Ptr(original *uint16) (copied *uint16) {
 	return copied
 }

-func CopyUint32Ptr(original *uint32) (copied *uint32) {
-	if original == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	copied = new(uint32)
-	*copied = *original
-	return copied
-}
-
 func CopyIntPtr(original *int) (copied *int) {
 	if original == nil {
 		return nil
@@ -71,11 +62,11 @@ func CopyDurationPtr(original *time.Duration) (copied *time.Duration) {
 	return copied
 }

-func CopyLogLevelPtr(original *log.Level) (copied *log.Level) {
+func CopyLogLevelPtr(original *logging.Level) (copied *logging.Level) {
 	if original == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
-	copied = new(log.Level)
+	copied = new(logging.Level)
 	*copied = *original
 	return copied
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/default.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/default.go
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"net"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/qdm12/log"
+	"github.com/qdm12/golibs/logging"
 )

 func DefaultInt(existing *int, defaultValue int) (
@@ -36,15 +36,6 @@ func DefaultUint16(existing *uint16, defaultValue uint16) (
 	*result = defaultValue
 	return result
 }
-func DefaultUint32(existing *uint32, defaultValue uint32) (
-	result *uint32) {
-	if existing != nil {
-		return existing
-	}
-	result = new(uint32)
-	*result = defaultValue
-	return result
-}

 func DefaultBool(existing *bool, defaultValue bool) (
 	result *bool) {
@@ -83,12 +74,12 @@ func DefaultDuration(existing *time.Duration,
 	return result
 }

-func DefaultLogLevel(existing *log.Level,
-	defaultValue log.Level) (result *log.Level) {
+func DefaultLogLevel(existing *logging.Level,
+	defaultValue logging.Level) (result *logging.Level) {
 	if existing != nil {
 		return existing
 	}
-	result = new(log.Level)
+	result = new(logging.Level)
 	*result = defaultValue
 	return result
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/merge.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/merge.go
@@ -2,10 +2,9 @@ package helpers

 import (
 	"net"
-	"net/http"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/qdm12/log"
+	"github.com/qdm12/golibs/logging"
 	"inet.af/netaddr"
 )

@@ -27,20 +26,6 @@ func MergeWithString(existing, other string) (result string) {
 	return other
 }

-func MergeWithInt(existing, other int) (result int) {
-	if existing != 0 {
-		return existing
-	}
-	return other
-}
-
-func MergeWithFloat64(existing, other float64) (result float64) {
-	if existing != 0 {
-		return existing
-	}
-	return other
-}
-
 func MergeWithStringPtr(existing, other *string) (result *string) {
 	if existing != nil {
 		return existing
@@ -52,7 +37,7 @@ func MergeWithStringPtr(existing, other *string) (result *string) {
 	return result
 }

-func MergeWithIntPtr(existing, other *int) (result *int) {
+func MergeWithInt(existing, other *int) (result *int) {
 	if existing != nil {
 		return existing
 	} else if other == nil {
@@ -85,17 +70,6 @@ func MergeWithUint16(existing, other *uint16) (result *uint16) {
 	return result
 }

-func MergeWithUint32(existing, other *uint32) (result *uint32) {
-	if existing != nil {
-		return existing
-	} else if other == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	result = new(uint32)
-	*result = *other
-	return result
-}
-
 func MergeWithIP(existing, other net.IP) (result net.IP) {
 	if existing != nil {
 		return existing
@@ -114,24 +88,17 @@ func MergeWithDuration(existing, other *time.Duration) (result *time.Duration) {
 	return other
 }

-func MergeWithLogLevel(existing, other *log.Level) (result *log.Level) {
+func MergeWithLogLevel(existing, other *logging.Level) (result *logging.Level) {
 	if existing != nil {
 		return existing
 	} else if other == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
-	result = new(log.Level)
+	result = new(logging.Level)
 	*result = *other
 	return result
 }

-func MergeWithHTTPHandler(existing, other http.Handler) (result http.Handler) {
-	if existing != nil {
-		return existing
-	}
-	return other
-}
-
 func MergeStringSlices(a, b []string) (result []string) {
 	if a == nil && b == nil {
 		return nil
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/override.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/helpers/override.go
@@ -2,10 +2,9 @@ package helpers

 import (
 	"net"
-	"net/http"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/qdm12/log"
+	"github.com/qdm12/golibs/logging"
 	"inet.af/netaddr"
 )

@@ -25,20 +24,6 @@ func OverrideWithString(existing, other string) (result string) {
 	return other
 }

-func OverrideWithInt(existing, other int) (result int) {
-	if other == 0 {
-		return existing
-	}
-	return other
-}
-
-func OverrideWithFloat64(existing, other float64) (result float64) {
-	if other == 0 {
-		return existing
-	}
-	return other
-}
-
 func OverrideWithStringPtr(existing, other *string) (result *string) {
 	if other == nil {
 		return existing
@@ -48,7 +33,7 @@ func OverrideWithStringPtr(existing, other *string) (result *string) {
 	return result
 }

-func OverrideWithIntPtr(existing, other *int) (result *int) {
+func OverrideWithInt(existing, other *int) (result *int) {
 	if other == nil {
 		return existing
 	}
@@ -75,15 +60,6 @@ func OverrideWithUint16(existing, other *uint16) (result *uint16) {
 	return result
 }

-func OverrideWithUint32(existing, other *uint32) (result *uint32) {
-	if other == nil {
-		return existing
-	}
-	result = new(uint32)
-	*result = *other
-	return result
-}
-
 func OverrideWithIP(existing, other net.IP) (result net.IP) {
 	if other == nil {
 		return existing
@@ -102,22 +78,15 @@ func OverrideWithDuration(existing, other *time.Duration) (result *time.Duration
 	return result
 }

-func OverrideWithLogLevel(existing, other *log.Level) (result *log.Level) {
+func OverrideWithLogLevel(existing, other *logging.Level) (result *logging.Level) {
 	if other == nil {
 		return existing
 	}
-	result = new(log.Level)
+	result = new(logging.Level)
 	*result = *other
 	return result
 }

-func OverrideWithHTTPHandler(existing, other http.Handler) (result http.Handler) {
-	if other != nil {
-		return other
-	}
-	return existing
-}
-
 func OverrideWithStringSlice(existing, other []string) (result []string) {
 	if other == nil {
 		return existing
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/httpproxy.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/httpproxy.go
@@ -41,7 +41,8 @@ func (h HTTPProxy) validate() (err error) {
 	uid := os.Getuid()
 	_, err = address.Validate(h.ListeningAddress, address.OptionListening(uid))
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrServerAddressNotValid, h.ListeningAddress)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s",
+			ErrServerAddressNotValid, h.ListeningAddress)
 	}

 	return nil
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/log.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/log.go
@@ -2,15 +2,15 @@ package settings

 import (
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
+	"github.com/qdm12/golibs/logging"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
-	"github.com/qdm12/log"
 )

 // Log contains settings to configure the logger.
 type Log struct {
 	// Level is the log level of the logger.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	Level *log.Level
+	Level *logging.Level
 }

 func (l Log) validate() (err error) {
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ func (l *Log) overrideWith(other Log) {
 }

 func (l *Log) setDefaults() {
-	l.Level = helpers.DefaultLogLevel(l.Level, log.LevelInfo)
+	l.Level = helpers.DefaultLogLevel(l.Level, logging.LevelInfo)
 }

 func (l Log) String() string {
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/openvpn.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/openvpn.go
@@ -1,16 +1,12 @@
 package settings

 import (
-	"encoding/base64"
 	"fmt"
-	"regexp"
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/openvpn"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/openvpn/extract"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/provider/privateinternetaccess/presets"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/openvpn/parse"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -65,10 +61,15 @@ type OpenVPN struct {
 	// Interface is the OpenVPN device interface name.
 	// It cannot be an empty string in the internal state.
 	Interface string
-	// ProcessUser is the OpenVPN process OS username
-	// to use. It cannot be empty in the internal state.
-	// It defaults to 'root'.
-	ProcessUser string
+	// Root is true if OpenVPN is to be run as root,
+	// and false otherwise. It cannot be nil in the
+	// internal state.
+	Root *bool
+	// ProcUser is the OpenVPN process OS username
+	// to use. It cannot be nil in the internal state.
+	// This is set and injected at runtime.
+	// TODO only use ProcUser and not Root field.
+	ProcUser string
 	// Verbosity is the OpenVPN verbosity level from 0 to 6.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
 	Verbosity *int
@@ -77,44 +78,69 @@ type OpenVPN struct {
 	Flags []string
 }

-var ivpnAccountID = regexp.MustCompile(`^(i|ivpn)\-[a-zA-Z0-9]{4}\-[a-zA-Z0-9]{4}\-[a-zA-Z0-9]{4}$`)
-
 func (o OpenVPN) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 	// Validate version
-	validVersions := []string{openvpn.Openvpn24, openvpn.Openvpn25}
+	validVersions := []string{constants.Openvpn24, constants.Openvpn25}
 	if !helpers.IsOneOf(o.Version, validVersions...) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %q can only be one of %s",
 			ErrOpenVPNVersionIsNotValid, o.Version, strings.Join(validVersions, ", "))
 	}

-	isCustom := vpnProvider == providers.Custom
+	isCustom := vpnProvider == constants.Custom

 	if !isCustom && o.User == "" {
 		return ErrOpenVPNUserIsEmpty
 	}

-	passwordRequired := !isCustom &&
-		(vpnProvider != providers.Ivpn || !ivpnAccountID.MatchString(o.User))
-
-	if passwordRequired && o.Password == "" {
+	if !isCustom && o.Password == "" {
 		return ErrOpenVPNPasswordIsEmpty
 	}

-	err = validateOpenVPNConfigFilepath(isCustom, *o.ConfFile)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("custom configuration file: %w", err)
+	// Validate ConfFile
+	if isCustom {
+		if *o.ConfFile == "" {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: no file path specified", ErrOpenVPNConfigFile)
+		}
+		err := helpers.FileExists(*o.ConfFile)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrOpenVPNConfigFile, err)
+		}
 	}

-	err = validateOpenVPNClientCertificate(vpnProvider, *o.ClientCrt)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("client certificate: %w", err)
+	// Check client certificate
+	switch vpnProvider {
+	case
+		constants.Cyberghost,
+		constants.VPNUnlimited:
+		if *o.ClientCrt == "" {
+			return ErrOpenVPNClientCertMissing
+		}
+	}
+	if *o.ClientCrt != "" {
+		_, err = parse.ExtractCert([]byte(*o.ClientCrt))
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrOpenVPNClientCertNotValid, err)
+		}
 	}

-	err = validateOpenVPNClientKey(vpnProvider, *o.ClientKey)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("client key: %w", err)
+	// Check client key
+	switch vpnProvider {
+	case
+		constants.Cyberghost,
+		constants.VPNUnlimited,
+		constants.Wevpn:
+		if *o.ClientKey == "" {
+			return ErrOpenVPNClientKeyMissing
+		}
+	}
+	if *o.ClientKey != "" {
+		_, err = parse.ExtractPrivateKey([]byte(*o.ClientKey))
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrOpenVPNClientKeyNotValid, err)
+		}
 	}

+	// Validate MSSFix
 	const maxMSSFix = 10000
 	if *o.MSSFix > maxMSSFix {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %d is over the maximum value of %d",
@@ -126,6 +152,7 @@ func (o OpenVPN) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 			ErrOpenVPNInterfaceNotValid, o.Interface, regexpInterfaceName)
 	}

+	// Validate Verbosity
 	if *o.Verbosity < 0 || *o.Verbosity > 6 {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %d can only be between 0 and 5",
 			ErrOpenVPNVerbosityIsOutOfBounds, o.Verbosity)
@@ -134,74 +161,6 @@ func (o OpenVPN) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 	return nil
 }

-func validateOpenVPNConfigFilepath(isCustom bool,
-	confFile string) (err error) {
-	if !isCustom {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	if confFile == "" {
-		return ErrFilepathMissing
-	}
-
-	err = helpers.FileExists(confFile)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	extractor := extract.New()
-	_, _, err = extractor.Data(confFile)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed extracting information from custom configuration file: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func validateOpenVPNClientCertificate(vpnProvider,
-	clientCert string) (err error) {
-	switch vpnProvider {
-	case
-		providers.Cyberghost,
-		providers.VPNUnlimited:
-		if clientCert == "" {
-			return ErrMissingValue
-		}
-	}
-
-	if clientCert == "" {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	_, err = base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(clientCert)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func validateOpenVPNClientKey(vpnProvider, clientKey string) (err error) {
-	switch vpnProvider {
-	case
-		providers.Cyberghost,
-		providers.VPNUnlimited,
-		providers.Wevpn:
-		if clientKey == "" {
-			return ErrMissingValue
-		}
-	}
-
-	if clientKey == "" {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	_, err = base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(clientKey)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
 func (o *OpenVPN) copy() (copied OpenVPN) {
 	return OpenVPN{
 		Version:      o.Version,
@@ -216,7 +175,8 @@ func (o *OpenVPN) copy() (copied OpenVPN) {
 		IPv6:         helpers.CopyBoolPtr(o.IPv6),
 		MSSFix:       helpers.CopyUint16Ptr(o.MSSFix),
 		Interface:    o.Interface,
-		ProcessUser:  o.ProcessUser,
+		Root:         helpers.CopyBoolPtr(o.Root),
+		ProcUser:     o.ProcUser,
 		Verbosity:    helpers.CopyIntPtr(o.Verbosity),
 		Flags:        helpers.CopyStringSlice(o.Flags),
 	}
@@ -237,8 +197,9 @@ func (o *OpenVPN) mergeWith(other OpenVPN) {
 	o.IPv6 = helpers.MergeWithBool(o.IPv6, other.IPv6)
 	o.MSSFix = helpers.MergeWithUint16(o.MSSFix, other.MSSFix)
 	o.Interface = helpers.MergeWithString(o.Interface, other.Interface)
-	o.ProcessUser = helpers.MergeWithString(o.ProcessUser, other.ProcessUser)
-	o.Verbosity = helpers.MergeWithIntPtr(o.Verbosity, other.Verbosity)
+	o.Root = helpers.MergeWithBool(o.Root, other.Root)
+	o.ProcUser = helpers.MergeWithString(o.ProcUser, other.ProcUser)
+	o.Verbosity = helpers.MergeWithInt(o.Verbosity, other.Verbosity)
 	o.Flags = helpers.MergeStringSlices(o.Flags, other.Flags)
 }

@@ -258,14 +219,15 @@ func (o *OpenVPN) overrideWith(other OpenVPN) {
 	o.IPv6 = helpers.OverrideWithBool(o.IPv6, other.IPv6)
 	o.MSSFix = helpers.OverrideWithUint16(o.MSSFix, other.MSSFix)
 	o.Interface = helpers.OverrideWithString(o.Interface, other.Interface)
-	o.ProcessUser = helpers.OverrideWithString(o.ProcessUser, other.ProcessUser)
-	o.Verbosity = helpers.OverrideWithIntPtr(o.Verbosity, other.Verbosity)
+	o.Root = helpers.OverrideWithBool(o.Root, other.Root)
+	o.ProcUser = helpers.OverrideWithString(o.ProcUser, other.ProcUser)
+	o.Verbosity = helpers.OverrideWithInt(o.Verbosity, other.Verbosity)
 	o.Flags = helpers.OverrideWithStringSlice(o.Flags, other.Flags)
 }

 func (o *OpenVPN) setDefaults(vpnProvider string) {
-	o.Version = helpers.DefaultString(o.Version, openvpn.Openvpn25)
-	if vpnProvider == providers.Mullvad {
+	o.Version = helpers.DefaultString(o.Version, constants.Openvpn25)
+	if vpnProvider == constants.Mullvad {
 		o.Password = "m"
 	}

@@ -275,15 +237,16 @@ func (o *OpenVPN) setDefaults(vpnProvider string) {
 	o.ClientKey = helpers.DefaultStringPtr(o.ClientKey, "")

 	var defaultEncPreset string
-	if vpnProvider == providers.PrivateInternetAccess {
-		defaultEncPreset = presets.Strong
+	if vpnProvider == constants.PrivateInternetAccess {
+		defaultEncPreset = constants.PIAEncryptionPresetStrong
 	}
 	o.PIAEncPreset = helpers.DefaultStringPtr(o.PIAEncPreset, defaultEncPreset)

 	o.IPv6 = helpers.DefaultBool(o.IPv6, false)
 	o.MSSFix = helpers.DefaultUint16(o.MSSFix, 0)
 	o.Interface = helpers.DefaultString(o.Interface, "tun0")
-	o.ProcessUser = helpers.DefaultString(o.ProcessUser, "root")
+	o.Root = helpers.DefaultBool(o.Root, true)
+	o.ProcUser = helpers.DefaultString(o.ProcUser, "root")
 	o.Verbosity = helpers.DefaultInt(o.Verbosity, 1)
 }

@@ -331,7 +294,14 @@ func (o OpenVPN) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 		node.Appendf("Network interface: %s", o.Interface)
 	}

-	node.Appendf("Run OpenVPN as: %s", o.ProcessUser)
+	processUser := "root"
+	if !*o.Root {
+		processUser = "some non root user" // TODO
+		if o.ProcUser != "" {
+			processUser = o.ProcUser
+		}
+	}
+	node.Appendf("Run OpenVPN as: %s", processUser)

 	node.Appendf("Verbosity level: %d", *o.Verbosity)

--- a/internal/configuration/settings/openvpn_test.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/openvpn_test.go
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-package settings
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-)
-
-func Test_ivpnAccountID(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	testCases := []struct {
-		s     string
-		match bool
-	}{
-		{},
-		{s: "abc"},
-		{s: "i"},
-		{s: "ivpn"},
-		{s: "ivpn-aaaa"},
-		{s: "ivpn-aaaa-aaaa"},
-		{s: "ivpn-aaaa-aaaa-aaa"},
-		{s: "ivpn-aaaa-aaaa-aaaa", match: true},
-		{s: "ivpn-aaaa-aaaa-aaaaa"},
-		{s: "ivpn-a6B7-fP91-Zh6Y", match: true},
-		{s: "i-aaaa"},
-		{s: "i-aaaa-aaaa"},
-		{s: "i-aaaa-aaaa-aaa"},
-		{s: "i-aaaa-aaaa-aaaa", match: true},
-		{s: "i-aaaa-aaaa-aaaaa"},
-		{s: "i-a6B7-fP91-Zh6Y", match: true},
-	}
-
-	for _, testCase := range testCases {
-		testCase := testCase
-		t.Run(testCase.s, func(t *testing.T) {
-			t.Parallel()
-
-			match := ivpnAccountID.MatchString(testCase.s)
-
-			assert.Equal(t, testCase.match, match)
-		})
-	}
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/openvpnselection.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/openvpnselection.go
@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/provider/privateinternetaccess/presets"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -34,17 +33,15 @@ func (o OpenVPNSelection) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 	if confFile := *o.ConfFile; confFile != "" {
 		err := helpers.FileExists(confFile)
 		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("configuration file: %w", err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrOpenVPNConfigFile, err)
 		}
 	}

 	// Validate TCP
 	if *o.TCP && helpers.IsOneOf(vpnProvider,
-		providers.Ipvanish,
-		providers.Perfectprivacy,
-		providers.Privado,
-		providers.VPNUnlimited,
-		providers.Vyprvpn,
+		constants.Perfectprivacy,
+		constants.Privado,
+		constants.Vyprvpn,
 	) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s",
 			ErrOpenVPNTCPNotSupported, vpnProvider)
@@ -54,38 +51,33 @@ func (o OpenVPNSelection) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 	if *o.CustomPort != 0 {
 		switch vpnProvider {
 		// no restriction on port
-		case providers.Cyberghost, providers.HideMyAss,
-			providers.Privatevpn, providers.Torguard:
+		case constants.Cyberghost, constants.HideMyAss,
+			constants.PrivateInternetAccess, constants.Privatevpn,
+			constants.Protonvpn, constants.Torguard:
 		// no custom port allowed
-		case providers.Expressvpn, providers.Fastestvpn,
-			providers.Ipvanish, providers.Nordvpn,
-			providers.Privado, providers.Purevpn,
-			providers.Surfshark, providers.VPNUnlimited,
-			providers.Vyprvpn:
+		case constants.Expressvpn, constants.Fastestvpn,
+			constants.Ipvanish, constants.Nordvpn,
+			constants.Privado, constants.Purevpn,
+			constants.Surfshark, constants.VPNUnlimited,
+			constants.Vyprvpn:
 			return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s",
 				ErrOpenVPNCustomPortNotAllowed, vpnProvider)
 		default:
 			var allowedTCP, allowedUDP []uint16
 			switch vpnProvider {
-			case providers.Ivpn:
+			case constants.Ivpn:
 				allowedTCP = []uint16{80, 443, 1143}
 				allowedUDP = []uint16{53, 1194, 2049, 2050}
-			case providers.Mullvad:
+			case constants.Mullvad:
 				allowedTCP = []uint16{80, 443, 1401}
 				allowedUDP = []uint16{53, 1194, 1195, 1196, 1197, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1303, 1400}
-			case providers.Perfectprivacy:
+			case constants.Perfectprivacy:
 				allowedTCP = []uint16{44, 443, 4433}
 				allowedUDP = []uint16{44, 443, 4433}
-			case providers.PrivateInternetAccess:
-				allowedTCP = []uint16{80, 110, 443}
-				allowedUDP = []uint16{53, 1194, 1197, 1198, 8080, 9201}
-			case providers.Protonvpn:
-				allowedTCP = []uint16{443, 5995, 8443}
-				allowedUDP = []uint16{80, 443, 1194, 4569, 5060}
-			case providers.Wevpn:
+			case constants.Wevpn:
 				allowedTCP = []uint16{53, 1195, 1199, 2018}
 				allowedUDP = []uint16{80, 1194, 1198}
-			case providers.Windscribe:
+			case constants.Windscribe:
 				allowedTCP = []uint16{21, 22, 80, 123, 143, 443, 587, 1194, 3306, 8080, 54783}
 				allowedUDP = []uint16{53, 80, 123, 443, 1194, 54783}
 			}
@@ -103,11 +95,11 @@ func (o OpenVPNSelection) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 	}

 	// Validate EncPreset
-	if vpnProvider == providers.PrivateInternetAccess {
+	if vpnProvider == constants.PrivateInternetAccess {
 		validEncryptionPresets := []string{
-			presets.None,
-			presets.Normal,
-			presets.Strong,
+			constants.PIAEncryptionPresetNone,
+			constants.PIAEncryptionPresetNormal,
+			constants.PIAEncryptionPresetStrong,
 		}
 		if !helpers.IsOneOf(*o.PIAEncPreset, validEncryptionPresets...) {
 			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s; valid presets are %s",
@@ -148,8 +140,8 @@ func (o *OpenVPNSelection) setDefaults(vpnProvider string) {
 	o.CustomPort = helpers.DefaultUint16(o.CustomPort, 0)

 	var defaultEncPreset string
-	if vpnProvider == providers.PrivateInternetAccess {
-		defaultEncPreset = presets.Strong
+	if vpnProvider == constants.PrivateInternetAccess {
+		defaultEncPreset = constants.PIAEncryptionPresetStrong
 	}
 	o.PIAEncPreset = helpers.DefaultStringPtr(o.PIAEncPreset, defaultEncPreset)
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/portforward.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/portforward.go
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ func (p PortForwarding) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 	}

 	// Validate Enabled
-	validProviders := []string{providers.PrivateInternetAccess}
+	validProviders := []string{constants.PrivateInternetAccess}
 	if !helpers.IsOneOf(vpnProvider, validProviders...) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: for provider %s, it is only available for %s",
 			ErrPortForwardingEnabled, vpnProvider, strings.Join(validProviders, ", "))
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ func (p PortForwarding) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 	if *p.Filepath != "" { // optional
 		_, err := filepath.Abs(*p.Filepath)
 		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("filepath is not valid: %w", err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrPortForwardingFilepathNotValid, err)
 		}
 	}

--- a/internal/configuration/settings/provider.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/provider.go
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ import (
 	"fmt"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/vpn"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -22,18 +22,18 @@ type Provider struct {
 }

 // TODO v4 remove pointer for receiver (because of Surfshark).
-func (p *Provider) validate(vpnType string, storage Storage) (err error) {
+func (p *Provider) validate(vpnType string, allServers models.AllServers) (err error) {
 	// Validate Name
 	var validNames []string
-	if vpnType == vpn.OpenVPN {
-		validNames = providers.AllWithCustom()
+	if vpnType == constants.OpenVPN {
+		validNames = constants.AllProviders()
 		validNames = append(validNames, "pia") // Retro-compatibility
 	} else { // Wireguard
 		validNames = []string{
-			providers.Custom,
-			providers.Ivpn,
-			providers.Mullvad,
-			providers.Windscribe,
+			constants.Custom,
+			constants.Ivpn,
+			constants.Mullvad,
+			constants.Windscribe,
 		}
 	}
 	if !helpers.IsOneOf(*p.Name, validNames...) {
@@ -41,14 +41,14 @@ func (p *Provider) validate(vpnType string, storage Storage) (err error) {
 			ErrVPNProviderNameNotValid, *p.Name, helpers.ChoicesOrString(validNames))
 	}

-	err = p.ServerSelection.validate(*p.Name, storage)
+	err = p.ServerSelection.validate(*p.Name, allServers)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("server selection: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("server selection settings validation failed: %w", err)
 	}

 	err = p.PortForwarding.validate(*p.Name)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("port forwarding: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("port forwarding settings validation failed: %w", err)
 	}

 	return nil
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ func (p *Provider) overrideWith(other Provider) {
 }

 func (p *Provider) setDefaults() {
-	p.Name = helpers.DefaultStringPtr(p.Name, providers.PrivateInternetAccess)
+	p.Name = helpers.DefaultStringPtr(p.Name, constants.PrivateInternetAccess)
 	p.ServerSelection.setDefaults(*p.Name)
 	p.PortForwarding.setDefaults()
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/publicip.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/publicip.go
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ func (p PublicIP) validate() (err error) {
 	if *p.IPFilepath != "" { // optional
 		_, err := filepath.Abs(*p.IPFilepath)
 		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("filepath is not valid: %w", err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrPublicIPFilepathNotValid, err)
 		}
 	}

--- a/internal/configuration/settings/server.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/server.go
@@ -2,9 +2,7 @@ package settings

 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"net"
 	"os"
-	"strconv"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
@@ -12,30 +10,22 @@ import (

 // ControlServer contains settings to customize the control server operation.
 type ControlServer struct {
-	// Address is the listening address to use.
+	// Port is the listening port to use.
+	// It can be set to 0 to bind to a random port.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
-	Address *string
+	// TODO change to address
+	Port *uint16
 	// Log can be true or false to enable logging on requests.
 	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
 	Log *bool
 }

 func (c ControlServer) validate() (err error) {
-	_, portStr, err := net.SplitHostPort(*c.Address)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("listening address is not valid: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	port, err := strconv.Atoi(portStr)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("listening port it not valid: %w", err)
-	}
-
 	uid := os.Getuid()
-	const maxPrivilegedPort = 1023
-	if uid != 0 && port != 0 && port <= maxPrivilegedPort {
+	const maxPrivilegedPort uint16 = 1023
+	if uid != 0 && *c.Port <= maxPrivilegedPort {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %d when running with user ID %d",
-			ErrControlServerPrivilegedPort, port, uid)
+			ErrControlServerPrivilegedPort, *c.Port, uid)
 	}

 	return nil
@@ -43,15 +33,15 @@ func (c ControlServer) validate() (err error) {

 func (c *ControlServer) copy() (copied ControlServer) {
 	return ControlServer{
-		Address: helpers.CopyStringPtr(c.Address),
-		Log:     helpers.CopyBoolPtr(c.Log),
+		Port: helpers.CopyUint16Ptr(c.Port),
+		Log:  helpers.CopyBoolPtr(c.Log),
 	}
 }

 // mergeWith merges the other settings into any
 // unset field of the receiver settings object.
 func (c *ControlServer) mergeWith(other ControlServer) {
-	c.Address = helpers.MergeWithStringPtr(c.Address, other.Address)
+	c.Port = helpers.MergeWithUint16(c.Port, other.Port)
 	c.Log = helpers.MergeWithBool(c.Log, other.Log)
 }

@@ -59,12 +49,13 @@ func (c *ControlServer) mergeWith(other ControlServer) {
 // settings object with any field set in the other
 // settings.
 func (c *ControlServer) overrideWith(other ControlServer) {
-	c.Address = helpers.OverrideWithStringPtr(c.Address, other.Address)
-	c.Log = helpers.OverrideWithBool(c.Log, other.Log)
+	c.Port = helpers.MergeWithUint16(c.Port, other.Port)
+	c.Log = helpers.MergeWithBool(c.Log, other.Log)
 }

 func (c *ControlServer) setDefaults() {
-	c.Address = helpers.DefaultStringPtr(c.Address, ":8000")
+	const defaultPort = 8000
+	c.Port = helpers.DefaultUint16(c.Port, defaultPort)
 	c.Log = helpers.DefaultBool(c.Log, true)
 }

@@ -74,7 +65,7 @@ func (c ControlServer) String() string {

 func (c ControlServer) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node = gotree.New("Control server settings:")
-	node.Appendf("Listening address: %s", *c.Address)
+	node.Appendf("Listening port: %d", *c.Port)
 	node.Appendf("Logging: %s", helpers.BoolPtrToYesNo(c.Log))
 	return node
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/serverselection.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/serverselection.go
@@ -1,15 +1,12 @@
 package settings

 import (
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net"
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/validation"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/vpn"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )
@@ -39,16 +36,16 @@ type ServerSelection struct { //nolint:maligned
 	Numbers []uint16
 	// Hostnames is the list of hostnames to filter VPN servers with.
 	Hostnames []string
-	// OwnedOnly is true if VPN provider servers that are not owned
+	// OwnedOnly is true if only VPN provider owned servers
 	// should be filtered. This is used with Mullvad.
 	OwnedOnly *bool
-	// FreeOnly is true if VPN servers that are not free should
-	// be filtered. This is used with ProtonVPN and VPN Unlimited.
+	// FreeOnly is true if only free VPN servers
+	// should be filtered. This is used with ProtonVPN.
 	FreeOnly *bool
-	// StreamOnly is true if VPN servers not for streaming should
-	// be filtered. This is used with VPNUnlimited.
+	// FreeOnly is true if only free VPN servers
+	// should be filtered. This is used with ProtonVPN.
 	StreamOnly *bool
-	// MultiHopOnly is true if VPN servers that are not multihop
+	// MultiHopOnly is true if only multihop VPN servers
 	// should be filtered. This is used with Surfshark.
 	MultiHopOnly *bool

@@ -60,122 +57,190 @@ type ServerSelection struct { //nolint:maligned
 	Wireguard WireguardSelection
 }

-var (
-	ErrOwnedOnlyNotSupported    = errors.New("owned only filter is not supported")
-	ErrFreeOnlyNotSupported     = errors.New("free only filter is not supported")
-	ErrStreamOnlyNotSupported   = errors.New("stream only filter is not supported")
-	ErrMultiHopOnlyNotSupported = errors.New("multi hop only filter is not supported")
-)
-
 func (ss *ServerSelection) validate(vpnServiceProvider string,
-	storage Storage) (err error) {
+	allServers models.AllServers) (err error) {
 	switch ss.VPN {
-	case vpn.OpenVPN, vpn.Wireguard:
+	case constants.OpenVPN, constants.Wireguard:
 	default:
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrVPNTypeNotValid, ss.VPN)
 	}

-	filterChoices, err := getLocationFilterChoices(vpnServiceProvider, ss, storage)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err // already wrapped error
-	}
-
-	err = validateServerFilters(*ss, filterChoices)
-	if err != nil {
-		if errors.Is(err, helpers.ErrNoChoice) {
-			return fmt.Errorf("for VPN service provider %s: %w", vpnServiceProvider, err)
+	var countryChoices, regionChoices, cityChoices,
+		ispChoices, nameChoices, hostnameChoices []string
+	switch vpnServiceProvider {
+	case constants.Custom:
+	case constants.Cyberghost:
+		servers := allServers.GetCyberghost()
+		countryChoices = constants.CyberghostCountryChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = constants.CyberghostHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Expressvpn:
+		servers := allServers.GetExpressvpn()
+		countryChoices = constants.ExpressvpnCountriesChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = constants.ExpressvpnCityChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = constants.ExpressvpnHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Fastestvpn:
+		servers := allServers.GetFastestvpn()
+		countryChoices = constants.FastestvpnCountriesChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = constants.FastestvpnHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.HideMyAss:
+		servers := allServers.GetHideMyAss()
+		countryChoices = constants.HideMyAssCountryChoices(servers)
+		regionChoices = constants.HideMyAssRegionChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = constants.HideMyAssCityChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = constants.HideMyAssHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Ipvanish:
+		servers := allServers.GetIpvanish()
+		countryChoices = constants.IpvanishCountryChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = constants.IpvanishCityChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = constants.IpvanishHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Ivpn:
+		servers := allServers.GetIvpn()
+		countryChoices = constants.IvpnCountryChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = constants.IvpnCityChoices(servers)
+		ispChoices = constants.IvpnISPChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = constants.IvpnHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Mullvad:
+		servers := allServers.GetMullvad()
+		countryChoices = constants.MullvadCountryChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = constants.MullvadCityChoices(servers)
+		ispChoices = constants.MullvadISPChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = constants.MullvadHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Nordvpn:
+		servers := allServers.GetNordvpn()
+		regionChoices = constants.NordvpnRegionChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = constants.NordvpnHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Perfectprivacy:
+		servers := allServers.GetPerfectprivacy()
+		cityChoices = constants.PerfectprivacyCityChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Privado:
+		servers := allServers.GetPrivado()
+		countryChoices = constants.PrivadoCountryChoices(servers)
+		regionChoices = constants.PrivadoRegionChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = constants.PrivadoCityChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = constants.PrivadoHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.PrivateInternetAccess:
+		servers := allServers.GetPia()
+		regionChoices = constants.PIAGeoChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = constants.PIAHostnameChoices(servers)
+		nameChoices = constants.PIANameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Privatevpn:
+		servers := allServers.GetPrivatevpn()
+		countryChoices = constants.PrivatevpnCountryChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = constants.PrivatevpnCityChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = constants.PrivatevpnHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Protonvpn:
+		servers := allServers.GetProtonvpn()
+		countryChoices = constants.ProtonvpnCountryChoices(servers)
+		regionChoices = constants.ProtonvpnRegionChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = constants.ProtonvpnCityChoices(servers)
+		nameChoices = constants.ProtonvpnNameChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = constants.ProtonvpnHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Purevpn:
+		servers := allServers.GetPurevpn()
+		countryChoices = constants.PurevpnCountryChoices(servers)
+		regionChoices = constants.PurevpnRegionChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = constants.PurevpnCityChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = constants.PurevpnHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Surfshark:
+		servers := allServers.GetSurfshark()
+		countryChoices = constants.SurfsharkCountryChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = constants.SurfsharkCityChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = constants.SurfsharkHostnameChoices(servers)
+		regionChoices = constants.SurfsharkRegionChoices(servers)
+		// TODO v4 remove
+		regionChoices = append(regionChoices, constants.SurfsharkRetroLocChoices(servers)...)
+		if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(ss.Regions, regionChoices); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrRegionNotValid, err)
 		}
+		// Retro compatibility
+		// TODO remove in v4
+		*ss = surfsharkRetroRegion(*ss)
+	case constants.Torguard:
+		servers := allServers.GetTorguard()
+		countryChoices = constants.TorguardCountryChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = constants.TorguardCityChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = constants.TorguardHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.VPNUnlimited:
+		servers := allServers.GetVPNUnlimited()
+		countryChoices = constants.VPNUnlimitedCountryChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = constants.VPNUnlimitedCityChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = constants.VPNUnlimitedHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Vyprvpn:
+		servers := allServers.GetVyprvpn()
+		regionChoices = constants.VyprvpnRegionChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Wevpn:
+		servers := allServers.GetWevpn()
+		cityChoices = constants.WevpnCityChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = constants.WevpnHostnameChoices(servers)
+	case constants.Windscribe:
+		servers := allServers.GetWindscribe()
+		regionChoices = constants.WindscribeRegionChoices(servers)
+		cityChoices = constants.WindscribeCityChoices(servers)
+		hostnameChoices = constants.WindscribeHostnameChoices(servers)
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrVPNProviderNameNotValid, vpnServiceProvider)
+	}
+
+	err = validateServerFilters(*ss, countryChoices, regionChoices, cityChoices,
+		ispChoices, nameChoices, hostnameChoices)
+	if err != nil {
 		return err // already wrapped error
 	}

-	if *ss.OwnedOnly &&
-		vpnServiceProvider != providers.Mullvad {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s",
-			ErrOwnedOnlyNotSupported, vpnServiceProvider)
-	}
-
-	if *ss.FreeOnly &&
-		!helpers.IsOneOf(vpnServiceProvider,
-			providers.Protonvpn,
-			providers.VPNUnlimited,
-		) {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s",
-			ErrFreeOnlyNotSupported, vpnServiceProvider)
-	}
-
-	if *ss.StreamOnly &&
-		!helpers.IsOneOf(vpnServiceProvider,
-			providers.Protonvpn,
-			providers.VPNUnlimited,
-		) {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s",
-			ErrStreamOnlyNotSupported, vpnServiceProvider)
-	}
-
-	if *ss.MultiHopOnly &&
-		vpnServiceProvider != providers.Surfshark {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: for VPN service provider %s",
-			ErrMultiHopOnlyNotSupported, vpnServiceProvider)
-	}
-
-	if ss.VPN == vpn.OpenVPN {
+	if ss.VPN == constants.OpenVPN {
 		err = ss.OpenVPN.validate(vpnServiceProvider)
 		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("OpenVPN server selection settings: %w", err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("OpenVPN server selection settings validation failed: %w", err)
 		}
 	} else {
 		err = ss.Wireguard.validate(vpnServiceProvider)
 		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("Wireguard server selection settings: %w", err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("Wireguard server selection settings validation failed: %w", err)
 		}
 	}

 	return nil
 }

-func getLocationFilterChoices(vpnServiceProvider string,
-	ss *ServerSelection, storage Storage) (filterChoices models.FilterChoices,
-	err error) {
-	filterChoices = storage.GetFilterChoices(vpnServiceProvider)
-
-	if vpnServiceProvider == providers.Surfshark {
-		// // Retro compatibility
-		// TODO v4 remove
-		filterChoices.Regions = append(filterChoices.Regions, validation.SurfsharkRetroLocChoices()...)
-		if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(ss.Regions, filterChoices.Regions); err != nil {
-			return models.FilterChoices{}, fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrRegionNotValid, err)
-		}
-		*ss = surfsharkRetroRegion(*ss)
-	}
-
-	return filterChoices, nil
-}
-
 // validateServerFilters validates filters against the choices given as arguments.
 // Set an argument to nil to pass the check for a particular filter.
-func validateServerFilters(settings ServerSelection, filterChoices models.FilterChoices) (err error) {
-	if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(settings.Countries, filterChoices.Countries); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrCountryNotValid, err)
+func validateServerFilters(settings ServerSelection,
+	countryChoices, regionChoices, cityChoices, ispChoices,
+	nameChoices, hostnameChoices []string) (err error) {
+	if countryChoices != nil {
+		if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(settings.Countries, countryChoices); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrCountryNotValid, err)
+		}
 	}

-	if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(settings.Regions, filterChoices.Regions); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrRegionNotValid, err)
+	if regionChoices != nil {
+		if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(settings.Regions, regionChoices); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrRegionNotValid, err)
+		}
 	}

-	if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(settings.Cities, filterChoices.Cities); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrCityNotValid, err)
+	if cityChoices != nil {
+		if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(settings.Cities, cityChoices); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrCityNotValid, err)
+		}
 	}

-	if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(settings.ISPs, filterChoices.ISPs); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrISPNotValid, err)
+	if ispChoices != nil {
+		if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(settings.ISPs, ispChoices); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrISPNotValid, err)
+		}
 	}

-	if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(settings.Hostnames, filterChoices.Hostnames); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrHostnameNotValid, err)
+	if hostnameChoices != nil {
+		if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(settings.Hostnames, hostnameChoices); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrHostnameNotValid, err)
+		}
 	}

-	if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(settings.Names, filterChoices.Names); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrNameNotValid, err)
+	if nameChoices != nil {
+		if err := helpers.AreAllOneOf(settings.Names, nameChoices); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrNameNotValid, err)
+		}
 	}

 	return nil
@@ -239,7 +304,7 @@ func (ss *ServerSelection) overrideWith(other ServerSelection) {
 }

 func (ss *ServerSelection) setDefaults(vpnProvider string) {
-	ss.VPN = helpers.DefaultString(ss.VPN, vpn.OpenVPN)
+	ss.VPN = helpers.DefaultString(ss.VPN, constants.OpenVPN)
 	ss.TargetIP = helpers.DefaultIP(ss.TargetIP, net.IP{})
 	ss.OwnedOnly = helpers.DefaultBool(ss.OwnedOnly, false)
 	ss.FreeOnly = helpers.DefaultBool(ss.FreeOnly, false)
@@ -307,7 +372,7 @@ func (ss ServerSelection) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 		node.Appendf("Multi-hop only servers: yes")
 	}

-	if ss.VPN == vpn.OpenVPN {
+	if ss.VPN == constants.OpenVPN {
 		node.AppendNode(ss.OpenVPN.toLinesNode())
 	} else {
 		node.AppendNode(ss.Wireguard.toLinesNode())
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/settings.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/settings.go
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import (
 	"fmt"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/pprof"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -21,17 +20,12 @@ type Settings struct {
 	Updater       Updater
 	Version       Version
 	VPN           VPN
-	Pprof         pprof.Settings
-}
-
-type Storage interface {
-	GetFilterChoices(provider string) models.FilterChoices
 }

 // Validate validates all the settings and returns an error
 // if one of them is not valid.
 // TODO v4 remove pointer for receiver (because of Surfshark).
-func (s *Settings) Validate(storage Storage) (err error) {
+func (s *Settings) Validate(allServers models.AllServers) (err error) {
 	nameToValidation := map[string]func() error{
 		"control server":  s.ControlServer.validate,
 		"dns":             s.DNS.validate,
@@ -44,16 +38,15 @@ func (s *Settings) Validate(storage Storage) (err error) {
 		"system":          s.System.validate,
 		"updater":         s.Updater.Validate,
 		"version":         s.Version.validate,
-		// Pprof validation done in pprof constructor
 		"VPN": func() error {
-			return s.VPN.validate(storage)
+			return s.VPN.validate(allServers)
 		},
 	}

 	for name, validation := range nameToValidation {
 		err = validation()
 		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("%s settings: %w", name, err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed validating %s settings: %w", name, err)
 		}
 	}

@@ -74,7 +67,6 @@ func (s *Settings) copy() (copied Settings) {
 		Updater:       s.Updater.copy(),
 		Version:       s.Version.copy(),
 		VPN:           s.VPN.copy(),
-		Pprof:         s.Pprof.Copy(),
 	}
 }

@@ -91,11 +83,10 @@ func (s *Settings) MergeWith(other Settings) {
 	s.Updater.mergeWith(other.Updater)
 	s.Version.mergeWith(other.Version)
 	s.VPN.mergeWith(other.VPN)
-	s.Pprof.MergeWith(other.Pprof)
 }

 func (s *Settings) OverrideWith(other Settings,
-	storage Storage) (err error) {
+	allServers models.AllServers) (err error) {
 	patchedSettings := s.copy()
 	patchedSettings.ControlServer.overrideWith(other.ControlServer)
 	patchedSettings.DNS.overrideWith(other.DNS)
@@ -109,8 +100,7 @@ func (s *Settings) OverrideWith(other Settings,
 	patchedSettings.Updater.overrideWith(other.Updater)
 	patchedSettings.Version.overrideWith(other.Version)
 	patchedSettings.VPN.overrideWith(other.VPN)
-	patchedSettings.Pprof.OverrideWith(other.Pprof)
-	err = patchedSettings.Validate(storage)
+	err = patchedSettings.Validate(allServers)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -128,10 +118,9 @@ func (s *Settings) SetDefaults() {
 	s.PublicIP.setDefaults()
 	s.Shadowsocks.setDefaults()
 	s.System.setDefaults()
+	s.Updater.SetDefaults()
 	s.Version.setDefaults()
 	s.VPN.setDefaults()
-	s.Updater.SetDefaults(*s.VPN.Provider.Name)
-	s.Pprof.SetDefaults()
 }

 func (s Settings) String() string {
@@ -153,7 +142,6 @@ func (s Settings) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
 	node.AppendNode(s.PublicIP.toLinesNode())
 	node.AppendNode(s.Updater.toLinesNode())
 	node.AppendNode(s.Version.toLinesNode())
-	node.AppendNode(s.Pprof.ToLinesNode())

 	return node
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/settings_test.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/settings_test.go
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ func Test_Settings_String(t *testing.T) {
 |   └── Log level: INFO
 ├── Health settings:
 |   ├── Server listening address: 127.0.0.1:9999
-|   ├── Target address: cloudflare.com:443
+|   ├── Target address: github.com:443
 |   └── VPN wait durations:
 |       ├── Initial duration: 6s
 |       └── Additional duration: 5s
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ func Test_Settings_String(t *testing.T) {
 ├── HTTP proxy settings:
 |   └── Enabled: no
 ├── Control server settings:
-|   ├── Listening address: :8000
+|   ├── Listening port: 8000
 |   └── Logging: yes
 ├── OS Alpine settings:
 |   ├── Process UID: 1000
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/surfshark_retro.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/surfshark_retro.go
@@ -3,14 +3,15 @@ package settings
 import (
 	"strings"

-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/provider/surfshark/servers"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
 )

 func surfsharkRetroRegion(selection ServerSelection) (
 	updatedSelection ServerSelection) {
-	locationData := servers.LocationData()
+	locationData := constants.SurfsharkLocationData()

-	retroToLocation := make(map[string]servers.ServerLocation, len(locationData))
+	retroToLocation := make(map[string]models.SurfsharkLocationData, len(locationData))
 	for _, data := range locationData {
 		if data.RetroLoc == "" {
 			continue
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/system.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/system.go
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ import (

 // System contains settings to configure system related elements.
 type System struct {
-	PUID     *uint32
-	PGID     *uint32
+	PUID     *uint16
+	PGID     *uint16
 	Timezone string
 }

@@ -19,28 +19,28 @@ func (s System) validate() (err error) {

 func (s *System) copy() (copied System) {
 	return System{
-		PUID:     helpers.CopyUint32Ptr(s.PUID),
-		PGID:     helpers.CopyUint32Ptr(s.PGID),
+		PUID:     helpers.CopyUint16Ptr(s.PUID),
+		PGID:     helpers.CopyUint16Ptr(s.PGID),
 		Timezone: s.Timezone,
 	}
 }

 func (s *System) mergeWith(other System) {
-	s.PUID = helpers.MergeWithUint32(s.PUID, other.PUID)
-	s.PGID = helpers.MergeWithUint32(s.PGID, other.PGID)
+	s.PUID = helpers.MergeWithUint16(s.PUID, other.PUID)
+	s.PGID = helpers.MergeWithUint16(s.PGID, other.PGID)
 	s.Timezone = helpers.MergeWithString(s.Timezone, other.Timezone)
 }

 func (s *System) overrideWith(other System) {
-	s.PUID = helpers.OverrideWithUint32(s.PUID, other.PUID)
-	s.PGID = helpers.OverrideWithUint32(s.PGID, other.PGID)
+	s.PUID = helpers.OverrideWithUint16(s.PUID, other.PUID)
+	s.PGID = helpers.OverrideWithUint16(s.PGID, other.PGID)
 	s.Timezone = helpers.OverrideWithString(s.Timezone, other.Timezone)
 }

 func (s *System) setDefaults() {
 	const defaultID = 1000
-	s.PUID = helpers.DefaultUint32(s.PUID, defaultID)
-	s.PGID = helpers.DefaultUint32(s.PGID, defaultID)
+	s.PUID = helpers.DefaultUint16(s.PUID, defaultID)
+	s.PGID = helpers.DefaultUint16(s.PGID, defaultID)
 }

 func (s System) String() string {
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/updater.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/updater.go
@@ -2,11 +2,12 @@ package settings

 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"net"
 	"strings"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -20,15 +21,16 @@ type Updater struct {
 	Period *time.Duration
 	// DNSAddress is the DNS server address to use
 	// to resolve VPN server hostnames to IP addresses.
-	// It cannot be the empty string in the internal state.
-	DNSAddress string
-	// MinRatio is the minimum ratio of servers to
-	// find per provider, compared to the total current
-	// number of servers. It defaults to 0.8.
-	MinRatio float64
+	// It cannot be nil in the internal state.
+	DNSAddress net.IP
 	// Providers is the list of VPN service providers
 	// to update server information for.
 	Providers []string
+	// CLI is to precise the updater is running in CLI
+	// mode. This is set automatically and cannot be set
+	// by settings sources. It cannot be nil in the
+	// internal state.
+	CLI *bool
 }

 func (u Updater) Validate() (err error) {
@@ -38,23 +40,21 @@ func (u Updater) Validate() (err error) {
 			ErrUpdaterPeriodTooSmall, *u.Period, minPeriod)
 	}

-	if u.MinRatio <= 0 || u.MinRatio > 1 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %.2f must be between 0+ and 1",
-			ErrMinRatioNotValid, u.MinRatio)
-	}
-
-	validProviders := providers.All()
-	for _, provider := range u.Providers {
+	for i, provider := range u.Providers {
 		valid := false
-		for _, validProvider := range validProviders {
+		for _, validProvider := range constants.AllProviders() {
+			if validProvider == constants.Custom {
+				continue
+			}
+
 			if provider == validProvider {
 				valid = true
 				break
 			}
 		}
 		if !valid {
-			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %q can only be one of %s",
-				ErrVPNProviderNameNotValid, provider, helpers.ChoicesOrString(validProviders))
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s at index %d",
+				ErrVPNProviderNameNotValid, provider, i)
 		}
 	}

@@ -64,9 +64,9 @@ func (u Updater) Validate() (err error) {
 func (u *Updater) copy() (copied Updater) {
 	return Updater{
 		Period:     helpers.CopyDurationPtr(u.Period),
-		DNSAddress: u.DNSAddress,
-		MinRatio:   u.MinRatio,
+		DNSAddress: helpers.CopyIP(u.DNSAddress),
 		Providers:  helpers.CopyStringSlice(u.Providers),
+		CLI:        u.CLI,
 	}
 }

@@ -74,9 +74,9 @@ func (u *Updater) copy() (copied Updater) {
 // unset field of the receiver settings object.
 func (u *Updater) mergeWith(other Updater) {
 	u.Period = helpers.MergeWithDuration(u.Period, other.Period)
-	u.DNSAddress = helpers.MergeWithString(u.DNSAddress, other.DNSAddress)
-	u.MinRatio = helpers.MergeWithFloat64(u.MinRatio, other.MinRatio)
+	u.DNSAddress = helpers.MergeWithIP(u.DNSAddress, other.DNSAddress)
 	u.Providers = helpers.MergeStringSlices(u.Providers, other.Providers)
+	u.CLI = helpers.MergeWithBool(u.CLI, other.CLI)
 }

 // overrideWith overrides fields of the receiver
@@ -84,23 +84,15 @@ func (u *Updater) mergeWith(other Updater) {
 // settings.
 func (u *Updater) overrideWith(other Updater) {
 	u.Period = helpers.OverrideWithDuration(u.Period, other.Period)
-	u.DNSAddress = helpers.OverrideWithString(u.DNSAddress, other.DNSAddress)
-	u.MinRatio = helpers.OverrideWithFloat64(u.MinRatio, other.MinRatio)
+	u.DNSAddress = helpers.OverrideWithIP(u.DNSAddress, other.DNSAddress)
 	u.Providers = helpers.OverrideWithStringSlice(u.Providers, other.Providers)
+	u.CLI = helpers.MergeWithBool(u.CLI, other.CLI)
 }

-func (u *Updater) SetDefaults(vpnProvider string) {
+func (u *Updater) SetDefaults() {
 	u.Period = helpers.DefaultDuration(u.Period, 0)
-	u.DNSAddress = helpers.DefaultString(u.DNSAddress, "1.1.1.1:53")
-
-	if u.MinRatio == 0 {
-		const defaultMinRatio = 0.8
-		u.MinRatio = defaultMinRatio
-	}
-
-	if len(u.Providers) == 0 && vpnProvider != providers.Custom {
-		u.Providers = []string{vpnProvider}
-	}
+	u.DNSAddress = helpers.DefaultIP(u.DNSAddress, net.IPv4(1, 1, 1, 1))
+	u.CLI = helpers.DefaultBool(u.CLI, false)
 }

 func (u Updater) String() string {
@@ -108,15 +100,18 @@ func (u Updater) String() string {
 }

 func (u Updater) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {
-	if *u.Period == 0 || len(u.Providers) == 0 {
+	if *u.Period == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}

 	node = gotree.New("Server data updater settings:")
 	node.Appendf("Update period: %s", *u.Period)
 	node.Appendf("DNS address: %s", u.DNSAddress)
-	node.Appendf("Minimum ratio: %.1f", u.MinRatio)
 	node.Appendf("Providers to update: %s", strings.Join(u.Providers, ", "))

+	if *u.CLI {
+		node.Appendf("CLI mode: enabled")
+	}
+
 	return node
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/validation/servers.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/validation/servers.go
@@ -1,129 +0,0 @@
-package validation
-
-import (
-	"sort"
-
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
-)
-
-func sortedInsert(ss []string, s string) []string {
-	i := sort.SearchStrings(ss, s)
-	ss = append(ss, "")
-	copy(ss[i+1:], ss[i:])
-	ss[i] = s
-	return ss
-}
-
-func ExtractCountries(servers []models.Server) (values []string) {
-	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(servers))
-	values = make([]string, 0, len(servers))
-	for _, server := range servers {
-		value := server.Country
-		if value == "" {
-			continue
-		}
-		_, alreadySeen := seen[value]
-		if alreadySeen {
-			continue
-		}
-		seen[value] = struct{}{}
-
-		values = sortedInsert(values, value)
-	}
-	return values
-}
-
-func ExtractRegions(servers []models.Server) (values []string) {
-	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(servers))
-	values = make([]string, 0, len(servers))
-	for _, server := range servers {
-		value := server.Region
-		if value == "" {
-			continue
-		}
-		_, alreadySeen := seen[value]
-		if alreadySeen {
-			continue
-		}
-		seen[value] = struct{}{}
-
-		values = sortedInsert(values, value)
-	}
-	return values
-}
-
-func ExtractCities(servers []models.Server) (values []string) {
-	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(servers))
-	values = make([]string, 0, len(servers))
-	for _, server := range servers {
-		value := server.City
-		if value == "" {
-			continue
-		}
-		_, alreadySeen := seen[value]
-		if alreadySeen {
-			continue
-		}
-		seen[value] = struct{}{}
-
-		values = sortedInsert(values, value)
-	}
-	return values
-}
-
-func ExtractISPs(servers []models.Server) (values []string) {
-	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(servers))
-	values = make([]string, 0, len(servers))
-	for _, server := range servers {
-		value := server.ISP
-		if value == "" {
-			continue
-		}
-		_, alreadySeen := seen[value]
-		if alreadySeen {
-			continue
-		}
-		seen[value] = struct{}{}
-
-		values = sortedInsert(values, value)
-	}
-	return values
-}
-
-func ExtractServerNames(servers []models.Server) (values []string) {
-	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(servers))
-	values = make([]string, 0, len(servers))
-	for _, server := range servers {
-		value := server.ServerName
-		if value == "" {
-			continue
-		}
-		_, alreadySeen := seen[value]
-		if alreadySeen {
-			continue
-		}
-		seen[value] = struct{}{}
-
-		values = sortedInsert(values, value)
-	}
-	return values
-}
-
-func ExtractHostnames(servers []models.Server) (values []string) {
-	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(servers))
-	values = make([]string, 0, len(servers))
-	for _, server := range servers {
-		value := server.Hostname
-		if value == "" {
-			continue
-		}
-		_, alreadySeen := seen[value]
-		if alreadySeen {
-			continue
-		}
-		seen[value] = struct{}{}
-
-		values = sortedInsert(values, value)
-	}
-	return values
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/validation/surfshark.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/validation/surfshark.go
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-package validation
-
-import (
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/provider/surfshark/servers"
-)
-
-// TODO remove in v4.
-func SurfsharkRetroLocChoices() (choices []string) {
-	locationData := servers.LocationData()
-	choices = make([]string, 0, len(locationData))
-	seen := make(map[string]struct{}, len(locationData))
-	for _, data := range locationData {
-		if _, ok := seen[data.RetroLoc]; ok {
-			continue
-		}
-		seen[data.RetroLoc] = struct{}{}
-		choices = sortedInsert(choices, data.RetroLoc)
-	}
-
-	return choices
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/vpn.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/vpn.go
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ import (
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/vpn"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 )

@@ -20,28 +21,28 @@ type VPN struct {
 }

 // TODO v4 remove pointer for receiver (because of Surfshark).
-func (v *VPN) validate(storage Storage) (err error) {
+func (v *VPN) validate(allServers models.AllServers) (err error) {
 	// Validate Type
-	validVPNTypes := []string{vpn.OpenVPN, vpn.Wireguard}
+	validVPNTypes := []string{constants.OpenVPN, constants.Wireguard}
 	if !helpers.IsOneOf(v.Type, validVPNTypes...) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %q and can only be one of %s",
 			ErrVPNTypeNotValid, v.Type, strings.Join(validVPNTypes, ", "))
 	}

-	err = v.Provider.validate(v.Type, storage)
+	err = v.Provider.validate(v.Type, allServers)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("provider settings: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("provider settings validation failed: %w", err)
 	}

-	if v.Type == vpn.OpenVPN {
+	if v.Type == constants.OpenVPN {
 		err := v.OpenVPN.validate(*v.Provider.Name)
 		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("OpenVPN settings: %w", err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("OpenVPN settings validation failed: %w", err)
 		}
 	} else {
 		err := v.Wireguard.validate(*v.Provider.Name)
 		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("Wireguard settings: %w", err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("Wireguard settings validation failed: %w", err)
 		}
 	}

@@ -72,7 +73,7 @@ func (v *VPN) overrideWith(other VPN) {
 }

 func (v *VPN) setDefaults() {
-	v.Type = helpers.DefaultString(v.Type, vpn.OpenVPN)
+	v.Type = helpers.DefaultString(v.Type, constants.OpenVPN)
 	v.Provider.setDefaults()
 	v.OpenVPN.setDefaults(*v.Provider.Name)
 	v.Wireguard.setDefaults()
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ func (v VPN) toLinesNode() (node *gotree.Node) {

 	node.AppendNode(v.Provider.toLinesNode())

-	if v.Type == vpn.OpenVPN {
+	if v.Type == constants.OpenVPN {
 		node.AppendNode(v.OpenVPN.toLinesNode())
 	} else {
 		node.AppendNode(v.Wireguard.toLinesNode())
--- a/internal/configuration/settings/wireguard.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/wireguard.go
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"regexp"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl/wgtypes"
 )
@@ -35,10 +35,10 @@ var regexpInterfaceName = regexp.MustCompile(`^[a-zA-Z0-9_]+$`)
 // It should only be ran if the VPN type chosen is Wireguard.
 func (w Wireguard) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 	if !helpers.IsOneOf(vpnProvider,
-		providers.Custom,
-		providers.Ivpn,
-		providers.Mullvad,
-		providers.Windscribe,
+		constants.Custom,
+		constants.Ivpn,
+		constants.Mullvad,
+		constants.Windscribe,
 	) {
 		// do not validate for VPN provider not supporting Wireguard
 		return nil
@@ -50,14 +50,14 @@ func (w Wireguard) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 	}
 	_, err = wgtypes.ParseKey(*w.PrivateKey)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("private key is not valid: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrWireguardPrivateKeyNotValid, err)
 	}

 	// Validate PreSharedKey
 	if *w.PreSharedKey != "" { // Note: this is optional
 		_, err = wgtypes.ParseKey(*w.PreSharedKey)
 		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("pre-shared key is not valid: %w", err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", ErrWireguardPreSharedKeyNotValid, err)
 		}
 	}

--- a/internal/configuration/settings/wireguardselection.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/settings/wireguardselection.go
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"net"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings/helpers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gotree"
 	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl/wgtypes"
 )
@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ type WireguardSelection struct {
 func (w WireguardSelection) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 	// Validate EndpointIP
 	switch vpnProvider {
-	case providers.Ivpn, providers.Mullvad, providers.Windscribe: // endpoint IP addresses are baked in
-	case providers.Custom:
+	case constants.Ivpn, constants.Mullvad, constants.Windscribe: // endpoint IP addresses are baked in
+	case constants.Custom:
 		if len(w.EndpointIP) == 0 {
 			return ErrWireguardEndpointIPNotSet
 		}
@@ -47,23 +47,23 @@ func (w WireguardSelection) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {
 	// Validate EndpointPort
 	switch vpnProvider {
 	// EndpointPort is required
-	case providers.Custom:
+	case constants.Custom:
 		if *w.EndpointPort == 0 {
 			return ErrWireguardEndpointPortNotSet
 		}
-	case providers.Ivpn, providers.Mullvad, providers.Windscribe:
+	case constants.Ivpn, constants.Mullvad, constants.Windscribe:
 		// EndpointPort is optional and can be 0
 		if *w.EndpointPort == 0 {
 			break // no custom endpoint port set
 		}
-		if vpnProvider == providers.Mullvad {
+		if vpnProvider == constants.Mullvad {
 			break // no restriction on custom endpoint port value
 		}
 		var allowed []uint16
 		switch vpnProvider {
-		case providers.Ivpn:
+		case constants.Ivpn:
 			allowed = []uint16{2049, 2050, 53, 30587, 41893, 48574, 58237}
-		case providers.Windscribe:
+		case constants.Windscribe:
 			allowed = []uint16{53, 80, 123, 443, 1194, 65142}
 		}

@@ -78,8 +78,8 @@ func (w WireguardSelection) validate(vpnProvider string) (err error) {

 	// Validate PublicKey
 	switch vpnProvider {
-	case providers.Ivpn, providers.Mullvad, providers.Windscribe: // public keys are baked in
-	case providers.Custom:
+	case constants.Ivpn, constants.Mullvad, constants.Windscribe: // public keys are baked in
+	case constants.Custom:
 		if w.PublicKey == "" {
 			return ErrWireguardPublicKeyNotSet
 		}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/dns.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/dns.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package env
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net"
+	"os"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
 )
@@ -20,26 +21,26 @@ func (r *Reader) readDNS() (dns settings.DNS, err error) {

 	dns.DoT, err = r.readDoT()
 	if err != nil {
-		return dns, fmt.Errorf("DoT settings: %w", err)
+		return dns, fmt.Errorf("cannot read DoT settings: %w", err)
 	}

 	return dns, nil
 }

 func (r *Reader) readDNSServerAddress() (address net.IP, err error) {
-	key, s := r.getEnvWithRetro("DNS_ADDRESS", "DNS_PLAINTEXT_ADDRESS")
+	s := os.Getenv("DNS_PLAINTEXT_ADDRESS")
 	if s == "" {
 		return nil, nil
 	}

 	address = net.ParseIP(s)
 	if address == nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable %s: %w: %s", key, ErrIPAddressParse, s)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable DNS_PLAINTEXT_ADDRESS: %w: %s", ErrIPAddressParse, s)
 	}

 	// TODO remove in v4
 	if !address.Equal(net.IPv4(127, 0, 0, 1)) { //nolint:gomnd
-		r.warner.Warn(key + " is set to " + s +
+		r.warner.Warn("DNS_PLAINTEXT_ADDRESS is set to " + s +
 			" so the DNS over TLS (DoT) server will not be used." +
 			" The default value changed to 127.0.0.1 so it uses the internal DoT server." +
 			" If the DoT server fails to start, the IPv4 address of the first plaintext DNS server" +
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/dnsblacklist.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/dnsblacklist.go
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import (
 	"fmt"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/govalid/binary"
 	"inet.af/netaddr"
 )

@@ -17,7 +16,7 @@ func (r *Reader) readDNSBlacklist() (blacklist settings.DNSBlacklist, err error)

 	blacklist.BlockSurveillance, err = r.readBlockSurveillance()
 	if err != nil {
-		return blacklist, err
+		return blacklist, fmt.Errorf("environment variable BLOCK_MALICIOUS: %w", err)
 	}

 	blacklist.BlockAds, err = envToBoolPtr("BLOCK_ADS")
@@ -37,18 +36,22 @@ func (r *Reader) readDNSBlacklist() (blacklist settings.DNSBlacklist, err error)
 }

 func (r *Reader) readBlockSurveillance() (blocked *bool, err error) {
-	key, value := r.getEnvWithRetro("BLOCK_SURVEILLANCE", "BLOCK_NSA")
-	if value == "" {
-		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
-	}
-
-	blocked = new(bool)
-	*blocked, err = binary.Validate(value)
+	blocked, err = envToBoolPtr("BLOCK_SURVEILLANCE")
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable %s: %w", key, err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable BLOCK_SURVEILLANCE: %w", err)
+	} else if blocked != nil {
+		return blocked, nil
 	}

-	return blocked, nil
+	blocked, err = envToBoolPtr("BLOCK_NSA")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable BLOCK_NSA: %w", err)
+	} else if blocked != nil {
+		r.onRetroActive("BLOCK_NSA", "BLOCK_SURVEILLANCE")
+		return blocked, nil
+	}
+
+	return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
 }

 var (
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/firewall.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/firewall.go
@@ -22,8 +22,16 @@ func (r *Reader) readFirewall() (firewall settings.Firewall, err error) {
 		return firewall, fmt.Errorf("environment variable FIREWALL_INPUT_PORTS: %w", err)
 	}

-	outboundSubnetsKey, _ := r.getEnvWithRetro("FIREWALL_OUTBOUND_SUBNETS", "EXTRA_SUBNETS")
+	outboundSubnetsKey := "FIREWALL_OUTBOUND_SUBNETS"
 	outboundSubnetStrings := envToCSV(outboundSubnetsKey)
+	if len(outboundSubnetStrings) == 0 {
+		// Retro-compatibility
+		outboundSubnetStrings = envToCSV("EXTRA_SUBNETS")
+		if len(outboundSubnetStrings) > 0 {
+			outboundSubnetsKey = "EXTRA_SUBNETS"
+			r.onRetroActive("EXTRA_SUBNETS", "FIREWALL_OUTBOUND_SUBNETS")
+		}
+	}
 	firewall.OutboundSubnets, err = stringsToIPNets(outboundSubnetStrings)
 	if err != nil {
 		return firewall, fmt.Errorf("environment variable %s: %w", outboundSubnetsKey, err)
@@ -55,7 +63,8 @@ func stringsToPorts(ss []string) (ports []uint16, err error) {
 	for i, s := range ss {
 		port, err := strconv.Atoi(s)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: %s: %s", ErrPortParsing, s, err)
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: %s: %s",
+				ErrPortParsing, s, err)
 		} else if port < 1 || port > 65535 {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: must be between 1 and 65535: %d",
 				ErrPortValue, port)
@@ -65,6 +74,10 @@ func stringsToPorts(ss []string) (ports []uint16, err error) {
 	return ports, nil
 }

+var (
+	ErrIPNetParsing = errors.New("cannot parse IP network")
+)
+
 func stringsToIPNets(ss []string) (ipNets []net.IPNet, err error) {
 	if len(ss) == 0 {
 		return nil, nil
@@ -73,7 +86,8 @@ func stringsToIPNets(ss []string) (ipNets []net.IPNet, err error) {
 	for i, s := range ss {
 		ip, ipNet, err := net.ParseCIDR(s)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot parse IP network %q: %w", s, err)
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: %s: %s",
+				ErrIPNetParsing, s, err)
 		}
 		ipNet.IP = ip
 		ipNets[i] = *ipNet
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/health.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/health.go
@@ -2,14 +2,18 @@ package env

 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"os"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
 )

 func (r *Reader) ReadHealth() (health settings.Health, err error) {
-	health.ServerAddress = getCleanedEnv("HEALTH_SERVER_ADDRESS")
-	_, health.TargetAddress = r.getEnvWithRetro("HEALTH_TARGET_ADDRESS", "HEALTH_ADDRESS_TO_PING")
+	health.ServerAddress = os.Getenv("HEALTH_SERVER_ADDRESS")
+	health.TargetAddress = os.Getenv("HEALTH_ADDRESS_TO_PING")
+	if health.TargetAddress == "" {
+		health.TargetAddress = os.Getenv("HEALTH_TARGET_ADDRESS")
+	}

 	health.VPN.Initial, err = r.readDurationWithRetro(
 		"HEALTH_VPN_DURATION_INITIAL",
@@ -18,7 +22,7 @@ func (r *Reader) ReadHealth() (health settings.Health, err error) {
 		return health, err
 	}

-	health.VPN.Addition, err = r.readDurationWithRetro(
+	health.VPN.Initial, err = r.readDurationWithRetro(
 		"HEALTH_VPN_DURATION_ADDITION",
 		"HEALTH_OPENVPN_DURATION_ADDITION")
 	if err != nil {
@@ -29,15 +33,22 @@ func (r *Reader) ReadHealth() (health settings.Health, err error) {
 }

 func (r *Reader) readDurationWithRetro(envKey, retroEnvKey string) (d *time.Duration, err error) {
-	envKey, s := r.getEnvWithRetro(envKey, retroEnvKey)
+	s := os.Getenv(envKey)
 	if s == "" {
-		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
+		s = os.Getenv(retroEnvKey)
+		if s == "" {
+			return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
+		}
+		r.onRetroActive(envKey, retroEnvKey)
+		envKey = retroEnvKey
 	}

 	d = new(time.Duration)
 	*d, err = time.ParseDuration(s)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable %s: %w", envKey, err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf(
+			"environment variable %s: %w",
+			envKey, err)
 	}

 	return d, nil
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/helpers.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/helpers.go
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 package env

 import (
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"strconv"
@@ -11,43 +13,16 @@ import (
 	"github.com/qdm12/govalid/integer"
 )

-// getCleanedEnv returns an environment variable value with
-// surrounding spaces and trailing new line characters removed.
-func getCleanedEnv(envKey string) (value string) {
-	value = os.Getenv(envKey)
-	value = strings.TrimSpace(value)
-	value = strings.TrimSuffix(value, "\r\n")
-	value = strings.TrimSuffix(value, "\n")
-	return value
-}
-
 func envToCSV(envKey string) (values []string) {
-	csv := getCleanedEnv(envKey)
+	csv := os.Getenv(envKey)
 	if csv == "" {
 		return nil
 	}
 	return lowerAndSplit(csv)
 }

-func envToInt(envKey string) (n int, err error) {
-	s := getCleanedEnv(envKey)
-	if s == "" {
-		return 0, nil
-	}
-	return strconv.Atoi(s)
-}
-
-func envToFloat64(envKey string) (f float64, err error) {
-	s := getCleanedEnv(envKey)
-	if s == "" {
-		return 0, nil
-	}
-	const bits = 64
-	return strconv.ParseFloat(s, bits)
-}
-
 func envToStringPtr(envKey string) (stringPtr *string) {
-	s := getCleanedEnv(envKey)
+	s := os.Getenv(envKey)
 	if s == "" {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -55,7 +30,7 @@ func envToStringPtr(envKey string) (stringPtr *string) {
 }

 func envToBoolPtr(envKey string) (boolPtr *bool, err error) {
-	s := getCleanedEnv(envKey)
+	s := os.Getenv(envKey)
 	if s == "" {
 		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
 	}
@@ -67,7 +42,7 @@ func envToBoolPtr(envKey string) (boolPtr *bool, err error) {
 }

 func envToIntPtr(envKey string) (intPtr *int, err error) {
-	s := getCleanedEnv(envKey)
+	s := os.Getenv(envKey)
 	if s == "" {
 		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
 	}
@@ -79,7 +54,7 @@ func envToIntPtr(envKey string) (intPtr *int, err error) {
 }

 func envToUint8Ptr(envKey string) (uint8Ptr *uint8, err error) {
-	s := getCleanedEnv(envKey)
+	s := os.Getenv(envKey)
 	if s == "" {
 		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
 	}
@@ -96,7 +71,7 @@ func envToUint8Ptr(envKey string) (uint8Ptr *uint8, err error) {
 }

 func envToUint16Ptr(envKey string) (uint16Ptr *uint16, err error) {
-	s := getCleanedEnv(envKey)
+	s := os.Getenv(envKey)
 	if s == "" {
 		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
 	}
@@ -113,7 +88,7 @@ func envToUint16Ptr(envKey string) (uint16Ptr *uint16, err error) {
 }

 func envToDurationPtr(envKey string) (durationPtr *time.Duration, err error) {
-	s := getCleanedEnv(envKey)
+	s := os.Getenv(envKey)
 	if s == "" {
 		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
 	}
@@ -132,6 +107,17 @@ func lowerAndSplit(csv string) (values []string) {
 	return strings.Split(csv, ",")
 }

+var ErrDecodeBase64 = errors.New("cannot decode base64 string")
+
+func decodeBase64(b64String string) (decoded string, err error) {
+	b, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(b64String)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("%w: %s: %s",
+			ErrDecodeBase64, b64String, err)
+	}
+	return string(b), nil
+}
+
 func unsetEnvKeys(envKeys []string, err error) (newErr error) {
 	newErr = err
 	for _, envKey := range envKeys {
@@ -144,5 +130,5 @@ func unsetEnvKeys(envKeys []string, err error) (newErr error) {
 }

 func stringPtr(s string) *string { return &s }
-func uint32Ptr(n uint32) *uint32 { return &n }
+func uint16Ptr(n uint16) *uint16 { return &n }
 func boolPtr(b bool) *bool       { return &b }
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/httproxy.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/httproxy.go
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ package env

 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"strings"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
 	"github.com/qdm12/govalid/binary"
@@ -31,61 +33,138 @@ func (r *Reader) readHTTPProxy() (httpProxy settings.HTTPProxy, err error) {
 }

 func (r *Reader) readHTTProxyUser() (user *string) {
-	_, s := r.getEnvWithRetro("HTTPPROXY_USER", "PROXY_USER", "TINYPROXY_USER")
+	s := os.Getenv("HTTPPROXY_USER")
 	if s != "" {
 		return &s
 	}
+
+	// Retro-compatibility
+	s = os.Getenv("TINYPROXY_USER")
+	if s != "" {
+		r.onRetroActive("TINYPROXY_USER", "HTTPPROXY_USER")
+		return &s
+	}
+
+	// Retro-compatibility
+	s = os.Getenv("PROXY_USER")
+	if s != "" {
+		r.onRetroActive("PROXY_USER", "HTTPPROXY_USER")
+		return &s
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }

 func (r *Reader) readHTTProxyPassword() (user *string) {
-	_, s := r.getEnvWithRetro("HTTPPROXY_PASSWORD", "PROXY_PASSWORD", "TINYPROXY_PASSWORD")
+	s := os.Getenv("HTTPPROXY_PASSWORD")
 	if s != "" {
 		return &s
 	}
+
+	// Retro-compatibility
+	s = os.Getenv("TINYPROXY_PASSWORD")
+	if s != "" {
+		r.onRetroActive("TINYPROXY_PASSWORD", "HTTPPROXY_PASSWORD")
+		return &s
+	}
+
+	// Retro-compatibility
+	s = os.Getenv("PROXY_PASSWORD")
+	if s != "" {
+		r.onRetroActive("PROXY_PASSWORD", "HTTPPROXY_PASSWORD")
+		return &s
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }

 func (r *Reader) readHTTProxyListeningAddress() (listeningAddress string) {
-	key, value := r.getEnvWithRetro("HTTPPROXY_LISTENING_ADDRESS", "PROXY_PORT", "TINYPROXY_PORT", "HTTPPROXY_PORT")
-	if key == "HTTPPROXY_LISTENING_ADDRESS" {
-		return value
+	// Retro-compatibility
+	retroKeys := []string{"PROXY_PORT", "TINYPROXY_PORT", "HTTPPROXY_PORT"}
+	for _, retroKey := range retroKeys {
+		s := os.Getenv(retroKey)
+		if s != "" {
+			r.onRetroActive(retroKey, "HTTPPROXY_LISTENING_ADDRESS")
+			return ":" + s
+		}
 	}
-	return ":" + value
+
+	return os.Getenv("HTTPPROXY_LISTENING_ADDRESS")
 }

 func (r *Reader) readHTTProxyEnabled() (enabled *bool, err error) {
-	key, s := r.getEnvWithRetro("HTTPPROXY", "PROXY", "TINYPROXY")
-	if s == "" {
-		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
+	s := strings.ToLower(os.Getenv("HTTPPROXY"))
+	if s != "" {
+		enabled = new(bool)
+		*enabled, err = binary.Validate(s)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable HTTPPROXY: %w", err)
+		}
+		return enabled, nil
 	}

-	enabled = new(bool)
-	*enabled, err = binary.Validate(s)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable %s: %w", key, err)
+	// Retro-compatibility
+	s = strings.ToLower(os.Getenv("TINYPROXY"))
+	if s != "" {
+		r.onRetroActive("TINYPROXY", "HTTPPROXY")
+		enabled = new(bool)
+		*enabled, err = binary.Validate(s)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable TINYPROXY: %w", err)
+		}
+		return enabled, nil
 	}

-	return enabled, nil
+	// Retro-compatibility
+	s = strings.ToLower(os.Getenv("PROXY"))
+	if s != "" {
+		r.onRetroActive("PROXY", "HTTPPROXY")
+		enabled = new(bool)
+		*enabled, err = binary.Validate(s)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable PROXY: %w", err)
+		}
+		return enabled, nil
+	}
+
+	return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
 }

 func (r *Reader) readHTTProxyLog() (enabled *bool, err error) {
-	key, s := r.getEnvWithRetro("HTTPPROXY_LOG", "PROXY_LOG_LEVEL", "TINYPROXY_LOG")
-	if s == "" {
-		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
+	s := strings.ToLower(os.Getenv("HTTPPROXY_LOG"))
+	if s != "" {
+		enabled = new(bool)
+		*enabled, err = binary.Validate(s)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable HTTPPROXY_LOG: %w", err)
+		}
+		return enabled, nil
 	}

-	var binaryOptions []binary.Option
-	if key != "HTTPROXY_LOG" {
-		retroOption := binary.OptionEnabled("on", "info", "connect", "notice")
-		binaryOptions = append(binaryOptions, retroOption)
+	// Retro-compatibility
+	retroOption := binary.OptionEnabled("on", "info", "connect", "notice")
+	s = strings.ToLower(os.Getenv("TINYPROXY_LOG"))
+	if s != "" {
+		r.onRetroActive("TINYPROXY_LOG", "HTTPPROXY_LOG")
+		enabled = new(bool)
+		*enabled, err = binary.Validate(s, retroOption)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable TINYPROXY_LOG: %w", err)
+		}
+		return enabled, nil
 	}

-	enabled = new(bool)
-	*enabled, err = binary.Validate(s, binaryOptions...)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable %s: %w", key, err)
+	// Retro-compatibility
+	s = strings.ToLower(os.Getenv("PROXY_LOG_LEVEL"))
+	if s != "" {
+		r.onRetroActive("PROXY_LOG_LEVEL", "HTTPPROXY_LOG")
+		enabled = new(bool)
+		*enabled, err = binary.Validate(s, retroOption)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable PROXY_LOG_LEVEL: %w", err)
+		}
+		return enabled, nil
 	}

-	return enabled, nil
+	return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/log.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/log.go
@@ -3,10 +3,11 @@ package env
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"os"
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/log"
+	"github.com/qdm12/golibs/logging"
 )

 func readLog() (log settings.Log, err error) {
@@ -18,13 +19,13 @@ func readLog() (log settings.Log, err error) {
 	return log, nil
 }

-func readLogLevel() (level *log.Level, err error) {
-	s := getCleanedEnv("LOG_LEVEL")
+func readLogLevel() (level *logging.Level, err error) {
+	s := os.Getenv("LOG_LEVEL")
 	if s == "" {
 		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
 	}

-	level = new(log.Level)
+	level = new(logging.Level)
 	*level, err = parseLogLevel(s)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable LOG_LEVEL: %w", err)
@@ -35,19 +36,19 @@ func readLogLevel() (level *log.Level, err error) {

 var ErrLogLevelUnknown = errors.New("log level is unknown")

-func parseLogLevel(s string) (level log.Level, err error) {
+func parseLogLevel(s string) (level logging.Level, err error) {
 	switch strings.ToLower(s) {
 	case "debug":
-		return log.LevelDebug, nil
+		return logging.LevelDebug, nil
 	case "info":
-		return log.LevelInfo, nil
+		return logging.LevelInfo, nil
 	case "warning":
-		return log.LevelWarn, nil
+		return logging.LevelWarn, nil
 	case "error":
-		return log.LevelError, nil
+		return logging.LevelError, nil
 	default:
 		return level, fmt.Errorf(
-			"%w: %q is not valid and can be one of debug, info, warning or error",
+			"%w: %s: can be one of: debug, info, warning or error",
 			ErrLogLevelUnknown, s)
 	}
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/openvpn.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/openvpn.go
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ package env

 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"os"
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/govalid/binary"
 )

 func (r *Reader) readOpenVPN() (
@@ -14,24 +14,29 @@ func (r *Reader) readOpenVPN() (
 		err = unsetEnvKeys([]string{"OPENVPN_CLIENTKEY", "OPENVPN_CLIENTCRT"}, err)
 	}()

-	openVPN.Version = getCleanedEnv("OPENVPN_VERSION")
+	openVPN.Version = os.Getenv("OPENVPN_VERSION")
 	openVPN.User = r.readOpenVPNUser()
 	openVPN.Password = r.readOpenVPNPassword()
-	confFile := getCleanedEnv("OPENVPN_CUSTOM_CONFIG")
+	confFile := os.Getenv("OPENVPN_CUSTOM_CONFIG")
 	if confFile != "" {
 		openVPN.ConfFile = &confFile
 	}

-	ciphersKey, _ := r.getEnvWithRetro("OPENVPN_CIPHERS", "OPENVPN_CIPHER")
-	openVPN.Ciphers = envToCSV(ciphersKey)
-
-	auth := getCleanedEnv("OPENVPN_AUTH")
+	openVPN.Ciphers = envToCSV("OPENVPN_CIPHER")
+	auth := os.Getenv("OPENVPN_AUTH")
 	if auth != "" {
 		openVPN.Auth = &auth
 	}

-	openVPN.ClientCrt = envToStringPtr("OPENVPN_CLIENTCRT")
-	openVPN.ClientKey = envToStringPtr("OPENVPN_CLIENTKEY")
+	openVPN.ClientCrt, err = readBase64OrNil("OPENVPN_CLIENTCRT")
+	if err != nil {
+		return openVPN, fmt.Errorf("environment variable OPENVPN_CLIENTCRT: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	openVPN.ClientKey, err = readBase64OrNil("OPENVPN_CLIENTKEY")
+	if err != nil {
+		return openVPN, fmt.Errorf("environment variable OPENVPN_CLIENTKEY: %w", err)
+	}

 	openVPN.PIAEncPreset = r.readPIAEncryptionPreset()

@@ -45,64 +50,76 @@ func (r *Reader) readOpenVPN() (
 		return openVPN, fmt.Errorf("environment variable OPENVPN_MSSFIX: %w", err)
 	}

-	_, openVPN.Interface = r.getEnvWithRetro("VPN_INTERFACE", "OPENVPN_INTERFACE")
+	openVPN.Interface = os.Getenv("OPENVPN_INTERFACE")

-	openVPN.ProcessUser, err = r.readOpenVPNProcessUser()
+	openVPN.Root, err = envToBoolPtr("OPENVPN_ROOT")
 	if err != nil {
-		return openVPN, err
+		return openVPN, fmt.Errorf("environment variable OPENVPN_ROOT: %w", err)
 	}

+	// TODO ProcUser once Root is deprecated.
+
 	openVPN.Verbosity, err = envToIntPtr("OPENVPN_VERBOSITY")
 	if err != nil {
 		return openVPN, fmt.Errorf("environment variable OPENVPN_VERBOSITY: %w", err)
 	}

-	flagsStr := getCleanedEnv("OPENVPN_FLAGS")
-	if flagsStr != "" {
-		openVPN.Flags = strings.Fields(flagsStr)
-	}
-
 	return openVPN, nil
 }

 func (r *Reader) readOpenVPNUser() (user string) {
-	_, user = r.getEnvWithRetro("OPENVPN_USER", "USER")
+	user = os.Getenv("OPENVPN_USER")
+	if user == "" {
+		// Retro-compatibility
+		user = os.Getenv("USER")
+		if user != "" {
+			r.onRetroActive("USER", "OPENVPN_USER")
+		}
+	}
 	// Remove spaces in user ID to simplify user's life, thanks @JeordyR
 	return strings.ReplaceAll(user, " ", "")
 }

 func (r *Reader) readOpenVPNPassword() (password string) {
-	_, password = r.getEnvWithRetro("OPENVPN_PASSWORD", "PASSWORD")
-	return password
-}
-
-func (r *Reader) readPIAEncryptionPreset() (presetPtr *string) {
-	_, preset := r.getEnvWithRetro(
-		"PRIVATE_INTERNET_ACCESS_OPENVPN_ENCRYPTION_PRESET",
-		"PIA_ENCRYPTION", "ENCRYPTION")
-	if preset != "" {
-		return &preset
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (r *Reader) readOpenVPNProcessUser() (processUser string, err error) {
-	key, value := r.getEnvWithRetro("OPENVPN_PROCESS_USER", "OPENVPN_ROOT")
-	if key == "OPENVPN_PROCESS_USER" {
-		return value, nil
+	password = os.Getenv("OPENVPN_PASSWORD")
+	if password != "" {
+		return password
 	}

 	// Retro-compatibility
-	if value == "" {
-		return "", nil
+	password = os.Getenv("PASSWORD")
+	if password != "" {
+		r.onRetroActive("PASSWORD", "OPENVPN_PASSWORD")
 	}
-	root, err := binary.Validate(value)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("environment variable %s: %w", key, err)
-	}
-	if root {
-		return "root", nil
-	}
-	const defaultNonRootUser = "nonrootuser"
-	return defaultNonRootUser, nil
+	return password
+}
+
+func readBase64OrNil(envKey string) (valueOrNil *string, err error) {
+	value := os.Getenv(envKey)
+	if value == "" {
+		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
+	}
+
+	decoded, err := decodeBase64(value)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &decoded, nil
+}
+
+func (r *Reader) readPIAEncryptionPreset() (presetPtr *string) {
+	preset := strings.ToLower(os.Getenv("PIA_ENCRYPTION"))
+	if preset != "" {
+		return &preset
+	}
+
+	// Retro-compatibility
+	preset = strings.ToLower(os.Getenv("ENCRYPTION"))
+	if preset != "" {
+		r.onRetroActive("ENCRYPTION", "PIA_ENCRYPTION")
+		return &preset
+	}
+
+	return nil
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/openvpnselection.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/openvpnselection.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package env
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"os"
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
@@ -12,7 +13,7 @@ import (

 func (r *Reader) readOpenVPNSelection() (
 	selection settings.OpenVPNSelection, err error) {
-	confFile := getCleanedEnv("OPENVPN_CUSTOM_CONFIG")
+	confFile := os.Getenv("OPENVPN_CUSTOM_CONFIG")
 	if confFile != "" {
 		selection.ConfFile = &confFile
 	}
@@ -35,9 +36,18 @@ func (r *Reader) readOpenVPNSelection() (
 var ErrOpenVPNProtocolNotValid = errors.New("OpenVPN protocol is not valid")

 func (r *Reader) readOpenVPNProtocol() (tcp *bool, err error) {
-	envKey, protocol := r.getEnvWithRetro("OPENVPN_PROTOCOL", "PROTOCOL")
+	envKey := "OPENVPN_PROTOCOL"
+	protocol := strings.ToLower(os.Getenv("OPENVPN_PROTOCOL"))
+	if protocol == "" {
+		// Retro-compatibility
+		protocol = strings.ToLower(os.Getenv("PROTOCOL"))
+		if protocol != "" {
+			envKey = "PROTOCOL"
+			r.onRetroActive("PROTOCOL", "OPENVPN_PROTOCOL")
+		}
+	}

-	switch strings.ToLower(protocol) {
+	switch protocol {
 	case "":
 		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
 	case constants.UDP:
@@ -51,9 +61,16 @@ func (r *Reader) readOpenVPNProtocol() (tcp *bool, err error) {
 }

 func (r *Reader) readOpenVPNCustomPort() (customPort *uint16, err error) {
-	key, s := r.getEnvWithRetro("VPN_ENDPOINT_PORT", "PORT", "OPENVPN_PORT")
+	key := "OPENVPN_PORT"
+	s := os.Getenv(key)
 	if s == "" {
-		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
+		// Retro-compatibility
+		key = "PORT"
+		s = os.Getenv(key)
+		if s == "" {
+			return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
+		}
+		r.onRetroActive("PORT", "OPENVPN_PORT")
 	}

 	customPort = new(uint16)
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/portforward.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/portforward.go
@@ -6,22 +6,14 @@ import (
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
 )

-func (r *Reader) readPortForward() (
+func readPortForward() (
 	portForwarding settings.PortForwarding, err error) {
-	key, _ := r.getEnvWithRetro(
-		"PRIVATE_INTERNET_ACCESS_VPN_PORT_FORWARDING",
-		"PORT_FORWARDING")
-	portForwarding.Enabled, err = envToBoolPtr(key)
+	portForwarding.Enabled, err = envToBoolPtr("PORT_FORWARDING")
 	if err != nil {
-		return portForwarding, fmt.Errorf("environment variable %s: %w", key, err)
+		return portForwarding, fmt.Errorf("environment variable PORT_FORWARDING: %w", err)
 	}

-	_, value := r.getEnvWithRetro(
-		"PRIVATE_INTERNET_ACCESS_VPN_PORT_FORWARDING_STATUS_FILE",
-		"PORT_FORWARDING_STATUS_FILE")
-	if value != "" {
-		portForwarding.Filepath = stringPtr(value)
-	}
+	portForwarding.Filepath = envToStringPtr("PORT_FORWARDING_STATUS_FILE")

 	return portForwarding, nil
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/pprof.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/pprof.go
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-package env
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/pprof"
-)
-
-func readPprof() (settings pprof.Settings, err error) {
-	settings.Enabled, err = envToBoolPtr("PPROF_ENABLED")
-	if err != nil {
-		return settings, fmt.Errorf("environment variable PPROF_ENABLED: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	settings.BlockProfileRate, err = envToInt("PPROF_BLOCK_PROFILE_RATE")
-	if err != nil {
-		return settings, fmt.Errorf("environment variable PPROF_BLOCK_PROFILE_RATE: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	settings.MutexProfileRate, err = envToInt("PPROF_MUTEX_PROFILE_RATE")
-	if err != nil {
-		return settings, fmt.Errorf("environment variable PPROF_MUTEX_PROFILE_RATE: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	settings.HTTPServer.Address = getCleanedEnv("PPROF_HTTP_SERVER_ADDRESS")
-
-	return settings, nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/provider.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/provider.go
@@ -2,15 +2,15 @@ package env

 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"os"
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/vpn"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
 )

 func (r *Reader) readProvider(vpnType string) (provider settings.Provider, err error) {
-	provider.Name = r.readVPNServiceProvider(vpnType)
+	provider.Name = readVPNServiceProvider(vpnType)
 	var providerName string
 	if provider.Name != nil {
 		providerName = *provider.Name
@@ -18,28 +18,27 @@ func (r *Reader) readProvider(vpnType string) (provider settings.Provider, err e

 	provider.ServerSelection, err = r.readServerSelection(providerName, vpnType)
 	if err != nil {
-		return provider, fmt.Errorf("server selection: %w", err)
+		return provider, fmt.Errorf("cannot read server selection settings: %w", err)
 	}

-	provider.PortForwarding, err = r.readPortForward()
+	provider.PortForwarding, err = readPortForward()
 	if err != nil {
-		return provider, fmt.Errorf("port forwarding: %w", err)
+		return provider, fmt.Errorf("cannot read port forwarding settings: %w", err)
 	}

 	return provider, nil
 }

-func (r *Reader) readVPNServiceProvider(vpnType string) (vpnProviderPtr *string) {
-	_, s := r.getEnvWithRetro("VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDER", "VPNSP")
-	s = strings.ToLower(s)
+func readVPNServiceProvider(vpnType string) (vpnProviderPtr *string) {
+	s := strings.ToLower(os.Getenv("VPNSP"))
 	switch {
-	case vpnType != vpn.Wireguard &&
-		getCleanedEnv("OPENVPN_CUSTOM_CONFIG") != "": // retro compatibility
-		return stringPtr(providers.Custom)
+	case vpnType != constants.Wireguard &&
+		os.Getenv("OPENVPN_CUSTOM_CONFIG") != "": // retro compatibility
+		return stringPtr(constants.Custom)
 	case s == "":
 		return nil
 	case s == "pia": // retro compatibility
-		return stringPtr(providers.PrivateInternetAccess)
+		return stringPtr(constants.PrivateInternetAccess)
 	}
 	return stringPtr(s)
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/publicip.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/publicip.go
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package env

 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"os"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
@@ -19,7 +20,7 @@ func (r *Reader) readPublicIP() (publicIP settings.PublicIP, err error) {
 }

 func readPublicIPPeriod() (period *time.Duration, err error) {
-	s := getCleanedEnv("PUBLICIP_PERIOD")
+	s := os.Getenv("PUBLICIP_PERIOD")
 	if s == "" {
 		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
 	}
@@ -34,9 +35,17 @@ func readPublicIPPeriod() (period *time.Duration, err error) {
 }

 func (r *Reader) readPublicIPFilepath() (filepath *string) {
-	_, s := r.getEnvWithRetro("PUBLICIP_FILE", "IP_STATUS_FILE")
+	s := os.Getenv("PUBLICIP_FILE")
 	if s != "" {
 		return &s
 	}
+
+	// Retro-compatibility
+	s = os.Getenv("IP_STATUS_FILE")
+	if s != "" {
+		r.onRetroActive("IP_STATUS_FILE", "PUBLICIP_FILE")
+		return &s
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/reader.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/reader.go
@@ -21,8 +21,6 @@ func New(warner Warner) *Reader {
 	}
 }

-func (r *Reader) String() string { return "environment variables" }
-
 func (r *Reader) Read() (settings settings.Settings, err error) {
 	settings.VPN, err = r.readVPN()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -79,12 +77,7 @@ func (r *Reader) Read() (settings settings.Settings, err error) {
 		return settings, err
 	}

-	settings.ControlServer, err = r.readControlServer()
-	if err != nil {
-		return settings, err
-	}
-
-	settings.Pprof, err = readPprof()
+	settings.ControlServer, err = readControlServer()
 	if err != nil {
 		return settings, err
 	}
@@ -97,24 +90,3 @@ func (r *Reader) onRetroActive(oldKey, newKey string) {
 		"You are using the old environment variable " + oldKey +
 			", please consider changing it to " + newKey)
 }
-
-// getEnvWithRetro returns the first environment variable
-// key and corresponding non empty value from the environment
-// variable keys given. It first goes through the retroKeys
-// and end on returning the value corresponding to the currentKey.
-// Note retroKeys should be in order from oldest to most
-// recent retro-compatibility key.
-func (r *Reader) getEnvWithRetro(currentKey string,
-	retroKeys ...string) (key, value string) {
-	// We check retro-compatibility keys first since
-	// the current key might be set in the Dockerfile.
-	for _, key = range retroKeys {
-		value = getCleanedEnv(key)
-		if value != "" {
-			r.onRetroActive(key, currentKey)
-			return key, value
-		}
-	}
-
-	return currentKey, getCleanedEnv(currentKey)
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/server.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/server.go
@@ -2,24 +2,29 @@ package env

 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"os"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
 	"github.com/qdm12/govalid/binary"
+	"github.com/qdm12/govalid/port"
 )

-func (r *Reader) readControlServer() (controlServer settings.ControlServer, err error) {
+func readControlServer() (controlServer settings.ControlServer, err error) {
 	controlServer.Log, err = readControlServerLog()
 	if err != nil {
 		return controlServer, err
 	}

-	controlServer.Address = r.readControlServerAddress()
+	controlServer.Port, err = readControlServerPort()
+	if err != nil {
+		return controlServer, err
+	}

 	return controlServer, nil
 }

 func readControlServerLog() (enabled *bool, err error) {
-	s := getCleanedEnv("HTTP_CONTROL_SERVER_LOG")
+	s := os.Getenv("HTTP_CONTROL_SERVER_LOG")
 	if s == "" {
 		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
 	}
@@ -32,17 +37,17 @@ func readControlServerLog() (enabled *bool, err error) {
 	return &log, nil
 }

-func (r *Reader) readControlServerAddress() (address *string) {
-	key, s := r.getEnvWithRetro("HTTP_CONTROL_SERVER_ADDRESS", "HTTP_CONTROL_SERVER_PORT")
+func readControlServerPort() (p *uint16, err error) {
+	s := os.Getenv("HTTP_CONTROL_SERVER_PORT")
 	if s == "" {
-		return nil
+		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
 	}

-	if key == "HTTP_CONTROL_SERVER_ADDRESS" {
-		return &s
+	p = new(uint16)
+	*p, err = port.Validate(s, port.OptionPortListening(os.Geteuid()))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable HTTP_CONTROL_SERVER_PORT: %w", err)
 	}

-	address = new(string)
-	*address = ":" + s
-	return address
+	return p, nil
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/serverselection.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/serverselection.go
@@ -4,11 +4,12 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net"
+	"os"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants/providers"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
 )

 var (
@@ -19,36 +20,28 @@ func (r *Reader) readServerSelection(vpnProvider, vpnType string) (
 	ss settings.ServerSelection, err error) {
 	ss.VPN = vpnType

-	ss.TargetIP, err = r.readOpenVPNTargetIP()
+	ss.TargetIP, err = readOpenVPNTargetIP()
 	if err != nil {
 		return ss, err
 	}

-	countriesKey, _ := r.getEnvWithRetro("SERVER_COUNTRIES", "COUNTRY")
-	ss.Countries = envToCSV(countriesKey)
-	if vpnProvider == providers.Cyberghost && len(ss.Countries) == 0 {
-		// Retro-compatibility for Cyberghost using the REGION variable
-		ss.Countries = envToCSV("REGION")
-		if len(ss.Countries) > 0 {
-			r.onRetroActive("REGION", "SERVER_COUNTRIES")
-		}
+	countriesCSV := os.Getenv("COUNTRY")
+	if vpnProvider == constants.Cyberghost && countriesCSV == "" {
+		// Retro-compatibility
+		r.onRetroActive("REGION", "COUNTRY")
+		countriesCSV = os.Getenv("REGION")
+	}
+	if countriesCSV != "" {
+		ss.Countries = lowerAndSplit(countriesCSV)
 	}

-	regionsKey, _ := r.getEnvWithRetro("SERVER_REGIONS", "REGION")
-	ss.Regions = envToCSV(regionsKey)
-
-	citiesKey, _ := r.getEnvWithRetro("SERVER_CITIES", "CITY")
-	ss.Cities = envToCSV(citiesKey)
-
+	ss.Regions = envToCSV("REGION")
+	ss.Cities = envToCSV("CITY")
 	ss.ISPs = envToCSV("ISP")
+	ss.Hostnames = envToCSV("SERVER_HOSTNAME")
+	ss.Names = envToCSV("SERVER_NAME")

-	hostnamesKey, _ := r.getEnvWithRetro("SERVER_HOSTNAMES", "SERVER_HOSTNAME")
-	ss.Hostnames = envToCSV(hostnamesKey)
-
-	serverNamesKey, _ := r.getEnvWithRetro("SERVER_NAMES", "SERVER_NAME")
-	ss.Names = envToCSV(serverNamesKey)
-
-	if csv := getCleanedEnv("SERVER_NUMBER"); csv != "" {
+	if csv := os.Getenv("SERVER_NUMBER"); csv != "" {
 		numbersStrings := strings.Split(csv, ",")
 		numbers := make([]uint16, len(numbersStrings))
 		for i, numberString := range numbersStrings {
@@ -66,9 +59,9 @@ func (r *Reader) readServerSelection(vpnProvider, vpnType string) (
 	}

 	// Mullvad only
-	ss.OwnedOnly, err = r.readOwnedOnly()
+	ss.OwnedOnly, err = envToBoolPtr("OWNED")
 	if err != nil {
-		return ss, err
+		return ss, fmt.Errorf("environment variable OWNED: %w", err)
 	}

 	// VPNUnlimited and ProtonVPN only
@@ -106,26 +99,17 @@ var (
 	ErrInvalidIP = errors.New("invalid IP address")
 )

-func (r *Reader) readOpenVPNTargetIP() (ip net.IP, err error) {
-	envKey, s := r.getEnvWithRetro("VPN_ENDPOINT_IP", "OPENVPN_TARGET_IP")
+func readOpenVPNTargetIP() (ip net.IP, err error) {
+	s := os.Getenv("OPENVPN_TARGET_IP")
 	if s == "" {
 		return nil, nil
 	}

 	ip = net.ParseIP(s)
 	if ip == nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable %s: %w: %s",
-			envKey, ErrInvalidIP, s)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable OPENVPN_TARGET_IP: %w: %s",
+			ErrInvalidIP, s)
 	}

 	return ip, nil
 }
-
-func (r *Reader) readOwnedOnly() (ownedOnly *bool, err error) {
-	envKey, _ := r.getEnvWithRetro("OWNED_ONLY", "OWNED")
-	ownedOnly, err = envToBoolPtr(envKey)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable %s: %w", envKey, err)
-	}
-	return ownedOnly, nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/shadowsocks.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/shadowsocks.go
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ package env

 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"strings"
+	"os"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
 )
@@ -25,20 +25,30 @@ func (r *Reader) readShadowsocks() (shadowsocks settings.Shadowsocks, err error)
 }

 func (r *Reader) readShadowsocksAddress() (address string) {
-	key, value := r.getEnvWithRetro("SHADOWSOCKS_LISTENING_ADDRESS", "SHADOWSOCKS_PORT")
-	if value == "" {
-		return ""
-	}
-
-	if key == "SHADOWSOCKS_LISTENING_ADDRESS" {
-		return value
+	address = os.Getenv("SHADOWSOCKS_LISTENING_ADDRESS")
+	if address != "" {
+		return address
 	}

 	// Retro-compatibility
-	return ":" + value
+	portString := os.Getenv("SHADOWSOCKS_PORT")
+	if portString != "" {
+		r.onRetroActive("SHADOWSOCKS_PORT", "SHADOWSOCKS_LISTENING_ADDRESS")
+		return ":" + portString
+	}
+
+	return ""
 }

 func (r *Reader) readShadowsocksCipher() (cipher string) {
-	_, cipher = r.getEnvWithRetro("SHADOWSOCKS_CIPHER", "SHADOWSOCKS_METHOD")
-	return strings.ToLower(cipher)
+	cipher = os.Getenv("SHADOWSOCKS_CIPHER")
+	if cipher != "" {
+		return cipher
+	}
+	// Retro-compatibility
+	cipher = os.Getenv("SHADOWSOCKS_METHOD")
+	if cipher != "" {
+		r.onRetroActive("SHADOWSOCKS_METHOD", "SHADOWSOCKS_CIPHER")
+	}
+	return cipher
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/system.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/system.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package env
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"os"
 	"strconv"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ func (r *Reader) readSystem() (system settings.System, err error) {
 		return system, err
 	}

-	system.Timezone = getCleanedEnv("TZ")
+	system.Timezone = os.Getenv("TZ")

 	return system, nil
 }
@@ -33,23 +34,30 @@ func (r *Reader) readSystem() (system settings.System, err error) {
 var ErrSystemIDNotValid = errors.New("system ID is not valid")

 func (r *Reader) readID(key, retroKey string) (
-	id *uint32, err error) {
-	idEnvKey, idString := r.getEnvWithRetro(key, retroKey)
+	id *uint16, err error) {
+	idEnvKey := key
+	idString := os.Getenv(key)
+	if idString == "" {
+		// retro-compatibility
+		idString = os.Getenv(retroKey)
+		if idString != "" {
+			idEnvKey = retroKey
+			r.onRetroActive(retroKey, key)
+		}
+	}
+
 	if idString == "" {
 		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
 	}

-	const base = 10
-	const bitSize = 64
-	const max = uint64(^uint32(0))
-	idUint64, err := strconv.ParseUint(idString, base, bitSize)
+	idInt, err := strconv.Atoi(idString)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable %s: %w: %s",
-			idEnvKey, ErrSystemIDNotValid, err)
-	} else if idUint64 > max {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable %s: %w: %d: must be between 0 and %d",
-			idEnvKey, ErrSystemIDNotValid, idUint64, max)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable %s: %w: %s: %s",
+			idEnvKey, ErrSystemIDNotValid, idString, err)
+	} else if idInt < 0 || idInt > 65535 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable %s: %w: %d: must be between 0 and 65535",
+			idEnvKey, ErrSystemIDNotValid, idInt)
 	}

-	return uint32Ptr(uint32(idUint64)), nil
+	return uint16Ptr(uint16(idInt)), nil
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/system_test.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/system_test.go
@@ -14,51 +14,15 @@ func Test_Reader_readID(t *testing.T) {
 		keyValue       string
 		retroKeyPrefix string
 		retroValue     string
-		id             *uint32
+		id             *uint16
 		errWrapped     error
 		errMessage     string
 	}{
-		"empty string": {
-			keyPrefix:      "ID",
-			retroKeyPrefix: "RETRO_ID",
-		},
-		"invalid string": {
-			keyPrefix:      "ID",
-			keyValue:       "invalid",
-			retroKeyPrefix: "RETRO_ID",
-			errWrapped:     ErrSystemIDNotValid,
-			errMessage: `environment variable IDTest_Reader_readID/invalid_string: ` +
-				`system ID is not valid: ` +
-				`strconv.ParseUint: parsing "invalid": invalid syntax`,
-		},
-		"negative number": {
-			keyPrefix:      "ID",
-			keyValue:       "-1",
-			retroKeyPrefix: "RETRO_ID",
-			errWrapped:     ErrSystemIDNotValid,
-			errMessage: `environment variable IDTest_Reader_readID/negative_number: ` +
-				`system ID is not valid: ` +
-				`strconv.ParseUint: parsing "-1": invalid syntax`,
-		},
 		"id 1000": {
 			keyPrefix:      "ID",
 			keyValue:       "1000",
 			retroKeyPrefix: "RETRO_ID",
-			id:             uint32Ptr(1000),
-		},
-		"max id": {
-			keyPrefix:      "ID",
-			keyValue:       "4294967295",
-			retroKeyPrefix: "RETRO_ID",
-			id:             uint32Ptr(4294967295),
-		},
-		"above max id": {
-			keyPrefix:      "ID",
-			keyValue:       "4294967296",
-			retroKeyPrefix: "RETRO_ID",
-			errWrapped:     ErrSystemIDNotValid,
-			errMessage: `environment variable IDTest_Reader_readID/above_max_id: ` +
-				`system ID is not valid: 4294967296: must be between 0 and 4294967295`,
+			id:             uint16Ptr(1000),
 		},
 	}

--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/updater.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/updater.go
@@ -2,9 +2,12 @@ package env

 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"net"
+	"os"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
 )

 func readUpdater() (updater settings.Updater, err error) {
@@ -18,18 +21,19 @@ func readUpdater() (updater settings.Updater, err error) {
 		return updater, err
 	}

-	updater.MinRatio, err = envToFloat64("UPDATER_MIN_RATIO")
-	if err != nil {
-		return updater, fmt.Errorf("environment variable UPDATER_MIN_RATIO: %w", err)
+	// TODO use current provider being used
+	for _, provider := range constants.AllProviders() {
+		if provider == constants.Custom {
+			continue
+		}
+		updater.Providers = append(updater.Providers, provider)
 	}

-	updater.Providers = envToCSV("UPDATER_VPN_SERVICE_PROVIDERS")
-
 	return updater, nil
 }

 func readUpdaterPeriod() (period *time.Duration, err error) {
-	s := getCleanedEnv("UPDATER_PERIOD")
+	s := os.Getenv("UPDATER_PERIOD")
 	if s == "" {
 		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
 	}
@@ -41,11 +45,11 @@ func readUpdaterPeriod() (period *time.Duration, err error) {
 	return period, nil
 }

-func readUpdaterDNSAddress() (address string, err error) {
+func readUpdaterDNSAddress() (ip net.IP, err error) {
 	// TODO this is currently using Cloudflare in
 	// plaintext to not be blocked by DNS over TLS by default.
 	// If a plaintext address is set in the DNS settings, this one will be used.
 	// use custom future encrypted DNS written in Go without blocking
 	// as it's too much trouble to start another parallel unbound instance for now.
-	return "", nil
+	return nil, nil
 }
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/version.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/version.go
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package env

 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"os"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
 	"github.com/qdm12/govalid/binary"
@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@ func readVersion() (version settings.Version, err error) {
 }

 func readVersionEnabled() (enabled *bool, err error) {
-	s := getCleanedEnv("VERSION_INFORMATION")
+	s := os.Getenv("VERSION_INFORMATION")
 	if s == "" {
 		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
 	}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/vpn.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/vpn.go
@@ -2,27 +2,28 @@ package env

 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"os"
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
 )

 func (r *Reader) readVPN() (vpn settings.VPN, err error) {
-	vpn.Type = strings.ToLower(getCleanedEnv("VPN_TYPE"))
+	vpn.Type = strings.ToLower(os.Getenv("VPN_TYPE"))

 	vpn.Provider, err = r.readProvider(vpn.Type)
 	if err != nil {
-		return vpn, fmt.Errorf("VPN provider: %w", err)
+		return vpn, fmt.Errorf("cannot read provider settings: %w", err)
 	}

 	vpn.OpenVPN, err = r.readOpenVPN()
 	if err != nil {
-		return vpn, fmt.Errorf("OpenVPN: %w", err)
+		return vpn, fmt.Errorf("cannot read OpenVPN settings: %w", err)
 	}

-	vpn.Wireguard, err = r.readWireguard()
+	vpn.Wireguard, err = readWireguard()
 	if err != nil {
-		return vpn, fmt.Errorf("wireguard: %w", err)
+		return vpn, fmt.Errorf("cannot read Wireguard settings: %w", err)
 	}

 	return vpn, nil
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/wireguard.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/wireguard.go
@@ -3,27 +3,28 @@ package env
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net"
+	"os"
 	"strings"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
 )

-func (r *Reader) readWireguard() (wireguard settings.Wireguard, err error) {
+func readWireguard() (wireguard settings.Wireguard, err error) {
 	defer func() {
 		err = unsetEnvKeys([]string{"WIREGUARD_PRIVATE_KEY", "WIREGUARD_PRESHARED_KEY"}, err)
 	}()
 	wireguard.PrivateKey = envToStringPtr("WIREGUARD_PRIVATE_KEY")
 	wireguard.PreSharedKey = envToStringPtr("WIREGUARD_PRESHARED_KEY")
-	_, wireguard.Interface = r.getEnvWithRetro("VPN_INTERFACE", "WIREGUARD_INTERFACE")
-	wireguard.Addresses, err = r.readWireguardAddresses()
+	wireguard.Interface = os.Getenv("WIREGUARD_INTERFACE")
+	wireguard.Addresses, err = readWireguardAddresses()
 	if err != nil {
 		return wireguard, err // already wrapped
 	}
 	return wireguard, nil
 }

-func (r *Reader) readWireguardAddresses() (addresses []net.IPNet, err error) {
-	key, addressesCSV := r.getEnvWithRetro("WIREGUARD_ADDRESSES", "WIREGUARD_ADDRESS")
+func readWireguardAddresses() (addresses []net.IPNet, err error) {
+	addressesCSV := os.Getenv("WIREGUARD_ADDRESS")
 	if addressesCSV == "" {
 		return nil, nil
 	}
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ func (r *Reader) readWireguardAddresses() (addresses []net.IPNet, err error) {
 	for i, addressString := range addressStrings {
 		ip, ipNet, err := net.ParseCIDR(addressString)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable %s: %w", key, err)
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable WIREGUARD_ADDRESS: %w", err)
 		}
 		ipNet.IP = ip
 		addresses[i] = *ipNet
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/env/wireguardselection.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/env/wireguardselection.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net"
+	"os"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
 	"github.com/qdm12/govalid/port"
@@ -11,7 +12,7 @@ import (

 func (r *Reader) readWireguardSelection() (
 	selection settings.WireguardSelection, err error) {
-	selection.EndpointIP, err = r.readWireguardEndpointIP()
+	selection.EndpointIP, err = readWireguardEndpointIP()
 	if err != nil {
 		return selection, err
 	}
@@ -21,32 +22,37 @@ func (r *Reader) readWireguardSelection() (
 		return selection, err
 	}

-	selection.PublicKey = getCleanedEnv("WIREGUARD_PUBLIC_KEY")
+	selection.PublicKey = os.Getenv("WIREGUARD_PUBLIC_KEY")

 	return selection, nil
 }

 var ErrIPAddressParse = errors.New("cannot parse IP address")

-func (r *Reader) readWireguardEndpointIP() (endpointIP net.IP, err error) {
-	key, s := r.getEnvWithRetro("VPN_ENDPOINT_IP", "WIREGUARD_ENDPOINT_IP")
+func readWireguardEndpointIP() (endpointIP net.IP, err error) {
+	s := os.Getenv("WIREGUARD_ENDPOINT_IP")
 	if s == "" {
 		return nil, nil
 	}
-
 	endpointIP = net.ParseIP(s)
 	if endpointIP == nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable %s: %w: %s",
-			key, ErrIPAddressParse, s)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("environment variable WIREGUARD_ENDPOINT_IP: %w: %s",
+			ErrIPAddressParse, s)
 	}
-
 	return endpointIP, nil
 }

 func (r *Reader) readWireguardCustomPort() (customPort *uint16, err error) {
-	key, s := r.getEnvWithRetro("VPN_ENDPOINT_PORT", "WIREGUARD_ENDPOINT_PORT")
+	key := "WIREGUARD_ENDPOINT_PORT"
+	s := os.Getenv(key)
 	if s == "" {
-		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
+		// Retro-compatibility
+		key = "WIREGUARD_PORT"
+		s = os.Getenv(key)
+		if s == "" {
+			return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
+		}
+		r.onRetroActive("WIREGUARD_PORT", "WIREGUARD_ENDPOINT_PORT")
 	}

 	customPort = new(uint16)
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/files/helpers.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/files/helpers.go
@@ -1,12 +1,9 @@
 package files

 import (
-	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
-
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/openvpn/extract"
 )

 // ReadFromFile reads the content of the file as a string.
@@ -35,21 +32,3 @@ func ReadFromFile(filepath string) (s *string, err error) {
 	content = strings.TrimSuffix(content, "\n")
 	return &content, nil
 }
-
-func readPEMFile(filepath string) (base64Ptr *string, err error) {
-	pemData, err := ReadFromFile(filepath)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("reading file: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	if pemData == nil {
-		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
-	}
-
-	base64Data, err := extract.PEM([]byte(*pemData))
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("extracting base64 encoded data from PEM content: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	return &base64Data, nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/files/openvpn.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/files/openvpn.go
@@ -4,24 +4,18 @@ import (
 	"fmt"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
-)
-
-const (
-	// OpenVPNClientKeyPath is the OpenVPN client key filepath.
-	OpenVPNClientKeyPath = "/gluetun/client.key"
-	// OpenVPNClientCertificatePath is the OpenVPN client certificate filepath.
-	OpenVPNClientCertificatePath = "/gluetun/client.crt"
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/constants"
 )

 func (r *Reader) readOpenVPN() (settings settings.OpenVPN, err error) {
-	settings.ClientKey, err = readPEMFile(OpenVPNClientKeyPath)
+	settings.ClientKey, err = ReadFromFile(constants.ClientKey)
 	if err != nil {
-		return settings, fmt.Errorf("client key: %w", err)
+		return settings, fmt.Errorf("cannot read client key: %w", err)
 	}

-	settings.ClientCrt, err = readPEMFile(OpenVPNClientCertificatePath)
+	settings.ClientCrt, err = ReadFromFile(constants.ClientCertificate)
 	if err != nil {
-		return settings, fmt.Errorf("client certificate: %w", err)
+		return settings, fmt.Errorf("cannot read client certificate: %w", err)
 	}

 	return settings, nil
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/files/reader.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/files/reader.go
@@ -13,8 +13,6 @@ func New() *Reader {
 	return &Reader{}
 }

-func (r *Reader) String() string { return "files" }
-
 func (r *Reader) Read() (settings settings.Settings, err error) {
 	settings.VPN, err = r.readVPN()
 	if err != nil {
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/files/vpn.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/files/vpn.go
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import (
 func (r *Reader) readVPN() (vpn settings.VPN, err error) {
 	vpn.OpenVPN, err = r.readOpenVPN()
 	if err != nil {
-		return vpn, fmt.Errorf("OpenVPN: %w", err)
+		return vpn, fmt.Errorf("cannot read OpenVPN settings: %w", err)
 	}

 	return vpn, nil
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/mux/reader.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/mux/reader.go
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package mux

 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"strings"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/sources"
@@ -20,14 +19,6 @@ func New(sources ...sources.Source) *Reader {
 	}
 }

-func (r *Reader) String() string {
-	sources := make([]string, len(r.sources))
-	for i := range r.sources {
-		sources[i] = r.sources[i].String()
-	}
-	return strings.Join(sources, ", ")
-}
-
 // Read reads the settings for each source, merging unset fields
 // with field set by the next source.
 // It then set defaults to remaining unset fields.
@@ -35,7 +26,7 @@ func (r *Reader) Read() (settings settings.Settings, err error) {
 	for _, source := range r.sources {
 		settingsFromSource, err := source.Read()
 		if err != nil {
-			return settings, fmt.Errorf("reading from %s: %w", source, err)
+			return settings, fmt.Errorf("cannot read from source %T: %w", source, err)
 		}
 		settings.MergeWith(settingsFromSource)
 	}
@@ -51,7 +42,7 @@ func (r *Reader) ReadHealth() (settings settings.Health, err error) {
 	for _, source := range r.sources {
 		settingsFromSource, err := source.ReadHealth()
 		if err != nil {
-			return settings, fmt.Errorf("reading from %s: %w", source, err)
+			return settings, fmt.Errorf("cannot read from source %T: %w", source, err)
 		}
 		settings.MergeWith(settingsFromSource)
 	}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/secrets/helpers.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/secrets/helpers.go
@@ -1,27 +1,14 @@
 package secrets

 import (
-	"fmt"
 	"os"
-	"strings"

 	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/sources/files"
-	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/openvpn/extract"
 )

-// getCleanedEnv returns an environment variable value with
-// surrounding spaces and trailing new line characters removed.
-func getCleanedEnv(envKey string) (value string) {
-	value = os.Getenv(envKey)
-	value = strings.TrimSpace(value)
-	value = strings.TrimSuffix(value, "\r\n")
-	value = strings.TrimSuffix(value, "\n")
-	return value
-}
-
 func readSecretFileAsStringPtr(secretPathEnvKey, defaultSecretPath string) (
 	stringPtr *string, err error) {
-	path := getCleanedEnv(secretPathEnvKey)
+	path := os.Getenv(secretPathEnvKey)
 	if path == "" {
 		path = defaultSecretPath
 	}
@@ -30,7 +17,7 @@ func readSecretFileAsStringPtr(secretPathEnvKey, defaultSecretPath string) (

 func readSecretFileAsString(secretPathEnvKey, defaultSecretPath string) (
 	s string, err error) {
-	path := getCleanedEnv(secretPathEnvKey)
+	path := os.Getenv(secretPathEnvKey)
 	if path == "" {
 		path = defaultSecretPath
 	}
@@ -42,22 +29,3 @@ func readSecretFileAsString(secretPathEnvKey, defaultSecretPath string) (
 	}
 	return *stringPtr, nil
 }
-
-func readPEMSecretFile(secretPathEnvKey, defaultSecretPath string) (
-	base64Ptr *string, err error) {
-	pemData, err := readSecretFileAsStringPtr(secretPathEnvKey, defaultSecretPath)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("reading secret file: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	if pemData == nil {
-		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil
-	}
-
-	base64Data, err := extract.PEM([]byte(*pemData))
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("extracting base64 encoded data from PEM content: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	return &base64Data, nil
-}
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/secrets/openvpn.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/secrets/openvpn.go
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ func readOpenVPN() (
 		return settings, fmt.Errorf("cannot read password file: %w", err)
 	}

-	settings.ClientKey, err = readPEMSecretFile(
+	settings.ClientKey, err = readSecretFileAsStringPtr(
 		"OPENVPN_CLIENTKEY_SECRETFILE",
 		"/run/secrets/openvpn_clientkey",
 	)
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ func readOpenVPN() (
 		return settings, fmt.Errorf("cannot read client key file: %w", err)
 	}

-	settings.ClientCrt, err = readPEMSecretFile(
+	settings.ClientCrt, err = readSecretFileAsStringPtr(
 		"OPENVPN_CLIENTCRT_SECRETFILE",
 		"/run/secrets/openvpn_clientcrt",
 	)
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/secrets/reader.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/secrets/reader.go
@@ -14,8 +14,6 @@ func New() *Reader {
 	return &Reader{}
 }

-func (r *Reader) String() string { return "secret files" }
-
 func (r *Reader) Read() (settings settings.Settings, err error) {
 	settings.VPN, err = readVPN()
 	if err != nil {
--- a/internal/configuration/sources/source.go
+++ b/internal/configuration/sources/source.go
@@ -5,5 +5,4 @@ import "github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/configuration/settings"
 type Source interface {
 	Read() (settings settings.Settings, err error)
 	ReadHealth() (settings settings.Health, err error)
-	String() string
 }
--- a/internal/constants/constants.go
+++ b/internal/constants/constants.go
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+// Package constants defines constants shared throughout the program.
+// It also defines constant maps and slices using functions.
+package constants
+
+import "sort"
+
+func makeChoicesUnique(choices []string) []string {
+	uniqueChoices := map[string]struct{}{}
+	for _, choice := range choices {
+		uniqueChoices[choice] = struct{}{}
+	}
+
+	uniqueChoicesSlice := make([]string, len(uniqueChoices))
+	i := 0
+	for choice := range uniqueChoices {
+		uniqueChoicesSlice[i] = choice
+		i++
+	}
+
+	sort.Slice(uniqueChoicesSlice, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return uniqueChoicesSlice[i] < uniqueChoicesSlice[j]
+	})
+
+	return uniqueChoicesSlice
+}
--- a/internal/constants/cyberghost.go
+++ b/internal/constants/cyberghost.go
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+package constants
+
+import (
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
+)
+
+//nolint:lll
+const (
+	CyberghostCertificate = "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"
+)
+
+func CyberghostCountryChoices(servers []models.CyberghostServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Country
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func CyberghostHostnameChoices(servers []models.CyberghostServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Hostname
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
--- a/internal/constants/expressvpn.go
+++ b/internal/constants/expressvpn.go
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+package constants
+
+import (
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
+)
+
+//nolint:lll
+const (
+	ExpressvpnCert                      = "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"
+	ExpressvpnRSAKey                    = "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"
+	ExpressvpnTLSAuthOpenvpnStaticKeyV1 = "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"
+	ExpressvpnCA                        = "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"
+)
+
+func ExpressvpnCountriesChoices(servers []models.ExpressvpnServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Country
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func ExpressvpnCityChoices(servers []models.ExpressvpnServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].City
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func ExpressvpnHostnameChoices(servers []models.ExpressvpnServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Hostname
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
--- a/internal/constants/fastestvpn.go
+++ b/internal/constants/fastestvpn.go
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package constants
+
+import (
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
+)
+
+//nolint:lll
+const (
+	FastestvpnCertificate        = "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"
+	FastestvpnOpenvpnStaticKeyV1 = "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"
+)
+
+func FastestvpnCountriesChoices(servers []models.FastestvpnServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Country
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func FastestvpnHostnameChoices(servers []models.FastestvpnServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Hostname
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
--- a/internal/constants/hidemyass.go
+++ b/internal/constants/hidemyass.go
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+package constants
+
+import (
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
+)
+
+//nolint:lll
+const (
+	HideMyAssCA            = "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"
+	HideMyAssCertificate   = "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"
+	HideMyAssRSAPrivateKey = "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"
+)
+
+func HideMyAssCountryChoices(servers []models.HideMyAssServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Country
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func HideMyAssRegionChoices(servers []models.HideMyAssServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Region
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func HideMyAssCityChoices(servers []models.HideMyAssServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].City
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func HideMyAssHostnameChoices(servers []models.HideMyAssServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Hostname
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
--- a/internal/constants/ipvanish.go
+++ b/internal/constants/ipvanish.go
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+package constants
+
+import (
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
+)
+
+//nolint:lll
+const (
+	IpvanishCA = "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"
+)
+
+func IpvanishCountryChoices(servers []models.IpvanishServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Country
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func IpvanishCityChoices(servers []models.IpvanishServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].City
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func IpvanishHostnameChoices(servers []models.IpvanishServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Hostname
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
--- a/internal/constants/ivpn.go
+++ b/internal/constants/ivpn.go
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+package constants
+
+import (
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
+)
+
+//nolint:lll
+const (
+	IvpnCA                 = "MIIGoDCCBIigAwIBAgIJAJjvUclXmxtnMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBCwUAMIGMMQswCQYDVQQGEwJDSDEPMA0GA1UECAwGWnVyaWNoMQ8wDQYDVQQHDAZadXJpY2gxETAPBgNVBAoMCElWUE4ubmV0MQ0wCwYDVQQLDARJVlBOMRgwFgYDVQQDDA9JVlBOIFJvb3QgQ0EgdjIxHzAdBgkqhkiG9w0BCQEWEHN1cHBvcnRAaXZwbi5uZXQwHhcNMjAwMjI2MTA1MjI5WhcNNDAwMjIxMTA1MjI5WjCBjDELMAkGA1UEBhMCQ0gxDzANBgNVBAgMBlp1cmljaDEPMA0GA1UEBwwGWnVyaWNoMREwDwYDVQQKDAhJVlBOLm5ldDENMAsGA1UECwwESVZQTjEYMBYGA1UEAwwPSVZQTiBSb290IENBIHYyMR8wHQYJKoZIhvcNAQkBFhBzdXBwb3J0QGl2cG4ubmV0MIICIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAg8AMIICCgKCAgEAxHVeaQN3nYCLnGoEg6cY44AExbQ3W6XGKYwC9vI+HJbb1o0tAv56ryvc6eS6BdG5q9M8fHaHEE/jw9rtznioiXPwIEmqMqFPA9k1oRIQTGX73m+zHGtRpt9P4tGYhkvbqnN0OGI0H+j9R6cwKi7KpWIoTVibtyI7uuwgzC2nvDzVkLi63uvnCKRXcGy3VWC06uWFbqI9+QDrHHgdJA1F0wRfg0Iac7TE75yXItBMvNLbdZpge9SmplYWFQ2rVPG+n75KepJ+KW7PYfTP4Mh3R8A7h3/WRm03o3spf2aYw71t44voZ6agvslvwqGyczDytsLUny0U2zR7/mfEAyVbL8jqcWr2Df0m3TA0WxwdWvA51/RflVk9G96LncUkoxuBT56QSMtdjbMSqRgLfz1iPsglQEaCzUSqHfQExvONhXtNgy+Pr2+wGrEuSlLMee7aUEMTFEX/vHPZanCrUVYf5Vs8vDOirZjQSHJfgZfwj3nL5VLtIq6ekDhSAdrqCTILP3V2HbgdZGWPVQxl4YmQPKo0IJpse5Kb6TF2o0i90KhORcKg7qZA40sEbYLEwqTM7VBs1FahTXsOPAoMa7xZWV1TnigF5pdVS1l51dy5S8L4ErHFEnAp242BDuTClSLVnWDdofW0EZ0OkK7V9zKyVl75dlBgxMIS0y5MsK7IWicCAwEAAaOCAQEwgf4wHQYDVR0OBBYEFHUDcMOMo35yg2A/v0uYfkDE11CXMIHBBgNVHSMEgbkwgbaAFHUDcMOMo35yg2A/v0uYfkDE11CXoYGSpIGPMIGMMQswCQYDVQQGEwJDSDEPMA0GA1UECAwGWnVyaWNoMQ8wDQYDVQQHDAZadXJpY2gxETAPBgNVBAoMCElWUE4ubmV0MQ0wCwYDVQQLDARJVlBOMRgwFgYDVQQDDA9JVlBOIFJvb3QgQ0EgdjIxHzAdBgkqhkiG9w0BCQEWEHN1cHBvcnRAaXZwbi5uZXSCCQCY71HJV5sbZzAMBgNVHRMEBTADAQH/MAsGA1UdDwQEAwIBBjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQsFAAOCAgEAABAjRMJy+mXFLezAZ8iUgxOjNtSqkCv1aU78K1XkYUzbwNNrSIVGKfP9cqOEiComXY6nniws7QEV2IWilcdPKm0x57recrr9TExGGOTVGB/WdmsFfn0g/HgmxNvXypzG3qulBk4qQTymICdsl9vIPb1l9FSjKw1KgUVuCPaYq7xiXbZ/kZdZX49xeKtoDBrXKKhXVYoWus/S+k2IS8iCxvcp599y7LQJg5DOGlbaxFhsW4R+kfGOaegyhPvpaznguv02i7NLd99XqJhpv2jTUF5F3T23Z4KkL/wTo4zxz09DKOlELrE4ai++ilCt/mXWECXNOSNXzgszpe6WAs0h9R++sH+AzJyhBfIGgPUTxHHHvxBVLj3k6VCgF7mRP2Y+rTWa6d8AGI2+RaeyV9DVVH9UeSoU0Hv2JHiZL6dRERnyg8dyzKeTCke8poLIjXF+gyvI+22/xsL8jcNHi9Kji3Vpc3i0Mxzx3gu2N+PL71CwJilgqBgxj0firr3k8sFcWVSGos6RJ3IvFvThxYx0p255WrWM01fR9TktPYEfjDT9qpIJ8OrGlNOhWhYj+a45qibXDpaDdb/uBEmf2sSXNifjSeUyqu6cKfZvMqB7pS3l/AhuAOTT80E4sXLEoDxkFD4C78swZ8wyWRKwsWGIGABGAHwXEAoDiZ/jjFrEZT0="
+	IvpnOpenvpnStaticKeyV1 = "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"
+)
+
+func IvpnCountryChoices(servers []models.IvpnServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Country
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func IvpnCityChoices(servers []models.IvpnServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].City
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func IvpnISPChoices(servers []models.IvpnServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].ISP
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func IvpnHostnameChoices(servers []models.IvpnServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Hostname
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
--- a/internal/constants/mullvad.go
+++ b/internal/constants/mullvad.go
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+package constants
+
+import (
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
+)
+
+//nolint:lll
+const (
+	MullvadCertificate = "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"
+)
+
+func MullvadCountryChoices(servers []models.MullvadServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Country
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func MullvadCityChoices(servers []models.MullvadServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].City
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func MullvadHostnameChoices(servers []models.MullvadServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Hostname
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func MullvadISPChoices(servers []models.MullvadServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].ISP
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
--- a/internal/constants/nordvpn.go
+++ b/internal/constants/nordvpn.go
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package constants
+
+import (
+	"github.com/qdm12/gluetun/internal/models"
+)
+
+//nolint:lll
+const (
+	NordvpnCertificate        = "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"
+	NordvpnOpenvpnStaticKeyV1 = "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"
+)
+
+func NordvpnRegionChoices(servers []models.NordvpnServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Region
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
+
+func NordvpnHostnameChoices(servers []models.NordvpnServer) (choices []string) {
+	choices = make([]string, len(servers))
+	for i := range servers {
+		choices[i] = servers[i].Hostname
+	}
+	return makeUnique(choices)
+}
--- a/internal/constants/openvpn.go
+++ b/internal/constants/openvpn.go
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+package constants
+
+const (
+	AES128cbc = "aes-128-cbc"
+	AES256cbc = "aes-256-cbc"
+	AES128gcm = "aes-128-gcm"
+	AES256gcm = "aes-256-gcm"
+	SHA1      = "sha1"
+	SHA256    = "sha256"
+	SHA512    = "sha512"
+)
+
+const (
+	Openvpn24 = "2.4"
+	Openvpn25 = "2.5"
+)
--- a/internal/constants/openvpn/auth.go
+++ b/internal/constants/openvpn/auth.go
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-package openvpn
-
-const (
-	SHA1   = "sha1"
-	SHA256 = "sha256"
-	SHA512 = "sha512"
-)
--- a/internal/constants/openvpn/ciphers.go
+++ b/internal/constants/openvpn/ciphers.go
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-package openvpn
-
-const (
-	AES128cbc = "aes-128-cbc"
-	AES256cbc = "aes-256-cbc"
-	AES128gcm = "aes-128-gcm"
-	AES256gcm = "aes-256-gcm"
-)
--- a/internal/constants/openvpn/paths.go
+++ b/internal/constants/openvpn/paths.go
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-package openvpn
-
-const (
-	// AuthConf is the file path to the OpenVPN auth file.
-	AuthConf = "/etc/openvpn/auth.conf"
-)
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More